A LOOMING THREAT ON HUMANITY……

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2CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION2. EPIDEMIOLOGY3. ABOUT VIRUS4. MODE OF TRANSMISSION5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY6. SYMPTOMS7. DIAGNOSIS8. CURRENT SCENARIO9. PREVENTION AND CURE10.CONCLUSION11. REFERENCES

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Ebola virus disease (EVD) formerly known Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) is a Zoonotic disease caused by ebola virus

named after a river in the Congo where it was first found

often fatal disease in humans & non human primates(monkeys,gorillas & chimpanzees)

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5EPIDEMIOLOGY

First appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreak1.Nzara, Sudan2.Democratic Republic Of Congo

Current outbreak in West Africa (March 2014)

most severely affected countries Guinea , Sierra Leone & Liberia

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6Cont…

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8ABOUT VIRUS

Order: MononegaviralesFamily: FiloviridaeFilum in Latin =thread likeGenus : Ebola virusSpecies: 5 species identified

I. Zaire virusII. Sudan virusIII.Tai forest ebola virusIV. Bundibugyo virusV. Reston virus

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10Mode of Transmission

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

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12Ebola Virus

Immune System

Vascular SystemInfect

s

Dendritic Cells

Macrophages Endothelial cells

Disables IFN System

Triggers Coagulation

Inflammatory Proteins

Nitric oxideLeakage of blood

Hypotension

Shock

Damage lining of Blood

vessels

Leaky

1O 3O

2O

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13Affects organs

Liver (Destroy production of coagulation proteins)

Adrenal gland (Destroy cells that makes

steroids) GI tract (Diarrhoea)

Circulationfailure

Disables regulation of BP

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14Evasion from Immune System

Ebola Virus

Down regulation of type 1 IFN

Epitope masking due to glycosylation of the viral envelope

Down regulation of co-stimulatory molecules CD40 CD80

MHC class-2 dysregulated immune responsesUncontrolled viral

replication

aaaa

Acquired immunity

Innate immunity

Acquired cellular immunity

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Acute stage: 1.virus isolation using vero E6 cell lines 2. RT-PCR

3. ELISA

Later stage: 1. IgM & IgG ELISA using authentic viral antigens 2. in case of death autopsy tissue can be used using (a) antigen detection using immunostaining technique (b) immunohistochemical technique for detection of viral RNA

DIAGNOSIS

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17CURRENT SCENARIO

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Evaluation of vaccines is taking place in many countries like Europe ,Canada, Kenya, Gabon & Mali

expected testing in west Africa will be started in January 2015

2 vaccines are in the pipeline of drug discovery process

(a) Chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 3 (ChAD3-ZEBOV)

(b) Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV_ZEBOV)

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PREVENTION

AND CURE

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The Ebola virus has become an unwelcome reminder that, for all its advances, modern medicine has yet to win the war against infectious diseases.

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21REFERENCES

Ansari, Aftab A. "Clinical features and pathobiology of Ebolavirus infection."Journal of autoimmunity (2014).

Mahanty, Siddhartha, and Mike Bray. "Pathogenesis of filoviral haemorrhagic fevers." The Lancet infectious diseases 4.8 (2004): 487-498.

Ramanan, Parameshwaran, et al. "Filoviral immune evasion mechanisms."Viruses 3.9 (2011): 1634-1649.

Bausch, Daniel G., et al. "Treatment of Marburg and Ebola hemorrhagic fevers: a strategy for testing new drugs and vaccines under outbreak conditions."Antiviral research 78.1 (2008): 150-161.