200511 · 香港建築安全研究－人體由高處墮下之有關意外 1 綠十字 green cross...
TRANSCRIPT
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
生物性危害綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 2005
根據勞工處的統計資料顯示，在
2004年，經證實的職業病個案數目共
有251宗，其中43個個案是由生物性危
害引起，當中包括42個結核病及1個豬
型鏈球菌感染個案。可見俗稱「肺癆」
的結核病仍然是香港最常見的生物性
職業病。前線醫護人員感染結核病主
要是由於他們在照顧結核病患者時沒
有採取足夠的感染控制措施。針對結
核病的感染控制，醫管局已制定了一
套有關「控制醫護環境內肺結核病傳
播」的指引，前線醫護人員應參考有關
指引，了解所需的感染控制措施，以
免病人及醫護人員在工作環境染病。
針對生物性危害的預防與控制策略
一般而言，生物性危害的預防與
控制策略可以歸納為以下數點：
�� !"#$%‧ 預防是控制生物性危害的最佳策
略
‧ 往往不能完全消除污染源或隔
離，須輔以其他控制措施
�� !‧ 在污染源裝置局部隔離或局部抽
風設計
‧ 加強工作場所的空氣過濾
‧ 使用紫外光燈殺菌等
工程控制措施應包括定期檢驗及
保養以確保操作正常
�� !‧ 限制進入有潛在生物性危害的工
作場所
‧ 提供有關生物性危害知識及控制
措施的培訓
‧ 張貼警告符號及標語
一般而言，每間醫院均制定了一
套傳染病控制及普及性預防守則
( Infect ion Control and Universal
Precautions)。
控制措施及守
則包括：
‧ 小心處理
針 及 刀
片，所有
已使用的針及刀片必須棄置在有
蓋針盒內。針盒盒蓋的的活門應
以單向式設計（即只可放入），並
應該選擇獲國際標準認證的針盒
（例如BS 7320）。
‧ 切勿套回己使用的針咀
‧ 如遭針刺，輕輕地把血從傷口擠
出，然後以清水清洗傷口及立即
求醫
‧ 小心處理病人的血液、其他體液
及其他醫療廢物
‧ 小心處理病者屍體
‧ 如有需要，可考慮注射疫苗（如
適用）及定期進行身體檢查
‧ 佩帶手套及保護衣物，如需應付
高危物質，可考慮佩帶兩對手套
‧ 假設所有病人的體液或血製品均
帶有傳染性病原體並採取最謹慎
的防護措施。當需要接觸病人的
體液或當體液漏出時，須佩帶口
罩及眼罩以免被體液濺進口鼻內
或眼內
‧ 不論在工作前後，除手套／保護
‧ 編寫工作程序
‧ 安排員工休息時間
�� !"#‧ 包括防護口罩、護眼罩、頭套、
保護衣物、手套、鞋套等
‧ 使用個人防護設備是預防和控制
生物性危害的最後防線
‧ 僱主必須提供正確使用、保養及
貯存個人防護設備的培訓予僱
員，例如：如何佩帶呼吸防護器
及測試是否漏氣等
‧ 僱主應監察員工是否有佩帶個人
防護設備，而僱員應遵守工作指
示。在工作時佩帶僱主提供的個
人防護設備，而佩帶前應檢查是
否妥當才可使用
‧ 丟棄個人防護設備時應假設它已
受污染，應將它放入有「生物性
危害 BIOHAZARD」 警告字樣及
標誌的特設垃圾袋，封好後放在
指定位置以待妥善處理
可能接觸生物性危害之行業及控制措施�� !
醫生、護士及其他在醫院或診所
工作的人士經常與病原體為伍，有機
會感染到多種傳染病，如肺結核等。
透過接觸病人的血液更可感染乙型肝
炎及愛滋病等疾病。
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
生物性危害綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 2005
衣物後，及進食前須用消毒劑徹
底清潔雙手
‧ 避免用手接觸眼、口及鼻
‧ 定期清潔及消毒工作地點
�� !"#$%&'生物性實驗室會進行細菌培植的
實驗及研究、或化驗病人的體液樣本
等工作。
實驗室的安全程度 (Biosafety
Level) 大致可分為四個級別，實驗室
會按不同級別而採取相應的控制措
施。除基本的措施如佩帶個人防護設
備﹙手套、口罩及眼罩等﹚及經常洗
手外，這些控制措施還按需要包括下
列各項：
‧ 貼上警告，禁止未經訓練及許可
的人士進入實驗室範圍，室門為
自動關閉設計
‧ 在生物安全操作箱 (Biological
Safety Cabinet) 內進行實驗
‧ 注射疫苗（如適用）及定期進行身
體檢查
‧ 進入及離開實驗室前，更換所有
衣物，而更衣室須設有高效空氣
粒子過濾 (HEPA) 裝置
‧ 員工離開前應沐浴
‧ 棄置衣物或其他物件前， 先進行
高壓消毒 (autoclave)
‧ 實驗室負壓設計等
�� !"#$%&動物身上往往存有大量微生物，
當中有部份能感染人類。屠夫、農場
工人、獸醫及製革工人經常會接觸動
物或動物製品的人士，他們有可能會
感染較為罕見的疾病，如馬鼻疽病、
豬型鏈球菌感染及禽流感等。
控制措施包括：
‧ 佩帶手套、圍裙及外科手術口罩
等個人防護設備
‧ 小心處理刀具及其他用具，使用
後必須徹底清潔
‧ 切豬肉時可戴上防割手套以防切
傷手部
‧ 不論在工作前後，除手套／保護
衣物後及進食前必須使用一些有
消毒作用的洗手液徹底清潔雙手
‧ 避免用手接觸眼、口及鼻等
�� !"#$ !清潔工人／渠務工人需要在較為
骯髒的環境中工作，有機會因接觸病
原體而染病，例如：接觸老鼠的排泄
物可能會染到漖端螺旋體病或漢坦
病。此外，他們亦有可能遭蚊叮蟲咬
而染病，例如：遭老鼠咬傷可能會傳
染鼠咬熱。
控制措施包括：
‧ 工作時應穿著手套及長袖衣物以
免污染物直接接觸皮膚（特別是
當皮膚有傷口）
‧ 工友應加倍注意個人宪生，工作
後必須徹底潔淨身體
‧ 手部沾有病原體後接觸口、鼻及
眼睛是感染疾病的主要途徑之
一。因此，在進食前、吸煙前或
用手接觸口、鼻及眼睛前應先洗
手，洗手時應用軟刷徹底擦拭指
甲縫的污垢
‧ 使用殺蟲劑／消毒劑，但須注意
這些化學品可能引致的化學性危
害。使用前應閱讀標籤並按其指
示採取適當的控制措施
�� !"#$%&挖掘工人及園藝行業工人經常接
觸泥土。土壤往往藏有大量可致病的
微生物，例如：遭鳥糞污染的土壤可
藏有一種能導致組織胞漿菌病的真
菌。
控制措施包括：
‧ 處理或接觸土壤時應戴上手套
及著上長袖衣褲，不應穿著涼
鞋
‧ 處理或接觸土壤後應徹底潔淨身
體
�� !"#$%&'偏僻的地方可能會有較多的流浪
野狗出沒，而鄉郊地方甚至可能有蛇
出沒，郵差、速遞員等人士如需前往
這些地方工作應注意以下事項：
‧ 不要撩弄野狗
‧ 帶備雨傘等工具作自宪
‧ 應帶備手提電話作通訊
‧ 如情況許可，兩人同行可互相照
應。如情況不許可，亦應預先知
會上司須前往偏僻的地方工作及
預計返回公司的時間
‧ 應避免在草叢或樹林中行走，並
應穿上襪子及穿著長褲
香港建築安全研究－人體由高處墮下之有關意外
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 20051(1991) 作出總結，認為採取積極的措
施（例如：護欄）及被動的措施（例
如：安全網）均有助減少墮下受傷意
外。Vargas et al (1996a, 1999b) 發展
一套使用「故障樹」方法分析墮下原因
的專門系統，並作出總結指出，即使
在不同的環境下，護欄、安全網及防
止人體墮下系統（PFAS）等安全措施均
並不足夠。Weisgerber and Wright
(1999)提供了一個綜合計劃的概要，
於設計階段防止人體墮下。
另一方面，實在難以確保所有保
護設備為安全。根據 Baszczynski
(2003)，這些設備於防止墮下期間的
動力延伸及影響錨固點的力度可能受
到不同天氣狀況所影響。Hsiao et al.
(2003) 評估吊帶系統的配件及其尺寸
是否適合。根據從72名男性及26名女
性建築工人取得的結果，發現有需要
重新設計各款吊帶配件及整合整套吊
帶配件。「墮下保護吊帶」的配件測試
顯示，40%的吊帶配件於固定或懸掛
狀態均不符合表現標準。
香港的法院曾處理多宗與人體由
高處墮下的意外。於一九零五年至二
零零三年期間，與在建築地盤內發生
墮下事故有關的法院個案共有656宗，
同時亦查核於一九九六年至二零零二
年期間與人體由高處墮下有關的12宗
可供查閱的法院個案。結果顯示接近
84%的僱主（10宗）並沒有為工人提供
足夠的安全措施（例如：安全通道或繫
穩物）以扣緊安全帶。此外，2宗非致
命墮下受傷意外與工人工作時疏忽有
關。呈報的所有12宗墮下事故均涉及
違反《工廠及工業經營條例（第59章）》
的《建築地盤（安全）規例》。
在香港經常使用的安全帶有 5
類，為「安全吊帶／全身式吊帶」、
「一般用途安全帶」、「上身式吊帶」、
「柱上安全帶」及「拯救用安全吊帶」。
由於安全帶須與適當的錨固系統一起
使用，故此選擇繫穩物的規格實在不
容忽視。繫穩物可分為3類，包括固定
繫穩物、獨立救生繩及「防止墮下系
統」，對繫穩系統而言，確保有繫穩物
極為重要。例如，由於混凝土樑、圓
柱及結構鋼樑遠比臨時結構（例如：棚
架）牢固，故建議將該等固定點用以固
定救生繩。儘管已清楚列明有關墮下
保護設備的要求，惟發現僅分別有
29%及60%的安全帶及吊帶標明符合國
際標準（OSHC, 2000），故此建議採用
安全帶時應使用附有「臀部保護帶」的
安全吊帶。
除該等墮下保護設備外，於地盤
內應引入合適的安全管理系統，藉以
將工人於高空工作的風險降至最低水
平。在香港，安全管理系統乃由《工廠
及工業經營（安全管理）規例》規定。
勞工處已為高空工作制訂多項條
例、規例、指引及安全程序。有關防
止人體由高處墮下的法定條文大部份
載於《工廠及工業經營條例》及其附屬
規例，亦刊載於《職業安全及健康條
例》。
墮下記錄分析根據摘取自建築署「公共工程項
目建築意外事故統計系統」 (Public
Works Programme Construct ion
Accident Statistics System) (PCAS)的資
料顯示，在一九九四年至二零零三
年，有562宗意外與墮下相關。
經分析一九九四年至二零零三年
之562宗墮下意外及二零零一年至二零
零三年的158宗工傷後，結果顯示涉及
使用梯子的墮下受傷意外經常在建築
地盤發生。於過往十年，超過一半
（72%）的傷者為受輕傷。然而，最近
幾年之受傷數據分析顯示，有更大比
例的傷者乃遇上嚴重工傷（見圖1）。多
數傷者為勞工 (27%)（表1），這可能是
由於勞工可能為臨時工人，而且一般
而言，彼等缺乏建築安全知識或不熟
悉於不同工作地點某些特別建築安全
知識。此外，基於他們工作的性質，
他們須在地盤不同地點處理其他不同
類型的工作，因此他們經常面對與人
體由高處墮下有關的不同工作危害。
研究發現多數受傷的性質為挫傷
及撞傷 (40%)及骨折 (37%)，而頸項及
身體(33%)乃身體最常見的受傷部位。
批盪及油漆是常見的工種，該等工作
經常涉及梯子的使用；因此，使用梯
子與人體由高處墮下有密切關係。工
人疲倦或疲勞過度乃導致墮下受傷的
主要原因之一。有關個案顯示工人的
體能可能影響他們的安全表現。外在
因素（例如：月份及季節）亦可能影響
墮下意外事故的次數，分析顯示在夏
季的七月及八月期間會有較多墮下意
使用梯子的不安全行為。Unsafe action in the use of ladder.
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
香港建築安全研究－人體由高處墮下之有關意外綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 2005
外發生，這可能是由於工作環境惡
劣，例如，高溫（可能導致工人疲倦或
疲勞過度）及工作地點表面濕滑所致。
此外，星期一也較其他日子更可能發
生墮下意外。
圖2描述不安全行為的分類。圖
表顯示與墮下受傷有關的大多數常見
因素為「採用不安全位置或姿勢」
(45%)。「大意」及「使用不安全設備／
不安全地使用設備」均被確定為第二類
常見的不安全行為(11%)。工人採用不
安全位置或姿勢直接與工種、工人的
安全意識及有否獲提供合適工具有
關。為改善情況，必須於工地座談
會、安全會議及其他安全宣傳活動期
間，重複提醒工人不安全行為（例如：
採用不安全位置或姿勢）乃導致墮下意
外的主要原因。此外，管理層也須與
監工及管工進行討論，改善工作情況
以減少不安全行為。
表2載列不安全情況之分類。發
現「不安全工序或工作方法」(29%)為意
外事故之主要原因，其次是「不正確程
序」(17%)，這兩項因素佔墮下受傷總
數之46%。因此，為改善情況，前線
工作人員應該與工程隊伍建立正常的
溝通渠道，藉以為建築工程建立正
確、實用及可行的建築工序及方法。
根據二零零一年至二零零三年意
外數據（表3）顯示，大部份墮下受傷乃
由使用梯子(22%)所致。從外部工程／
棚架／吊船（15%）及從樓層／樓層口
墮下（12%）亦為常見的意外發生地
點。大部份（67%）涉及梯子的墮下意
外，通常發生於兩米以下的高度。由
於工人剛到地盤工作（少於一個月），
因此他們並沒有足夠的資料及經驗以
掌握個別建築地盤可能存在的潛在危
險，故大部份（43%）墮下意外均在他
們剛到地盤時發生，該等因素對發生
墮下受傷意外極為重要。
有關墮下高度的資料乃摘錄自於
二零零一年至二零零三年的158宗個
案。表4顯示83%的墮下個案於0至2米
的高度發生，受傷的平均高度為2.0
米。
圖3顯示傷勢嚴重性與墮下高度
之關係。引致輕傷及重傷的平均高度
分別為1.3米及2.1米，而有一宗致命
個案發生於兩米以下的高度。
圖4再次指出梯子為與介乎1.0米
至2.0米的多宗受傷個案有關的同一工
具，出現此情況可能是由於多數受傷
工人為經常使用梯子的勞工及油漆工
人。然而，我們亦推測於1米至2米高
度發生的墮下意外可能與其他原因有
關，這可能是由於對承建商而言，在
2米以上發生墮下意外有更重要的法
律含意；因此，承建商可能沒有準確
呈報發生墮下意外的實際高度。
圖5顯示傷勢的嚴重性與墮下位
置的關係。於不同墮下位置當中，
「從梯子墮下」被認為最常見的意外發
生點。數字亦顯示，致命個案主要發
生於「升降機槽／室內工程」是由於此
等工作涉及的墮下高度通常較高。
有關個人安全設備的使用及效用
的調查乃根據檢查三份經安全主任證
實的調查報告，該三宗個案均涉及個
人安全設備的使用。然而，由於工人
並無將安全設備繫於救生繩，故有關
設備並無扮演直接角色。按照該三宗
個案的傷勢嚴重性，三宗個案當中有
兩宗個案為重傷。因此，為改善與個
人高空作業有關的建築安全，必須適
當地使用個人安全設備。
對「安全研討會」回應的分析
研究小組及建築署共同舉行了一
個研討會，藉以聽取建築安全從業員
的意見及建議，會上共有32位安全經
理或安全主任代表香港25家主要的承
建商出席是次研討會。
是次研討會首先發表了研究小組
成員根據PCAS的資料而得出的初步結
果。第二部份為討論及聽取在場人士
的回應。為了令會議更加系統化，在
此之前曾製作四份問卷。每一份問卷
均設有3條問題，內容乃關於工人於高
空工作的安全表現、人體由高處墮下
的主要原因、工種類型的影響，以及
私人建築工程與政府建築工程的分
別。
與會人士被平均分成4組，每一組
別獲分配一份問卷。各小組的代表負
責搜集組員的意見，隨後會被邀請向
其他組別及研究小組的成員發表及分
享他們所得出的發現。研究小組最終
收回23份已完成的問卷以作進一步分
析。
安全研討會的結果建議3個方案，
藉以減低人體由高處墮下意外的數
目。其中包括加強安全培訓、實施適
當的工地安全系統（其中包括為高空工
作而設的安全設備及安全管理措施，
例如 : 實施獎罰制度）以及於建築工程
設計階段必須考慮於高空工作人員的
建築安全問題。
是次研討會亦發現，近年來許多
涉及從梯子墮下受傷的個案是由於梯
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
香港建築安全研究－人體由高處墮下之有關意外綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 2005
子保養不善及不正確使用梯子所致，
因此，我們建議就使用梯子而採納一
套「准許使用系統」。這樣可使梯子經
常處於合適使用狀態。於工地實施安
全指引及標準的主要困難在於工人的
安全意識薄弱，這一點會直接影響到
有關機構的「安全氣候」。因此，我們
相信與墮下意外相關的建築安全問題
可以通過加強安全培訓，改善機構內
的「安全氣候」，從而加以改善有關問
題。
總結是項研究對一九九四年至二零零
三年間建築署工程所發生的墮下受傷
個案進行了詳細分析。調查結果主要
是以建築署「公共工程項目建築意外事
故統計系統（PCAS）」所記錄的意外數
據及從安全研討會搜集的資料為基
礎，有關的重要發現如下：
(a) 儘管有關墮下受傷個案的總數有
所下降，但嚴重受傷個案的平均
數目則有上升趨勢；
(b) 墮下受傷個案經常與使用梯子有
關；
(c) 大部份受傷工人為未經特別訓練
的臨時工；
(d) 大部份受傷工人是在2米以下的工
作地點墮下；
(e) 批盪及油漆為兩種經常使用梯
子，發生墮下的意外也較多；
(f) 工人疲倦或疲勞過度為墮下受傷
意外的其中一個主要因素；
(g) 與墮下受傷意外有關的不安全情
況為「不安全工序或工作方法」及
「不正確程序」；
(h) 墮下受傷個案較多發生於夏季及
星期一；
(i) 工作經驗（特別是對於某一工地
工作少於一個月的工人而言）與
墮下事件有直接關連；
(j) 「不適當的裝備」、「工作場所環
境整理不善」、「資源不足」及「缺
乏安全設計」均為導致墮下受傷
個案的因素；
(k) 安全培訓被視作改善與墮下相關
建築安全問題的其中一項最重要
因素；及
(l) 「安全意識不足」及「不良的安全
行為」是推行安全程序的最大障
礙。
由研究個案的結果顯示，與人體
由高處墮下相關的意外往往並不是由
於「防止人體墮下系統」失效所致，相
反，這往往是因為工人不適當地使用
「防止人體墮下系統」（例如：在高空工
作需要採取個人保護措施時，沒有恰
當地繫穩安全帶）所致。
建議根據有限的墮下意外統計數據及
安全研討會所得結論的分析，我們提
出以下建議：
(a) 應該締造一個良好的安全環境，
以「糾正」工人的安全意識，這樣
才能改善其於高空工作時的安全
表現，即可透過工地座談會及工
地安全會議等正確的渠道，為工
人提供更深入的安全培訓，並提
供與墮下受傷個案相關的最新資
料及安全資訊。
(b) 應定期及於星期一早上開工前進
行安全講座為佳。
(c) 於夏季，前線管理人員應特別注
意高空工作人員的身體狀況。在
每年的夏季期間，必須給予工人
更多休息時間。
(d) 安全主任／監工應密切監察需經
常使用梯子的工作類別（如：批
盪及油漆）。
(e) 應引入有關使用梯子的「准許使
用系統」，這樣梯子便可經常處
於合適使用狀態。
(f) 工人應配備足夠及適當的安全設
備，例如，有防墮裝置的全身式
安全帶及獨立救生繩。
(g) 應向工人提供清晰及最新的工作
程序及指引。
(h) 應與前線工人及工程隊伍建立正
常的溝通渠道，藉以為建築工程
建立適當、實用及可行的建築程
序及方法。
(i) 新僱用的建築工人（特別是在工
地工作第一個月的工人）須參加
與高空工作相關的建築安全強制
培訓。該培訓應包括如何正確地
使用梯子。
(j) 倘工地發生意外，應鼓勵承建商
提交一份更詳盡的報告，該報告
內容最少應涵蓋事發經過、可能
引致意外的原因及相關改善建
議。在適當情況下，應總結經驗
教訓，藉以加強安全培訓及於工
地進行宣傳，防止與人體由高處
墮下相關的意外再次發生。
(k) 應制定建築安全獎罰制度。
以流動式工作台進行高空工作。Working at height with mobile working platform.
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
A Study of the Construction Safety in Hong Kong - Accidents Related to Fall of Person from Height綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 2005
used when adopting safety belt.
Apart from these fall protection
equipment, appropriate safety management
system should be introduced on site to
minimize the risk of workers working at
height. In Hong Kong, safety management
system is stipulated by the Factories and
Industr i a l Under tak ings (Sa fe ty
Management) Regulation.
The Labour Department has
stipulated various ordinances; regulations;
guidelines and safety procedures for
working at height. Statutory provisions on
the prevention of fall of person from
height are set out mostly under the
Factories & Industrial Undertakings (F&IU)
Ordinance and its subsidiary regulations,
as well as under the Occupational Safety
and Health Ordinance.
A N A LY S I S O F F A L L
RECORDS
As extracted from the Pubic Works
Programme Construction Accident
Statistics System (PCAS) from the
Architectural Services Department, there
were 562 fall related incidents from 1994
to 2003.
Having analysed the 562 fall incidents
from year 1994 to 2003 and the 158
injuries from 2001 to 2003, it is revealed
that fall injuries involving the use of
ladders were frequently happened on
construction sites. During the past ten
years, over half (72%) of the injured
workers were suffered from minor injury.
However, the analysis of injury data from
recent years indicated that a greater
proportion of injured workers had
resulted in serious injury (See figure 1).
Most of the injured workers were labour
(27%) (Table 1). This may be due to the
fact that labours may be temporary
workers and in general are either lack of
or not famil iar with the specif ic
construction safety knowledge at different
working locations. Besides, because of
their job nature, they have to handle
various types of minor works at different
locations on site and hence, they are more
prone to different work hazards relating
to fall of person from height.
The study found that the natures of
major injuries were contusion & bruise
(40%), and fracture (37%) and neck &
trunk (33%) were the most common part
of body injured. Plastering and painting
were the most common type of work
performed, and these types of work always
involved the use of ladders. Therefore,
there is a close correlation between the
use of ladders and fall of person from
height. Fatigue or exhaustion of workers
was one of the main factors causing fall
injuries. The cases indicate that physical
ability of a worker may influence their
safety performance. External factors like
month and season may also affect the
frequency of fall incidents. The analysis
revealed that there were more fall injuries
occurred in July and August in summer
and this may be due to the poorer
working condit ions such as high
temperature (which may lead to fatigue
and exhaustion) and slippery work surface.
Also, it is more likely to have fall incidents
on Monday than the other days of the
week.
Figure 2 depicts the distribution of
unsafe actions. It is found that the most
common factor associated with fall injuries
was "Adopting unsafe position or posture"
(45%). "Lapse of attention" and "Use
unsafe equipment/Use equipment unsafely"
were both determined the second most
common unsafe actions (11%). The
adoption of unsafe position or posture
by the workers is directly related to the
types of work, the safety attitude of the
workers and the availability of suitable
tools etc. To improve the situation, the
workers should be reminded repeatedly
during toolbox talk, safety meetings and
other safety promotion activities that
unsafe actions such as the adoption of
unsafe position or posture is the leading
cause of fall accidents. Also, management
should discuss with supervisors and
foremen to improve the working condition
in order to reduce the unsafe action.
Table 2 tabulates the distribution of
unsafe condition. It was found that unsafe
process or job methods (29%) were the
main cause of the incidents, followed by
improper procedure (17%). These two
factors constituted to 46% of the total fall
injuries. Hence, to improve the situation it
is believed that proper communication
channels should be established between
frontline workers and the engineering team
in order to develop proper, practical and
feasible construction process and methods
for the construction works.
According to the 2001-2003 accident
data (Table 3), most of the fall injuries were
resulted from the use of ladders (22%) Fall
from external work/scaffolding/gondola
(15%) and fall from floor/floor opening
(12%) were also the common locations.
Most (67%) fall accidents involving ladders
usually occurred below 2 meters. Most
(43%) of the fall accidents occurred when
第二次的建造業安全研討會。Construction Safety Workshop 1I.
A Study of the Construction Safety in Hong Kong - Accidents Related to Fall of Person from Height
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 2005
the workers were new to the site (less
than one month) and hence they did not
have the appropriate information and
experience regarding potential fall hazards
that might exist in that particular
construction site. These factors were
significant to the occurrence of fall injury.
Information on the height of fall was
recorded in 158 cases in 2001-2003. Table
4 indicates that there were 67% of fall
happening within 0 – 2 metres height and
the average height of injuries was 2.0
metres.
The relationship between the degree
of severity and the height of fall is shown
in Figure 3. It is noticed that the average
height resulted in minor and serious
injuries was 1.3 m and 2.1 m respectively.
There was a fatal case occurred at a height
of less than 2m.
Figure 4 reiterates that ladders were
a common agent associated with most of
the injury cases between 1.0 and 2.0
metres. This might be due to the fact that
most injured workers are labourers and
painters who are frequent users of ladders.
However, it is also speculated that there
might be other reasons for most of the
fall accidents which occur at a height
between 1m to 2 m. This may be due to
the fact that fall accidents from above 2
m would have more serious legal
implications on contractors; hence, there
may be a possibility for contractors not
to report the exact height of fall.
Figure 5 shows the relationship
between degree of injury severity and fall
locations. Among the different fall locations,
fall from ladder is being identified as the
most common location of incidents. The
figure also shows that fatal cases mainly
happened in lift shaft/internal work surface
since the height of fall involved in these
situations is usually high.
The investigation on the use and the
effectiveness of personal safety equipment
is based on the examination of three
investigation reports substantiated by
safety officers. All these three cases
involved the use of personal safety
equipment. However, the equipment did
not play a direct role in the incidents since
worker had not attached it to their lifeline.
In terms of the severity of injuries for
these 3 cases, 2 out of 3 cases were
serious injuries. Therefore, in order to
improve the construction safety related
to person working at height, appropriate
use of personal safety equipment is
required.
ANALYSIS OF WORKSHOP
FEEDBACK
The research team and ASD had
jointly organized a safety workshop with
a n a i m t o c o l l e c t v i ew s a n d
recommendations from construction
safety practitioners. There were 32 safety
managers/officers, representing 25 main
contractors in Hong Kong, attending the
workshop.
The workshop was started with a
presentation of the initial findings based
on the data from PCAS by the research
team members. The second part was a
discussion and feedback collection
session. To facilitate a systematic session,
four sets of questionnaire had been
d e v e l o p e d b e f o r e h a n d . E a c h
questionnaire contains three questions
related to safety performance of
workers working at height, major causes
of fall of person from height, the effects
of types of works and the differences
between private and government
construction projects.
The attendees were evenly divided
into four groups and were given a set of
questionnaire. A representative in each
group was responsible for collecting the
views of the group members. He/she was
then invited to present and share the
findings to members of other groups and
the research team. The research team
f i na l l y rece i ved 23 comp le ted
questionnaires for further analysis.
The results obtained from the safety
workshop suggested three key areas for
reducing the number of accidents related
to fall of person from height. These include
reinforcing safety training, implementing
proper site safety system (which includes
safety equipment and safety management
for working at height such as enforcing a
penalty and award scheme) and the
consideration of construction safety for
person working at height in the design
stage of the construction works.
It is also found that large number of
fall injuries involving ladders in recent
years were due to poor maintenance
condition and improper use of ladders.
Hence it is proposed to use a permit-to-
use system for ladders such that they are
always in working condition. The main
problem of implementing safety guidelines
and standards in construction sites was
poor safety attitude of workers which is
directly related to the safety climate of
the organisation. Hence, it is believed that
construction safety related to fall accidents
can be improved by improving the safety
climate of the organisation through
reinforcing safety training.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides a detailed
analysis of fall injuries occurred in
Architectural Services Department's
projects from 1994 to 2003. The result of
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
A Study of the Construction Safety in Hong Kong - Accidents Related to Fall of Person from Height綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 2005
the investigation was mainly based on an
analysis of the accident data from the
ASD's Publ ic Works Programme
Construction Accident Statistic System
(PCAS) and a safety workshop. The key
findings are as follows:
(a) Although the total number of fall
injuries was decreasing, there was an
increasing trend in the average
number of serious injuries.
the most important factor in
improving construction safety related
to falls; and
(l) Poor safety attitude and behavior is
the biggest obstacle in implementing
safety procedures.
The findings from the case studies
indicated that accidents related to fall of
person from height may have happened
not because of ineffectiveness of the
personal fall arrest systems. Rather, it may
have happened due to inappropriate use
of the personal fall arrest systems by the
workers (e.g. without proper anchorage
of the safety harness while personal
protection at height is still required).
RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the limited fall accident
statistics and the analysis of the results
from the safety workshop, the following
recommendations are proposed:
(a) A better safety climate should be
cultivated in order to "correct" the
safety attitude of the workers such
that safety performance of working
at height can be improved. This can
be accomplished by providing
enhanced safety training for workers
with updated information and
commun i c a t i on s o f s a f e t y
information related to fall injuries
through proper channels such as
frequent toolbox talks and site safety
meetings.
(b) Refreshing safety talks should be
conducted on regularly basis and
preferably before commencement of
works on Monday morning.
(c) Frontline management should pay
special attention to the physical
condition of workers working at
height during summer time. More
frequent rest for the workers may
be necessary during this period of
the year.
(d) Safety officers/supervisors should
provide close supervision for trades
which require the frequent use of
ladders such as plastering and
painting.
(e) A permit-to-use system for ladders
should be introduced such that the
ladders are always in working
condition.
(f) Workers should be provided with
adequate and appropriate safety
equipment such as safety harness
with fall arrestor and an independent
lifeline.
(g) Clear and updated work ing
procedures and guidelines should be
provided.
(h) Proper communication channels
should be established between
f ront l i ne workers and the
engineering team in order to develop
proper, practical and feasible
construction process and methods
for the construction works.
(i) New employees for construction
works (and especially for their first
month on the site) are required to
attend mandatory training for
construction safety related to
working at height. The training should
include the proper use of ladders.
(j) Contractors should be encouraged
to prepare a more comprehensive
report in case there is an accident
on site. The report should at least
cover the scenario, the possible
cause(s) and the recommendation(s).
Wherever appropriate, lesson learnt
should also be prepared to enhance
safety training and promotion on site
in order to prevent recurrence of
similar accidents related to fall of
person from height.
(k) A penalty and award scheme
s h o u l d b e e n f o r c e d f o r
construction safety.
檢查工作台。Inspection of working platform.
(b) Fal l injuries were frequently
associated with the use of ladders;
(c) Most of the injured workers were
unskilled labours working on a
temporary basis;
(d) Most injured workers fell from
workplace of lower than 2 metres;
(e) Plastering and painting were the most
common type of work performed;
(f) Fatigue or exhaustion of workers was
one of the main factors causing fall
injuries;
(g) The unsafe conditions related to fall
injuries were unsafe process or job
methods and improper procedure;
(h) Fall injuries occurred more in summer
and on Monday;
(i) Work experience (especially for those
who have less than one month's
experience at a particular site) has a
direct relationship to fall incidents;
(j) Improper equipment, inadequate
housekeeping, lack of resources and
lack of design for safety are
contributing factors to fall injuries;
(k) Safety training is considered one of
返回目錄
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
Worker Injury Risk Management綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 2005
Jardine Engineering Corporation’s
( JEC) management , super v i sors ,
mechanics , technic ians and sub-
contractors make a continuous effort
to work safely. They care about the
people around them, they understand
the hazards of preventive maintenance,
equipment installation, and they know
that the right management and expertise
can keep their team safe. Nonetheless,
occasional injuries do occur. Developing
a comprehensive worker injury risk
management program (WIRM®), one that
guarantees prompt and thorough
healthcare, helps to keep their co-
workers on the job and as healthy as
possible.
ON-SITE ATTENTION
One factor that paves the way for
effective injury management is clear
communication between supervisors and
workers on the job site. Effectively
identifying accidents and the severity of
resulting injuries is best accomplished
when reports and comments are
unambiguous - supervisors must ensure
that open channels of communication
exist to identify work-related injuries
and encourage immediate treatment by
qual i f ied occupat ional healthcare
providers.
Supervisors and workers must
c lar i fy with each other whether
comments about accidents and injury
are true reports or just complaints, and
respond accord ing ly. Immed ia te
attention and care for injuries can often
prevent more severe problems later,
improving outcomes and reducing the
risk of re-injury.
“If an employee falls down from an
A-frame ladder and pulls a muscle, he
might say he is okay. But then suddenly
he might have pain in the middle of the
night, and have to go to Accident and
Emergency says Raymond Fung, Safety
Manager of JEC. “Days later, the medical
officer, unfamiliar with the work site or
occupational healthcare, might not
properly examine the patient, and could
say to take three days off - and you
then have a “lost-time” accident right
away.” Raymond recommends that
supervisors or managers accompany
injured workers to hospitals or panel
doctor’s clinics, and advocate thorough
and swift treatment. “We’ve found that
if you just send them up there with a
driver, you can’t give specific instructions
to the physician, and sometimes you’ll
find out that the care they received was
inadequate,” he said.
ONGOING
RELATIONSHIPS
Another key to preventing lost-
time injuries is establishing an ongoing
relationship with an injury rehabilitation
program ser v i ce prov ider tha t
specializes in occupational safety. By
doing so, panel doctors, physiotherapists,
occupational therapists, supervisors and
workers are ab le to f ami l i ar i ze
themselves with potential occupational
hazards, and can work together to keep
employees injury- free and on-the-job.
JEC has teamed up with Jardine
Lloyd Thompson ( JLT) , a lead ing
international risk management adviser
and insurance broker, to deploy and
operate the Worker In jur y R isk
Management (WIRM®) programme
which JLT has designed. JLT begins by
assessing their needs: a WIRM® manager
v is i ts the job s i te to meet with
engineer ing managers and sa fety
managers and to evaluate the work
space to gain an understanding of the
types of work-related injuries that can
occur.
Raymond comments that “JLT came
in and looked at every position within
our operation, and we worked together
wr i t ing descr ip t ions [ for those
positions] that outlined what each job
entail,” Lifting, twisting, turning, walking,
or climbing... they described carefully
工傷進度檢討報告。WIRM – Case Progress.
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
Case Study of Marine Accidents綠十字 GREEN CROSS 十一月 /十二月 Nov/Dec 2005
SummaryA shipyard rigger removed staging
boards from the staging platformframework at the surrounds of the cranebarge on a floating dock. The end ofone of the staging boards being hoistedcaught inside the support platformframework, which was also consequentlyhoisted up at the same time. In anattempt to escape, the worker fell down6m from the staging into the dockbottom and was seriously injured.
CircumstancesThe accident occurred in spring of
a certain year. A crane barge wasreplacing shipside fenders in a floatingdock. The replacement work requiredworking at height and erection of stagingon the dock bottom surrounding theship.
After completing the renewal ofship's fenders, the job was to dismantleand remove the staging. A rigger wasemployed to sling up the staging boardsfor hoisting by the floating dock's liftingcrane. It was about noon time when therigger started to dismantle two stagingboards from their support framework.He secured the lifting slings to theboa rd s , e a c h a bou t 1 0m l on grespectively, and engaged the slings tothe cargo hook of the lifting crane, readyfor the hoisting of the load.
At that t ime , a s ignal ler wasstationed on the crane deck giving signalto the crane driver who did notcommand a direct vision of the riggerand the staging boards to be lifted. Thecrane operator had to rely on thesignaller to locate the correct positionof the cargo hook and control itsmovements. The rigger receded to oneend of the staging platform after hookingup the slings on the staging boards andsignalled the signaller that the boardswere ready to be hoisted. The riggerprepared to push the ends of the stagingboards clear of the framework on theboards being lifted up.
One of the staging boards cameout smoothly from the framework andwas suspended vertically from the cargohook. However, the other staging boardwas still caught by the framework atboth ends. The crane operator wasmistaken that only one board was to beremoved and accelerated the hoistingspeed when seeing one board was beingsuspended. It was because the signallerdid not sense that the other stagingboard got caught by the framework.
In the chaos, the rigger was forcedto escape from the lifted framework tothe staging boards l inked with theframework on the other side. He lostbalance when walking on the staging andfell to the dock bottom at a height of6m. He sustained serious injuries. Hisjaw was heavily hit and contused by thestaging boards falling on him.
Findings and ObservationsThe workers had not followed safe
work ing procedures . The unsa fepractices were as follows:
• The in jured worker was notprovided with fa l l preventionequipment when removing thestaging on the work platform.
• The panicking rigger had retreatedto other erected staging withoutfenc ing or guardra i l s be ingprovided.
• There was poor communicationamongst the rigger, the signallerand the crane operator.
• The crane operator had not waitedthe signaller to give a positive signalbefore hasti ly hoisting up thestaging board.
The major cause of the accidentwas the poor coordination between therigger and the signaller, and also betweenthe signaller and the crane operator. Inaddition, the injured person was notprovided with fall prevention equipmentto guard against falling from height.
RecommendationsMarine Department made the
following recommendations after theaccident:
(1) Safe working procedures should beformulated for the removal ofscaffold and staging. They should becomprehensible to all personnelinvolved in such jobs.
(2) There should be good coordinationamongst workers staying on workplatforms, the signal ler givingsignals and the crane operatorobserving the hand signals in thehoisting of a load.
(3) A signaller should always be on thealert. He should give the right handsignal at the right time.
(4) The crane operator should observethe instruction from the signallerto control the crane. The loadshould not be hoisted at a highspeed without receiving a clearsignal from the signaller.
(5) Unless the high level work platformor staging is sufficiently fenced,workers working on top shouldwear suitable fa l l preventionequipment.
(6) The person in charge of worksshould appoint a works supervisorfor implementing safe workingprocedures and formulate safetyinstructions.
Relevant legislationsSh ipp ing and Por t Cont ro l
Ordinance, Cap 313 section 44(1)stipulates that a person in charge ofworks shall not carry out, or cause tobe carried out, any works in a conditionor manner that does not provideadequately against unnecessary risk ofaccident or bodily injury.
Shipping and Port Control (CargoHandling) Regulations, Cap 313, sub legB, Regulation 34 stipulates that no loadshall be left suspended from any liftingappliances unless there is a competentperson in charge of the lifting appliancewhile the load is so left.
返回目錄
