east coast mare ocean lecture jan 30, 2013 - corals: changes with climate
DESCRIPTION
East Coast MARE hosted an Ocean Lecture & Educators’ Night for K-12 teachers focused on bringing ocean literacy to students in New Jersey. Ms. Jeana Drake of Rutgers University presented the scientific lecture on Jan 30, 2013. For more information visit http://coseenow.net/mare/opportunities-resources/ocean-lecture-educators-night/.TRANSCRIPT
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Tali Mass & Jeana Drake January 30, 2013
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Focus on climate change
1. Changing ocean temperatures 2 - 4oC (3.6 - 7.2oF) global average increase by year
2100
2. Changing sea level 1.5 – 10 mm/year (0.06 – 0.4 inches/year) global
average increase to year 2100
3. Changing ocean pH Average surface ocean pH decrease from 8.2 to 7.8
by year 2100
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Conditions preferred by corals
• Temperature: 23-25°C; • Light: for photosynthesis; • Salinity required; • Clean, clear water, sediment free; • Well oxygenated water produced by
strong wave action
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Coral’s ideal environment Coral reefs are concentrated in a band around the equator between 30°N and 30°S latitude.
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Types of Reefs • Fringing reef – reef that is directly attached to a
shore or borders it with an intervening shallow channel or lagoon.
• Barrier reef – reef separated from a mainland or island shore by a deep lagoon.
• Atoll reef – a more or less circular or continuous barrier reef extending all the way around a lagoon without a central island.
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Darwin’s Theory of Reefs
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Class: Anthozoa Sea anemone Hermatypic Ahermatypic
Class: Hydrozoa Class: Scyphozoa
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Types of Corals
Hard corals (hermatypic): secrete a limestone (CaCO3) exoskeleton around itself as protection. This exoskeleton remains even after the organism dies.
Soft corals (ahermatypic): tree-like and flexible with a skeleton within their bodies giving them shape but allowing movement with the waves
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Growth forms
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Basic structure
z
Veron (1986)
• Polyps = basis of life on reef.
• Produce calcium carbonate skeleton as they grow.
• Polyp growth = symbiotic relationship between the coral animal and zooxanthellae (algae).
• Zooxanthellae photosynthesize and give sugars and fats to polyp.
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Colonial coral polyps Communication, allocation and translocation between polyps
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• Corals feed on zooplankton
• Tentacles help capture food
• Tentacles contain stinging cells
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Symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae
Algae in the coral polyp produce oxygen and organic products for the polyp
Coral polyps produce carbon dioxide for the algae and give protection
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Sexual reproduction
Fertilization can occur within a coral known as “brooding” or outside of a coral known
as “broadcasting” .
Asexual reproduction
Budding occurs when a new zygote grows onto another one
and remains attached, separating only when mature.
Reproduction Corals reproduce either asexually by budding or by
sexually releasing gametes (sperm and eggs).
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SEX ON THE REEF: Broadcast spawning
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Morphology and physiology: adaptation to local environment
2. Water movement
Veron & Pichon, 1976
50m Photo by Shai Einbinder
5m
Mass et al. MEPS, 2007
1. Water depth
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Seawater Carbonate System
CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 photosynthesis
CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O respiration
Ca2+ +2HCO-3 CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O calcification
pH , total alkalinity-unchanged
pH , total alkalinity-unchanged
pH , total alkalinity-changed
Bjerrum plot (Zeebe, 1999)
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A Study of a Mesophotic Coral Ecosystem
5 m
60 m 50 m Photo by Shai Einbinder Photo by Shai Einbinder
Stylophora pistillata
5 m
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Study Objectives • Coral metabolism and calcification due to:
Light acclimation • What response variables to measure (3 things):
1. Oxygen 2. pH 3. Alkalinity
• Things to vary (i.e.; when/where would these be different?): 1. Day/Night 2. Depth
• Hypotheses: 1. Calcification rates higher during the day than at night. 2. Shallower coral have higher maximum photosynthesis
but lower pigment concentration than deeper corals.
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21
The Inter-University Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat
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Methods
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Methods
0102030405060708090100
0 20 40 60 80 100
PAR (%) ~ noon
Dep
th (m
)
JulyFeb
• The deep water colonies were carried inside black bags to the experiment site (~5 m depth)
• We placed the colonies at a light level of the origin growth place.
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Methods
• Tissue analysis: Pigment (chlorophyll a & c)
concentration • Diel cycles of photosynthesis
and calcification were studied using a submersible respirometer (AIMS, Australia). Stylophora pistillata
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Results & Discussion Photoacclimation - Pigments
Stylophora pistillata
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Results & Discussion Photoacclimation - Max. Photosynthetic
Rate P max
µmole o2 cm-2 h-1
0.00 .02 .04 .06 .08 .10 .12 .14 .16
Depth (m
)
5
10
50
65
JulyFeb
n=3, Kruskal Wallis ANOVA p<0.05
Maximum Photosynthetic Rate
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Results & Discussion Photoacclimation - Dark Respiration
Dark Respirationµmole o2 cm-2 h-1
-.6-.4-.20.0
Depth (m
)
5
10
50
65
JulyFeb
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Results & Discussion Calcification
Day & night calcification (µmol CaCO3 cm-2 h-1)-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Depth (m
)
5
10
50
65
July day July night Feb day Feb night
24h experiment, n=3
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• Photosynthesis and calcification are light dependent
• Photo-acclimation of endosymbiotic algae with depth – Pigment Concentration – Maximum Photosynthetic Rate – Respiration
• Light enhances calcification, calcification rates: – Diel Cycle - Night vs. Day – Depth - Deep vs. Shallow
Summary
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Corals in the Future Given what we learned in this study, how do
you think coral calcification might be affected by:
1. increasing temperature?
2. sea level rise?
3. decreasing surface ocean pH?