Review Article: Ebola Treatment and its Possible

Prevention

Abneil D. Alicea RISE Program

University of Puerto Rico at Cayey

Ebola virus Description• Filovirus (uniform diameter of 80nm and a

lengths up to 14000 nm)

• 5 subtypes:

- Zaire

- Sudan

- Taï Forest

- Bundibugyo

- Reston (Philipines) http://news.bbcimg.co.uk

/media/images/76476000/jpg/_76476153_76475767.jpg

(Kuhn 2010)

Symptoms and Fatality Rate • Fever

• Severe headache

• Muscle pain

• Weakness

• Fatigue

• Diarrhea

• Vomiting

• Abdominal pain

• Unexplained hemorrhage

• It had caused 4951

deaths from 7728 laboratory

confirmed cases, for a 64.1%

case fatality rate (Oct. 31 2014)http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/

west-africa-outbreak-infographic.pdf

(CDC 2014)

Vaccines• Are a preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated

organisms, or living fully virulent organisms that are administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease

• There’s no vaccine that can be administrated to humans up to now.

• There are 3 principal possible vaccines

• Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine

• MFL Fragment Virus Vaccine

• Cyanobacterial Lectin ScytovirinHeisgbert 2010

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine

• Is an attenuated vector viral vaccine

• Induce strong cellular and humoral host immune responses

• Have utility as expression vectors with potential use as viral vaccine vectors.

• rVSV∆G Zaire Ebola Virus G protein vaccines

(Marzi 2013,Wong 2012)

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine• Provides a Long-term protection

• Was tested in a group of mice and guinea pigs

• 7, 12 and 18 months after the injection

• 83% at 7 months and a 100% of the mice and guinea pigs at 12 and 18 month after vaccination survive

• The non-treated mice loss weight and die

Wong 2014

MFL Fragment

• Is a highly immunogenic fragment, obtained from Zaire Ebola virus based on the Vesicular Stomatitis virus vaccine

• Was tested in mice

• Work as an inhibitor (Replication)

• Structure: Internal fusion loop and one furin site

(Marzi 2013, Wong 2012, Wang 2014)

Cyanobacterial Lectin Scytovirin

• It works blocking entry into target cells

• It was studied in mice

• Mice were administrated with a subcutaneous injection every 6h

• 9 of 10 animals survived the challenge

• The non-treated mice die

(Garrison 2014, Barrientos 2003)

In other to administrate a good vaccine researchers are looking for:

• Effectiveness

• Powerful and secure vaccines

• Inexpensive elaboration

• Easy to elaborate

• Easy to administrate and to store

• That not required reinforcements

Conclusion• The vaccine, based on the recombinant vesicular stomatitis vector

virus, is the best and well developed vaccine up to now.

• Researchers found long-term protection and already a better highly immunogenic way to administrate it by using the MFL’s fragment.

• Cyanobacterial lectin scytovirin is not well developed.

• The cyanobacterial is a good inhibitor but provide a short term protection.

References Barrientos LG, O’Keefe, BR, et al. 2003. Cyanovirin-N binds to the viral surface 413 glycoprotein, GP1,2 and inhibits infectivity of Ebola virus. Antiviral Res. [Internet]; .[2003 April] 58(1):47-56. DOI: 10.1016/S0166-3542(02)00183-3

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 24/7: Saving Lives. Protecting People.[Internet]. [2014]. Atlanta (GA): Center for Disease Control and Prevention [cited October 31, 2014]. http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/index.html

Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. 2010. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. The Lancet [Internet];. [2010 November 16]. 377: 849-62. Doi:10.1016/S0140- 6736(10)60667-8

Garrison AR, Giomarelli BG, Lear-Rooney CM, Saucedo CJ, Yellayi S, Krumpe LR, Rose M, Paragas J, Bray M, Olinger GG Jr, et al. 2014. The cyanobacterial lectin scytovirin displays potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Zaire Ebola virus. Antiviral Res. [Internet];. [2014 Oct 3] S0166-3542(14)00279-4. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.09.012.

Marzi A, Engelmann F, Feldmann F, Haberthur K, Shupert WL, Brining D, et al. Antibodies are necessary for rVSV/ZEBOV-GP-mediated protection against lethal Ebola virus challenge in nonhuman primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. [Internet];.[2013 January 29];110(5):1893–8. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1209591110.

Wang Y, Liu Z, Dai Q. 2014. A highly immunogenic fragment derived from Zaire Ebola virus glycoprotein elicits effective neutralizing antibody. Virus Res. [Internet];. [2014 May 22;] 189:254-61. Doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.06.001.

Kuhn JH, Becker S, Ebihara H, Geisbert TW, Johnson KM, Kawaoka Y, Lipkin Wl, Negredo AI, Netesov SV, et al. 2010. Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family filoviridae: classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations. Arch Virol. [Internet];. [December 2010] 155 (12), 2083–2103. Doi: 10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x

Wong G, Richardson JS, Pillet S, Patel A, Qiu X, Alimonti J, Hogan J, Zhang Y, Takada A, Feldmann H, et al. Immune parameters correlate with protection against Ebola virus infection in rodents and nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med. [Internet] [2012 October 31] ;4(158):158ra146. Doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004582.

Wong G, Audet J, Fernando L, Fausther-Bovendo H, Alimonti JB, Kobinger JP, Qiu X. 2014. Immunization with vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine expressing the Ebola glycoprotein provides sustained long-term protection in rodents. Vaccine [Internet];. [2014 September 29;]. 32(43):5722-5729. Doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.028.