earthing of ship’s ac · earthing of a ship’s ac distribution system “earthing” is a...
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Earthing of ship’s AC
distribution system
Cees Meijer Consultant
Conceptual design & Consultancy
Imtech Marine version 0.2
1
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Content
1. Imtech Marine today
2. Earthing
3. Power systems
4. Aspects of earthing
5. Earth fault behaviour
6. Questions?
2 Earthing
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Imtech Marine Today
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Imtech Marine today 3
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Imtech Marine is built upon strong companies
Tess, Venteville and Van Stappen & Cada are also part of Imtech Marine today.
Imtech Marine today 4
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Portfolio Offshore Platform
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Portfolio Yachts
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Portfolio Naval Ships
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Portfolio Workboats/Special Vessels
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Maintenance & service facts
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Content
1. Imtech Marine today
2. Earthing
3. Power systems
4. Aspects of earthing
5. Earth fault behaviour
6. Questions?
14 Earthing
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Earthing of a ship’s ac distribution system
“Earthing” is a connection between an electrical power grid and earth which
has been made deliberately.
On board a metallic ship “Earth” is the hull and superstructure and as a
consequence it is everywhere, and on top of that: it is highly conductive.
Even if no earting connection has been made, the grid is connected to earth
through (parasitic) capacitances and inductive couplings.
Earthing definitions 15
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Earthing
Earthing of (non-active) exposed conductive parts (Bonding)
– Enclosures
– (Cable) screens
Earthing of (Neutral of) supply grid
– Non-earthed (IT system)
– Directly earthed (TT / TN-S / TN-C / TN-S/C system)
– Impedance earthed (??? System)
High resistance earthed
Low resistance earthed
Reactance earthed
16 Earthing definitions
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Content
1. Imtech Marine today
2. Earthing
3. Power systems
4. Aspects of earthing
5. Earth fault behaviour
6. Questions?
17 Earthing
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Non-earthed system
On ships (except yachts) mostly:
Non-earthed system (IT system)
– Neutral not earthed
– Earthing of exposed conductive parts locally
Usually:
– Neutral not accessible
– Three-phase, 3-wire
– Lighting separated from Power
– Lighting across L-L
Power systems 18
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Directly earthed system
On land and on yachts mostly:
Directly earthed system (TN-S system*)
– Neutral earthed
– Earthing of exposed conductive parts at the source
Usually:
– Neutral accessible
– Three-phase, 5-wire
– Lighting not separated from Power
– Lighting across L-N
Power systems 19
*TN-C system and TN-CS system not considered
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Directly earthed system
Or:
Directly earthed system (TT system)
– Neutral earthed
– Earthing of exposed conductive parts locally
Usually:
– Neutral accessible
– Three-phase, 4-wire
– Lighting not separated from Power
– Lighting across L-N
Power systems 20
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Content
1. Imtech Marine today
2. Earthing
3. Power systems
4. Aspects of earthing
5. Earth fault behaviour
6. Questions?
21 Earthing
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Aspects to be considered with respect to Earthing
Safety
– Protection against electric shock
– Protection against excessive earth leakage currents
– Short circuit forces
– Arc flash
Maintainability
– Ability of continued operation under earth fault condition
– Ease of locating earth faults
Harmonic distortion and Electromagnetic interference
Aspects of Earthing 22
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Electric shock
Danger of electric shock is current,
not voltage
Beyond 10 mA: Risk of muscle
cramping (unable to let-go)
Beyond 16 mA: Breathing
difficulty
Beyond 30 mA: Potentially
lethal due to risk of heart
fibrillation
In non-earthed systems RCDs
not reliable
23 Aspects of Earthing
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Safety
Fire
– Protection against excessive earth leakage currents
Excessive earth leakage currents can cause fire
In adverse conditions (flammable materials)
Max. allowed by Classification Societies: 5 A
Short circuit
– Short circuit forces
In a directly-earthed grid Phase-to-Earth short circuit currents can be up to
50% greater than 3-phase symmetrical short circuits
IEC 61363 (= ruling standard for short-circuit calculations for ships) does not
take that into account
Arc flash
24 Aspects of Earthing
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CM disurbance
sourceDrive EMC
filter
Drive in cabinet
Capacitance between motor winding and
motor frame
Capacitance between transformer winding
and earth screen
AC
EMC filter in other
equipment
Earthing impedance
Common mode disturbance
Common mode filters
Common mode loops change due to earthing
25
CM disurbance
sourceDrive EMC
filter
Drive in cabinet
Capacitance between motor winding and
motor frame
Capacitance between transformer winding
and earth screen
AC
EMC filter in other
equipment
Aspects of Earthing
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Content
1. Imtech Marine today
2. Earthing
3. Power systems
4. Aspects of earthing
5. Earth fault behaviour
6. Questions?
26 Earthing
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Non-earthed grid
Earth fault in non-earthed grid (IT-system)
– Phasor diagram
– Earth fault current
Determined by capacitances. Large AFE drives: 2.5 A per drive or even
higher.
Earth fault is detected, but not located. No switch-off.
27
L1
L2
L3
Source
C1 C2 C3
UL1
UL3 UL2
U’L1=0
U’L3 U’L2
IC2
IC3
Normal operation Earth fault
Iearth fault
IC
UL1
IZn
L1
L2
L3
Source
C1 C2 C3
UL1
UL3 UL2
Normal operation
Earth fault behaviour
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Non-earthed grid
Earth fault in non-earthed grid (IT-system)
– Filter capacitors overloaded
– Over voltage protection overloaded
– Risk of fire due to large currents (20+ A) flowing in earth fault spot.
28
L1
L2
L3
Source
C1 C2 C3
UL1
UL3 UL2
U’L1=0
U’L3 U’L2
IC2
IC3
Normal operation Earth fault
Iearth fault
IC
UL1
IZn
Earth fault behaviour
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Common mode (Drive) filters
Typical EMI filter in non-earthed grid (IT-system)
29
PE
Line LoadL L
Cx Cx’ Cx”
Cy’ Cy”
L1
L2
L3
Source
PE
Line LoadL L
Cx Cx’ Cx”
Cy’ Cy”
L1
L2
L3
2 kΩ
If
Source
Earth fault behaviour
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Electric shock
In non-earthed grid an EMI filter is a considerable risk for electric shock
– RCDs are unreliable in non-earthed grids and are therefore not used
– Capacitance toward earth has increased enormously since 1950’s
30
PE
Line LoadL L
Cx Cx’ Cx”
Cy’ Cy”
L1
L2
L3
2 kΩ
If
Source
Earth fault behaviour
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Non-earthed grid
Advantages
– Reduced risk of (phase-to-earth) arc flash on 1st fault
– Ability to sustain service under single fault conditions for a limited time,
provided earth-capacitances are limited (< 1 µF at 440 V)
Disadvantages
– L-N consumers cannot be connected
– Protection against electric shock with RCDs unreliable
– Filters and over voltage protections subject to increased voltage under earth
fault conditions
– Fault finding difficult (1st failure) to nearly impossible (2nd failure in same phase)
– Enhanced risk of arc flash on 2nd earth fault
31 Earthing, matter of choice?
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Directly earthed grid
Earth fault in directly-earthed grid (TN-S-system)
– Phasor diagram
– Earth fault current
Determined by source impedance. Up to 50% higher than 3-phase
symmetrical short-circuit. (100 kA or even more)
Earth fault is short-circuit. Immediate switch-off.
32
L1
L2
L3
Source
C1 C2 C3
UL1
UL3 UL2
UL1=0
UL3 UL2
Normal operation Earth fault
Iearth fault
ZL1
L2
L3
Source
C1 C2 C3
UL1
UL3 UL2
Normal operation
Z
Earth fault behaviour
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Directly earthed grid
However:
– Considerable earth currents have been measured in various installations,
without an earth fault being apparent
– Currents up to 4 A, 60 Hz. Occurrence in combination with frequency converter
operation
33
What is the cause of these
currents?
– EMI filters conducting unbalance
currents?
– Earthing connections inside
equipment paralleling N and PE?
– ???????
Earth fault behaviour
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Directly earthed grid
Advantages
– Protection against electric shock with RCDs < 30 mA
– L-N consumers can be connected
– Earth fault finding is easy
Disadvantages
– Enhanced risk of arc flash (phase-to-earth fault)
– Bigger short-circuit forces
– Inability to sustain service under fault conditions
– Earth fault inside generator can cause irreparable damage
– Earth (fault?) currents the cause of which we don’t know
34 Earth fault behaviour
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Conclusion
Non-earthed system
– Undesirable due to poor protection against electric shock and difficulty to find
earth faults
– In fact: Non-existent due to many EMI filters connected to earth
Earthed system
– Even under healthy conditions suffering from earth currents the cause of which
we don’t know (yet)
Which is the least undesirable system?
35 Earth fault behaviour
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Content
1. Imtech Marine today
2. Earthing
3. Power systems
4. Aspects of earthing
5. Earth fault behaviour
6. Questions?
36 Earthing
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VESSEL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
HEATING
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INSTALLATION
MAINTENANCE SPARE PARTS TRAINING
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Drizzle
NAVIGATION
POWER GENERATION
& DISTRIBUTION
INTEGRATED
BRIDGE
SYSTEMS
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY
COMMUNICATION
SITE
MANAGEMENT COMMISSIONING
ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
MAINTENANCE SPARE PARTS TRAINING
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Eclipse
HEATING
VENTILATION
& AIR CONDITIONING
CHILLED
WATER PLANT AUTOMATION INSTALLATION
DESIGN &
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
INTEGRATED BRIDGE
SYSTEMS SHIP MOTION CONTROL NAVIGATION TRAINING COMMISSIONING
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
COMMUNICATION SITE MANAGEMENT MAINTENANCE SPARE PARTS
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
British Royal Fleet Auxiliary – Bay class LSD(A)
NAVIGATION
DYNAMIC
POSITIONING SYSTEMS
INTEGRATED PLATFORM
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY
ELECTRICAL
PROPULSION
ELECTRICAL
DRIVE SYSTEMS
INTEGRATED
BRIDGE
SYSTEMS
SITE
MANAGEMENT COMMISSIONING
ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
POWER GENERATION
& DISTRIBUTION COMMUNICATION MAINTENANCE SPARE PARTS TRAINING
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Royal Netherlands Navy – Johan de Witt LPD
NAVIGATION
HEATING
VENTILATION
& AIR CONDITIONING
INTEGRATED PLATFORM
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY
ELECTRICAL
PROPULSION
DYNAMIC
POSITIONING
SYSTEMS
INTEGRATED
BRIDGE
SYSTEMS
SITE
MANAGEMENT COMMISSIONING
ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
POWER GENERATION
& DISTRIBUTION
ELECTRICAL
DRIVE SYSTEMS COMMUNICATION MAINTENANCE SPARE PARTS TRAINING
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Royal Netherlands Navy – Holland class Patrol Vessel
POWER GENERATION
& DISTRIBUTION
INTEGRATED
BRIDGE
SYSTEMS
INTEGRATED PLATFORM
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
SITE
MANAGEMENT TRAINING
NAVIGATION COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING COMMISSIONING SPARE PARTS
CONSULTANCY
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Royal Moroccan Navy – Sigma class Corvettes
POWER DISTRIBUTION
INTEGRATED
BRIDGE
SYSTEMS
AUDIOVISUAL
SYSTEMS
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION TRAINING
NAVIGATION
INTEGRATED PLAFORM
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING COMMISSIONING
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Vega Diamond
NAVIGATION COMMUNICATION
POWER GENERATION
& DISTRIBUTION COMMISSIONING MAINTENANCE
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Smit
NAVIGATION COMMUNICATION
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING CONSULTANCY
SPARE PARTS MAINTENANCE COMMISSIONING
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Norwegian Gem
HEATING
VENTILATION
& AIR CONDITIONING
DESIGN
& CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING INSTALLATION
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Celebrity Solstice
HEATING
VENTILATION
& AIR CONDITIONING
DESIGN
& CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING INSTALLATION
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Disney Dream
HEATING
VENTILATION
& AIR CONDITIONING INSTALLATION
DESIGN &
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
TRAINING
COMMISSIONING
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
SITE MANAGEMENT SPARE PARTS
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Celebrity Reflection
HEATING
VENTILATION
& AIR CONDITIONING
CABIN CONTROL
SYSTEM INSTALLATION
DESIGN &
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
TRAINING COMMISSIONING
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
SITE MANAGEMENT SPARE PARTS
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S Y S T E M S SERVICE
Norwegian Getaway
HEATING
VENTILATION
& AIR CONDITIONING INSTALLATION
DESIGN &
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
TRAINING COMMISSIONING
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
SITE MANAGEMENT MAINTENANCE SPARE PARTS
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Imtech Marine
Sluisjesdijk 155
3087 AG Rotterdam
The Netherlands
Tel. +31 10 487 19 11
www.imtechmarine.com
- www.linkedin.com/company/imtech-marine
- twitter.com/ImtechMarine
- www.facebook.com/ImtechMarine