=

OPPN=

SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

Teb olib lc Teb MAplNov nrAiITv bsAirATIlN IN eIpTloIC ClNpTorCTIlNpW Teb CApb lc pTK mAri elpmITAi lc pAslNAI ITAiv diuliana CardaniNI iuigia BindaOI crancesca da morto PI cilippo CasarinQI jassimo aalla BenettaRI Arturo aonadioISI pandra qonna T ABpToACT qhe =lack =çf =mçnçlithic =behaviçur =can =be =the =wçrst =structural =defect =çf =a =masçnry =wall =and =this =can =happen=in=case=çf=pççr=qualityI=fçr=instance=when=the=wall=is=made=çf=multiple=leavesI=well=çrdered=but=nçt= mutually=cçnnected.=qhis= causes= the=wall= tç=becçme=mçre=vulnerable=with= the=separatiçn=çf= the=leaves=especially=when=external=fçrces=act=in=the=hçrizçntal=directiçn.=periçus=mistakes=can=be=made=in=the=structural=evaluatiçn=çf=a=histçric=stçne=masçnry=if=the=definitiçn=çf= the= masçnry= typçlçgyI= fçllçwing= the= present= ftalian= seismic= cçdeI= is= incçrrect.= fn= several= cases=a=masçnry= texture= can= appear= irregular= frçm= the= facade= with= small= irregular= stçnes= çf= different=dimensiçns= while= the= crçss= sectiçn= shçws= a= wellJinterlçcked= masçnry= with= lçng= stçnes= used= as=cçnnectiçn=amçng=the=leaves.==qhe=latter=example=is=the=case=çf=the=ufu=cent.=exJhçspital=çf=pavçnaI=a=three=stçrey=masçnry=building.=eere= a= cçmparisçn= amçng= the= quality= surveys= Edirect= inspectiçn= çf= the= whçle= crçss= sectiçnFI= nçnJdestructive= tests= Epulse= sçnic= velçcity= and= flat= àack= testsF= and= the= destructive= tests= Ediagçnal= testsF=results=was=carried=çut=shçwing=a=reliable=mechanical=behaviçur=despite=the=appearance=çf=the=masçnry=texture.=qhe=results=çf=the=experimental=investigatiçn=will=be=presented=and=discussed=in=the=paperI=and=an=attempt=will=be=made=tç=suggest=imprçvement=tç=the=masçnry=typçlçgy=table=çf=the=ftalian=`çde.====heywords: ptone masonry wallsI jasonry qualityI ponic testI clat jack testI

aiagonal testI aiagnosis NK INTolarCTIlN =qhe=mechanical=behaviçur=çf=masçnryI=especially=çf=stçnewçrkI=is=çften=difficult=tç=predictI=because=it=depends= strictly= bçth= çn= the= characteristics= çf= the= single= cçmpçnents= and= çn= the= cçnstructive=techniques=Esingle=leafI=multipleJleafF.=qhe=technique=çf=cçnstructiçn=used=tç=assemble=the=materials=is=based= çn= different= variablesI= which= depend= çn= the= histçric= periçd= çf= cçnstructiçnI= the= geçgraphical=area=lçcatiçnI=the=ecçnçmical=cçnditiçns=and=the=building=functiçn.=qhe =wçrst =structural =defect =çf =a =masçnry =wall =can =be =the =lack =çf =mçnçlithic =behaviçur =and =this =can =happen= in=case=çf=pççr=quality=and=mçrphçlçgyI= fçr= instance=when=the=wall=is=made=by=rubble=stçne=and=in=multiple=leaves=even=well=çrdered=but=nçt=mutually=cçnnected.=qhis=causes=the=wall=tç=becçme=mçre=vulnerable=with=separatiçn=çf=the=leaves=under=stressesI=especially=when=external=fçrces=act=in=the=hçrizçntal=directiçn.=fn=factI=the=çuter=face=frequently=dçes=nçt=reveal=hçw=the=masçnry=sectiçn=is=built=

================================================N=oesearch=Assistant=mrçfessçrI=mh.a.I=mçlitecnicç=di=jilançI=afpI=cardani]stru.pçlimi.it==O=eçnçrary=mrçfessçrI=mçlitecnicç=di=jilançI=afpI=binda]stru.pçlimi.it==P=oesearch=Assistant=mrçfessçrI=mh.a.I=rniversity=çf=madçvaI=af`bAI=dapçrtç]dic.unipd.it==Q=bngineerI=bxpin=p.r.l.I=spinJçff=çf=the=rniversity=çf=madçvaI=casarin]expin.it==R=qechnical=AdvisçrI=mh.a.I=rniversity=çf=madçvaI=af`bAI=dallabenetta]dic.unipd.it=S=bngineer.=pmp=srlI=jilanI=segreteria]spssrlJmi.it=T=mh.a.=studentI=mçlitecnicç=di=jilançI=afpI=sandra.tçnna]yahçç.it=

=

OPPO=

since=apparently= similar= facing= textures= Ee.g.= regular= bçndingF= may=cçrrespçnd= tç= different= types= çf=sectiçnsI=as=çne=çr=multiple=leaves=xNz.=A=systematic=study=çf=the=mechanical=behaviçur=çf=stçnewçrk=masçnry=begins= frçm=an=extensive= investigatiçn= taking= intç=accçunt= the=different= layers= cçnstituting=the=wall=and=the=kind=çf=cçnstraints=which=may=çr=may=nçt=exist=between=the=layers=themselves.=crçm=the=analysis=çf=this=infçrmatiçnI=cçnstitutive=laws=fçr=mçdelling=the=masçnry=behaviçur=and=the=failure=mechanisms=EinJplane=çr=çut=çf=planeF=and=fçr=designing=pçssible=repair=interventiçns=Ee.g.=inàectiçn=çf=grçutF=can=be=selected.=qhe=present=ftalian=seismic=cçde=xOz=allçws=different=levels=çf=knçwledge=çf=an=existing=cçnstructiçnI=based= çn= the= geçmetrical= surveyI= the= cçnstructive= details= and= the= masçnry= prçpertiesX= the= lçwest=knçwledge=levelI=named=i`NI=is=based=çn=limited=inJsitu=evaluatiçns=and=requires=çnly=tç=classify=the=masçnry= amçng= the= typçlçgies= listed= in= a= table.= qhis= table= then= repçrts= different= mechanical=parameters=fçllçwing=the=different=listed=masçnry=typçlçgies= tç=be=used=fçr=the=structural=evaluatiçnI=withçut= carrying= çut= çther= direct= investigatiçn.= periçus= mistakes= can= be= made= in= the= structural=evaluatiçn=çf=a=histçric=stçne=masçnry=if=the=definitiçn=çf=the=masçnry=typçlçgy=is=rçughly=made=and=incçrrect. =fn =several =cases=a =masçnry=texture=can=appear =externally=gççd=and=regular =while =the=crçss =sectiçn= is= pççr= with=uncçnnected= multiple= leavesI= çrI= çn= the= cçntraryI= the= masçnry= texture=appears=irregular=frçm=the=prçspect=with=small=irregular=stçnes=çf=different=dimensiçns=while=the=crçss=sectiçn=shçws=a=well=interlçcked=masçnry=with=lçng=stçnes=used=as=cçnnectiçn=amçng=the=leaves.=qç=verify=the=cçrrect=definitiçn=çf=a=masçnry=typçlçgy=there=is=the=chance=tç=carry=çut=sçme=extended=inJsitu= investigatiçns=EflatJàack=testsI= materials=samplingI=and=sç=çnF=sç= tç=reach=a= higher=knçwledge=level=Ei`OF.=bxhaustive=investigatiçn=systematically=carried=çut=çn=masçnry=walls=gives=quantitative=parametersI=reaching=the=knçwledge=level=i`P.==qhe=different=knçwledge=level=Ei`F=allçws=using=different=cçnfidence=factçrs=tç=reduce=the=mechanical=parameters=çf=the=abçveJmentiçned=tableI=sç=tç=achieve=the=prçper=values=tç=be=used=in=the=structural=analysis.= qhe=higher= are=the=i`sI= the= lçwer= are= the= cçnfidence= factçrsI= cçrrespçnding= tç= the=use=çf=higher=strength=valuesI=fçr=the=same=masçnry=typesI=in=the=structural=analysis.=

=OK Teb MAplNov nrAiITv bsAirATIlN fn= case= çf= stçne= masçnryI= the= lçad= bearing= capacity= depends= çn= the= deficiency= çf= the= cçnstructive=detailsI=which=may=be=the=cause=çf=a=lçcal=mechanism.=qherefçre= accurate= evaluatiçns= çf= the= mçrphçlçgical= characteristics= çf= the= masçnry= texture= and= its=crçss= sectiçn= are= çf= main= impçrtance.= qhe= çbservatiçn= çf= çnly= the= external= masçnry= texture= is= nçt=ençugh=tç=reveal=hçw=the=masçnry= is=cçnstituted. A=survey=template=is= the=mçst=effective=methçd=tç=cçllect=systematically=the=necessary=data=useful=tç=recçgnize=the=masçnry=typçlçgy=xPI=QzI=as=requested=by=the=cçdes.=A=first=classificatiçn=can=include=the=fçllçwing=descriptiçns.=

– the=type=çf=masçnryW=brickwçrkI=stçnewçrkI=mix=çf=stçne=and=brick=masçnryX=– the=shape=çf= the=stçne=elementsW= regular= çr= irregular.=qhe=type=çf= manufacturingW= cut= sides= and=

sharp=edgesI=split=sidesI=nçnJmanufactured=sidesI=rçund=pebblesI=and=sç=çn.=qhe=stçnes=dimensiçnX=– the=thickness=çf=the=hçrizçntal=mçrtar=àçintI=realized=with=different=types=çf=binderI=aggregates=and=

aggregates=dimensiçnsX=– the=hçrizçntality=çf=the=cçurses=Ehçrizçntal=cçursesI=subJhçrizçntal=cçurses=çr= irregular=cçursesFI=

the=stagger=çf=the=vertical=àçints=ErespectedI=partially=respected=çr=nçnJrespectedFI=the=presence=çf=wedges=and=levelling=çf=çther=materials.=qhe=cçrrect=survey=çf=the=masçnry=texture=shçuld=refer=tç=an=area=çf=N=×=N=m=çf=dimensiçnX=

– the=type=çf=crçss=sectiçn=çf=the=masçnry=wallW=çne=çr=multiple=leafI=well=interlçcked=çr=nçt=Ecig.=NF.==– qhe=masçnry=quality=evaluatiçn=results=inadequate=if=the=masçnry=crçss=sectiçn=çf=the=wall=is=nçt=

knçwn.=qhe=masçnry= sectiçn=survey=supplies=data=çn= the=number= çf= the=leavesI= çn= the= level=çf=leaves= interlçcking=and=çn=the=presence=çf=transversal=cçnnectiçn=elements.=qhe=latter=parameter=is= visible= çnly= thrçugh= a= direct= visual= inspectiçn= çf= the= masçnry= crçss= sectiçnI= where= entire= çr=partial= “diatono” =cçuld =be =present. =“aiatono”= is= the=name=çf= the=stçne=used=fçr= the=transversal=cçnnectiçn=çf=the=masçnry=leaves.==

qhe=data=can=be=cçllected=in=a=dedicate=survey=fçrm=xPI=Qz=fçllçwingI=in=generalI=a=prçcedure=develçped=fçr=the=definitiçn=çf=the=masçnry=quality=that=shçuld=have=its=steps=in=the=fçllçwing=çrderW=EaF=chçice=çf=the= mçst= representative= areas= çf= the= different= masçnry= walls= tç= be= investigated= and= analysed= in=a=building= Ethe= stratigraphic= methçd= allçws= subdivisiçn= çf= the= building= intç= hçmçgeneçus= blçcks=

=

OPPP=

characterised= by= relative= chrçnçlçgical= relatiçnshipsF.= Any= blçck= cçrrespçnds= tç= a= unique= building=phaseI=recçgnized=by=the=çbservatiçn=çf=cçnstructive=details.=qhis=identificatiçn=will=help=in=chççsing=the=mçst= representative=masçnry= wallsFI= EbF= survey=çf= the=masçnry= texture=Eit= cçuld=be=necessary= tç=remçve=a=pçrtiçn=çf=the=plaster=N=×=N=mFX=EcF=sçnic=pulse=velçcity=test=by=direct=transmissiçn=çn=a=grid=çf=abçut=N=×=N=m=with=a=graphical=elabçratiçn=çf=the=results=represented=çn=the=drawn=area=thrçugh=the=calculatiçn=çf=the=velçcity=distributiçnX=EdF=single=flat=àack=test=tç=define=the=masçnry=vertical=state=çf=stressI= EeF=dçuble= flat= àack=test= and=elabçratiçn=çf= the= stressJstrain=plçt= indicating=alsç= the=measured=lçcal=state=çf=stressX=EfF=lçcal=inspectiçn=till=¾=çf=the=masçnry=sectiçn=thickness=with=remçval=çf==sçme=stçnes=çr=brick=Eit=is=suggested=tç=start=the=disassembling=in=cçrrespçndence=çf=çne=çf=the=highest=sçnic=pulse=velçcities= in= çrder= tç=verify= the=presence= çf= transversal= cçnnectiçn= elements= çr= “diatoni”FX= EgF=graphical=representatiçn=çf=the=excavatiçn=survey=and=recçgnitiçn=çf=the=masçnry=sectiçnX=EhF=sampling=during=disassembling=çf=mçrtar= and=stçnesX= EiF= restçring=çf= the=analysed=areaI= replacing= the=sampled=stçnesLbricks=with=cçmpatible=mçrtarI=EàF=labçratçry=tests=çn=the=sampled=masçnry=materials.==

= = = =

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cigK N=`rçss=sectiçnsW=aF=çne=single==leafX=bF=O=leaves=well=interlçcked=Ewith=çne=“diatçnç”FX==cF=O=leaves=partially=interlçckedX=dF=O=leaves=nçt=interlçckedX=eF=P=leaves=

pç=attentiçn=shçuld=be=paid=tç=verify=the=cçrrespçndence=between=the=visible=masçnry=texture=and=its=crçss=sectiçn=befçre=defining=the=quality=çf=the=masçnry=structureI=as=it=çccurred=in=the=case=çf=the=pt.=maul=eçspital=in=pavçnaI=here=described.===PK Teb CApb lc Teb uIu CbNTK bu-elpmITAi lc pAslNA

PKNK The building qhe= ufu= cent.= exJhçspital= çf= pavçna= Ecig.OF= was= studiedI= a= three= stçrey= masçnry= building= Eplus=a=mezzanine= flççrFI= that= has= gçne=çut= çf=use=since=many=yearsI= waiting= fçr= repair= strengthening=and=functiçnal=recçnversiçn=in=a=multifunctiçn=building.=

=

== =

cigK O=qhe=pt.=maul=eçspital=çf=pavçna==Built=in=NUSMI=the=hçspital=is=an=çpen=establishmentI=with=a=central=bçdy=nçrthJsçuth=çriented=and=three=transversal=bçdies=cçnnected=tç=each=çtherI=with=the=maximum=expçsitiçn=tç=light=in=the=hçspitalizatiçn=rççms.=puch=plant=is=the=mçst= innçvative=in=its=building=categçryI=despite=the=ratiçnal=arrangement=in=accçrdance= with= the= neçclassic= styleI= with= nice= cçffer= vaults= and= hemispheric= dçme= in= the= central=space.= qhe= greater= needs= çf= the= city= çver= time= required= the= gradual= increase= çf= vçlumes= mainly= by=clçsure=çf=pçrches=and=additiçn=çf=stçreys=Ecig.=PF.=qhe= building= is= characterized= by= an= irregular= stçne= masçnry= wallsX= the= irregular= stçnewçrk= çf= the=highest=flççrs=presents=bricks=layers=and=thicker=mçrtar=àçints==

=

OPPQ=

=lriginal project E185O) 1st superelevation E19M5) Ond superelevation E19O8) Current configuration

Arch. Carlo pada junicipality of pavona Eng. d. aamonte junicipality of pavona

cigK P=bvçlutiçn=çf=the=pt.=maul=eçspital=çver=time==qhe=histçry=çf=the=building=and=its=cçmplex=evçlutiçnary=dynamics=required=explçratçry=investigatiçns=tests= in= labçratçry=and= inJsituI= in=çrder= tç=have=a=cçmprehensive=and=detailed=çverview=çf= its=nature=and=state=çf=health=andI=at=the=same=timeI=tç=direct=the=cçrrect=cçnservative=interventiçnI=recçvery=and=respectful=adaptatiçn=tç=the=peculiarities=çf=the=building.=eere=a=cçmparisçn=amçng=the=qualitative=surveys=Edirect=inspectiçn=çf=the=whçle=crçss=sectiçnFI=nçnJdestructive= tests= Epulse= sçnic= velçcity= and= flat= àack= testsF= and= the= destructive= tests= Ediagçnal= testsF=results=was=carried=çut=shçwing=a=reliable=mechanical=behaviçur=despite=the=appearance=çf=the=masçnry=texture.=fn=cigures=QaIbIc=the=lçcalisatiçn=çf=the=tests=is=repçrted.==PKOK NaT and MaT Investigations PK2KNK ponic pulse velocity tests qhis=kaq=is=based=çn=the=generatiçn=çf=elastic=waves=in=the=frequency=range=çf=sçund=EOM=ezJOM=kezFI=by= means= çf= mechanical= impulses= at= a= pçint= çf= the= structure.= fn= the= case= çf= masçnryI= due= tç= its=heterçgeneityI=the=pulse=velçcity=represents=the=qualitative=characteristic=çf=masçnry.=cçr=the=executiçn=çf= the= testI= the= plaster= was= remçved= in= çrder= tç= exclude= its= influence= çn= the= sçnic= velçcity= and= tç=çbserve=an=area=çf=N=mO=çf=masçnry.=qhe=maps=repçrted=in=figures=R=and=S=shçw=an=estimatiçn=çf= the=sçnic=velçcity=distributiçnI=extending=the=results=all=çver==the=tested=area.==

=

cigK Qa içcalisatiçn=çf=the=tests=at=the=drçund=clççr=çf=the=exJhçspital==

=

cigK Qb içcalisatiçn=çf=the=tests=at=the=cirst=clççr=çf=the=exJhçspital=

=

OPPR=

cig Qc içcalisatiçn=çf=the=tests=at=the=pecçnd=clççr=çf=the=exJhçspital==

qhe=three=test=pçints=selected=in=the=grçund=flççr=masçnry=shçwed=a=nçnJhçmçgeneçus=distributiçn=çf=the=sçnic=velçcityI=as=usual=in=a=irregular=stçne=masçnryX=nevertheless=the=values=are=meanly=high=fçr=a=stçne=masçnry=MISQ=m=thickI=arçund=OMMM=mLsI=presenting=a=gççd=cçnnectiçn=amçng=the=stçne=elements.=eigher=peak=values=cçuld=represent= the=presence=çf= lçnger=stçnes= like=“diatoni”.=qhe=pçint=test=selected=in=the=first=flççr=shçwed=mçre=variable=and=scattered=distributiçn=çf=sçnic=velçcities=and=a=lçwer=average=value=cçmpared=tç=the=grçund=flççrI=mainly=perhaps=due=tç=presence=çf=smaller=stçnes=Ecig.=RF.====

= drçund=flççr=Eepm=–=NF= drçund=flççr=Eepm=–=PF= cirst=flççr=Eepm=–=QF=

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1.18 m

100 cm0cm

100 cm

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1 2 P 4

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=

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1P 14 15 1S 1T 18

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P1 P2 PP P4 P5 PS =

1 2 P 4 5 S

T 8 V 1M 11 12

1P 14 15 1S 1T 18

1V 2M 21 22 2P 24

25 2S 2T 28 2V PM

P1 P2 PP P4 P5 PS = P5M

5MM

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P1 P2 PP P4 P5 PS

[mLs]

=mean=velçcityW=NVUO=mLs= mean=velçcityW=ONUR=mLs= mean=velçcityW=NTVP=mLs=

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iocal state of stress

el ev

JM.5 M.M M.5 1.M 1.5 2.M 2.5

Strain [mmLmm]

M.M

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Stre

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iocal state of stress

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JM.5 M.M M.5 1.M 1.5 2.M 2.5

Strain [mmLmm]

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Stre

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eSmJJPaisaT 1, 2, P, 4isaT 5

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JM.5 M.M M.5 1.M 1.5 2.M 2.5

Strain [mmLmm]

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Stre

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eSmJJ4aisaT 1, 2, P, 4isaT 5

=jçd.bsec=EM.PSJM.SFZ=OPNM=kLmmO= jçd.bsec=EM.PSJNFZ=PPOOP=kLmmO= jçd.bsec=EM.NQJRUFZ=ONOQ=kLmmO=

cigK R pçnic=and=clat=àack=tests=results=çn=the=masçnry=çf=the=drçund=flççr=and=at=the=cirst=flççr

=

OPPS=

PK2K2K pingle and double flat-jack test All=tests=were=carried=çut= in=the=same=area=where=sçnic=tests=were=executed.=qhe=single=flat= àack=tests=were=aimed=tç=define=the=lçcal=state=çf=cçmpressive=stress=and=presented=a=gççd=behaviçur=and=a=lçw=scattering=çf=the=results=despite=the=irregular=stçne=masçnry.=cçund=values=are=quite=high=Efrçm=MIT=tç=NIR=kLmmOF=but=nç=cracks=were=visibleI=shçwing=a=gççd=perfçrmance=çf=this=masçnry.=qhe=executiçn=çf=the=dçuble=flat=àack=tests=was=difficult=due=tç=nçnJhçmçgeneity=çf=the=masçnryW=large=stçnes=can=shçw=tçç=high=stiffness=and=small=stçnes=can=reduce=the=reliability=çf=the=results.=eçwever=the=average=values= çbtained= in=all= tests= at= the=grçund= flççr= shçwed=a= rather= cçmpact= masçnryI= well=çrganized=and=with=resçurces=higher=than=OIR=times=the=measured=lçcal=state=çf=stress=Ecig.=RF.=qhe=test=carried=çut=at=the=first=flççr=reached=the=first=crack=stress=at=MIU=kLmmO=Ecig.=RF=shçwing=its=elastic=limit=and=its=reduced=cçmpactness=cçmpared=tç=the=grçund=flççr.== PK2KPK airect inspection of the masonry cross section then= it= is= impçssible= tç= çbserve= directly= masçnry= sectiçnsI= a= small= masçnry= disassembling= can= be=carried=çutI=nçt=larger=than=QM=cm=per=side=Edepending=çn=the=stçnes=dimensiçnF=and=be=realised=in=the=same=wall=pçrtiçn=after=the=diagnçstic=investigatiçnsI=sç=tç=verify=the=cçrrespçndence=with=the=higher=çr =lçwer =values =çf =the =sçnic =tests. =qhe =first =attempts =tç =disassemble =the =masçnry =çf =the =pt. =maul =eçspital=were=nçt=enthusiasticI=becauseI=despite=the=irregularity=çf=the=stçnesI=all=stçnes=were=perfectly=interlçckedI=with=wedgesI=avçiding=tç=reach=easily=the=centre=çf=the=masçnry=crçss=sectiçn=and=shçwing=an =efficient =stçnewçrk. =qhis =aspect =cçnfirms =the =gççd =results =çf =the =ka=tests. =fn =a =secçnd =time =the =direct=inspectiçns=were=carried=çut=mçre=deeply=in=cçrrespçndence=çf=the=diagçnal=cçmpressiçn=tests.==

= === =

eSmJ4MJT4

=======================aF==================================bF======================cF=====================dF========================eF==================fF=cigK S=fnspectiçn==at=drçund=flççr=EepmJiTFW=aF=bast=facade=çf=the=masçnry=befçre=disassemblingX=bF=right=vertical=crçss= sectiçnX= cF= left= vertical= crçss= sectiçnX= dF= central= vertical= crçss= sectiçn= cçnsidering= the= remçved= stçnesX= === eF=vertical=sectiçn=çf=a=cut=wall=in=place=epmJQjJqQ==

= = =aF= bF= cF=

cigK T fnspectiçn=epmJ=fRJS=at=the=first=flççrW=remçval=çf=a=big=stçne=used=as=diatono =

==========================aF========================================bF=====================cF=================================dF===========================eF==cigK U=fnspectiçn=at=cirst=flççr=EepmJfRJSFW=aF=pçuth=facade=çf=the=masçnry=befçre=disassemblingX=bF=right=vertical=crçss= sectiçnX= cF= left= vertical= crçss= sectiçnX= dF= central= vertical= crçss= sectiçn= cçnsidering= the= remçved= stçnesX= === eF=a=–a=hçrizçntal=crçss=sectiçn=shçwing=the=upper=facade=çf=the=diatono==fn=the=grçund=flççr=the=prçspect=çf=the=masçnry=shçwed=an=irregular=distributiçn=çf=rçughly=cut=stçnes=çf= variable= dimensiçn= Elarger= than= PM= cmFI= bricks= and= wedgesI= with= a= grey= lime= mçrtar= çf= a= gççd=quality.= pmaller= stçnes= during= the= disassembling= revealed= tç=be= larger= in= the= depth= and= well= stuckI=shçwing=twç=layers=well=interlçcked=with=nç=vçids.=fn=ançther=wallI=the=inspectiçn=made=by=cutting=the=

=

OPPT=

wall=revealed=the=presence=çf=a=“diatono Ecig.=SF.=fn=the=first=flççr=the=cçnstructive=technique=is=equal=tç=the=çne=çf=the=grçund=flççr=but=with=sçme=hçrizçntal=brick=layers=and=mçre=visible=mçrtar=during=the=disassembling.= “aiatoni”= were= fçund= in= half= çf= the= sectiçns= inspected= Ecigs.= T= and= UF.= qhe= same=masçnry=typçlçgy=was=çbserved=in=the=secçnd=flççr.==PKPK aestructive Investigation with aiagonal Compression Tests bight=pçrtiçns=çf= stçne=masçnry=wallsI= fçur= fçr= each= çf= the=main=masçnry=wall=types=detected= in= the=building= Estçne= masçnryI= named= pjI= and= stçne= masçnry= plus= brick= layersI= named= pjHBiFI= were=selected= fçr= carrying= çut= destructive= tests.= fn= particularI= shear= strength= and= defçrmability= çf= the=masçnry= walls= were= evaluated= by= means= çf= diagçnal= cçmpressiçn= tests= Ecig.= VF.= qhe= experimental=values=were=cçmpared=tç=thçse=listed=by=the=natiçnal=standard=fçr=cçnstructiçn=xOz.=qhe= tests= were= carried= çut= and= analysed= fçllçwing= the= general= methçdçlçgy= fçund= in= xRJSz.= qhree=hydraulic= àacksI= with= QRM= kk= lçad= capacity= eachI= were= placed= inJbetween= the= twç= beams= at= the=specimen=bçttçm=cçrner.=qwç=threated=steel=bars=cçnnected=the=tçp=and=bçttçm=cçrner=beamsI=allçwing=a=unifçrm=lçad=distributiçn=tç=çccur=alçng=the=specimen=diagçnal=crçss=sectiçn.=içads=were=measured=by= means= çf= a= pressure= transducer.= cçur= pçtentiçmetric= displacement= transducers= Etwç= çn= each=masçnry=wall=façadeF=measured=strains=alçng=the=twç=specimen=diagçnals.==All= instruments= were=cçnnected= tç=an=autçmatic= data= acquisitiçn= systemI= prçvided= with=a= laptçp= fçr=data= reading= and= stçrage= Ecig.= VcF.qhe= specimens= were= çbtained= by= cutting= relevant= wall= pçrtiçns=alçng=the=vertical=edgesI=in=çrder=tç=çbtain=apprçximately=square=wallettesI=with=sides=çf=dçuble=length=cçmpared=tç=the=masçnry=wall=thickness.=By=dçing=sçI=the=specimens=are=unJcçnfined=alçng=the=lateral=edgesI=but=are=subàected=tç= the=building=dead=lçads=acting=çn=their= tçp=faces.=eenceI=when=analysing=the=test=resultsI=the=effect=çf=the=vertical=stresses= is=taken=intç=accçunt=by=studying=the=cçrrespçnding=jçhr=circleI=where=tangential=stresses=are=different=frçm=the=principal=tensile=stresses=in=the=centre=çf=the=specimenI=accçrding=tç=xTz.==

== = ==============================aF=========================================================bF==========================================================cF=

cigK V=aF=bxecutiçn=çf=diagçnal=cçmpressiçn=test=çn=specimen=fQJRX=bF=crack=pattern=survey=after=the=testX=cF=diagçnal=lçadJdiagçnal=strain=diagram=at=failure.=

=qhe= tests= were= stçpped= when= a= significant= crack= pattern= appeared= alçng= the= lçaded= wall= diagçnal=Ecig.=VbFI= andLçr= the= realJtime= plçtted= diagçnal= lçadJdiagçnal= strain= diagrams= shçwed= a= drçp= çf=strength= çr= an= hçrizçntal= plateau= Ecig.= VcFI= indicating= the= attainment= çf= the= masçnry= maximum=strength.= aata= analysis= after= the= test= executiçn= included= the= prçcessing= çf= shear= stress= EτFJangular=deflectiçn= EγF= diagramsI= and= the= evaluatiçn= çf= shear= strength= EτMFI =tensile =strength =EftFI= and= shear=mçdulus=EdPMJSMBF.=qable=N=lists=the=main=tests=results.=qhe=values= çf= shear= strength= given=by= the= natiçnal= standard= xOz= fçr= rçughly= cut= stçne=masçnry= with=gççd=texture=vary=between=MIMRS=e=MIMTQ=kLmmOI=whereas=the=values=given=fçr=irregular=stçne=masçnry=Ethe=pççrest=listed=in=the=cçdeF=are=inJbetween=MIMO=and=MIMPO=kLmmO.=qhe=lçwer=bçund=çf=the=values=fçund =by =means =çf =inJsitu =tests =is =MIMTP =kLmmOI= i.e.= the=maximum=value=given= fçr= the=fçrmer= Eand=betterF =masçnry =type =here =listed. =lverallI =the =average =value =çf =shear =strength =fçund =in =the =pt. =maul =eçspital= in= pavçna= is= MINQT= kLmmO.= ff= we= distinguish= between= the= masçnry= at= grçund= flççrI= and=similar=types=fçund=at=first=flççrI=frçm=the=masçnry=fçund=at=first=and=secçnd=flççrI=the=average=values=çf= shear= strength= are= respectively=MINTV= kLmmO= and= MINNQ= kLmmOI= cçnfirming= the= results= fçund= by=means=çf=sçnic=and=flat=àack=tests.=pimilar=cçnclusiçns=can=be=fçund=alsç=fçr=shear=mçdulusI=althçugh=its=values=are=in=general=mçre=scattered.=qhe=çverall=mean=value=çf=shear= mçdulus= fçund= in=cracked=phase=is=arçund=QMS=kLmmO.=

=

OPPU=

Table N=`haracteristics=çf=specimens=fçr=diagçnal=cçmpressiçn=tests=and=test=results==

clççr= ppecimen= jasçnry=type=

sertical=lçad=

xkLmmOz=

ppecimen=geçmetry=xmmz= qensile=str.=ft=

xkLmmOz=

phear=str.=τM=

xkLmmOz=

phear=jçd.=dPMJSMB=

xkLmmOz=Base= aiag.= qhick.=

drçund=nPNJPO= pj= MIQMP= NMNM= NPNM= SMM= MIPRV= MIOPV= TPT=

fmT= pj= MIOVQ= NMPM= NPPM= RTM= MINOV= MIMUS= NRU=

cirst=

ABPM= pj= MIPRQ= VUM= NOOM= SRM= MINNM= MIMTP= NNVV=

fQJR= pjHBi= MIQPO= NMOM= NONM= ROM= MINSO= MINMU= NTP=

kmNM= pjHBi= MIOPM= NMOM= NORM= RNM= MINQO= MIMVR= ONS=

nOJP= pj= MIOOS= VQM= NOMM= RTM= MIQTR= MIPNT= SMQ=

pecçnd=mQJR= pjHBi= MIONR= VTM= NOPM= QTM= MINNR= MIMTT= UU=

rsPM= pjHBi= MIOTQ= NMPM= NOUM= QTM= MIOSS= MINTT= TP=

=QK ClNCirpIlNp =

qhe= case= çf= the= pt.= maul= hçspital= masçnry= structures= was= here= presented.= `çnsidering= the= future=functiçn=change=çf= the= cçnstructiçn= frçm= hçspital= tç= multifunctiçn=building=with=public= and=private=destinatiçnsI= an= impçrtant= analysis= çn= its= masçnry= structure= was= necessaryI= accçrding= tç= the= new=ftalian=standard.=sariçus=types=çf=tests=were=perfçrmed=and=the=results=were=cçmpared.=qhe=stçne=masçnry=resultedI=after=remçving=the=plasterI=irregular=with=large=rçughly=cut=stçnesI=bricks=and=wedges=and=fçllçwing=the=present= natiçnal=standard=it=can=be=defined=as= the=çne=with=the=pççrest=quality.=eçweverI=after=inspecting=the=wall=crçss=sectiçnsI=gççd=quality=masçnry=were=fçund.=jasçnry=is=made=by=twç=layersI=which=are=well=interlçcked=with=wedges=and=“diatoni”=çf=irregular=shape.=qhis=masçnry=crçss=sectiçn=can=guarantee=a=mçnçlithic=behaviçur=under=vertical=and=hçrizçntal=lçads.==fndeedI=the=ka=and=ja=tests=revealed=a=cçmpact=and=dense=masçnryI=still=within=the=elastic=behaviçurI=abçve=all= in= the=drçund= flççrI= despite=the=high=vertical= lçads=measured.= fn=generalI= nç=cracks= were=visible= befçre= carrying= çut= the= tests.= qhe= diagçnal= cçmpressiçn= tests= alsç= gave= gççd= resultsI= with=values=çf=shear=strength=abçve=thçse=given=by=the=natiçnal=standard.=pçme=remarks=can=be=dçneW=

– pçnic=pulse=velçcity=tests=by=direct=transmissiçnI=as=nçnJdestructiveI=are=çf=basic=impçrtance=tç=be=carried=çut= çn= irregular= stçne=masçnryI= in=çrder= tç=verify=the=cçnsistence=çf=the=pçrtiçn=selected=fçr=çther=tests=and=tç=be=cçmpared=with=the=çbservatiçns=made=after=a=disassembling.==

– All=the=kçnJaestructiveI=jinçr=aestructive=and=aestructive=tests=cçnfirmed=the=gççd=quality=çf=masçnryI= althçugh= the= analysis= çf= the= surface= textures= presented= pççr= quality= masçnryI= where=“diatoni”=were=cçmpletely=unidentifiable=by=visual=inspectiçnsI=due=tç=their=irregular=shape.=

– Beside= the= fact= that= the= detected= masçnry= type= is= nçt= easily= classified= within= the= masçnry=categçries=listed=by=the=cçdeI=the=mechanical=parameters=çbtained=frçm=the=tests=are=much=higher=than=thçse=repçrted=thereI=and=it=is=very=likely=that=this=happens=quite=çften.=

– ft=is=clear=that=it=is=nçt=always=pçssible=tç=carry=çut=such=a=huge=selectiçn=çf=testsI=as=thçse=here=presentedI=in=histçrical=masçnry=buildingsI=in=particular=when=destructive=tests=are=alsç=applied.=eçweverI= it=must=alsç=be=cçnsidered=thatI= fçr=such=a=buildingI=the=pçssibility=çf=increasing=the=knçwledge=level=Ei`F=and=cçrrespçndingly=reduce=the=cçnfidence=factçrI=tçgether=with=the=gççd=experimental=values=fçund=fçr=the=mechanical=prçperties=çf=masçnryI=allçwed=tç=çbtain=a=very=high= benefitJtçJcçst= relatiçn= xUz.= fn= additiçnI= the= extensive= experimental= investigatiçn= carried=çut= gave= detailed= infçrmatiçn= çn= the= structureI= enabling= tç= increase= the= reliability= çf= its=structural=mçdels.=

=AChNltibadbMbNTp =qhe=authçrs=wish=tç= thank=oiccardç=de=mçntiI= jarcç=AnticçI= jassimç=fscandri=and=bnricç=`appellç=fçr=their=help=in=carrying=çut=the=inJsitu=tests=and=the=am`Joeluis=prçàect=EOMNMJOMNPF.==

=

OPPV=

obcbobNCbp =xNz Binda=i.I= EOMMMF=Caratterizzazione delle murature in pietra e mattoni ai fini dell’individuazione

di opportune tecniche di riparazione.=`koJdkaqI=fpBk=UUJVMMQQVJRJM=oçmeI=ftaly.=xOz `ircular=n.=SNT=–=MO.MO.OMMVI=EOMMVFI=fstruzioni per lDapplicazione delle «kuove norme tecniche

per le costruzioni» di cui al decreto ministeriale N4 gennaio 2MM8I=jinisterç=delle=fnfrastrutture=e=dei=qraspçrtiI=ftaly.=

xPz Binda= i.I= `ardani=d.I= paisi=A.I= EOMMVFI=`aratterizzaziçne=sperimentale=della=qualità=murariaI= in=mrocK of ufff Convegno nazionale i’fngegneria pismicaI AnidisI= OULMSJMOLMTLOMMVI= BçlçgnaI=ftalyI=`aJ=oljI=NJNM.=

xQz Binda= i.I= `ardani= dI= EOMNNF= jethçdçlçgy= fçr= çn= site= evaluatiçn= çf= physical= and= mechanical=prçperties= çf= histçric= masçnry.= fnW= mrçc.çf= ptructural= bngineers= tçrld= `çngressI= pbt`= OMNNI=`çmçI=silla=brbaI=ftalyI=MQJMS.MQ.OMNNI=`dJoçmI=NJU.=

xRz ofibj=q`=TSJirj=ENVVNF=“aiagçnal=qensile=strength=tests=çf=small=wall=specimens”I=içndçnI=bCck=ppçnI=NVVQ.=

xSz Apqj= bRNV= L= bRNVj= EOMNMF=“ptandard=qest= jethçd= fçr= aiagçnal=qensiçn= EphearF= in=jasçnry=Assemblages”I=American=pçciety=fçr=qesting=and=jaterialsI=test=`çnshçhçckenI=mA=NVQOUJOVRVI=rnited=ptates.=

xTz Artiçli =d.I =`asarin =c.I =aalla =Benetta =j.I =da =mçrtç =c.I =peccç =j.I =salluzzi =j.o. =EOMNNF. =“oestçratiçn=çf= histçric= masçnry= structures= damaged= by= the= OMMV= Abruzzç= earthquake= thrçugh=inàectiçn= grçuts”I= Vth= Australasian= jasçnry= `çnferenceI= nueenstçwnI= kew= wealandI= NRJNU=cebraury=OMNN.=

xUz aalla= Benetta= j.= EOMNOF.= “nualificaziçne= di= murature= stçricheW= mrçcedure= sperimentali= in= sitç=e=calibraziçne= in= labçratçriç”.= mha= thesis.= pup.= mrçf.= `.= jçdenaI= cçJsup= ar.= fng.= c.= da= mçrtçI=rniversity=çf=madçva.=