earth: the water planet the properties of water water on earth surface water wetland environments...

Earth: The Water Planet

The Properties of Water

Water on Earth

Surface Water

Wetland Environments

Water Underground

Table of Contents


The Structure of Water

The positive hydrogen ends of one water molecule attract the negative oxygen ends of nearby water molecules. As a result, the water molecules tend to stick together.

- The Properties of Water


Changing State

Ice is solid water, the familiar form of water is a liquid, and the water vapor in the air is a gas.



Changing State


Water moves between the liquid and gaseous states by evaporation and condensation. Water moves between the liquid and solid states by freezing and melting.


Building VocabularyA definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term in your own words.


Key Terms: Examples:polar molecule A molecule that has electrically charged areas is a

polar molecule.

capillary action The combined force of attraction among water molecules and with the molecules of surrounding materials is called capillary action.

surface tension Surface tension is the tightness across the surface of water that is caused by the polar molecules pulling on one another.

Key Terms: Examples:solution

solvent

specific heat

A solution is a mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

The substance that does the dissolving is called the solvent.

Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of a certain mass of a substance by 1ºC.

Key Terms: Examples:evaporation

condensation

Evaporation is the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to the gaseous state.

The process by which a gas changes to a liquid is called condensation.


Links on Water Properties

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Universal Solvent

Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutuniversal solvent.



Changing State

Click the Video button to watch a movie aboutchanging state.



End of Section:Properties of

Water


Distribution of Earth’s Water

Most of Earth’s water–roughly 97 percent–is salt water found in oceans.

- Water on Earth


Distribution of Earth’s Water

Only three percent of Earth’s water is fresh water.

- Water on Earth


The Water Cycle

In the water cycle, water moves from bodies of water, land, and living things on Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back to Earth’s surface.

- Water on Earth


Water Cycle Activity

Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the water cycle.

- Water on Earth


Identifying Main IdeasAs you read the section “Distribution of Earth’s Water,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write four supporting details that further explain the main idea.

Earth’s water is distributed among oceans, rivers and lakes, and groundwater.

Oceans in the form of salt water, in which 97 percent of Earth’s water is found.

Ice in the form of icebergs near the North Pole and South Pole

Rivers and lakes, which contain the smallest amount of fresh water on Earth.

Main Idea

Groundwater, which fills cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers.

Detail Detail Detail Detail

- Water on Earth


End of Section:Water on Earth


River Systems

A river and all of its tributaries make up a river system.

- Surface Water


River Systems

The land area that supplies water to a river system is called a watershed.

- Surface Water


Ponds and Lakes

Ponds and lakes are bodies of still fresh water. Ponds often support a wide diversity of living things.

- Surface Water


How Lakes Can Change

- Surface Water

In addition to seasonal changes, a lake can undergo long-term changes that may eventually lead to its death. These long-term changes are called eutrophication.


OutliningAs you read, make an outline about this section. Use the red headings for the main ideas and the blue headings for the supporting ideas.

Surface Water

I. River SystemsA. TributariesB. WatershedsC. Divides

II. Ponds and LakesA. Exploring a PondB. Exploring a LakeC. Lake Formation

III. How Lakes Can ChangeA. Seasons ChangesB. Long-Term ChangesC. Death of a Body of Fresh

Water

- Surface Water


More on Surface Water

Click the PHSchool.com button for an activityabout surface water.

- Surface Water


End of Section:Surface Water


The Everglades: A Wetland

Water is the key to the Everglades, a unique region of grassy wetlands. The Everglades is a shallow stream of water that moves slowly over the land from Lake Okeechobee south to Florida Bay.

- Wetland Environmentss

Earth: The Water Planet - Wetland Environmentss

A rich variety of living things make their homes in the Everglades.

The Everglades: A Wetland


Asking QuestionsBefore you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.

What are the types of wetlands? The three types of wetlands are marshes, swamps, and bogs.

What is the Everglades? The Everglades is a region of wetlands stretching from Lake Okeechobee south to Florida Bay.

How are wetlands important? They provide habitats for many living things and have many functions useful to people.


AnswerQuestion


Links on Wetlands

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End of Section:Wetland

Environments


How Water Moves Underground

Water underground trickles down between particles of soil and through cracks and spaces in layers of rock.

- Water Underground


Uses of Water

The graph shows water use in the United States. Each category of water use is represented by a different wedge. Use the graph to answer the questions below.

- Water Underground


Uses of Water

4

Reading Graphs:

How many categories of water use are shown on the graph?

- Water Underground


Uses of Water

80.5%

Interpreting Data:

The two largest categories of water use combine to make up what percentage of the total water used in the United States?

- Water Underground


Uses of Water

Agriculture; industries and mining

Interpreting Data:

Which of the categories of water use shown in the graph represents the largest use of water in the United States? Which represents the smallest?

- Water Underground


Uses of Water

The percentage for agriculture would increase, and the percentage for all the other uses would decrease.

Predicting:

How would an increase in the amount of farming affect this graph?

- Water Underground


Uses of Water

About 495 billion liters

Calculating:

If the total daily usage of water in the United States is 1,280 billion liters, about how many liters are used each day by power plants?

- Water Underground


Bringing Up Groundwater

People can obtain groundwater from an aquifer by drilling a well below the water table. They may also obtain water through pressure by digging an artesian well or from a spring.

- Water Underground


Previewing VisualsBefore you read, preview Figure 22. Then write two questions you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions.

Q. What is an artesian well?

A. It is a well in which water rises because of pressure within an aquifer.

Q. Where does the water that supplies a well come from?

A. Underground water comes from precipitation that trickles down between particles of soil and through cracks and spaces in layers of rock.

Bringing Up Groundwater

- Water Underground


Links on Water Underground

Click the SciLinks button for links on water underground.

- Water Underground


End of Section:Water

Underground


Graphic Organizer

Water condenses to form clouds.

Water evaporates.

Water runs off into the

ocean.

Water falls to Earth’s surface as

precipitation.


End of Section:Graphic Organizer

earth: the water planet the properties of water water on earth surface water wetland environments...

Documents

properties of water

water properties

surface of water

solid water

structure of water

bodies of water

water vapor

fresh water