echinopsis pachanoi

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Echinopsis pachanoi

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San Pedro cactus

Echinopsis pachanoiinHawaii

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Core eudicots

Order: Caryophyllales

Family: Cactaceae

Genus: Echinopsis

Species: E. pachanoi

Binomial name

Echinopsis pachanoi(Brittonand Rose) Friedrich and Rowley

Synonyms

Trichocereus pachanoiBritton &Rose

Echinopsis pachanoi(syn. Tr ichocereus pachanoi), the San Pedro cactus, is a fast-growingcolumnarcactusnative to theAndes MountainsofEcuadorandPerubetween 20003000 m inaltitude.[1][2]It is also found inArgentina,BoliviaandChile,[3]and it is cultivated in other partsof the world. Uses for it include traditional medicine and traditional veterinary medicine, and it is
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widely grown as an ornamental cactus. It has been used for healing and religious divination inthe Andes Mountains region for over 3000 years.[4]It is sometimes confused with its closerelative,Echinopsis peruviana(Peruvian torch cactus).

Contents

1 Description 2 Traditional uses 3 Alkaloids 4 Cultivation

o 4.1 Propagation from cuttings 4.1.1 Long method

o 4.2 Propagation from seedo 4.3 Grown collections

5 Legalityo 5.1 United States

6 Gallery 7 Footnotes 8 External links

Description

Echinopsis pachanoi is native to Ecuador and Peru. Its stems are light to dark green, sometimesglaucous, with a diameter of 615 cm (2.45.9 in) and usually 68 ribs. The whitishareolesmayproduce up to seven yellow to brown spines, each up to 2 cm (0.8 in) long; the plant is

sometimes spineless.[2]

The areoles are spaced evenly along the ribs, approximately 2 cm (0.8 in)apart.[3]Echinopsis pachanoi is normally 36 m (1020 ft) tall and has multiple branches,usually extending from the base.[2]The tallest recorded specimen was 12.2 metres (40 ft) tall.[3]White flowers are produced at the end of the stems; they open at night. The flowers are large,around 1924 cm (7.59.4 in) long with a diameter of up to 20 cm (7.9 in). There are black hairsalong the length of the tube leading to the flower. Oblong dark green fruits are produced afterfertilization, about 3 cm (1.2 in) across and 56 cm (2.02.4 in) long.[2]

Traditional uses

Hordenine, an alkaloid found inEchinopsis pachanoi
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Echinopsis pachanoi, San Pedro Cactus, the tall cactus in the background, in its natural habitat inPeru

Echinopsis pachanoi has a long history of being used in Andean traditional medicine.Archeological studies have found evidence of use going back two thousand years, toMocheculture.[5]AlthoughRoman Catholicchurch authorities after the Spanish conquest attempted tosuppress its use, this failed, as shown by the Christian element in the common name "San Pedrocactus"Saint Petercactus. The name is attributed to the belief that just as St Peter holds the

keys to heaven, the effects of the cactus allow users "to reach heaven while still on earth."

[6]

Alkaloids
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San Pedro cactus sliced up to be brewed

The San Pedro cactus contains a number ofalkaloids, including the well-studied chemicalmescaline(0.211.8%), and also3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine,4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenethylamine,3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine,4-hydroxy-3,5-

dimethoxyphenethylamine,anhalonidine,anhalinine,hordenine,tyramine, and3-methoxytyramine.[citation needed]

Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is apsychedelic drugandentheogen, which is alsofound in some other species of genusEchinopsis(i.e.Echinopsis lageniformis,Echinopsisperuviana, andEchinopsis scopulicola) and the speciesLophophora williamsii(peyote).[7]

Anecdotal evidence suggests that the highest concentrations of active substances are found in thelayer of greenphotosynthetictissue just beneath the skin.[3]

There are various mescaline extraction techniques, simple (simmering in water 5 to 7 hours) and

complex (such as anacid-base extraction), the latter technique yielding a material with asignificantly higher concentration of mescaline.[citation needed]

Cultivation

This section containsinstructions, advice, or how-to content. The purpose ofWikipedia is to present facts, not to train. Please helpimprove this articleeither byrewriting the how-to content or bymovingit toWikiversityorWikibooks.(March 2012)

A newly plantedEchinopsis pachanoi (San Pedro Cactus) cutting

USDAHardiness Zones: 8b to 10

[8]

Soil acidity: Alkaline[9]

The San Pedro cactus is very easy to grow in most areas. Because it grows naturally in theAndesMountainsat high altitude and with high rainfall, it can withstand temperatures far below that ofmany other cacti. It requires fertile, free-draining soil. They average half a meter per year of newgrowth.[3]They are susceptible to fungal diseases if over-watered, but are not nearly as sensitiveas many other cacti, especially in warm weather. They can be sunburned and display a yellowing
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chlorotic reaction to overexposure to sunlight. In warm areas it is best to keep them out of directsun in mid-summer.

In winter, plants willetiolate, or become thin, due to lower levels of light. This may beproblematic if the etiolated zone is not sufficiently strong to support future growth as the cactus

may break in strong winds. Some people also find it visually undesirable. If you wish to avoidetiolation when temperatures drop and growth rates slow, encourage it to enter winter dormancyby withholding water and fertilizer from it over the winter.

Propagation from cuttings

Like many other plants,Echinopsis pachanoi can be propagated from cuttings. The result is agenetic cloneof the parent plant.[9]For example, the top 15 cm end of a cactus column can be cutoff with a knife, then the cutting can be left to dry for about two weeks in the shade, or in a dryplace. This is so that the surface of the cut end dries out like paper forming a seal to keep outmicrobes such asfungiand bacteria. The cutting can then be dipped inrooting hormone

(optional, but effective) and planted on the surface of or buried to a maximum of 2.5 cm deep ingood propagation media mixed with some sand andperlite. The sand and perlite will ensure thatthe media will drain and not stay too wet. The cutting is kept in the shade or indirect sunlight, sothat the root system can develop and the cactus does not grow too thinly. It is best to withholdwatering for the first week or two. The moisture in the media alone is sufficient to begin theformation of adventitious roots. Lightly tug on the cactus to check for root formation. Do notattempt to pull the cactus all the way out of the soil to examine it. You will damage any rootsthat may have already begun to form. After about six months, significant roots will have formedand the cutting can be repotted in the same type of medium.[9]

Long method

A long cactus column can be laid on its side on the ground, and eventually roots will sprout fromit and grow into the ground. After time, sprouts will form and cactus columns will grow upwardout of it along its length.[9]

Propagation from seed

SanPedro (Echinopsis pachanoi) seeds
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The seeds are quite easy to germinate and grow. Their main requirements consist of highhumidity levels, free-draining soil mix, and enough (but not too much) water, light, and nutrition.There are a number of commonly used methods that satisfy these requirements and the choice ofa particular method depends mainly on the scale of the cultivation operation.

Three week old San Pedro cactus seedling (Echinopsis pachanoi)

For soil, use coarse sharp sand (sieved river sand). Some people also findcoirorpeat, ormixtures, to be effective. The soil can be sterilized by cooking it in an oven on high for 12hours. Sterilization will be most effective if the sand is moist. If one is available, anautoclavewould also be useful at this point.

Five month old San Pedro cactus seedling (Echinopsis pachanoi)

Some people find sterilization to be unnecessary. This may depend on other factors. The soil isplaced into trays (which can be sanitized with bleach beforehand if desired) and the seedsplanted into it (when the soil has cooled). The seeds should be only just below the surface (i.e.two or three sand grains over them). The trays now need to be kept in a humid environment. This

may be achieved by the use of plastic bags, glass plates, orgreenhouses, depending on scale.About 25 C. is a good temperature for germinating the seed, with 33 C during the day as amaximum temperature and 15 C as a nighttime minimum temperature.[10]Seeds usuallygerminate within two weeks to a month, but sometimes come up after several months.
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A large cultivatedEchinopsis pachanoi specimen

The seedlings stay in the humid environment for several months. During this time they must becontinually checked for water and nutrient requirements, and fungalpathogens. Ensure the soilstays moist, but not overly wet. Nutrients can be provided with a liquidfertilizerat 1/8 strength

whenever growth rate slows down. Fungi can be killed with asulfurorcopper-basedfungicide.There have been some reports of seedlings responding negatively to these treatments so be verycautious with the amount used. There is some evidence thatgarlicis also an effectivefungicide.[citation needed]

If germinating seeds in cold weather, a heat mat andfluorescent lightcan be used. These shouldbe set on a timer to mimic normal diurnal temperature cycles for germination but can be left onpermanently for faster growth once all the seeds have sprouted. One good method for growingcacti seedlings using this setup is to germinate them in late winter and have them ready to gooutside by spring as temperatures and light levels are increasing.

Grown collections

Some field collections of Karel Knize that are cultivated:

KK339,Huigra,Chanchn, Southern Ecuador, short spines, light greenepidermis. KK591,Loja, Southern Ecuador, short spines, dark green. KK2150,Ayabaca, Northern Peru, very short spines, light green.

Legality

In most countries it is legal to cultivate the San Pedro cactus, but in countries where possessionof mescaline and related compounds is illegal and highly penalized, cultivation for the purposesof consumption is most likely illegal and also highly penalized. This is the case in theUSA,Australia,Canada,Sweden,Germany,New Zealand, andNorway, where it is currently legal tocultivate the San Pedro cactus for gardening and ornamental purposes, but not for consumption.

United States
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In theUSmescaline was made illegal in 1970 by theComprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention andControl Act. It was prohibited internationally by the 1971Convention on PsychotropicSubstances[11]and is categorized as a Schedule I hallucinogen by theCSA.Mescalineis onlylegal for certain natives (such as those involved in theNative American Church). "Mescalineis acontrolled substance, U.S. code of Federal Regulations, title 21 part 1308.11(1987)."[12]Penalties

for manufacture or sale can be as high as five years in jail and a fine of $15,000, with a penaltyof up to one year and fine of $5000 for possession. The possession and cultivation of the SanPedro cactusper sefor decorative purposes is legal, but, if one were to extract the mescalinefrom the cactus, then the penalties for mescaline would apply.

Gallery
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_note-phytomedical-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_note-phytomedical-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_note-phytomedical-12http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_sehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_sehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_sehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis-pachanoi-close-up.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5798_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5796_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5800_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5797_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis-pachanoi-close-up.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5798_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5796_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5800_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5797_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis-pachanoi-close-up.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5798_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5796_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5800_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5797_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis-pachanoi-close-up.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5798_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5796_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5800_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5797_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Echinopsis-pachanoi-close-up.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5798_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5796_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5800_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070320-5797_Echinopsis_pachanoi.jpghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_sehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_note-phytomedical-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substanceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States


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Footnotes

1. ^Rtsch, Christian(2002).Enzyklopdie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen. Botanik,Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen.. Aarau: AT-Verlag. p. 15.ISBN3-85502-570-3.

2. âbcdAnderson 2001, p. 276.3. âbcdeVisionary Cactus Guide, Erowid.org, retrieved 2012-10-244.

^Bigwood, Jeremy; Stafford, Peter J. (1992).Psychedelics encyclopedia. Berkeley, CA:Ronin Pub. pp. 1189.ISBN0-914171-51-8.

5. ^Bussmann RW, Sharon D (2006)."Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru:tracking two thousand years of healing culture".J Ethnobiol Ethnomed2 (1): 47.doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-47.PMC1637095.PMID17090303.

6. Ânderson, Edward F. (2001). The Cactus Family. Pentland, Oregon: Timber Press.ISBN978-0-88192-498-5. pp. 4549.

7. Ânderson 2001, pp. 4449.8. ^"San Pedro Cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi)". desert-tropicals.com. Retrieved 2008-02-

23.9. âbcd"What if the cut end doesn't dry properly and starts to mold"(PDF). Retrieved

2012-02-07.10.^"Growing Cacti from Seed". www.plot55.com. Retrieved 2008-02-23.11.^"List of psychotropic substances under international control"(PDF). Retrieved 2007-

11-28.12.^"Turbinicarpus Information Exchange - Alkaloids and why Turbinicarpus sp. contain

them". mfaint.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 2008-02-23.

External links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-R.C3.A4tsch_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_R%C3%A4tschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_R%C3%A4tschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_R%C3%A4tschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85502-570-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85502-570-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85502-570-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#CITEREFAnderson2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#CITEREFAnderson2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#CITEREFAnderson2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-4http://www.erowid.org/plants/cacti/cacti_guide/cacti_guide_trichoce.shtmlhttp://www.erowid.org/plants/cacti/cacti_guide/cacti_guide_trichoce.shtmlhttp://www.erowid.org/plants/cacti/cacti_guide/cacti_guide_trichoce.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-4http://books.google.com/?id=Ec5hNgYWHtkC&pg=RA2-PA342&lpg=RA2-PA342&dq=mistletoe+alkaloids+dmt+-dwarfhttp://books.google.com/?id=Ec5hNgYWHtkC&pg=RA2-PA342&lpg=RA2-PA342&dq=mistletoe+alkaloids+dmt+-dwarfhttp://books.google.com/?id=Ec5hNgYWHtkC&pg=RA2-PA342&lpg=RA2-PA342&dq=mistletoe+alkaloids+dmt+-dwarfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914171-51-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914171-51-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914171-51-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-5http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/47http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/47http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/47http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-2-47http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-2-47http://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-2-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1637095http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1637095http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1637095http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17090303http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17090303http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17090303http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-498-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-498-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200144.E2.80.9349_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#CITEREFAnderson2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#CITEREFAnderson2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#CITEREFAnderson2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-8http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Cactaceae/Trichocereus_pachanoi.htmlhttp://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Cactaceae/Trichocereus_pachanoi.htmlhttp://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Cactaceae/Trichocereus_pachanoi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-3http://www.sacredcactus.com/Cactus_TIPs_ebay.pdfhttp://www.sacredcactus.com/Cactus_TIPs_ebay.pdfhttp://www.sacredcactus.com/Cactus_TIPs_ebay.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-10http://www.plot55.com/growing/general/cacti_seed.htmlhttp://www.plot55.com/growing/general/cacti_seed.htmlhttp://www.plot55.com/growing/general/cacti_seed.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-11http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdfhttp://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdfhttp://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-phytomedical_12-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-phytomedical_12-0http://www.mfaint.demon.co.uk/cactus/turbo/alkaloids.htmlhttp://www.mfaint.demon.co.uk/cactus/turbo/alkaloids.htmlhttp://www.mfaint.demon.co.uk/cactus/turbo/alkaloids.htmlhttp://www.mfaint.demon.co.uk/cactus/turbo/alkaloids.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanpedroflower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin-cactus-stone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_pedro.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanpedroflower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin-cactus-stone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_pedro.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanpedroflower.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavin-cactus-stone.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_pedro.jpghttp://www.mfaint.demon.co.uk/cactus/turbo/alkaloids.htmlhttp://www.mfaint.demon.co.uk/cactus/turbo/alkaloids.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-phytomedical_12-0http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/list/green.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-11http://www.plot55.com/growing/general/cacti_seed.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-10http://www.sacredcactus.com/Cactus_TIPs_ebay.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-sacred_9-0http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Cactaceae/Trichocereus_pachanoi.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#CITEREFAnderson2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200144.E2.80.9349_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-498-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-6http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17090303http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifierhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1637095http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Centralhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-2-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/47http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/2/47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914171-51-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.com/?id=Ec5hNgYWHtkC&pg=RA2-PA342&lpg=RA2-PA342&dq=mistletoe+alkaloids+dmt+-dwarfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-4http://www.erowid.org/plants/cacti/cacti_guide/cacti_guide_trichoce.shtmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-erowid_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#CITEREFAnderson2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001276_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85502-570-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_R%C3%A4tschhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi#cite_ref-R.C3.A4tsch_1-0


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Psychoactive Cacti vaultErowid
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echinopsis pachanoi

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