eas321 unit 6 lecture slides
TRANSCRIPT
Last Week: Japan-US Economic Relations• Structure: the international structure (e.g.,
alliance with the US) has constrained Japan’s ability to instrumentalize its economic power.
• Agency: In the Post-Cold War period, Japanese policy makers and negotiators have learned to use multilateral institutions to seek a solution more favorable to national interests.
• Norms: pursued developmentalism and economism to change from a devastated economy through a second-tier economy, to a challenger to the US economic dominance.
Unit 6
Japan’s Security Relations with the
United States
Prof. Glenn Hook
Aim
To apply the theoretical approach introduced to
Japan’s security relations with the United States.
Objectives1) to identify the relative importance of structure, agency
and norms in explaining the bilateral security relationship;
2) to demonstrate how structure, agency and norms can be used to explain different aspects of the security relationship with the US;
3) to illustrate how structure, agency and norms can be used to explain case studies, such as: Japan’s signing of the US-Japan Security Treaty in 1951 and its renewal in 1960, revision of the US-Japan Guidelines for Defense Cooperation in the 1990s, and Japan’s responses to post-9/11 US-led wars;
Interpreting the US-Japan Security Treaty
• History of the US-Japan security relationship: US-Japan
Security Treaty (1951) and its inequality is shown in:
i. US did not give Japan a written defence commitment in this treaty;
ii. US had the right to intervene in Japan’s domestic affairs through the use
of force;
iii. US had the exclusive rights to administer Okinawa and base its military
troops. The US did not need to consult Japan on the use of the bases.
Futenma base in Okinawa
Renewal of the Security Treaty
• US-Japan Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security (1960):
i. US could not intervene in Japanese domestic affairs –
reflecting Japan’s independence as a sovereign nation;
ii. Announced a clear commitment to defend Japan;
iii. Placed some restrictions on the use of US military bases in
Japan.
Protest against the 1960 US-Japan Security Treaty revision
What is the purpose of the Security Treaty?
i. Keep Japan down;
ii. As the guarantor of peace and security;
iii.Conduit to pressure Japan to build the military up.
Impact of the US-Japan Security Treaty (1960):
• The role of the treaty has linked Japan firmly to US security
interests and norms
• The US-Japan security relationship has been at the core of
Japan’s security policy since the end of WWII;
• Bilateralism and anti-militarism - have always worked together
depending on the structure, agency and norms relevant to the
particular context.
Structure, Agency and Norms: US-Japan security relationship (Cold War)
• Structure:
i. Japan’s close association with the US;
ii. Japan was highly vulnerable to US pressure;
iii. Constant pressure from U.S. on Japan to contribute further to regional security within the context of US-Japan security relationship;
Structure, Agency and Norms:US-Japan security relationship (Cold War)• Agency:
i. Yoshida (1946-54)
ii. Kishi (1957-60);
iii. Ikeda (1960-4) and Sato (1964-72) administrations;
iv. Miki Takeo (1974-6);
v. Fukuda Takeo (1976-8), Ohira Masayoshi (1978-80), and
Suzuki Zenko (1980-2);
vi. Nakasone Yasuhiro (1982-7).
Prime Minister Yoshida vs. Prime Minister Nakasone
Structure, Agency and Norms: US-Japan security relationship (Cold War)
• Norms:
i) Anti-militarist norm remained important in mitigating the conservatives and checking the US pressure; ii) Competing pressures of bilateralism and anti- militarism varied depending on the administrations in Japan.
US-Japan security relationship
in the post-Cold War era Japan-US security relationship has been strengthened (NDPO 2010,
1996 Japan-US Joint Declaration on Security, and 1978 Guidelines for Japan-US Defence Cooperation):
• Expansion of Japan’s security role: i. Increased interoperability and joint weapons development combined
with a more proactive role after 9/11 (ATSML);
ii. Japan’s security role has expanded to providing support to US military during emergencies in ‘situations in areas surrounding Japan’ as well as support for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq;
iii. Tension over US bases in Okinawa – representative of the combined influences of domestic and external agency, continuing to be informed by norms of bilateralism and anti-militarism.
US-Japan security relationship in the post-9/11 era
1. US-Japan bilateral mutual cooperation was augmented (Theatre Missile Defence (TMD) project);
2. Japan actively participated in US-led war on terror but no
warriors sent; support for wars in Afghanistan and Iraq;
3. Japan’s cooperation with the US was reinforced by the
restructuring of the US military presence in Japan to enhance
interoperability of the two militaries;
4. US bases on mainland Japan and Okinawa – assurances from
the US to protect Japan’s administration of the Senkaku/Diaoyu
Islands (December 2012) if challenged militarily (e.g., by China).
Japan cooperating with the US militarily
Structure, Agency and Norms:
US-Japan security relationship (Post-Cold War)
• Structure:
i. End of bipolarity and an onset of multi-polarity;
ii. More pressure on states to contribute to global security;
iii. International events raised the level of threat to Japan and the
need for US to maintain a military presence in Asia.
Structure, Agency and Norms:
US-Japan security relationship (Post-Cold War)• Agency:
I. The left has weakened within the Japanese political system;
II. A conservative brand of revisionists from the Kishi faction (e.g.
Koizumi, Abe, Asō), interrupted only briefly during the switch to
Hosokawa and DPJ (Hatoyama, Kan, Noda) administrations;
III.A generational change within Japanese society and politics
which has weakened the culture of anti-militarism.
Prime Minister Abe vs. Prime Minister Koizumi
Structure, Agency and Norms:
US-Japan security relationship (Post-Cold War)
• Norms:
i. New post-Cold War environment introduced
internationalism norm;
ii. Internationalist norm along with bilateralism are challenging
the anti-militarist norms.
Conclusion • The general trend has been for a weakening of the
constraints on the Self-Defence Forces;
• The US pressure has decreased and Japan has shown
greater willingness to boost cooperation with the US
military;
• A weakening of the anti-militarism norm in shaping the
US-Japan bilateral security relationship;
• Reaffirmation of bilateralism despite Japan’s increased
tendency towards independence.