earth retention brochure

8/18/2019 Earth Retention Brochure

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H A Y W A R D B A K E R I N C .

EARTH RETENTION

ver the past forty years, earth retention technology hasevolved from relatively simple methods of temporary shoring

for excavation support to complex subterranean reinforce-

ment for permanent stabilization of deep cuts and slopes. When exca-

vations are planned near existing structures, Hayward Baker can

employ underpinning techniques to support the adjacent structures.

Better equipment, use of the latest soil and rock anchoring techniques,

and innovative use of soil nailing allow cost-effective and safe support

of excavations as well as slope stability control. The innovative use of

micropiles, often in combination with anchors, to construct walls hasproven to be a valuable tool for increasing the factor of safety of land-

slide prone areas.

Crucial to the successful use of these technologies is a thorough un-

derstanding of geotechnical engineering as well as the structural

mechanics of the retention system itself. That is why Hayward Baker

should be the first company that you call. We are highly experienced

in earth retention and are able to apply this experience to complex

soil-structure interaction projects.

Hayward Bakerprovides the widestrange of earth retentionoptions to give you acost-saving design.

Above: Working at an elevation of 7,500 feet,

Hayward Baker installed 2,200 linear wall

feet of 20-foot exposed height soldier pile and

lagging wall in the most unstable sloughing-

prone section along a gas field access road

near Parachute, CO. The project included a

total of 350 soldier piles, 175 (200-kip)

ground anchors, and 44,000 square feet of

permanent wood lagging.

Right: This 120-foot-diameter drilled secant

pile shaft provided earth retention for the

construction of a new pump station in

Austell, GA. Piles were 36-inch-diameter

and up to 55 feet deep.

O


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Ground AnchorsGround anchors transfer loads

using grouted thread bars or

strand tendons connected to a

structure and bonding into sta-

ble soil or rock. These projects

are typically for retaining walls,temporary shoring, or other

grade separation requirements.

Hayward Baker incorporates ground anchors into

structural walls for additional support when required.

Other applications include landslide stabilization, re-

sistance of overturning, support of excavations, ma-

rine bulkheads, and resistance of vertical uplift.

Ground anchors offer a cost-effective solution for ei-

ther temporary or permanent applications.

Technique

Drill hole.

Insert thread bar or strand tendon.

Grout in place.

Extract casing (if used).

Connect anchor head to structure face.

Post-tension.

Geotechnical ConsiderationsSuitable soil or rock in which to bond the anchors be-

yond any instability on failure plane must be identified.

ayward Baker provides design-build solutions using retaining

walls consisting of soldier piles with lagging, sheet piles, secant

piles, tangent piles, and diaphragm walls. The structural mem-

bers resist lateral pressures from the retained soil and adjacent structures

and prevent soil raveling. Ground anchors or bracing can be incorporated

into the design for additional lateral support. The anchors transfer latera

loads from earth pressures and adjacent structures into competent zones

of soil or rock behind the potential failure plane of the retained soil.

CantileverCantilever walls provide lateral earth support solely by the bending and

shear strength of the wall and by passive resistance of the soil in which

the wall’s vertical elements are embedded.

Braced and AnchoredInternally braced lateral support can be provided by bracing with rakers

into the excavation base to deadmen or by bracing with struts between ad

jacent walls.

Anchored walls resist lateral forces by incorporating ground anchors. The

face of the wall may consist of soldier piles and lagging, sheet piles, secant

piles, tangent piles, or a diaphragm wall. The anchors may be installed as

coupled bars or coiled strands to minimize access requirements.

Applications of Braced and Anchored Walls When lateral earth pressures are high and/or minimal passive soil

resistance is available.

Wall heights exceeding 12 to 15 feet in most soil types.

Limiting wall deflection and ground movement behind the wall

is critical.

Design Considerations Consider soil conditions and temporary and permanent water tables

when selecting wall types.

Design wall and lateral support for allowable deflection, especially if

adjacent structures or utilities are present.

Structural Retaining Walls

H

Design/BuildHayward Baker offers complete design-build serv-

ices for all of our earth retention systems. Ad-

vanced 3D modeling software assists with efficient

design on the complex projects, enabling avoid-

ance of subsurface conflicts between existing or

planned structures.

3D CAD modeling was undertaken to avoid conflicts between soldier

piles, grouted tiebacks, soil nails, and existing active utilities at the

Calumet Water Reclamation Plant in Chicago, IL.

Internally braced

sheeting to allow for

construction of the

10,000-cubic-yard

concrete Trump

Tower elevator

core at the Trump

International Hotel

& Tower, Chicago, IL.


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Hayward Baker installed an anchored soldier pile and lagging wall for excavation

support for construction of the new Ernie Davis Hall at Syracuse University inSyracuse, NY.

Jet grouting created this internally braced secant pile wall for a WWTP addition

in Providence, RI.

Hayward Baker installed four levels of permanent ground anchors to support a

diaphragm wall excavation for the construction of the Elm Road Generation

Station Pump House in Oak Creek, WI.

Consider if wall will be a part of the permanent structure

when selecting type and corrosion protection.

Consider global stability, as with all walls.

Technique

Soldier Piles & Lagging Drive steel H-sections or pipe piles

with a vibratory or impact hammer,

or insert into predrilled holes along

planned excavation limits.

Insert timber, concrete, or steel lagging

between piles as excavation proceeds.

Sheet Pile Walls Drive with a vibratory or impact

hammer or press interlocking steel

sheets along panned excavation limits

or seawall alignment.

Secant or Tangent Pile Walls Install overlapping or adjacent drilled

shafts, jet grouted soilcrete or soil mix

columns, or augercast piles along

excavation limits.

Stiff walls.

Structural Slurry Walls Excavate slurry-filled trench.

Upon reaching design depth, replace

slurry with reinforced concrete.

Stiff walls.

Generally offered through our sister

company, Case Foundation Company.

Advantages Speedy excavation for project schedule acceleration.

Effective in wide variety of subsurface conditions and

work environments.

Sheet pile, secant pile, and structural slurry walls provide

ground water control.

Variety of systems can be installed without vibration.

PLANNED EXCAVATION

PLANNED EXCAVATION


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Grouted Soil Walls

routed soil walls are created by cementing soil particles together

in situ. Excavation can proceed once the grouted soil has cured

sufficiently. Grouted soils can be formed beneath existing foun-

dations to provide underpinning as well as excavation support.

The two primary methods of creating grouted soil walls are jet grouting and

soil mixing. These methods mix the binder and soil in situ to create soilcrete.

Permeation grouting can also be used to inject chemical grout or cement

grout into soils. All of these methods are suitable for vibration-sensitive sites.

Applications

Jet Grouting, Permeation Grouting When internal bracing is able to be avoided, it speeds up the

excavation process. Restricted access construction, inside and outside.

Grouting around in situ obstructions.

Underpinning structures adjacent to excavations.

Enhance or complete other retention systems where utilities

interfere with their installation.

Jet Grouting, Soil Mixing When internal bracing is able to be avoided, it speeds up the

excavation process.

Increase slope stability.

Mitigate lateral spreading.

Construct rings of columns that support access shafts, once excavated.

When the columns toe into an impermeable layer or when a jet

grout bottom seal is constructed, ground water control is provided

so excavation can be completed in the “dry.”

Design ConsiderationsWith each soil wall grouting technique, care must be taken when laying

out the mixing and injection locations to ensure that the required soil-

crete geometry is achieved.

Ground anchors or internal bracing can be incorporated into grouted wallsif required, for lateral support.

Jet Grouting and Soil Mixing Can be performed in most soils.

Soil gradation affects binder selection and dosage as well as final

soilcrete strength.

A laboratory mix design using the soil from the site is often

performed prior to final soil mix design.

Permeation Grout Can only be used in granular soils with low fines content.

Jet grouting underpinned and provided earth retention for this wall at the

Bayer Healthcare facility in Walpole, MA.

This soil mix column and soldier pile retaining wall was constructed within

one foot of a reclaimed water line to facilitate construction of a new turning

lane near a strip mall in Davenport, FL.

Jet grouting was used to

create access shafts for the

construction of a new water

treatment plant in Frankfort,

KY (right), and for a storm

sewer relief tunnel project in

St. Louis, MO (below).


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Techniques

Jet Grouting High-velocity jets erode and blend in situ

soils with grout slurry.

Process initiated at bottom of planned

column depth.

Consistent, uniform rotation and lifting.

Overlapped soilcrete columns form wall.

Wet Soil Mixing Advance drill rod while injecting cement

slurry grout through mixing paddles.

Overlapped soil mix columns form wall.

Trench Remixing Deep (TRD) Walls Innovative deep soil mixing method.

Uses vertical chainsaw-like mixing tool.

Simultaneously cut and mix in place without

open trench.

Creates high-quality wall up to 170 feet deep.

Operable where other methods would be

exceedingly difficult.

Permeation Grout Walls Grout injected into granular soils through

ports along sleeve port pipes for accurate

placement.

Grout cements the soil particles together.

Spheres of grouted soil overlap to create the

required geometry.

Advantages

Jet Grouting and Permeation Grouting

Effective and safe methods of direct underpinning of structuresand utilities.

Can double as earth retention/excavation support system.

Suitable for open or restricted access.

Targeted treatment of specific depth intervals possible.

No harmful vibrations imparted to surrounding structures.

Permeation grouting produces no appreciable waste.

Soil Mixing Suitable for nearly all soil types.

No harmful vibrations imparted to surrounding structures.

Above: The TRD machine

constructing a cutoff wall

within the Herbert Hoover

Dike surrounding Lake

Okeechobee in central

Florida. TRD soil mix

walls are also used for

excavation support.

Right: Jet grouting

provided permanent in

situ erosion mitigation

between conventional

drilled shafts along this

coastal seawall at

Vandenberg AFB, CA,

without disturbing the

geology or ecology.

A Hayward Baker engineer inspects a chemically grouted break-out that was

constructed prior to excavation of the tunnel access shaft for construction of

twin subway tunnels at the LACMTA Eastside Extension (Goldline) project

in Los Angeles, CA.

LANNED EXCAVATION

PLANNED EXCAVATION


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oil nail walls utilize patterns of soil nails

installed across the face of a cut or a

slope to provide stabilization and earth

retention. Soil nails are passive, tension-resisting

steel elements installed in the ground to create a

reinforced soil mass that provides lateral support.

The completed wall face can follow the existing

curvature of the soil mass for an aesthetically

pleasing appearance.

Drainage systems are incorporated into the soil nailed wall, reducing

hydrostatic pressure and preventing saturation of the reinforced

ground. Drainage systems often utilized are geotextile faced drain

board, drilled-in-place relief wells, and slotted plastic collection piping.

Surface drainage control above and behind the retaining wall is also

critical to the system.

Applications Embankment stabilization.

Temporary and permanent excavation support/retaining walls.

Where some movement can be tolerated.

Above the water table.

Retaining wall repair.

Design Considerations Suitable for firm clays, heterogeneous and stratified soils,weathered rock, and talus slope deposits.

Not practical in very soft clays, organics/peat, cohesionless

soils, low density and/or saturated soils, certain fills (rubble,

cinder, ash, etc.).

Since limited movement of the retained soil occurs during

excavation, consideration must be given to adjacent structures.

Drainage.

Installation Excavate 3 to 6 feet of soil.

Drill near-horizontal holes into exposed face, typically on

3- to 6-foot centers.

Place grout and steel bar.

Install drainage system on exposed face.

Install facing, typically reinforced shotcrete.

Fix bearing plates.

Repeat process until design wall depth is reached.

Apply second coating of shotcrete for aesthetics and corrosion

protection of permanent wall, if desired.

Soil Nail Walls

S

When the original segmental block retaining wall failed, Hayward Baker

constructed a soil nail and anchor remediation with an attached new

mechanically stabilized earth face preserving the look of the original wall, in

Tallahassee, FL.

Completed soil nail wall with shotcrete facing for temporary excavation

support at the Patewood Medical Center in Greenville, SC.

Advantages Cost effective.

Versatile.

Easily constructed over curved faces and in

restricted access.

Soil nails and shotcrete stabilized 5,000 square feet of a failing MSE wall behind apartment buildings in Owings Mills, MD.


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Soil Nail Installation Sequence

Completed Soil Nail Walls

This 3,300-square-foot permanent shotcrete faced soil nail

wall was constructed on the property line to support a

sidewalk and highway immediately adjacent to the site of a

new drugstore in Dayton, TN.

1. Excavate 2. Drill 3. Insert nail and grout

4. Drainage board and reinforcement 5. Shotcrete, then repeat 1 through 5 This completed soil nail wall with shotcrete facing provided

permanent excavation support once faced with concrete for

the Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, TX.

This stained shotcrete facing over permanent

soil nails covered 14,000 square feet to

remediate failing timber cross-tie retaining

walls near residences in Atlanta, GA.

Soil nail wall covering 3,600 square feet to provide earth

retention for a new ramp for the Marquette Interchange in

Milwaukee, WI. Permanent concrete face was cast against the

soil nail wall.


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nchored reaction block walls con-

sist of discrete, anchored concrete

blocks placed in a pattern on a slope

to increase the slope stability. The blocks

act with the soil to resist the movement of

the surrounding soil.

Applications Landslide stabilization.

Slope stability control.

Repair of damaged or failing retaining walls.

Design Considerations Identify failure plane location.

Identify suitable soil or rock for stable anchor bonding.

Determine anchor forces by calculating driving and

resisting forces by means of a global stability analysis.

The blocks are typically 5 feet by 5 feet to 12 feet by

12 feet, depending on the allowable bearing pressure of

the soils.

Depending on wall height, multiple rows of reaction

blocks at different elevations may be required.

TechniqueMultiple levels of anchored blocks are stepped to stabilize

slopes, or are installed across the face of existing retaining

walls for remediation.

Excavate along slope to facilitate equipment access,

if necessary.

Anchored Reaction Block Walls

Initially, a costly anchored sheet pile wall was designed to permanently stabilize this

250-foot-long, 50-foot-high cut slope in Montgomery, NY (top and above). Hayward

Baker designed and constructed a value-engineered alternative consisting of

43 anchored reaction blocks at three elevations for permanent stabilization.

Drilling high-capacity ground anchors through the reaction blocks at the US-61 South permanent slope stabilization project near Vicksburg, MS.


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Place precast concrete or cast-in-place

reaction block.

Drill anchor hole, insert anchor tendon, and

grout anchor.

Tension anchor after grout cures.

Advantages Cost-saving solution for landslide repair and

slope stability control.

Can be designed for permanent or temporary

support.

Crane-mounted equipment can reach even the

most difficult access slopes.

Hayward Baker designed and constructed 354 anchored reaction blocks to repair

three failing MSE walls behind a shopping complex in Hoover, AL (above). Access

was via suspended drilling and work platforms (top). The tieback anchors

averaged 110 feet long, each with a design capacity of 300 kips.

Left and above: After a landslide closed US-6 in April 2008, the Colorado

DOT contracted Hayward Baker to repair the landslide and stabilize the

slope between I-70 and US-6. Hayward Baker installed 285 anchors, each

with a capacity of 140 kips with pre-cast anchor blocks on five bench levels.

The anchor work was completed almost a month ahead of schedule.


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he micropile slide sta-

bilization system (MS³)

is typically a slope sta-

bilization system as opposed to

an excavation support system.

MS3 retains soil by connecting an

array of drilled and grouted mi-

cropiles, sometimes in combina-

tion with ground anchors, to a

reinforced concrete beam constructed near the

ground surface. Acting in tension and compression,

the micropiles effectively create an integral, stabilized

ground reinforcement system capable of resisting

driving forces in the slope that could otherwise cause

instability or failure.

Applications Landslide stabilization.

Side hill fill stabilization.

Ideal for sites with limited access and/or

restricted right-of-ways or creeping slopes,

such as with highway cuts and remediation.

Design Considerations

The wall should be placed near the midpointof the failing mass.

The landslide failure plane should typically

be less than 50 feet in depth.

Access required to reach the approximate

midpoint of the failing slope with personnel

and equipment.

Some walls may also require tieback anchors

to be installed and stressed against the

concrete cap if landslide forces are large.

Sequencing of pile and tieback installation

is important.

Micropile Slide Stabilization System (MS3 Walls)

T

Section view (above) of MS 3 walls Hayward Baker constructed to permanently repair a

300-foot-wide unstable soil mass extending from a section of Highway 26-89 down to

Snake River in Alpine, WY (top).

Hayward Baker constructed 300 linear feet of MS 3 wall to stabilize the slope behind this resort

development in Bridgetown, Barbados.


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Technique Construct concrete beam near ground surface. While it

is typical to construct the concrete beam first, it may

also be constructed after micropile installation.

Drill angled micropiles in a fanned array through the

beam and into competent stratum.

Grout the micropiles.

Install ground anchors through concrete beam for

increased lateral resistance, if required.

Advantages Micropiles are constructible in any soil type.

Minimal excavation and environmental impact.

Visibility of finished MS³ wall is little to none.

Constructed without vibration.

Quality Assurance/ Quality ControlQuality control is an integral part of any HaywardBaker project.

Quality control begins with procedural inspection and

documentation. Installation location and inclination are

accurately performed, measured, and documented, as

well are injection volumes, rates, and pressures. In cer-

tain situations, proprietary equipment and software

allow for real-time monitoring of installation parame-

ters during construction.

Material testing may include grout, soilcrete, concrete,

or shotcrete samples collected on a regular basis for in-

dependent laboratory testing for strength, homogeneity,

or permeability if applicable. Corrosion protection of

steel elements ensures long-term performance of per-

manent works.

Anchor performance and proof testing follow industry

accepted Post-Tensioning Institute test criteria. All an-

chors are proof tested while selected anchors receive

performance tests. Micropile design capacities may be

verified by full-scale load testing on production piles or

on sacrificial test piles.

When required, inclinometers and optical surveys of

fixed targets are installed to monitor vertical and lat-

eral movements.

Hayward Baker designed and constructed this MS 3 wall for slope stability along

I-271 NB near Cleveland, OH. The wall is approximately 430 feet long with 345

micropiles and 35 anchors.

Anchor proof testing.

This MS 3 wall stabilized

a failing slope adjacent to

railroad tracks in San

Juan Capistrano, CA.


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E A R T H R E T E N T I O N

Advantages of a Hayward BakerEarth Retention System

Full design/build service.

Suitable for restricted access.

Rapid mobilization.

Fast excavation for project

schedule acceleration.

Wide range of options results

in cost-effective design.

Temporary or permanent

systems available.

If required, Hayward Baker

can also provide a full range

of underpinning techniques.

Why Should You Choose Hayward Baker’s Earth Retention?As North America’s largest geotechnical con-

tractor, Hayward Baker has the resources to

build your project efficiently, and at a competi-

tive price. Our network of offices and full-ser-

vice equipment yards means fast mobilization

and reduced start-up costs. Our dedication to

quality control ensures that project specifica-

tions are achieved. We customize and design our

equipment and tooling, ensuring that perform-

ance and reliability are the best in the industry.

Hayward Baker has the experience and inno-

vation to assist engineers, contractors, and

owners with identifying, developing, and im-

plementing the best earth retention system,

whether the situation is typical or unique.

Hayward Baker Inc.

MarylandCorporate Office 410-551-8200

Bal timore 410-551-1980

CaliforniaLos Angeles 805-933-1331

San Francisco 925-825-5056

San Diego 760-839-2870

ColoradoDenver 303-469-1136

FloridaTampa 813-884-3441

Ft. Lauderdale 954-977-8117

GeorgiaAtlanta 770-442-1801

IllinoisChicago 630-339-4300

Minnesota

Minneapolis 952-851-5500MissouriSt. Louis 314-802-2920

New YorkNew York City 201-489-1700

Syracuse 315-834-6603

North CarolinaGreensboro 336-668-0884

Rhode IslandProvidence 401-334-2565

TennesseeKnoxvil le 865-583-8212

Nashv il le 615-883-6445

TexasDallas/Ft. Worth 817-753-7000

Houston 281-668-1870

WashingtonSeattle 206-223-1732

British ColumbiaVancouver 604-294-4845

OntarioToronto 800-925-6612

HB SubsidiaryCraig Olden, Inc. 800-422-4667

Website www.HaywardBaker.com

Email [email protected]

Hayward Baker Inc.A member of the Keller WorldwideGroup of Companies

© Hayward Baker Inc. 2009

Pub No: ER01

Downtown South Boston’s revitalization included construction of retail shops

with above apartments at Fan Pier. Hayward Baker designed, furnished, and

installed 940 linear feet of braced sheetpile earth support to retain a 40-foot cut

depth to facilitate the construction.

When this MSE wall at a copper mine in Morenci, AZ, failed, Hayward Baker

performed an emergency ground anchor program to stabiliz e the wall. A

combination of wire mesh and vertical whalers distributed the load to the anchors.

earth retention brochure

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