earth science grade 7. chapter 3: minerals vocabulary mineral- 4,000 minerals are naturally...
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Earth Science
Grade 7
Chapter 3: Minerals
Vocabulary
• Mineral- 4,000 minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite structure and composition.
• Crystal- is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in repeating patterns.
• Magma- cooling of hot melted rock material.• Silicate- materials that contain silicon and
oxygen.
Mineral IdentificationTest Description
Appearance Observe - What does it look like?
Hardness Mohs scale 1-10 (talc is the softest - 1; diamond is hardest – 10)
Luster How well does it reflect light? Metallic shiny, non-metallic is dull.
Color Distinct; yellow for sulfur and purple for amethyst
Streak Color left on tile
Cleavage Smooth break like mica
Fracture Rough break like quartz
Other Tests Smell, Magnet, Acid Test, Double Refraction
Uses of Minerals• Gems-rare, beautiful, highly prized minerals• Ores-mineral mined for a profit• Titanium-Strong, lightweight, nontoxic ore
that can be used in airplanes, artificial body parts, sporting equipment, wheelchairs, etc.
Other Uses of Minerals
Chapter 4- Rocks• Rock-mixture of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter• Rock Cycle- a continuous dynamic process where one rock changes
to another • Processes of the Rock Cycle• Weathering-breaking of rocks into smaller pieces, either
mechanically or chemically• Erosion-the process that wears away surface materials and moves
them from one location to another, usually by gravity, glaciers, wind, or water.
• Compaction-pressing sediments of rock together• Cementation-sediments naturally being glued together• Sediments-made from loose rock fragments
Igneous Vocabulary
• Igneous Rock-most abundant rock on Earth because its inside and outside the earth, formed from magma and lava
• Intrusive-forms inside the earth from magma• Extrusive-forms outside the earth from lava• Granitic-light colored, light weight, low density rocks
like Pumice and Granite (Silicon,Oxygen)• Andesitic-medium color and density• Basaltic-dark colored, heavy rich in Iron and
Magnesium
Igneous Rock Examples
GranitePumice
Obsidian
Scoria
Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic-rocks that have changed due to heat and pressure
• Foliated-rocks with parallel lines • Nonfoliated-rocks with out parallel lines
Metamorphic Rock Examples
Slate Marble
Gneiss Quartzite
Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks-form when sediments get pressed or cemented together
• Organic-made from the remains of once living things
• Detrital/Clastic-made from broken rock fragments
• Chemical-when minerals precipitate out of a solution
Sedimentary Rock Examples
Shale Limestone
Coquina Sandstone
Coal
Conglomerate
Chapter 5-Views of the Earth
Landforms:• Plains- large relatively flat areas of land, good
for grazing and crops• Plateaus-a relatively raised flat area of land• Mountains-rise above surrounding land• Examples-folded, volcanic, up warped, and
fault-block
Landform Examples
Plains Plateau Mountains
Viewpoints
• Equator-imaginary point that separates the Northern and Southern hemispheres
• Prime Meridian-line that separates the Eastern and Western Hemispheres
• Latitude-tells us degrees north or south of the equator
• Longitude-tells us degrees east or west of the prime meridian
• Time Zones-6 times in the United States, 24 Time Zones in the World
Viewpoints
Globe Equator and Prime Meridian
WEATHERINGChapter 6
Types of WeatheringMechanical Weathering Chemical Weathering
Breaks rocks apart without changing chemical composition
Chemical composition of the rock changesWater & Oxygen are factors
Examples:
-Plant roots grow into the cracks of rocks-Animals Burrowing-Ice Wedging
Examples:
-Acid Rain-Rust
Sediments + Organic Matter = Soil• Soil-
• Humus-
• Soil Profile-
• Horizon-
• Leaching-
Layers of Soil
Process
of
Soil Formation
Process
of
Soil Formation
Chapters 7 & 8
Erosion ForcesDeposition
Erosion Words to Know
• Erosion
• Deposition
• Mass Movement
• Slump
• Creep
More Erosion Words to Know
• Glacier
• Plucking
• Till
• Moraine
And More Erosion Words to Know
• Deflation- • Abrasion-
• Loess-
Chapter 11
Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift
• Continental Drift
• Pangaea
Evidence Supporting Continental Drift
Climate Clues Rock Clues Fossil Clues
Fossils of warm weather plants found in typically cold climates, Antarctica could have been closer to the equator at Pangaea time
Similar rock structures on different continents , East coast of South America and West Coast of Africa
Fossil remains found on different continents , dinosaurs could not swim across the ocean,
ex. Mesosaurus
Seafloor Spreading• Seafloor Spreading-
• Magnetometer-
• Age Evidence-
Theory of Plate Tectonics
• Plate Tectonics-
• Plate-
• Lithosphere-
• Asthenosphere-
Plate BoundariesDivergent Boundary Convergent Boundary Transform Fault Boundary
Plates divide, move apart Plates collide Plates slide past each other
Ex. Mid-Ocean Ridge Ex. India crashed into China to create the Himalayan Mountain Range
Ex. San Andreas Fault in California
Cause of Plate Tectonics
• Convection Currents-
• Effects of Plate Tectonics-
Ch. 9- Earthquakes
Forces Inside Earth
• Fault-
• Earthquake-
Types of FaultsNormal Fault Reverse Fault Strike-Slip Fault
Plates move apart, Tension
Compression crash into each other
Rocks move past each other
Ex. Mid Ocean Ridge
Ex. Rocky Mountains
Ex. San Andreas Fault
Aka Divergent Boundary
Aka Convergent Boundary
Aka Transform Fault Boundary
Earthquake Information• Seismic waves-
• Primary Wave-
• Secondary Wave-
• Focus-
• Epicenter-
Draw & label the parts of an earthquake.
Include the following:
focus, epicenter, fault, primary wave, secondary wave, surface wave
Earth!• Inner core-
• Outer core-
• Mantle-
• Crust-
• Moho discontinuity-
Compare the layers of earth to an apple!
Earthquake Destruction
• Seismologist-
• Seismograph-
• Magnitude-
Ocean waves generated by earthquakes are called seismic sea waves, or tsunamis.
What is A Volcano?
• A VOLCANO is an opening in Earth’s surface that often forms a mountain when layers of lava & ash erupt
• After many thousands or even millions of years, magma reaches earth’s surface and flows out through an opening called a VENT.
Magma vs. Lava
Draw & Label the Parts of A Volcano
Where do volcanoes occur?
1. Where plates move APART
AKA: Divergent plate boundaries
1. Where plates move TOGETHER
AKA: Convergent plate boundaries
Where do volcanoes occur?
3. HOT SPOTS areas of earth that
melt rock & force magma upward
Pacific Ring of Firearea around the pacific plate where earthquakes & volcanoes are common
Active vs. Dormant• Most of Earth’s volcanoes are DORMANT, which
means they are not currently active
• There are more than 600 active volcanoes in the world
• The most active volcano in the world is Kilauea in Hawaii
Brain Pop
http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/volcanoes/
Quick Review!
1. I am an opening in earth’s surface that often forms a mountain when lava & ash build up
2. I am an opening through which magma flows
3. I am an area around the Pacific Plate where earthquakes & volcanoes are common
Label the Volcano!
Don’t Forget:
Vent
Crater
Lava
Types of Volcanoes
A volcano’s form depends on whether it is the result of a quiet or an explosive eruption.
TYPE 1: SHIELD VOLCANO
• Broad volcano• Gently sloping sides
Hawaiian Islands
TYPE 2: CINDER CONE VOLCANO
• Explosive eruptions throw lava into the air• Lava then cools & hardens into TEPHRA
- steep sides- loosely consolidated
Paricutin, Mexico
TYPE 3: COMPOSITE VOLCANO
• Vary between quiet & explosive eruptions• Lava & tephra is repeated over & over
Mount Saint Helens
Websites!
• www.brainpop.com• Kids.nationalgeographic.com• www.mineralogy4kids.org • www.geology4kids.com • www.geography4kids.com