eche 460 unit operations presentations the good, the bad
TRANSCRIPT
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ECHE 460ECHE 460Unit Operations PresentationsUnit Operations Presentations
The Good,The Good,The Bad, andThe Bad, and
The UglyThe Ugly
Ed GatzkeEd GatzkeMarch, 2007March, 2007
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IntroductionsIntroductions
Should motivate the topicShould motivate the topic
Should have some broader scopeShould have some broader scope
Use images if possible to get audience engagedUse images if possible to get audience engaged–– Cite Images Cite Images appropriatelyappropriately
ShouldShould prepare audience to some extentprepare audience to some extent
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The GoodThe Good
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E1-Derek Strange E2-R. Ryan Cox E3-Andrew Davis
Background
� 18th Century: Zeolitesdiscovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
� Found when heated rapidly, causing them to “dance”
� Named zeolite, or “stone that boils”
http://www.bgf.nu/ljus/bilder/cronstedt1.gif
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E1-Derek Strange E2-R. Ryan Cox E3-Andrew Davis
Zeolite Properties
� Porous, crystalline solid with highly ordered microstructure
� Natural and man-made� Function depends on
structure� Work as catalysts, catalyst
supports, and adsorbents
http://www.bojistones.com/crystals/Zeolite-1.jpg
http://www.zeoponix.com/images/zeolite-200.GIF
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E1-Derek Strange E2-R. Ryan Cox E3-Andrew Davis
Gas Chromatography
� Two components: solute gas and carrier gas
� Mobile mixture injected through stationary phase
� Separates solute gas from carrier gas
http://www.b100supply.com/images/products/193.jpg
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The BadThe Bad
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IntroductionIntroduction• Centrifugal Pumps
- Class of pumps that moves liquids and generates pressure by rotation of
a single or several impellers
- Impellers promote centrifugal force on a liquid causing an increase in
pressure and velocity
- Pump casings help convert kinetic velocity of the fluid into pressure by
directing and containing spiral flow of the liquid
• Pipe Network Flow- Pipes, valves, and fittings combine together to form a network that
allows liquids and gases to be transported
- Each component affects the flow individually through resistance
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The The UglyUgly
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Group 2, Presentation #2. March 7, 2007
Introduction
� Heat transfer can be used in a variety of applications
� Distillation Columns
� Heat exchangers
� Cooling towers
� Cooling of electronics
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SchematicsSchematics
Should represent the physical systemShould represent the physical system–– Not necessarily same layoutNot necessarily same layout
Should have appropriate level of detailShould have appropriate level of detail–– Too much = too complicatedToo much = too complicated
–– Too little = too uselessToo little = too useless
Can use exaggerated Can use exaggerated ““cartoonycartoony”” representationsrepresentations
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The GoodThe Good
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Univeristy of South Carolina ECHE 460
ApparatusApparatus
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Univeristy of South Carolina ECHE 460
Constant Pressure ModeConstant Pressure Mode
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Group 2, Presentation #2. March 7, 2007
Apparatus
Chiller
Heater
Unit
Temperature Bath
Water
Cable
Thermocouple
Solid
Sphere
Infinite Cylinder
Pump
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Group 2, Presentation #2. March 7, 2007
ApparatusK-type
Thermocouple
Cylinder
Cable
Sphere
K-type
Thermocouple
Cable
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The BadThe Bad
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UO Presentation Spring 2007
Apparatus
Electric Source
Condensing Column
Variac
Inlet Port
Outlet Port
Temperature Reader
Thermocouple
Cold Water Bath
Vapor
Reflux
Vapor CollectionPort
Heating Coil
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E1-Derek Strange E2-R. Ryan Cox E3-Andrew Davis
Apparatus
� Gas Chromatograph:� SRI 8610B with Thermal Conductivity Detector
(TCD)
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.betatekinc.com/images/SRI/6-MG2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.betatekinc.com/SRI_Multiple_Gas_Analyzer_No.2_GC_System.html&h=247&w=200&sz=29&hl=en&start=16&tbnid=oAtD5084lFY7oM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=89&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSRI%2B8610%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN
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E1-Derek Strange E2-R. Ryan Cox E3-Andrew Davis
Apparatus cont’d
� Gas Chromatograph:� SRI 8610B
Carrier Gas
(Helium)
Zeolite Packed Bed
Injected Gas (Ethane)
P1 P2
Detector
P3
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E1 Chris Butch E2 Sherah Aiken E3 Jacob
John
Schematic
10
2
1. othmer still2. heating coil port3. heating coil4. thermometer5. thermocouple6. liquid collection port7. condensate collection port8. filling port9. stopcock10. variac11. cooling bath12. cooling water lines13. vent14. beaker
3
4
5
6 7
8
9
911
12
12
1
13
14
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The The UglyUgly
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Apparatus
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Literature ReviewLiterature Review
Should summarize articleShould summarize article
Should be concise, 1Should be concise, 1--2 pages2 pages
May use images or figures from articleMay use images or figures from article
Should include the full citation Should include the full citation
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The GoodThe Good
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Literature Review 3Literature Review 3
Improving solar pumping systems by addition of modular centrifugal pumps
• Divided shaft pumps operate more efficiently than stand centrifugal pumps when solar irradiation is low
• The number of impellers or stages operating varied depending on the amount of irradiation during the day
• Pump power demand is proportional to cube of rotational speed
• Pump design should be based on amount of peak power provided by PV cells
Fiaschi, Daniele, et al. Improving the effectiveness of solar pumping systems by using modular centrifugal pumps with variable rotational speed. Solar Energy 79 (2005) 234-244.
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ECHE 460 - Group 5 - Project II: Voltammetry - 3/8/07
Literature Review III:
Chronoamperometry to Measure Effectiveness of
Adderall in Dopamine Release
• Adderall results in larger
amounts of dopamine
release (higher amplitude)
• Dopamine release induced by Adderall also has longer
time course of activity
– Shorter rise time, longer clearance time
• Use of each enantiomer singularly is not as effective as
combination of components
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The BadThe Bad
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Univeristy of South Carolina ECHE 460
Detection of Cavitation Phenomenon in a Centrifugal Pump Detection of Cavitation Phenomenon in a Centrifugal Pump Using Audible Sound [2]Using Audible Sound [2]
►► Studied the onset of cavitation within centrifugal pumpsStudied the onset of cavitation within centrifugal pumps�� Produced by pulsation waves of bubbles and collapse of vapor bubProduced by pulsation waves of bubbles and collapse of vapor bubbles bles upon entering a region of high pressureupon entering a region of high pressure
�� Consequence of insufficient required value for NPSHConsequence of insufficient required value for NPSH
►► Wanted to find specific noise frequencies dependent upon the Wanted to find specific noise frequencies dependent upon the start of cavitationstart of cavitation�� Noise increases linearly with:Noise increases linearly with:
►► FlowrateFlowrate ►►maximum volume of bubblesmaximum volume of bubbles
►► number of bubbles number of bubbles ►►concentration per unit volume of bubblesconcentration per unit volume of bubbles
►► Noise levels of 147 Hz are dependent upon cavitationNoise levels of 147 Hz are dependent upon cavitation�� Frequency can be separated from noise spectraFrequency can be separated from noise spectra
�� Sound signals used to alarm operator of cavitationSound signals used to alarm operator of cavitation�� Alarms can still be used in presence of background noiseAlarms can still be used in presence of background noise
►► NPSH required must be maintained to prevent cavitationNPSH required must be maintained to prevent cavitation
Literature Review Literature Review
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The The UglyUgly
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UO Presentation Spring 2007
Literature Review
�Morrison, et. Al (1990)�Studied various salts (NaCl, NaBr, KBr, KCl) as
MSAs in ethanol/water system
�Orchillés, et. Al (2007)�Studied ionic liquids as MSAs in
acetone/methanol system
�Sapei, et. Al (2007)�Studied VLE for sulfide/hydrocarbon systems to
study more effective separation of sulfur from gasoline
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Theory (Working Equations)Theory (Working Equations)
Should include citations when appropriateShould include citations when appropriate
Should include some text summaryShould include some text summary
Should include nomenclatureShould include nomenclature
Can include cartoons to illustrate conceptsCan include cartoons to illustrate concepts
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The GoodThe Good
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Univeristy of South Carolina ECHE 460
Working EquationsWorking Equations
►► The Bernoulli equation is a generalized energy balance The Bernoulli equation is a generalized energy balance
►► pp = pressure (psi)= pressure (psi) ►► ff = friction factor = friction factor
►► γγ = = specific weight of water (lb/ftspecific weight of water (lb/ft33)) ►► ll = length of tubing (ft)= length of tubing (ft)
►► ZZ = elevation above or below (ft) = elevation above or below (ft) ►► DD = Diameter of tubing (ft)= Diameter of tubing (ft)
►► V V = average liquid velocity (ft/s)= average liquid velocity (ft/s) ►► hhpp = pressure head for = pressure head for
entire entire
►► ggcc = acceleration due to gravity (ft/s= acceleration due to gravity (ft/s22)) system (ft of Hsystem (ft of H22O)O)
►► KK = fitting and valve loss coefficient= fitting and valve loss coefficient
Governing Equation
pcc
hg
VK
D
lf
g
VVZZ
pp =⋅
++⋅−+−+−
∑∑ 22
)()(
)( 221
22
1212
γ
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Group 2, Presentation #2. March 7, 2007
Biot Number
( )( ) Bi
k
Lh
R
R
Ah
AkL
TT
TT
conv
cond
S
SS ≡⋅==⋅⋅=
−−
∞ 12,
2,1,
� Resistance to Conduction/Resistance to Convection
x
T
Ts, 1
T∞h
Fluid
Ts, 2
Ts, 2
Ts, 2
Bi << 1
Bi = 1
Bi>> 1
qconv
Validity of Lumped Capacitance Method
1.0<⋅
=k
LhBi c
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ECHE 460 - Group 5 - Project II: Voltammetry - 3/8/07
Chronoamperometry:
Cottrell Equation
i(t) = nFACo
Do
πt
i = current transient (A)n= number of electrons in analyte half-reactionF= Faraday’s constant (96485 C/mol)A= electrode area (cm2)D0= analyte’s diffusion coefficient (cm2/s)t= time (s)
F.G. Cottrell, Z. Physik. Chem., 42, 385 (1902).
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The BadThe Bad
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E1-Derek Strange E2-R. Ryan Cox E3-Andrew Davis
Engineering Principles and Working Equations
� The standard variance is often termed the second moment of the response curve and can be approximated by evaluating the following integrals:
∫
∫∞
−=
0
2
2
)(
cdt
dtttc r
σ (6)
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The The UglyUgly
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UO Presentation Spring 2007
Engineering Principles
LV ff 11ˆˆ =
iiiL
iiV
fxf
Pyf
γ
φ
=
=
1
1
ˆ
ˆ
∫=P
P
li
sati
satii sat
i
dPVRT
Pf1
expφ
∫=P
P
li
sati
satiiiii sat
i
dPVRT
PxPy1
expφγφ
satiiii PxPy γ=
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Results and FiguresResults and Figures
Should use solid lines and markers correctlyShould use solid lines and markers correctly
Should have error analysis if possibleShould have error analysis if possible
Should have Should have ““nicenice”” axes rangesaxes ranges
Should have some text explanationShould have some text explanation
Should have a legend when neededShould have a legend when needed
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The GoodThe Good
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ECHE 460 - Group 5 - Project II: Voltammetry - 3/8/07
Chronoamperometry 40°C
y = -2.048x
R2 = 0.9533
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
0.25 0.45 0.65 0.85 1.05 1.25 1.45
1/Time -.5
(1/sec -.5)
Cur
rent
(Am
ps*1
04 )
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Univeristy of South Carolina ECHE 460
Pump EfficiencyPump Efficiency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Flowrate (gpm)
Pum
p ef
ficie
ncy
(%)
Pump 1
Pump 2
Pump 1 Mf
Pump 2 Mf
Design Flowrate
►► Pump 1 efficiency is greater than the manufacturer possibly becaPump 1 efficiency is greater than the manufacturer possibly because of use of
a larger impeller installeda larger impeller installed
►► Design flowrate lines give the Design flowrate lines give the bepbep for the pumpfor the pump
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The BadThe Bad
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E1-Derek Strange E2-R. Ryan Cox E3-Andrew Davis
Graphical Method to Determine ∆U
lnKi vs. 1/T
y = 3091.9x - 4.8796
R2 = 0.9995
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0.0025 0.00255 0.0026 0.00265 0.0027 0.00275 0.0028 0.00285
1/T (s)
lnK
i Ki
Linear (Ki)
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E1 Chris Butch E2 Sherah Aiken E3 Jacob
John
Using Wilson Model with Tavg
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The The UglyUgly
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(49.5/49.5) Glycerol-Water and (1) Polyacrylamide (unknown molecular weight), at 30 Degrees Celsius
5.16
5.18
5.2
5.22
5.24
5.26
5.28
5.3
0 100 200 300 400
Shear Rate (sec^-1)
Vis
cosi
ty (
cP)