EBA-related EBA-related

HE and R&D in EstoniaHE and R&D in Estonia

Jaan Kõrgesaar

Rīga, August 30, 2006

Mirror, mirror on the wall… In 1988, 1st (private) EBA-school was

set up, close to the 1st “nouveaux privé” HEI

17 539 students on all levels, ~25,7% from student body; 85,6% of them fee-paying: changes ahead (?)

162 or ~13,9% from all acting study programs

... who’s the fairest of them all? EBA-programmes in 21 HEI-s (54%), rest

have “administration” etc programmes with some EBA-studies embedded

Prof Väino Rajangu’s guess: formal diversity in programme titles contrasting missing “real” diversity in content to be found elsewhere

1988-1995 initial modernization of subject content, from ‘2002 “Bologna’s” shift to the initial broad social science base

HE rated by … Programme accreditation (full or

conditional; negative means closure)

EBA: graduate school (UT, TTU, BoE)

EBA: PhD studies fully accr.in UT, TTU – cond.

Warmhouse for PhD studies, but graduate’s outlook in academic environment to be improved

HE Policy & Strategy Social sciences, EBA incl. not in

“most favoured” status by governmental HE financing scheme

EBA-tribalism? Same quality standards applied but …

Contrasting “consumer behaviour” and public mood

R&D Structure in Estonia

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (TAN)

RIIGIKOGU (Parliament)

RESEARCH COMPETENCY

COUNCIL

OTHER MINISTRIES

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (TAN)

RIIGIKOGU (Parliament)

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ESTONIAN SCIENCE

FOUNDATION

TECHNOLOGY AGENCY (ESTAG)

UNIVERSITIES

STATE R&D INSTITUTIONS

PRIVATE R&D INSTITUTIONS

GOVERNMENT

PUBLIC R&D INSTITUTION

S

State agencies

private

public

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND

RESEARCH

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATION AND ECONOMY

COMPETITIVNESS COUNCIL OF MINISTERS

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (TAN)

RIIGIKOGU (Parliament)

RESEARCH COMPETENCY

COUNCIL

INNOVATION POLICY

COMMISSION

RESEARCH POLICY

COMMISSION

6

R&D financing system in Estonia

UniversitiesResearch Institutes

Research Institutes

Research Labs of Private Business Sector

Estonian Technology

Agency

Estonian Science

Foundation

Research Grant Financing

• Research & productdevelopment projects• Technology programs in priority areas

Institutional Target Financing

• Basic financing• Financing of Infra-structures

OtherMinistries

Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications

National R&D Programmes

Research Competency

Council

State Bodies Public Institutions Private Organizations

Ministry of Education and Research

7

R&D expenditure and funding sources in Estonia (2004) and elsewhere (2002)

8

Estonia Finland Sweden EU-25

R&D expenditures

GERD (% GDP) 0.91 3.51 4.27 1.93

BERD (%GERD) 39 68.6 76.7 65.0

R&D financing (%) (2003)

State 48.6 26 21 34

Private sector 33 71 72 56

Foreign sources 15.2 3 4 7

Sources of financing R&D, 2002

Source: Eurostat, New Cronos, OECD, MSTI database

29

31

32

33

30

42

47

49

54

56

56

66

71

72

54

61

61

49

59

36

27

39

42

34

41

32

26

21

14

5

5

15

10

22

21

7

3

7

2

2

3

4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Estonia

Poland

Portugal

Estonia (2003)

Hungary

Austria

United Kingdom

Spain

Czech Republic

EU 25 (2001, ~)

Slovak Republic

Germany

Finland

Sw eden (2001)

%

Abroad

Government

Business

9

R&D spending per researcher, 2002R&D spending per researcher, 2002Full-time

researchersR&D annual spending per researcher in

thousands EEK

Annual state allocation per researcher in

thousands EEK

From state(%)

From abroad

(%)

Science 859 257 184 72 20

Technology 568 192 116 60 21

Medicine 176 369 290 79 16

Agriculture 170 336 299 89 6

Social sciences 391 176 113 64 19

Humanities 430 194 168 87 6

Public sector 2595 232 170 73 16

with support personnel added

6342 95 70

Private sector 464 576 57,6 10 10Allikas: Eesti Statistikaamet

35% 37% 37 37 36,5 33,9 31,8

25% 25% 19 18 18 20,9 20,7

16%11

9,6 10,8 11,210,6

13% 9%

14 9,5 9,1 12,4

7% 9%9 11

11,4 11,9 10,9

10% 9% 11 11 13,8 13,1 13,6

10%

12

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1995 1997 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004

Other

Humanities

Social sciences

Agriculture

Medicine

Technology

Natural sciences

R&D spending by research areas

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Un

ga

ri

Ee

sti

Ta

an

i

Lä

ti

Kü

pro

s

Iirim

aa

Sa

ksa

ma

a

No

rra

Be

lgia

Isla

nd

Bu

lga

ari

a

Po

ola

Tsh

eh

hi

Ro

ots

i

So

om

e

Po

rtu

ga

l

Le

ed

u

His

pa

an

ia

Ru

me

en

ia

Slo

vee

nia

Slo

vakk

ia

Humanities

0

5

10

15

20

25

Slo

vee

nia

Norra

Iirim

aa

Küpros

Po

rtugal

Soom

e

Slo

vak

kia

Rootsi

Taani

Unga

ri

Be

lgia

Läti

Ee

sti

His

paan

ia

Rum

een

ia

Isla

nd

Lee

du

Sa

ksam

aa

Tshe

hh

i

Poola

Bu

lgaaria

Social sciences

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Rootsi

Taani

Norra

Isla

nd

Soom

e

Belg

ia

Saksam

aa

His

paania

Rum

eenia

Ungari

Poola

Läti

Eesti

Slo

vakkia

Portugal

Slo

veenia

Iirim

aa

Tshehhi

Leedu

Bulg

aaria

Küpros

Medicine

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Rum

een

ia

Po

ola

Tshehhi

Belg

ia

So

om

e

Rootsi

Läti

Iirim

aa

Portugal

Saksam

aa

Isla

nd

Slo

veenia

Slo

vakkia

Bulg

aaria

His

paan

ia

Ungari

Eesti

Lee

du

Norra

Taani

Kü

pros

Technology

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Bulg

aaria

Küpros

Isla

nd

Ungari

Slo

vakkia

Portugal

Belg

ia

Norra

Leedu

Taani

Poola

Eesti

His

paania

Tshehhi

Slo

veenia

Läti

Soom

e

Rootsi

Saksam

aa

Rum

eenia

Iirim

aa

Agriculture

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Lee

du

Tsh

ehhi

Slo

vakkia

His

paania

Küpros

Saksam

aa

Eesti

Iirim

aa

Bulg

aaria

Slo

veenia

Rum

eenia

Poola

Portugal

Läti

Taa

ni

Ungari

Norra

Soom

e

Belg

ia

Rootsi

Isla

nd

Science

Relative funding of research areas, Estonia vs EU (2002)

EBA as not the most competitive field of research R&D funding Publications Citation Brain drain in 1990s

So, how much, then?

0,00

500 000,00

1 000 000,00

1 500 000,00

2 000 000,00

2 500 000,00

3 000 000,00

3 500 000,00

4 000 000,00

4 500 000,00

Sum

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Governmental allocations for economics research in Estonia

Targeted f inancing Grant f inancing

Individual research grants

0,00

20 000,00

40 000,00

60 000,00

80 000,00

100 000,00

120 000,00

140 000,00

160 000,00

Sum

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Individual research grants in economics

Average grant

Targeted financing or InstResGrant

0,00

100 000,00

200 000,00

300 000,00

400 000,00

500 000,00

600 000,00

Sum

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

Institutional research grants in economics

Average sum for project

Getting better since 2000 Grants, EU programs, 6th FW incl. Evaluation exercise ‘2000: transition-

shock survival rated for 5 Ss (2 institutions, 3 faculties with TarFEBA ****; EIE and 2 fac-s *** and EBS **; MoreFundRes!). 2008?

Consultancy and applied research – success or substitution

PhD-employees, Harvard incl. emerge locally and gradually (Bank of Estonia)

Strategy of R&D&I, 2007-2013, approved on June 1, 2006

R&D from GDP 2008: 1,5% 2010: 1,9% 2014: 3,0% 47% from EU structural funds

Development and motivation of human capital Efficient administration of public-sector R&D&I Increased innovation capacity of enterprises Policies targeted to long-term development

Challenges ahead Administratively in the area of R&D&I:

Enough capable persons

Competitive infrastructure

Targeting needs and capacities of Estonia

Steadily increasing financing

Both quality and quantity of R&D R&D employees: 8 researchers and

engineers per 1000 employees

80% of R&D infrastructure modernized or built up anew

1200 research publications annually

5 times more patents

Applied research Following specific quality criteria

Specific role of the client (applier/subscriber)

Rules to provide state support