Earth’s Materials

Chapter 2

2.1 Matter

All things are made of matter.

On Earth, matter exists in one of three states:

● Solid● Liquid● Gas

Atom: the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristic of an element.

Subatomic particles of an atom:

● Proton - positive charge (+)● Neutron- neutral charge (+)● Electron- negative charge (-)

It is most useful to identify matter by its chemical composition and structure.

Atomic number

Atomic mass

Element: a substance made of only ONE kind of atom.

Atomic number = # of protons

Atomic mass = # of protons & neutrons

Isotopes: atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/IEC/elementsong.html New Periodic Table Song

Compounds: a substance that consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined.

Electrons move about in a region of the atoms called the electron cloud.

Chemical bonds occur when an atoms share or transfer electrons with other atoms.

Chemical Bonding

Ions are atoms with a net electric charge because of the loss or gain of an electron

Ionic Bonds occur when atoms transfer electrons(between positive and negative ions.)

Sodium Chloride (table salt) is called an ionic compound

...also called halite, as a mineral.

Some common compounds have both a chemical name & a mineral name.

Covalent Bonding occurs when atoms share electrons.

Compounds with covalent bonds are referred to as covalent compounds.

Quartz

Metallic Bonding occurs when electrons are shared by metal ions.

Metal ions are extremely flexible and share their electrons in a pool.

Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding Metallic Bonding

2.2 Minerals

Mineral: a naturally occurring inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.

Organic: derived from living matter

Inorganic: not derived from living matter

Organic or Inorganic?

Inorganic!

Organic!

Inorganic!

Organic!

Inorganic!

Inorganic!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a7p1NFn64s

5 characteristics of Minerals:

1. Naturally occurring forms by natural geologic processes. No synthetics.

2. Solid form material must be in a solid form at Earth’s surface.

3. Specific atomic structureatoms or ions are arranged in an orderly or repetitive manner

4. Definite chemical compositionmost have two or more elements in the mineral compound.

5. Must be inorganicmost minerals are inorganic compounds, some marine animals secrete inorganic compounds like calcite.

How Minerals Form

● Crystallization from magma→ magma cooling slowly allows crystals to form.

● Precipitation→ chemicals can precipitate out of water.

● Pressure & temperature → when existing minerals are subjected to changes in pressure & temperature.

● Hydrothermal solutions → a hot mixture of water & dissolved substances (100℃- 300℃)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a7p1NFn64s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XEg_XuCMD2s

Intro to Minerals

Rocks & Minerals