e.camaldulensis abstract · tation on rumen, levels of eucalyptus leaf, rice straw. 1. introduction...
TRANSCRIPT
The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development
27-29 January 2011
Abstract Three cows with average live weight of 370±15 kg
were randomly assigned in a 3x3 Latin square design to study
two levels (0, 100 and 200g/h/d) of E.camaldulensis meal
supplementation in concentrate (% of CP) urea-lime treated
rice straw was fed ad libitum, while concentrate were given
0.5% of BW. Dietary treatments were following as T1: Control;
T2: supplementation with 100 g/hd/d of Eucalyptus and T3:
supplementation with 200 g/hd/d of Eucalyptus. Apparent
digestibility was not significantly different among treatment.
Rumen fluid pH and temperature were not altered by Eucalyptus
supplementation. Purine derivatives and N in urine were not
significantly different among treatments. However, purine derivatives
absorb the microbial N supply were tend to be increased by
supplementation with Eucalyptus (P=0.06).
Keywords: Digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, supplemen-
tation on rumen, levels of Eucalyptus leaf, rice straw.
1. Introduction Ruminal microbial protein synthesis depends on supply
of adequate amounts and type of CHO as an energy source for
the synthesis of peptide bonds. Readily fermentable CHO are
more effective in promoting microbial growth [1]. In addition,
the synchrony at which nutrients become available is also
important, when rate of protein degradation exceeds the rate of
CHO fermentation, large quantities of N can be lost as ammonia,
and, conversely, when the rate of CHO fermentation exceeds
protein degradation rate, microbial protein synthesis can [2].
Rate of energy and (or) protein availability is often confounded
with the total amount of energy and (or) protein availability,
and also different among ingredients. To adequate supplies of
CHO and N sources, as well as other nutritional factors, such
as sulfur supply, other non-nutritional factors, such as ruminal
pH and dilution rate, also play an important role in microbial
protein synthesis [3].
and microbial protein synthesis in cows
K. Khodyhotha, M. Wanapat and T. Haitook
Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,
Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
Email: [email protected]
quality roughages and agricultural crop-residues especially rice
straw [4]; [5]; [6], [7]. [8] And [9] have emphasized that matching
feed resources to production systems of livestock would lead to
efficient productivity. [10] Has given very useful information as to
feeding strategies for improving milk production based on available
feed resources for smallholder dairy farmers in the tropics.
Several potential strategies to manipulate rumen fermentation
were reported, particularly the use of NPN, by-pass protein and
VFA production in order to increase P/E ratio. Rate of rumen
degradation of DM was slow while rumen retention time was
longer [7], [11]. On rumen fermentation characteristics were
studied in beef cattle and swamp buffaloes fed on untreated and
urea treated rice straw [7]. [12] Found significant improvement
in lactating Holstein Friesian crossbred cows receiving either
urea-treated rice straw or grass.
Eucalyptus is one of the world’s most important
and most widely planted genera. Among its main uses is the
production of essential oils, which are used for medicinal and
pharmaceutical purposes [13]. One of the most important com-
pounds extracted from Eucalyptus is 1, 8-cineole, mainly due to
its antibacterial and expectorant properties [9]. It is reported to
be particularly abundant in leaves and its content in the essential
oil of different Eucalyptus species varies.
However, from the published information, it is difficult
to infer whether the positive effect on rumen N metabolism can
be observed without a concomitant negative effect on energy
metabolism. E.Camaldulensis meal was used for animals, but still
lack of information is available on ruminants. This present study
was to determine the influence of Eucalyptus (E.camaldulensis)
meal supplementation on rumen microbialprotein synthesis and
digestibility of nutrients in cows.
2. Materials and methods This study was conducted at Tropical Feed Resources
Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department
of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen Univer-
38
The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development 27-29 January 2011
sity, Thailand. Three non - lactating daily cows were randomly
assigned in a 3x3 Latin square design to study two levels (100
and 200g/h/d) of E.camaldulensis meal supplementation in
concentrate (% of CP). Urea-lime treated rice straw was offered
ad libitum, while concentrate were given 0.5% of BW. Dietary
treatments were used as T1: Control; T2: supplementation with
100 g/hd/d Eucalyptus and T3: supplementation with 200 g/hd/d
Eucalyptus. Animals were housed in individual pens and fed with
concentrate twice time per day at 06.00 am and 04.00 pm. They
were fed with the experimental diets for 14 days for the treatment
adaptation and for feed intake measurements. Body weights were
measured at the first and last days of each period. Samples
collection of feeds, fecal, and urine were collected during the
last 7 days of each period. The last 7 days was taken to collect
feces and urine. Urine sample were collected 4 times from 0,
4, 8 and 12 h-after feeding, for determining nitrogen balance
and urine derivatives for estimating microbial protein synthesis a
according to the procedure[18]. At the end of each period, rumen
fluid was collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h-after feeding by stomach
tube technique was immediately. Measured for pH temperature.
Rumen fluid samples were evacuated for NH 3 -N analysis using
micro kjeldahl [14]. The experimental designs according to a
3x3 Latin square, all analyses were performed using Proc GLM
(Statistical analysis systems,) [15]. Mean separations with a
significant (p<0.05) for treatments were statistically compared
using the Duncan’s NEW Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
3. Results and Discussion The chemical composition of roughage and concentrate
are shown in Table1. Total dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility
are presented in the Table 2. It was shown that feed intake and
digestibility were not significantly different among treatment.
Rumen pH and temperature were not altered among treatments,
and the values were stable at pH 6.8 to 6.88. According to [7]
who reported that the optimum level of pH in the rumen should
be from 6.2 to 6.9, and temperature of 38.8 to 39.0oC. Reported
that the optimum level of NH 3 -N in rumen be 5-8mg/dl in mixed
batch culture, while [16]. However, purine derivatives absorb the
microbial N supply were tend to be increased by supplementation
with Eucalyptus (E.camaldulensis) (P=0.06). The microbial N
supply as calculated from purine derivative excretion using the
equation of [6] ranged from 202 to 266 g of N/d among treatments.
With regards to N utilization, [12] stated that N excretion and N
retention should reflect differences in N metabolism, because N
retention was the most important index of the protein nutrition
status of the ruminants.
4. Conclusions Based on the results, it could be concluded that
supplementation of Eucalyptus had no effect on total dry matter
intake, nutrient digestibility, and N utilization. However further
research regarding level on rumen fermentation and feeding trial
should be conducted. Purine derivatives and N in urine were not
significantly different among treatments. However, purine derivatives
absorb the microbial N supply were tend to be increased by
supplementation with Eucalyptus (P=0.06).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to express our sincere thanks
to the Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development
Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of
Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, UNDP, SIDA project
for providing financial support for Msc study for the research and
the use of the research facilities
References [1] Stern, M. D., and W. H. Hoover. 1979. Methods for determining
and factors affecting rumen microbial protein synthesis: A
review. J. Anim. Sci. 49: 1590-1630.
[2] Nocek, J. E. and J. B. Russell. 1988. Protein and energy
as an integrated system. Relationship of ruminal protein
and carbohydrate availability to microbial synthesis and
milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2070–2107.
[3] Bach, A., S. Calsamiglia, and M. D. Stern. 2005. Nitrogen
metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 88: E9–E21.
[4] Doyle, P. T., Devendra, C. and G. R. Pearce, 1986. Rice
straw as a feed for ruminants. International Development
Program of Australian Universities and Colleges (IDP),
Canberra, Australia, 117 pp.
Asia and the Pacific (4th Ed.) AO/RAPA, Bangkok. International
Development Program of Australian Universities and
Colleges (IDP), Canberra, Australia, 117 pp.
[6] Wanapat, M. 1990 Nutritional Aspects of Ruminant Production
in Southeast Asia With Special Reference to Thailand.
Funny Press, Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand.
[7] Wanapat, M.1999. Feeding of Ruminants in the Tropics
based on Local Feed Resources. Khon Kaen Publishing
Company Ltd., Khon Kaen, Thailand.236 pp.
[8] Preston, T. R. and R. A. Leng. 1987. Matching Ruminant
Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropics
and Sub-Tropics. Penambul Books, Armidale, Australia.
245 pp.
natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics,
2nd Edition. John Willey & Sons, pp. 232–233.
[10] Leng, R. A. 1999. Feeding strategies for improving milk
production. In: Smallholder Dairying in the Tropics(Eds, L.
Falvey and C. Chantalakhana). International Livestock
Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya. 462 pp.
[11] Hart,F.and M. Wanapat, 1992. Physilogy of urea-treated
rice straw in swamp buffalo, Asian-Aus.J.Anim.Sci.5: 617-
622.
of Zootechnical Sci., Tokyo, Vol 2:1 58.
Table 1 Ingredient and chemical composition of diets used in the experiment.
[13] Ghisalberti, 1996. Bioactive acylphloroglucinol derivatives
from Eucalyptus species. Phytochemistry 41, 7–22.
[14] AOAC. 1985. Official method of analysis. Association of
Official analytical Chemists, Washington, D. C.
[15] SAS, 1998. User’s Guide: Statistic, Version5.Edited 1996.
SAS.Inst Cary,NC.; U.S.A.
[16] Wanapat, M. and O. Pimpa, 1999. Effect of ruminal NH3-N
levels on ruminal fermentaion, purine derivatives, digestibility
and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes, Asian-Aust. J.
Anim. Sci., Vol. 12, 19, p. 904.
[17] Galo,E S. Emanuele,C.J. Sniffen, J.H. White, and
J.R.Knapp.2003. Effects of a poymer- coated urea product
on nitrogen metabolism in lactating Holstein daily
cattle.J.Dairy Sci. 86: 2154-2162.
[18] Owens, F.N. and R. Zinn, 1988. Protein metabolism of
ruminant animals. In The Ruminant Animal Digestive Physiology
and Nutrition. D.C. Church, ed. Waveland Press Inc.,
Prospect Heights, IL. p. 227-249.
4
intake in swamp buffaloes, Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., Vol. 12, 19, p. 904.
[17] Galo,E S. Emanuele,C.J. Sniffen, J.H. White, and J.R.Knapp.2003. Effects of a poymer- coated urea product on nitrogen metabolism in lactating Holstein daily cattle.J.Dairy Sci. 86: 2154-2162.
[18] Owens, F.N. and R. Zinn, 1988. Protein metabolism of ruminant animals. In The Ruminant Animal Digestive Physiology and
Nutrition. D.C. Church, ed. Waveland Press Inc., Prospect Heights, IL. p. 227-249.
Table1. Ingredient and chemical composition of diets used in the experiment.
Item
OM 93.2 87.5 94.5
Ash 5.7 12.1 5.5
CP 14.1 3.2 9.5
NDF 24.9 76.2 34.3
ADF 15.6 47.2 22.0
TDN 77.2 60.2 78.2
UTS= Urea-treated rice straw (5%), DM= dry matter, OM= organic matter, CP= crud protein, EE= ether extract,
NDF= neutral detergent fiber, ADF= acid detergent fiber. TDN= total digestible nutrients. EUCALCUM=
Eucalyptus (camaldulensis).
UTS = Urea-treated rice straw (5%), DM = day matter, OM = organic matter, CP = crud protein, EE = ether extract,
NDF = neutral detergent fiber, ADF = acid detergent fiber. TDN = Total digestible nutrients. EUCALCUM =
Eucalyptus (camaldulensis).
The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development 27-29 January 2011
Table 2 Effect of EUCALUM supplementation on rumen pH, temperature, ruminal microbial population, on feed intakes and nutrient
digestibility.
5
Table2. Effect of EUCALUM supplementation on rumen pH, temperature, ruminal microbial population, on feed
intakes and nutrient digestibility.
Concentrate DM intake
Total DM intake, Kg/d 7.3 6.9 6.7 0.10
kg/d 7.3a 6.8b 6.6b 0.13
% BW 2.1 1.9 1.7 0.17
Apparent digestibility, %
Ruminal pH 6.88 6.85 6.80 0.05
Ruminal temperature, o C 39.04 38.82 38.80 0.10
NH3-N, mg/dl 14.7a 10.5ab 10.0b 0.71
Nitrogen balance
Fecal nitrogen excreted, g/d 221.0 250.0 258.0 3.41
Urinary nitrogen excreted, g/d 384.0 338.0 309.0 7.55
Nitrogen retention, g/d 15.00 16.00 18.0 1.47
Microbial protein synthesis
Purine derivative excretion, mmol/d 115.3 122.8 125.3 0.30
Purine derivative absorption, mmol/d 103.1 111.9 114.9 0.17
Microbial protein synthesis, gN/d 75.0 81.4 83.5 0.13 Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, gN/OMDR 27.3 28.9 29.6 0.08
UTS= Urea-treated rice straw, DM= dry matter, OM= organic matter, CP= crud protein, EE= ether extract, NDF= neutral detergent fiber, ADF= acid detergent fiber. A,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ(p<0.05). 1Microbial crude protein (MCP) (g/d) = 3.99x0.856xmmoles of purine derivatives excreted (Galo et al., 2003).2Efficiency of microbial N synthesis (EMNS,g/Kg of Om digested in the rumen (OMDR)=[(MCP(g/d)x1000//DOMR (g)], assuming that rumen digestion=65% of digestion in total tract.
UTS = Urea-treated rice straw, DM = dry matter, OM = organic matter, CP = crud protein, EE =ether extract, NDF = neutral detergent
fiber, ADF = acid detergent fiber. a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05). 1 Microbial crude protein (MCP)
(g/d) = 3.99 x 0.856 x mmoles of purine derivatives excreled (Galo et al., 2003) 2 Efficiency of microbial N synthesis (EMNS,g/Kg of
Abstract Three cows with average live weight of 370±15 kg
were randomly assigned in a 3x3 Latin square design to study
two levels (0, 100 and 200g/h/d) of E.camaldulensis meal
supplementation in concentrate (% of CP) urea-lime treated
rice straw was fed ad libitum, while concentrate were given
0.5% of BW. Dietary treatments were following as T1: Control;
T2: supplementation with 100 g/hd/d of Eucalyptus and T3:
supplementation with 200 g/hd/d of Eucalyptus. Apparent
digestibility was not significantly different among treatment.
Rumen fluid pH and temperature were not altered by Eucalyptus
supplementation. Purine derivatives and N in urine were not
significantly different among treatments. However, purine derivatives
absorb the microbial N supply were tend to be increased by
supplementation with Eucalyptus (P=0.06).
Keywords: Digestibility, microbial protein synthesis, supplemen-
tation on rumen, levels of Eucalyptus leaf, rice straw.
1. Introduction Ruminal microbial protein synthesis depends on supply
of adequate amounts and type of CHO as an energy source for
the synthesis of peptide bonds. Readily fermentable CHO are
more effective in promoting microbial growth [1]. In addition,
the synchrony at which nutrients become available is also
important, when rate of protein degradation exceeds the rate of
CHO fermentation, large quantities of N can be lost as ammonia,
and, conversely, when the rate of CHO fermentation exceeds
protein degradation rate, microbial protein synthesis can [2].
Rate of energy and (or) protein availability is often confounded
with the total amount of energy and (or) protein availability,
and also different among ingredients. To adequate supplies of
CHO and N sources, as well as other nutritional factors, such
as sulfur supply, other non-nutritional factors, such as ruminal
pH and dilution rate, also play an important role in microbial
protein synthesis [3].
and microbial protein synthesis in cows
K. Khodyhotha, M. Wanapat and T. Haitook
Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,
Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
Email: [email protected]
quality roughages and agricultural crop-residues especially rice
straw [4]; [5]; [6], [7]. [8] And [9] have emphasized that matching
feed resources to production systems of livestock would lead to
efficient productivity. [10] Has given very useful information as to
feeding strategies for improving milk production based on available
feed resources for smallholder dairy farmers in the tropics.
Several potential strategies to manipulate rumen fermentation
were reported, particularly the use of NPN, by-pass protein and
VFA production in order to increase P/E ratio. Rate of rumen
degradation of DM was slow while rumen retention time was
longer [7], [11]. On rumen fermentation characteristics were
studied in beef cattle and swamp buffaloes fed on untreated and
urea treated rice straw [7]. [12] Found significant improvement
in lactating Holstein Friesian crossbred cows receiving either
urea-treated rice straw or grass.
Eucalyptus is one of the world’s most important
and most widely planted genera. Among its main uses is the
production of essential oils, which are used for medicinal and
pharmaceutical purposes [13]. One of the most important com-
pounds extracted from Eucalyptus is 1, 8-cineole, mainly due to
its antibacterial and expectorant properties [9]. It is reported to
be particularly abundant in leaves and its content in the essential
oil of different Eucalyptus species varies.
However, from the published information, it is difficult
to infer whether the positive effect on rumen N metabolism can
be observed without a concomitant negative effect on energy
metabolism. E.Camaldulensis meal was used for animals, but still
lack of information is available on ruminants. This present study
was to determine the influence of Eucalyptus (E.camaldulensis)
meal supplementation on rumen microbialprotein synthesis and
digestibility of nutrients in cows.
2. Materials and methods This study was conducted at Tropical Feed Resources
Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department
of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen Univer-
38
The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development 27-29 January 2011
sity, Thailand. Three non - lactating daily cows were randomly
assigned in a 3x3 Latin square design to study two levels (100
and 200g/h/d) of E.camaldulensis meal supplementation in
concentrate (% of CP). Urea-lime treated rice straw was offered
ad libitum, while concentrate were given 0.5% of BW. Dietary
treatments were used as T1: Control; T2: supplementation with
100 g/hd/d Eucalyptus and T3: supplementation with 200 g/hd/d
Eucalyptus. Animals were housed in individual pens and fed with
concentrate twice time per day at 06.00 am and 04.00 pm. They
were fed with the experimental diets for 14 days for the treatment
adaptation and for feed intake measurements. Body weights were
measured at the first and last days of each period. Samples
collection of feeds, fecal, and urine were collected during the
last 7 days of each period. The last 7 days was taken to collect
feces and urine. Urine sample were collected 4 times from 0,
4, 8 and 12 h-after feeding, for determining nitrogen balance
and urine derivatives for estimating microbial protein synthesis a
according to the procedure[18]. At the end of each period, rumen
fluid was collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6 h-after feeding by stomach
tube technique was immediately. Measured for pH temperature.
Rumen fluid samples were evacuated for NH 3 -N analysis using
micro kjeldahl [14]. The experimental designs according to a
3x3 Latin square, all analyses were performed using Proc GLM
(Statistical analysis systems,) [15]. Mean separations with a
significant (p<0.05) for treatments were statistically compared
using the Duncan’s NEW Multiple Range Test (DMRT).
3. Results and Discussion The chemical composition of roughage and concentrate
are shown in Table1. Total dry matter intake and nutrient digestibility
are presented in the Table 2. It was shown that feed intake and
digestibility were not significantly different among treatment.
Rumen pH and temperature were not altered among treatments,
and the values were stable at pH 6.8 to 6.88. According to [7]
who reported that the optimum level of pH in the rumen should
be from 6.2 to 6.9, and temperature of 38.8 to 39.0oC. Reported
that the optimum level of NH 3 -N in rumen be 5-8mg/dl in mixed
batch culture, while [16]. However, purine derivatives absorb the
microbial N supply were tend to be increased by supplementation
with Eucalyptus (E.camaldulensis) (P=0.06). The microbial N
supply as calculated from purine derivative excretion using the
equation of [6] ranged from 202 to 266 g of N/d among treatments.
With regards to N utilization, [12] stated that N excretion and N
retention should reflect differences in N metabolism, because N
retention was the most important index of the protein nutrition
status of the ruminants.
4. Conclusions Based on the results, it could be concluded that
supplementation of Eucalyptus had no effect on total dry matter
intake, nutrient digestibility, and N utilization. However further
research regarding level on rumen fermentation and feeding trial
should be conducted. Purine derivatives and N in urine were not
significantly different among treatments. However, purine derivatives
absorb the microbial N supply were tend to be increased by
supplementation with Eucalyptus (P=0.06).
Acknowledgements The authors would like to express our sincere thanks
to the Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development
Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of
Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, UNDP, SIDA project
for providing financial support for Msc study for the research and
the use of the research facilities
References [1] Stern, M. D., and W. H. Hoover. 1979. Methods for determining
and factors affecting rumen microbial protein synthesis: A
review. J. Anim. Sci. 49: 1590-1630.
[2] Nocek, J. E. and J. B. Russell. 1988. Protein and energy
as an integrated system. Relationship of ruminal protein
and carbohydrate availability to microbial synthesis and
milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 71:2070–2107.
[3] Bach, A., S. Calsamiglia, and M. D. Stern. 2005. Nitrogen
metabolism in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 88: E9–E21.
[4] Doyle, P. T., Devendra, C. and G. R. Pearce, 1986. Rice
straw as a feed for ruminants. International Development
Program of Australian Universities and Colleges (IDP),
Canberra, Australia, 117 pp.
Asia and the Pacific (4th Ed.) AO/RAPA, Bangkok. International
Development Program of Australian Universities and
Colleges (IDP), Canberra, Australia, 117 pp.
[6] Wanapat, M. 1990 Nutritional Aspects of Ruminant Production
in Southeast Asia With Special Reference to Thailand.
Funny Press, Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand.
[7] Wanapat, M.1999. Feeding of Ruminants in the Tropics
based on Local Feed Resources. Khon Kaen Publishing
Company Ltd., Khon Kaen, Thailand.236 pp.
[8] Preston, T. R. and R. A. Leng. 1987. Matching Ruminant
Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropics
and Sub-Tropics. Penambul Books, Armidale, Australia.
245 pp.
natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics,
2nd Edition. John Willey & Sons, pp. 232–233.
[10] Leng, R. A. 1999. Feeding strategies for improving milk
production. In: Smallholder Dairying in the Tropics(Eds, L.
Falvey and C. Chantalakhana). International Livestock
Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya. 462 pp.
[11] Hart,F.and M. Wanapat, 1992. Physilogy of urea-treated
rice straw in swamp buffalo, Asian-Aus.J.Anim.Sci.5: 617-
622.
of Zootechnical Sci., Tokyo, Vol 2:1 58.
Table 1 Ingredient and chemical composition of diets used in the experiment.
[13] Ghisalberti, 1996. Bioactive acylphloroglucinol derivatives
from Eucalyptus species. Phytochemistry 41, 7–22.
[14] AOAC. 1985. Official method of analysis. Association of
Official analytical Chemists, Washington, D. C.
[15] SAS, 1998. User’s Guide: Statistic, Version5.Edited 1996.
SAS.Inst Cary,NC.; U.S.A.
[16] Wanapat, M. and O. Pimpa, 1999. Effect of ruminal NH3-N
levels on ruminal fermentaion, purine derivatives, digestibility
and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes, Asian-Aust. J.
Anim. Sci., Vol. 12, 19, p. 904.
[17] Galo,E S. Emanuele,C.J. Sniffen, J.H. White, and
J.R.Knapp.2003. Effects of a poymer- coated urea product
on nitrogen metabolism in lactating Holstein daily
cattle.J.Dairy Sci. 86: 2154-2162.
[18] Owens, F.N. and R. Zinn, 1988. Protein metabolism of
ruminant animals. In The Ruminant Animal Digestive Physiology
and Nutrition. D.C. Church, ed. Waveland Press Inc.,
Prospect Heights, IL. p. 227-249.
4
intake in swamp buffaloes, Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., Vol. 12, 19, p. 904.
[17] Galo,E S. Emanuele,C.J. Sniffen, J.H. White, and J.R.Knapp.2003. Effects of a poymer- coated urea product on nitrogen metabolism in lactating Holstein daily cattle.J.Dairy Sci. 86: 2154-2162.
[18] Owens, F.N. and R. Zinn, 1988. Protein metabolism of ruminant animals. In The Ruminant Animal Digestive Physiology and
Nutrition. D.C. Church, ed. Waveland Press Inc., Prospect Heights, IL. p. 227-249.
Table1. Ingredient and chemical composition of diets used in the experiment.
Item
OM 93.2 87.5 94.5
Ash 5.7 12.1 5.5
CP 14.1 3.2 9.5
NDF 24.9 76.2 34.3
ADF 15.6 47.2 22.0
TDN 77.2 60.2 78.2
UTS= Urea-treated rice straw (5%), DM= dry matter, OM= organic matter, CP= crud protein, EE= ether extract,
NDF= neutral detergent fiber, ADF= acid detergent fiber. TDN= total digestible nutrients. EUCALCUM=
Eucalyptus (camaldulensis).
UTS = Urea-treated rice straw (5%), DM = day matter, OM = organic matter, CP = crud protein, EE = ether extract,
NDF = neutral detergent fiber, ADF = acid detergent fiber. TDN = Total digestible nutrients. EUCALCUM =
Eucalyptus (camaldulensis).
The International Conference on Sustainable Community Development 27-29 January 2011
Table 2 Effect of EUCALUM supplementation on rumen pH, temperature, ruminal microbial population, on feed intakes and nutrient
digestibility.
5
Table2. Effect of EUCALUM supplementation on rumen pH, temperature, ruminal microbial population, on feed
intakes and nutrient digestibility.
Concentrate DM intake
Total DM intake, Kg/d 7.3 6.9 6.7 0.10
kg/d 7.3a 6.8b 6.6b 0.13
% BW 2.1 1.9 1.7 0.17
Apparent digestibility, %
Ruminal pH 6.88 6.85 6.80 0.05
Ruminal temperature, o C 39.04 38.82 38.80 0.10
NH3-N, mg/dl 14.7a 10.5ab 10.0b 0.71
Nitrogen balance
Fecal nitrogen excreted, g/d 221.0 250.0 258.0 3.41
Urinary nitrogen excreted, g/d 384.0 338.0 309.0 7.55
Nitrogen retention, g/d 15.00 16.00 18.0 1.47
Microbial protein synthesis
Purine derivative excretion, mmol/d 115.3 122.8 125.3 0.30
Purine derivative absorption, mmol/d 103.1 111.9 114.9 0.17
Microbial protein synthesis, gN/d 75.0 81.4 83.5 0.13 Efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, gN/OMDR 27.3 28.9 29.6 0.08
UTS= Urea-treated rice straw, DM= dry matter, OM= organic matter, CP= crud protein, EE= ether extract, NDF= neutral detergent fiber, ADF= acid detergent fiber. A,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ(p<0.05). 1Microbial crude protein (MCP) (g/d) = 3.99x0.856xmmoles of purine derivatives excreted (Galo et al., 2003).2Efficiency of microbial N synthesis (EMNS,g/Kg of Om digested in the rumen (OMDR)=[(MCP(g/d)x1000//DOMR (g)], assuming that rumen digestion=65% of digestion in total tract.
UTS = Urea-treated rice straw, DM = dry matter, OM = organic matter, CP = crud protein, EE =ether extract, NDF = neutral detergent
fiber, ADF = acid detergent fiber. a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05). 1 Microbial crude protein (MCP)
(g/d) = 3.99 x 0.856 x mmoles of purine derivatives excreled (Galo et al., 2003) 2 Efficiency of microbial N synthesis (EMNS,g/Kg of