Earth Science PrologueEarth Science Prologue

Mr. H. ClarkMr. H. Clark

Bethpage High SchoolBethpage High School

Earth Science PrologueEarth Science Prologue

What is Earth Science?What is Earth Science? MeasurementsMeasurements Observations and InferencesObservations and Inferences Scientific NotationScientific Notation Percent Deviation ProblemsPercent Deviation Problems Types of GraphsTypes of Graphs DensityDensity

What is Earth Science?What is Earth Science?

Earth Science includesEarth Science includes• GeologyGeology• AstronomyAstronomy• MeteorologyMeteorology• OceanographyOceanography

Measurements: Basic Metric UnitsMeasurements: Basic Metric Units

SI Basic UnitsSI Basic Units• MeterMeter• GramGram• LiterLiter• SecondSecond• Degree Kelvin / Degree CelsiusDegree Kelvin / Degree Celsius

Measurements: Other Metric UnitsMeasurements: Other Metric Units

Derived UnitsDerived Units• AreaArea square metersquare meter mm22

• VolumeVolume cubic metercubic meter mm33

• Speed meter per secondSpeed meter per second m/sm/s• Acceleration meter per second Acceleration meter per second

squared  m/ssquared  m/s22

• Density Density kilogram per cubic meter kilogram per cubic meter kg/mkg/m33

Measurements: Other Metric UnitsMeasurements: Other Metric Units

Derived UnitsDerived Units• Frequency Frequency hertz hertz Hz   Hz  

ss-1-1

• Force Force newton N  newton N  m·kg·sm·kg·s-2-2

• Pressure Pressure pascal Papascal Pa N/m N/m22 m m--

11·kg·s·kg·s-2-2

• EnergyEnergy  joule J N·m m joule J N·m m22·kg·s·kg·s-2-2

• Power Power watt W J/s mwatt W J/s m22·kg·s·kg·s-3-3

Measurements: Metric PrefixesMeasurements: Metric Prefixes Factor Name Factor Name

 Symbol Symbol 10102424 yotta- Y yotta- Y 10102121 zetta- Z zetta- Z 10101818 exa- E exa- E 10101515 peta- P peta- P 10101212 tera- T tera- T 101099 giga- G giga- G 101066 mega- M mega- M 101033 kilo- k kilo- k 101022 hecto- h hecto- h 101011 deka- da  deka- da 

Factor Name  Factor Name  SymbolSymbol

1010-1-1 deci- d deci- d 1010-2-2 centi- c centi- c 1010-3-3 milli m milli m 1010-6-6 micro- µ micro- µ 1010-9 -9 nano- n nano- n 1010-12 -12 pico- p pico- p 1010-15-15 femto f femto f 1010-18-18 atto- a atto- a 1010-21-21 zepto- z zepto- z 1010-24-24 yocto- y yocto- y

Observations and InferencesObservations and Inferences

An observation is information you An observation is information you take in with your senses.take in with your senses.

Observation: You are 167 cm tall.Observation: You are 167 cm tall. An inference is information you An inference is information you

determine from observations.determine from observations. Inference: Your teacher is older than Inference: Your teacher is older than

his students.his students.

Scientific NotationScientific Notation

Scientific NotationScientific Notation

Write 27,508 in scientific notation.Write 27,508 in scientific notation.

Change the decimal point so that the Change the decimal point so that the number is in between zero and tennumber is in between zero and ten

27508. becomes 2.750827508. becomes 2.7508

Since you moved the decimal 4 places Since you moved the decimal 4 places to the left it becomes 2.7508 X 10to the left it becomes 2.7508 X 1044

Percent Deviation Percent Deviation Percent Deviation ProblemsPercent Deviation Problems

• Step 1 Step 1 Write the formula:Write the formula:%deviation = %deviation = difference from accepted difference from accepted

valuevalue X100 X100accepted valueaccepted value

• Step 2 Step 2 Substitute the values:Substitute the values:If a student measured a mass to be 8 If a student measured a mass to be 8

grams, and grams, and the accepted value is 10 grams.the accepted value is 10 grams.% deviation = 10g - 8 g / 10 g x 100% deviation = 10g - 8 g / 10 g x 100

= 2 g / 10 g X 100= 2 g / 10 g X 100• Step 3 Step 3 Solve:Solve:

% deviation = 20%% deviation = 20%

Earth Science Reference TablesEarth Science Reference Tables

GraphsGraphs

Line graphsLine graphs• Direct Direct

RelationshipRelationship• Inverse RelationshipInverse Relationship• Independent Independent

RelationshipRelationship• Cyclical Cyclical

RelationshipRelationship

0

100

200

300

TimeN

um

ber

s

Direct RelationshipDirect Relationship

GraphsGraphs

Line graphsLine graphs• Direct RelationshipDirect Relationship

• Inverse Inverse RelationshipRelationship

• Independent Independent RelationshipRelationship

• Cyclical Cyclical RelationshipRelationship

0

100

200

300

TimeN

um

ber

s

Inverse Relationship

GraphsGraphs

Line graphsLine graphs• Direct RelationshipDirect Relationship• Inverse RelationshipInverse Relationship

• Independent Independent RelationshipRelationship

• Cyclical Cyclical RelationshipRelationship 0

50

100

150

200

TimeN

um

ber

s

Independent Relationship

GraphsGraphs

Line graphsLine graphs• Direct RelationshipDirect Relationship• Inverse RelationshipInverse Relationship• Independent Independent

RelationshipRelationship

• Cyclical Cyclical RelationshipRelationship 0

50

100

150

TimeN

um

ber

s

Cyclical Relationship

Earth Science PrologueEarth Science Prologue

Density is mass per unit volume.Density is mass per unit volume.

Formula: D = Formula: D = M M

VV

Earth Science PrologueEarth Science Prologue

Problem: If an of that has a mass of Problem: If an of that has a mass of 10 grams and a volume of 5 cm10 grams and a volume of 5 cm33, , what is the density?what is the density?

Formula: D = M/V Formula: D = M/V Substitution: D = 10g / 5 cmSubstitution: D = 10g / 5 cm33

Solve: D = 2 g/ cmSolve: D = 2 g/ cm33

Density and FloatationDensity and Floatation

If the object is more dense than the If the object is more dense than the liquid it sinks in the liquid.liquid it sinks in the liquid.

If the object is the same density as If the object is the same density as the liquid it stays suspended in the the liquid it stays suspended in the liquid.liquid.

If the object is less dense than the If the object is less dense than the liquid it floats in the liquid.liquid it floats in the liquid.

Density graphsDensity graphs

Mass vs. Volume

010203040

0 5 10 15 20Volume

Ma

ss