echr : michaud v. france : application

8/6/2019 ECHR : Michaud v. France : Application

1/33

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befdfjnonfq a~ qnsslsezon ;

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qsdbej an zq~wbedfqz&

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wslbnzzelfz k~seaet~nz efawnfadfqnz&


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lcèmdqelfz eowlznz wds d aesnjqern& E` nf nzq defze ;

`lszt~e z wdsqejewnfq,

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/ djhdq nq `d rnfqn an cenfz eoon~c`nz l~ anfqsnwseznz jloonsjed`nz 9

/ `d mnzqelf an blfaz, an qeqsnz l~ ad~qsnz djqebz, dwwdsqnfdfq d~ jènfq9

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lc emdqelf, mdsa an jnz djqereqz, an jloo~fet~ns arnfq~n`z zl~wlfz nf

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@nz drljdqz bsdfdez zlfq zl~oez anz lcèmdqelfz an reme`dfjn wsr~nz d~x dsqej`nz @

>2:/4 >2:/2 a~ JOB lsz an d sdèzdqelf an jnsqdefnz lwsdqelfz&

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`n~s nxnsjejn wslbnzzelffn &

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wslja~snz onfqelffnz d~ 4ns dèfd zlfq abefenz `n jdz jhdfq zleq wds dssq a~

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:4 ajnocsn 45=4 olaeben wlsqdfq sblson an jnsqdefnz wslbnzzelfz k~aejedesnz nqk~seaet~nz &

Zn`lf -dsqej`n 34/4 an `d `le a~ :4 ajnocsn 45=4 olaeben ;

(&&&%Adfz n snzwnjq anz aezwlzeqelfz mez`dqernz nq sm`nonfqdesnz nf rem~n~s, n

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~zdmnz an d wslbnzzelf a-drljdq &

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qsdfzdjqelfz jlfjnsfdfq ;

4 @-djhdq nq d rnfqn an cenfz eoon~c`nz l~ an blfaz an jloonsjn 9

3 @d mnzqelf an blfaz, qeqsnz l~ d~qsnz djqebz dwwdsqnfdfq d~ jènfq 9

: @-l~rnsq~sn an jlowqnz cdfjdesnz, a-wdsmfn l~ an qeqsnz 9

1 @-lsmdfezdqelf anz dwwlsqz fjnzzdesnz `d jsdqelf an zljeqz 9

> @d jlfzqeq~qelf, `d mnzqelf l~ `d aesnjqelf anz zljeqz 9

2 @d jlfzqeq~qelf, d mnzqelf l~ d aesnjqelf an bea~jenz an asleq qsdfmns l~ an ql~qn

d~qsn zqs~jq~sn zeoe desn (dsq& 4ns%&

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lcèmdqelfz an blsodqelf&


5/33

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~f alodefn qn t~n `d `~qqn jlfqsn `n c`dfjheonfq a-dsmnfq, odqsen` nonfq qsdfmnsd~x drljdqz&

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blfadonfqd`nz t~e wslqmnfq flqdoonfq `n asleq blfadonfqd d~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn`nq d jlfbeanfqedèq anz jhdfmnz nfqsn ~f drljdq nq zlf jènfq&

E d md`nonfq zl~qnf~ t~n `d sm`nonfqdqelf jlfqsnrnfdeq d~ wsefjewn blfadonfqd`

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k~seaet~n&

Adfz n jdasn an jnqqn wslja~sn, -Lsasn anz drljdqz a~ cdssnd~ an Wdsez, nzq

efqnsrnf~ `d wslja~sn, wds oolesn awlz `n 41 ljqlcsn 3778, nf anodfadfq ;

t~n -Lsasn anz drljdqz d~ cdssnd~ an Wdsez zleq aj`ds snjnrdc`n nf zlf

efqnsrnfqelf9

t~-e` zleq bdeq asleq `d snt~qn an O& Wdqseji OEJHDÂ

-dff~`dqelf an `d ajezelf dqqdt~n drnj ql~qnz jlfzt~nfjnz an asleq&

8& Wds dssq a~ 3: k~e``nq 3747 , snf a~ flqdo onfq d~ rezd an `d jlfrnfqelfn~slwnffn anz Asleqz an `Hloon, `n Jlfzne` aNqdq d nzqeo z~s `d `mdèq efqnsfnan d ajezelf dqqdt~n ;

/ T~n `d flqelf an aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf t~e snfrlen d~x aezwlzeqelfz an`dsqej`n @ >23/3 a~ Jlan olfqdesn nq befdfjens, adfz zd sadjqelf dwwèjdc`nd~ eqemn, fn zd~sdeq qsn snmdsan jloon efz~bbezdoonfq wsjezn,

/ t~e` nf rd an oon an `d flqelf an jlfz~`qdqelf k~seaet~n t~e nzq onfqelffnd~x dsqej`nz 3 nq 1 an `d ajezelf èqemen~zn nq `dt~n``n blfq ade``n~szsbsnfjnz an flocsn~x qnxqnz `mez`dqebz nq sm`nonfqdesnz sn`dqebz `dwslbnzzelf adrljdq,

/ t~n `nz flqelfz adjjnzzeceèq, aefqn`èmeceèq an `d flson nq nf ql~q qdq anjd~zn n wsefjewn an zj~seq k~seaet~n fn wl~rdeq qsn t~jdsq,

/ t~e` nf d``deq an oon a~ olunf qes an èowsjezelf an `d flqelf anaj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf,

/ @n Jlfzne` aNqdq d jdsq, `nz snjloodfadqelfz a~ MDBE jloon odfdfqa~f lsmdfezon an jllsaefdqelf efqnsml~rnsfnonfqd`n fdudfq wdz `d blsjnlcèmdqlesn a~fn jlfrnfqelf efqnsfdqelfd`n,

/ @n Jlfzne` aNqdq d nzqeo t~n `d aesnjqern 377> 27 JN a~ Wds`nonfqn~slwnf nq a~ Jlfzne` a~ 32 ljqlcsn 377> fn wl~rdeq qsn oezn nf jd~zn jds

anz aezwlzeqelfz fdqelfd`nz qsdfzwlzdfq jnqqn aesnjqern fn zu sbsdenfq wdzodez jlfzqeq~denfq `d qsdfzwlzeqelf an `d aesnjqern 54 :78 JN a~ Jlfzne` a~ 47

k~ef 4554&


6/33

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drljdqz `ljjdzelf an `n~sz djqereqz k~seaejqelffn``nz, defze t~n jn``nz sn~nznq lcqnf~nz adfz n jdasn a~fn jlfz~`qdqelf k~seaet~n, d aesnjqern eqemen~zn fn

wlsqnsdeq wdz ~fn dqqnefqn nxjnzzern d~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn`&

/ @n Jlfzne` aNqdq d nzqeo jn wslwlz t~e` qdeq ef~qe`n an wlzns ~fn t~nzqelfwsk~aejen``n `d Jl~s an K~zqejn an `^felf N~slwnffn&

E` d jdsq `nz olunfz efrlt~z wds `n snt~sdf q z~s `n blfano nfq an `-dsq ej`n 8 an `djlfrnfqelf n~slwnffn an zd~rnmdsan anz asleqz an `-hloon nq anz ècnsqz

blfadonfqd`nz defze t~n `dsqej`n = an d Jlfrnfqelf nq n wsefjewn mfsd` efrlt~ wds`n snt~sdfq a~ asleq `d zj~seq k~seaet~n&

Ql~qnblez, `n Jlfzne aNqdq d dff~` jnsqdefnz anz aezwlzeqelfz an `d ajezelf dqqdt~n

zdrles a~fn wdsq ;/ `d znjlfan whsdzn a~ 3on d efd / nq a~ ansfens d efd an `dsqej`n 1 an `d ajezelf dqqdt~n&

t~e jlfjnsfnfq nxj`~zernonfq `nz wlzzeceèqz an jloo~fejdqelf aesnjqn wsr~n wds`n sm`nonfq nfqsn `nz drljdqz nq `d jn``~`n QSDJBEF adfz `nz jdz l e`z swlfanfqd~x anodfa nz an jnqqn ansf esn

5& @n snt~sdfq d efrlt~ wsjezonfq anrdfq `nz k~seaejqelfz efqnsfnz -dsqej`n 8 an `dJlfrnfqelf n~slwnffn an zd~rnmdsan anz asleqz an -hloon nq anz ecnsqz

blfadonfqd`nz t~e wslqmnfq flqdoonfq `n asleq blfadonfqd d~ znjsnq

wslbnzzelffn`, defze t~n `dsqej`n = an d Jlfrnfqelf&

E` f-nxezqdeq wdz a-d~qsn snjl~sz aezwlfec`n&

@d ajezelf a~ Jlfzne` a-Nqdq f-qdeq z~zjnwqec`n a-d~j~f snjl~sz nf asleq efqnsfn&


7/33

:,8

@N ASLEQ EFQNSFN WNSQEFNFQ ;

Jlan olfqdesn nq befdfjens ;

Dsqej`n @ >24/4 (Rnszelf nf rem~n~s a~ = odsz 377= d~ 4 brsens 3775%

@nz wnszlffnz d~qsnz t~n jn` nz onfqelffnz -dsqej`n @& >23/4 t~e, adfz -nxnsjejn

an n~s wslbnzzelf, sd eznfq, jlfqs`nfq l~ jlfzne` nfq anz lwsdqelfz nfqsdfdfq anz

ol~rnonfqz an jdweqd~x, zlfq qnf~nz an aj`dsnsd~ wslj~sn~s an d Sw~c et~n nzlwsdqelfz alfq n` nz lfq jlffdezzdfjn nq t~e wlsqnfq z~s anz zloonz t~-n` nz zdrnfq

wslrnfes an -~fn anz efbsdjqelfz onfqelffnz -dsqej`n @& >23/3&

@lszt~-n` nz lfq bdeq an clffn ble ~fn qn` n aj`dsdqelf, jnz wnszlffnz cfbejenfq anz

aezwlzeqelfz an -dsqej`n @& >23/8& N` nz zlfq qnf~nz an snzwnjqns nz lc emdqelfz

abefenz -dsqej`n @& >=1/4& @n wslj~sn~s an d Sw~c et~n efblson n znsrejn

onfqelff -dsqej`n @& >23/1 t~e ~e bl~sfeq ql~z snfznemfnonfqz ~qe nz&

Dsqej n @>23/4 Olaebe wds Lsalffdfjn f377=/>11 a~ 43 drse 377=/ dsq& 1

KLSB 4: drse 377= nf rem~n~s `n 4ns flrnocsn 377=

@nz aezwlzeqelfz a~ wsznfq jhdweqsn zlfq dww ejdc`nz ;

4& D~x lsmdfezonz, efzqeq~qelfz nq znsrejnz smez wds nz aezwlzeqelfz a~ qeqsn Ens a~wsznfq `ersn 93& D d Cdft~n an Bsdfjn, -efzqeq~q a-oezzelf anz awdsqnonfqz a-l~qsn/ons nq -efzqeq~q a-oezzelf a-l~qsn/ons 9:& D~x nfqsnwseznz nq znsrejnz onfqelffz -dsqej`n @& :47/4 a~ jlan anz dzz~sdfjnz

nq d~x jl~sqensz a-dzz~sdfjn nq an sdzz~sdfjn 9

: cez& D~x efzqeq~qelfz l~ ~felfz smenz wds nz qeqsnz EEE nq ER a~ ersn EX a~ jlan an`d zj~seq zljed`n l~ sn`nrdfq a~ EE an -dsqej`n @& =3=/3 a~ jlan s~sd 9

1& D~x lsmdfezonz nfqsdfq adfz `n jhdow an -dsqej`n @& 444/4 a~ jlan an d o~q~d eq(4% 9

>& D~x nfqsnwseznz a-efrnzqezznonfq, d~x onocsnz anz odsjhz sm`nonfqz

a-efzqs~onfqz befdfjensz nq d~x wnszlffnz olsd`nz onfqelffnz d~x dsqej`nz @& 134/8 nq @& 113/3, defze t~-d~x lsmdfezonz an w`djnonfq jl` njqeb nf rd`n~sz olce esnz

onfqelffz d~ 4 a~ E an -dsqej`n @& 341/4, d~x zljeqz an mnzqelf a-lsmdfezonz an

w`djnonfqz jl` njqebz onfqelffnz -dsqej`n @& >1:/4, d~x efqnsoaedesnz nf cenfz

aernsz onfqelffz d~ qeqsn R a~ wsznfq ersn, d~x wnszlffnz hdce eqnz wsljansd~ aodsjhdmn onfqelffnz d~x dsqej`nz @& :14/: nq @& :14/1 nq d~x jlfzne `nsz nf

efrnzqezznonfqz befdfjensz 92& D~x jhdfmn~sz odf~n`z 9=& D~x wnszlffnz t~e sd eznfq, jlfqs`nfq, l~ jlfzne` nfq anz lwsdqelfz wlsqdfq z~s

-djt~ezeqelf, `d rnfqn, `d jnzzelf l~ `d `ljdqelf an cenfz eoolce ensz 9

8& D~x snwsznfqdfqz md~x nq d~x aesnjqn~sz snzwlfzdc`nz an jdzeflz nq d~x

msl~wnonfqz, jnsj`nz nq zljeqz lsmdfezdfq anz kn~x an hdzdsa, anz lqnsenz, anz

wdsez, anz wslflzqejz zwlsqebz l~ hewwet~nz 9

5& D~x wnszlffnz zn ersdfq hdceq~n` nonfq d~ jloonsjn l~ lsmdfezdfq `d rnfqn anwenssnz wsjen~znz, an odqsed~x wsjen~x, a-dfqet~eqz nq a-~rsnz a-dsq 947& D~x nfqsnwseznz cfbejedfq an -nxnowqelf wsr~n wds `n EE an -dsqej`n @& >44/= 9

44& D~x nxwnsqz jlowqdc`nz nq d~x jlooezzdesnz d~x jlowqnz 9

43& D~x flqdesnz, h~ezzensz an k~zqejn, daoefezqsdqn~sz k~aejedesnz nq odfadqdesnzk~aejedesnz d et~eadqelf anz nfqsnwseznz defze t~-d~x drljdqz d~ Jlfzne a-Nqdq nq


8/33

:,5

`d Jl~s an jdzzdqelf, d~x drljdqz nq d~x drl~z wsz `nz jl~sz a-dwwn , adfz `nz

jlfaeqelfz wsr~nz -dsqej`n @& >23/3/4 9

4:& D~x jlooezzdesnz/wsezn~sz k~aejedesnz nq d~x zljeqz an rnfqnz rl`lfqdesnz an

on~c`nz d~x nfjhsnz w~c et~nz 9

41& D~x efqnsoaedesnz hdce eqz onfqelffz -dsqej`n @& 344/1&

Wl~s -dww ejdqelf a~ wsznfq qeqsn, nz wnszlffnz onfqelffnz d~x 4 2 zlfqazemfnz zl~z n flo a-lsmdfezonz befdfjensz&

Dsqej n @>23/3 /4 Olaebe wds @le f377=/35= a~ > odsz 377=/ dsq& :2 KLSB =

odsz 377=

@nz wnszlffnz onfqelffnz d~ 43 an -dsqej`n @& >23/4 zlfq qnf~nz an wsljans d

aj`dsdqelf wsr~n -dsqej`n @& >23/3 `lszt~n, adfz `n jdasn an `n~s djqereq

wslbnzzelffn` n, n` nz sd eznfq d~ flo nq wl~s n jlowqn an n~s j enfq ql~qn

qsdfzdjqelf befdfjesn l~ eoolce esn l~ lszt~-n` nz wdsqejewnfq nf dzzezqdfq n~s

j enfq `d wswdsdqelf l~ `d sd ezdqelf anz qsdfzdjqelfz jlfjnsfdfq ;

4 @-djhdq nq `d rnfqn an cenfz eoon~c`nz l~ an blfaz an jloonsjn 93 @d mnzqelf an blfaz, qeqsnz l~ d~qsnz djqebz dwwdsqnfdfq d~ j`enfq 9: @-l~rnsq~sn an jlowqnz cdfjdesnz, a-wdsmfn l~ an qeqsnz 9

1 @-lsmdfezdqelf anz dwwlsqz fjnzzdesnz `d jsdqelf an zljeqz 9

> @d jlfzqeq~qelf, `d mnzqelf l~ `d aesnjqelf anz zljeqz 9

2 @d jlfzqeq~qelf, d mnzqelf l~ d aesnjqelf an bea~jenz smenz wds `nz dsqej`nz 3744 37:4 a~ jlan jere l~ wds ~f asleq qsdfmns l~ an ql~qn d~qsn zqs~jq~sn zeoe`desn&

@nz wnszlffnz onfqelffnz d~ 43 an -dsqej`n @& >23/4 adfz -nxnsjejn anz djqereqz

sn`dqernz d~x qsdfzdjqelfz reznz je/anzz~z nq nz nxwnsqz/jlowqdc`nz lszt~-e`z

nbbnjq~nfq anz jlfz~ qdqelfz k~seaet~nz jlfblsoonfq d~x aezwlzeqelfz an -dsqej`n 33

an -lsalffdfjn f 1>/34:8 a~ 45 znwqnocsn 451> wlsqdfq efzqeq~qelf an -lsasn anznxwnsqz/jlowqdc`nz nq sm`nonfqdfq n qeqsn nq d wslbnzzelf a-nxwnsq/jlowqdc`n fn

zlfq wdz qnf~z an wsljans d aj`dsdqelf wsr~n -dsqej`n @& >23/3 `lszt~n `nz

efblsodqelfz lfq q sn~nz a-~f an n~sz j enfqz l~ lcqnf~nz z~s -~f a-n~x, zleq adfz

`n jdasn a-~fn jlfz~ qdqelf k~seaet~n zd~bze jn` n/je nzq bl~sfen d~x befz an

c`dfjheonfq an jdweqd~x l~ ze jnz wnszlffnz u wsljanfq nf zdjhdfq t~n `n~s j enfq

zl~hdeqn lcqnfes anz jlfzne`z k~seaet~nz d~x befz an c`dfjheonfq an jdweqd~x, zleq

adfz -nxnsjejn an n~s djqereq adfz -efqsq an jn j enfq lszt~n jnqqn djqereq zn

sdqqdjhn ~fn wslja~sn k~seaejqelffn` n, t~n jnz efblsodqelfz zlenfq sn~nz l~

lcqnf~nz drdfq, wnfadfq l~ dwsz jnqqn wslja~sn, u jlowsez adfz `n jdasn anjlfzne`z sn`dqebz d odfesn a-nfmdmns l~ a-reqns ~fn qn` n wslja~sn&

Wds aslmdqelf -dsqej`n @& >23/3, -drljdq d~ Jlfzne a-Nqdq nq `d Jl~s an

jdzzdqelf, -drljdq l~ -drl~ wsz `d jl~s a-dwwn jloo~fet~n `d aj`dsdqelf, zn`lf

`n jdz, d~ wszeanfq an -lsasn anz drljdqz d~ Jlfzne a-Nqdq nq `d Jl~s an

jdzzdqelf, d~ cqlffens an -lsasn d~wsz a~t~n -drljdq nzq efzjseq l~ d~ wszeanfq

an d jlowdmfen alfq sn`rn -drl~& Jnz d~qlseqz qsdfzonqqnfq, adfz nz a`dez nq

zn`lf nz olad eqz wslja~sd`nz abefez wds ajsnq nf Jlfzne a-Nqdq, `d aj`dsdqelf

t~e n~s d q snoezn wds -drljdq l~ -drl~ d~ znsrejn efzqeq~ -dsqej`n @& >23/1,

zd~b ze n` nz jlfzeasnfq t~-e f-nxezqn wdz an zl~wlf an c`dfjheonfq an jdweqd~x&

Adfz jn jdz, `n wszeanfq an -lsasn anz drljdqz d~ Jlfzne a-Nqdq nq `d Jl~s an

jdzzdqelf, n cqlffens an -lsasn d~wsz a~t~n -drljdq nzq efzjseq l~ n wszeanfq an`d jlowdmfen alfq sn`rn -drl~ efblson -drljdq l~ -drl~ anz sdezlfz wl~s


9/33

:,47

`nzt~n` nz e d nzqeo fn wdz anrles qsdfzonqqsn `nz efblsodqelfz t~e `~e drdenfq qjloo~fet~nz wds jn`~e/je& @n cqlffens an -lsasn l~ `n wszeanfq an `d jlowdmfen

anzqefdqdesn a-~fn aj`dsdqelf t~-e f-d wdz qsdfzoezn d~ znsrejn efzqeq~ -dsqej`n @&

>23/1 qsdfzonq nz efblsodqelfz jlfqnf~nz adfz jnqqn aj`dsdqelf d~ wszeanfq a~Jlfzne fdqelfd anz cdssnd~x l~ d~ wszeanfq an `d Jhdocsn fdqelfd`n anz drl~z&

Jnqqn qsdfzoezzelf fn jlfqenfq wdz a-ònfqz sn`dqebz -eanfqebejdqelf anzwnszlffnz& Adfz `nz oonz jlfaeqelfz, `n wszeanfq an -lsasn anz drljdqz d~ Jlfzne

a-Nqdq nq `d Jl~s an jdzzdqelf, `n wszeanfq a~ Jlfzne fdqelfd anz cdssnd~x nq `n

wszeanfq an `d Jhdocsn fdqelfd`n anz drl~z blfq sdwwlsq d~ mdsan anz zjnd~x,oefezqsn an d k~zqejn, zn`lf ~fn wselaejeq abefen wds ajsnq nf Jlfzne a-Nqdq, z~s

`nz zeq~dqelfz f-dudfq wdz alff en~ jloo~fejdqelf anz aj`dsdqelfz&

@n znsrejn efzqeq~ -dsqej`n @& >23/1 nzq snfa~ anzqefdqdesn an jnz efblsodqelfz wds`n mdsan anz zjnd~x, oefezqsn an `d k~zqejn&

Dsqej`n S& >2:/: (rnszelf nf rem~n~s a~ 4: drse 377= d~ > znwqnocsn 3775%&

@nz lsmdf ezonz befdfjensz nq `nz wnszlffnz onfqelff z `-dsq ej`n @& >23/4 dalwqnfq

anz wslja~snz efqnsfnz dadwqnz `n~sz djqereqz anzqefnz onqqsn nf ~rsn `nz

lcèmdqelfz an `~qqn jlfqsn `n c`dfjheonfq anz jdweqd~x nq `n befdfjnonfq a~

qnsslsezon wsr~nz wds `n wsznfq qeqsn RE, defze t~-~f aezwlzeqeb an jlfqs`n efqnsfn

anzqef dzz~sns `n snzwnjq anz wslja~snz& Jnz wslja~snz, t~e zlfq jlfzemfnz wds

jseq, lsmdfeznfq ~fn reme`dfjn jlfzqdfqn anzqefn wnsonqqsn `d aqnjqelf anz

lwsdqelfz anrdfq bdesn `-lcknq a-~f nxdonf wdsqej~èns l~ a-~fn aj`dsdqelf&

@nz wslja~snz onfq elff nz d~ wsno ens dèfd zlfq abef enz `n jdz jhdfq zleq wds

dssq a~ oefezqsn jlowqnfq, zleq wds anz sm`nonfqz wslbnzzelffn`z hlol`lm~z

wds `n oefezqsn jlowqnfq, zleq wds `n sm`nonfq mfsd` an `-D~qlseq anz odsjhzbefdfjensz& @nz lsmdfezonz befdfjensz nq `nz wnszlffnz onfqelffz -dsqej`n @& >23/4dzz~snfq `d blsodqelf nq `-efblsodqelf an ql~z `nz onocsnz jlfjnsfz an `n~s

wnszlffn &

@lszt~-~fn wnszlffn whuzet~n sn`nrdfq an `-dsqej`n @& >23/4 nxnsjn zlf djqereq

wslbnzzelffn``n d~ znef a-~fn zqs~jq~sn alqn an `d wnszlffd èq o lsd`n, `nz

lc emdqelfz bexnz wds `n wsznfq dsqej`n z-eo wlznfq nxj`~zerno nfq `d wnszlff nolsd`n&


10/33

1, 4

@n snt~sdfq zl~qenfq flqdoonfq t~n d ajezelf a~ Jlfzne fdqelfd anz cdssnd~x nfadqn a~ 43 k~e``nq 377= dkl~qdeq `d `le nf eowlzdfq d~x drljdqz jnsqdefnz wslja~snz

nq anz sm`nz alsmdfezdqelf efqnsfnz an `n~s jdcefnq msdrnonfq dqqnfqdqlesnz d~x

asleqz blfadonfqd~x&

@dsqej`n : an `d ajezelf dqq dt~n eowlzn d~x drljdqz an bdesn ws n~rn a~fnreme`dfjn jlfzqdfqn nq an zn alqns anz wslja~snz efqnsfnz wslwsnz dzz~sns `nsnzwnjq anz aezwlzeqelfz an `d `le a~ 44 brsens 3771 nq a~ ajsnq a~ 32 k~ef 3772,

jlfjnsfdfq flqdoonfq `d aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf&

Nf rnsq~ an -dsqej`n 1 a~ oon sm`nonfq ; # -drljdq dzz~knqqe Yaleq_ wsljanYs_ ~fnaj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf, nq jnqqn bef, #snonq d~ cqlffens, wl~s qsdfzoezzelf QSDJBEF, -nfznoc`n anz snfznemfnonfqz nq anz alj~onfqz ~qe nz#t~-e d q lc eman s~fes z~s zlf j enfq&

@d ajezelf fn qsl~rn d~j~f blfanonfq adfz ~fn sm`n `mez`dqern nq wdz adrdfqdmn an

cdzn `md`n adfz `~f anz ajsnqz nf Jlfzne` aNqdq wsr~ `dsqej`n >: an `d `le a~ :4ajnocsn 45=4 wlsqdfq sblson an jnsqdefnz wslbnzzelfz k~aejedesnz nq k~seaet~nz&

N``n eowlzn wnefn an wl~sz~eqnz aezjewèfdesnz wl~rdfq d``ns k~zt~- `d sdaedqelf a~cdssnd~, ~fn wsnzjsewqelf mfsd`n nq rdm~n, `d flqelf an zl~wlf dwwdsdezzdfq, nfasleq bsdfdez, wn~ wsjezn&

W`~z mfsd`nonfq, ~fn qn``n lcèmdqelf nzq dqqnfqdqlesn `d oezzelf anz drljdqz t~e fnwn~q qsn nxnsjn an odfesn zdqezbdezdfqn t~n ze `nz jènfqz zlfq dzz~sz an `djlfbeanfqed eq an `n~sz sn`dqelfz drnj n~s jlfzne` wl~s t~e `n znjsnq w slbnzzelff n` nzq `d blez ~f anrles nq ~f asleq&

@-lcèmdqelf wl~s ~f drljdq a-lsmdfezns, jlfj~ssnoonfq drnj a-d~qsnz lsmdfnz l~efzqeq~qelfz an z~srne``dfjn, ~f znsrejn a-efrnzqemdqelfz nq an snfznemfnonfq efqnsfn zlf jdcefnq jhdsm a-nft~qns jlfqsn `n jènfq t~e bdeq dwwn` `~e dbef an wl~rlesnfz~eqn aflf jns `nz zl~wlfz t~-d~sd eq w~ `~e efzwesns jn jènfq, fn wn~q t~-dwwdsdqsndefze, wseod bdjen, dfqefloet~n `d sdezlf a-qsn an `d wslbnzzelf adfz ~fn zljeqaoljsdqet~n&

E / Z^S @D T^D@EQN AN REJQEON A SNT^NSDFQ&

@-Dsqej`n :1 an `d Jlfrnfqelf aezwlzn ;

@d Jl~s wn~q qsn zdezen a~fn snt~qn wds ql~qn wnszlffn whuzet~n, ql~qnlsmdfezdqelf flf ml~rnsfnonfqd`n l~ ql~q msl~wn an wdsqej~ ensz t~e zn wsqnfarejqeon a~fn rel`dqelf wds ~fn anz Hd~qnz Wdsqenz jlfqsdjqdfqnz anz asleqzsnjlff~z adfz `d Jlfrnfqelf l~ znz Wslqljl`nz& @nz Hd~qnz Wdsqenz jlfqsdjqdfqnzznfmdmnfq fnfqsdrns wds d~j~fn onz~sn `nxnsjejn nbbejdjn an jn asleq&

T~dfq `d flqelf an rejqeon, `d Jl~s d sdwwn`, flqdoonfq adfz zlf dssq an MsdfanJhdocsn Slqds~ j& Sl~odfen a~ 1 ode 3777, t~-~f efaerea~ wn~q, zl~z jnsqdefnzjlfaeqelfz, zn wsqnfasn rejqeon a-~fn rel`dqelf nfqsdfn wds d zeow`n nxezqnfjn anonz~snz znjsqnz l~ a-~fn `mez`dqelf wnsonqqdfq an qn` nz onz~snz, zdfz drles cnzlefa-drdfjns t~-lf `nz `~e d sn` nonfq dww et~nz (dssqz I`dzz nq d~qsnz j& D``nodmfndssq a~ 2 znwqnocsn 45=8, zsen D fl 38, ww& 48/45, :1Slqds~ j& Sl~odfen YMJ_,dssq a~1 ode 3777, f 38:145>, JNAH 3777/R :>& %


11/33

1,3

W`~z nfjlsn, `d Jl~s, zn sbsdfq znz dssqz I`dzz nq d~qsnz j& D` nodmfn, Lwnf Allsnq A~c ef ]n` ]lodf j& Es dfan, C~sanf j& Slud~on/^fe, d sdwwn` j`desnonfq `nzwsefjewnz dww ejdc`nz nf -dcznfjn a-djqn efaerea~n` a-nxj~qelf, adfz zlf dssqanMsdfan Jhdocsn, Qdfdzn j& Olàlrd a~ 3= drse 3747 ; #Y_E` nzq ql~qnblez `lezec`n

~f wdsqej~èns an zl~qnfes t~-~fn le rel`n znz asleqz, nf -dcznfjn a-djqn efaerea~nà-nxj~qelf, ze -efqsnzz nzq lcèm an jhdfmns an jlowlsqnonfq zl~z wnefn anwl~sz~eqnz l~ z-e` bdeq wdsqen a-~fn jdqmlsen an wnszlffnz sezt~dfq an z~cesaesnjqnonfq `nz nbbnqz an `d `mez`dqelf (C~sanf j& Slud~on/^fe YMJ_, fl 4::=87>,dssq a~ 35 drse 3778 :: nq :1, 9 Lwnf Alls nq A~c ef ]n` ]lodf j& Es`dfan,dssq a~ 35 ljqlcsn 4553, 11, zsen D fl 312/D 9 I`dzz nq d~qsnz j& D``nodmfn, dssqa~2 znwqnocsn 45=8, zsen D fl 38, ww& 48/45, :: nq Qdfdzn j& Olàlrd, dssq a~ 3=drse 3747, f =78 471%&

Nf rnsq~ an -Dsqej`n : a~ #sm`nonfq sn`dqeb d~x wslja~snz efqnsfnz anzqefnz onqqsn nf ~rsn `nz lcèmdqelfz an `~qqn jlfqsn `n c`dfjheonfq anz jdweqd~x nq `n

befdfjnonfq a~ qnsslsezon nq aezwlzeqeb an jlfqs`n efqnsfn anzqef dzz~sns `nsnzwnjq anz wslja~snz#a~ 43 k~e `nq 377= (KLSB f48: a~ 5 dlq 377= wdmn 4:::4 %;#@nz drljdqz sdèzdfq -~fn anz djqereqz reznz -dsqej`n 4 alernfq bdesn wsn~rna-~fn reme`dfjn jlfzqdfqn nq zn alqns an wslja~snz efqnsfnz wslwsnz dzz~sns Y_flqdoonfq -nfznoc`n anz wsnzjsewqelfz sn`dqernz ;/ d~x lcèmdqelfz a-eanfqebejdqelf anz jènfqz nq anz dudfqz asleq jlfloet~nz 9/ -nxdonf anz lwsdqelfz efhdceq~n``nonfq jlow nxnz z~wsen~snz 4>7 777 n~slznq -lcèmdqelf an jlfzemfdqelf jseqn an znz jdsdjqsezqet~nz z~s ~f snmezqsn zwjedòez aezwlzeqelf a~ cqlffens nq an QSDJBEF 9/ `d aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf 9Y_ #&

Nf rnsq~ an -dsqej`n 1 a~ oon sm`nonfq ; # -drljdq dzz~knqqe Yaleq_ wsljanYs_ ~fnaj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf, e` snonq d~ cqlffens, wl~s qsdfzoezzelf QSDJBEF,-nfznoc n anz snfznemfnonfqz nq anz alj~onfqz ~qe`nz#&

@n snt~sdfq nzq drljdq d~ cdssnd~ an Wdsez&

D jn qeqsn, e nfqsn adfz d jdqmlsen an #ql~z `nz drljdqz, wnszlffnz whuzet~nz, efzjseqz ~f cdssnd~ bsdfdez# rez wds `n sm`nonfq, nq e nzq dwwn` dzzezqns anz j enfqzflqdoonfq d wswdsdqelf an qsdfzdjqelfz jlfjnsfdfq `d mnzqelf l~ `d aesnjqelf anzzljeqz&

@n snt~sdfq nf qdfq t~-drljdq #bdeq wdsqen a~fn jdqmlsen an wnszlffnz sezt~dfq anz~ces aesnjqnonfq `nz nbbnqz an `d `mez`dqelf# w~ezt~-e nzq w`dj zl~z `n bn~ an jnqqnflson sm`nonfqdesn&

E` nzq lc em an jhdfmns an jlowlsqnonfq zl~z wnefn an wl~sz~eqnz, flqdoonfqa-lsmdfezns zlf jdcefnq dbef anzn alqns an wslja~snz efqnsfnz `~e wnsonqqdfq anwsljans ~fn q~an befdfjesn an znz j enfqz, an wsljans ~fn rd`~dqelf nf r~n anwl~rles qsdfzonqqsn ~fn aflfjedqelf&

Defze e f-nzq wdz jlfqnzqdc`n t~n `d flson jlfjnsfn z-dww et~n d~ snt~sdfq nf zdt~d eq a-drljdqt~e nzq cenf ~f# drljdq dzz~knqqe# d~ znfz an -dsqej`n 1 an `d ajezelfa~ Jlfzne fdqelfd anz cdssnd~x&


12/33

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@d t~d eq an rejqeon nzq alfj efjlfqnzqdc`n d~ znfz an d k~sezws~anfjn an d Jl~s&

EE/ Z^S @D OEZN NF LN^RSN A- FN SNM@NONFQDQELFJLOO^FD^QDESN

@nz lc emdqelfz ajl~`dfq a~ajsnq a~ 32 k~ef 3772nq a~ sm`nonfq zlfq anzonz~snz a-dww ejdqelf fdqelfd`n a~ asleq jloo~fd~qdesnezz~ an qslez aesnjqernz ;/ `d aesnjqern 54:78JNN a~ Jlfzne , a~ 47 k~ef 4554, sn`dqern d wsrnfqelf an

`~qe ezdqelf a~ zuzqon befdfjens d~x befz a~ c`dfjheonfq an jdweqd~x&/ `d aesnjqern 37745=JN a~ Wds`nonfq n~slwnf nq a~ Jlfzne a~ 1 ajnocsn

3774 olaebedfq `d aesnjqern 54:78JNN&/ `d aesnjqern 377>27JN a~ Wds`nonfq n~slwnf nq a~ Jlfzne a~ 32 ljqlcsn

377> sn`dqern `d wsrnfqelf an `~qe ezdqelf a~ zuzqon befdfjens d~x befz a~c`dfjheonfq an jdweqd~x nq a~ qnsslsezon&

E dwwdsqnfdeq d~xNqdqz onocsnz anonqqsn nf rem~n~s `nz aezwlzeqelfz `mez`dqernz,

sm`nonfqdesnz nq daoefezqsdqernz fjnzzdesnz wl~s zn jlfblsons jnz aesnjqernz&Nf jn t~e jlfjnsfn `d aesnjqern 377>27JN, wsjeqn, `d adqn eoeqn qdeq bexn d~ 4>ajnocsn 377=& ( Dsqej`n 1>, wdsdmsdwhn 4%&

@d aesnjqern 54:78JNN a~ Jlfzne , a~ 47 k~ef 4554, z-nf nzq snoezn d~x Nqdqzonocsnz wl~s wsnfasn nz onz~snz dat~dqnz defze t~n an zdfjqelffns an bdlfdwwslwsen `nz efbsdjqelfz d~x aeqnz onz~snz wl~s dzz~sns `d w`nefn dww ejdqelf anzaezwlzeqelfz an d wsznfqn aesnjqern, (ansfens jlfzeasdfq an -nxwlz anz olqebz an daesnjqern 54:78JNN a~ Jlfzne , a~ 47 k~ef 4554 (KL f @ 422 a~ 38 k~ef 4554, w& ==/8:%& %&

E `n~s efjlocdeq nxwsnzzonfq an wsnfasn ql~qnz `nz wsjd~qelfz wl~s mdsdfqes `lszan `d qsdfzwlzeqelf `n snzwnjq anz wsefjewnz anz asleqz blfadonfqd~x j-nzq aesnflqdoonfq anz asleqz # wsr~z wds `d Jlfrnfqelf n~slwnffn an zd~rnmdsan anzasleqz an -hloon nq anz ecnsqz blfadonfqd`nz (JNAH% nq wds n qsdeq z~s - felfn~slwnffn# ( Nxwlz anz olqebz 48 an `d aesnjqern 37745=JNa~ Wds nonfqn~slwnf nq a~ Jlfzne a~ 1 ajnocsn 3774% (KL f @ :11 a~ 38 ajnocsn 3774 w&=2/83%&

@d qslezeonaesnjqern wsjezdfq an z~sjslq t~n ;#D~j~fn aezwlzeqelf an dwsznfqn aesnjqern fn anrsdeq bdesn -lcknq a-~fn efqnswsqdqelf l~ a-~fnoezn nf ~rsn t~e fn znsdeq wdz jlfblson d jlfrnfqelf n~slwnffn

anz asleqz an -hloon#&(Nxwlz anz olqebz 18 an `d aesnjqern 377>27JN a~Wds`nonfq n~slwnf nq a~ Jlfzne a~ 32 ljqlcsn 377> %& (KL f @ :75 a~ 3>flrnocsn 377>, w& 4>/:2%&

@d ansfesn an jnz qslez aesnjqernz d dcslm `d aesnjqern 54:78JNN odez n` n dodefqnf~ `n wsefjewn an `d zl~oezzelf an -drljdq `d aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf d~oon qeqsn t~n `nz efqnsoaedesnz befdfjensz&

Defze, adfz d onz~sn l n sm`nonfq a~Jlfzne fdqelfd anz cdssnd~x,jlfzqeq~nsdeq ~fn onz~sn a-dww ejdqelf efqnsfn anz aesnjqernz wsjeqnz, e`jlfzqeq~nsdeq ~fn onz~sn fdqelfd`n adww ejdqelf a~ asleq jloo~fd~qdesn, e anrdeqsnzwnjqns `nz aezwlzeqelfz an `d Jlfrnfqelf&


13/33

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@n snt~sdfq d alfj `d wlzzece eq an bdesn jlfzqdqns `d rel`dqelf anz aezwlzeqelfz an dJlfrnfqelf adfz dww ejdqelf fdqelfd`n wds anz onz~snz sm`nonfqdesnz anaezwlzeqelfz ezz~nz a~ asleq jloo~fd~qdesn&

@d oezn nf ~rsn an d mez`dqelf jloo~fd~qdesn, anrdeqjlfblsoonfq ~f

wsefjewn jlfzqdfq, aezwnfzns `drljdq a~fn lc emdqelf an a`dqelf, jlfqsdesn `dbefd eq an `d wslbnzzelf ad~qdfq t~n` n fqdeq wdz fjnzzdesn wl~s wdsrnfes d~ c~qsnjhnsjh&

Nf `-ljj~ssnfjn, `n bdeq t~n `nz flsonz nf jd~zn w~ezznfq qsl~rns `n~s zl~sjn adfz `d`mez`dqelf an - felf n~slwnffn, l~ adfz d oezn nf ~rsn an aesnjqernz an @- felfd~ znef anz aezwlzeqelfz a~ Jlan Olfqdesn nq befdfjens, fn zd~sdeq `nz zl~zqsdesn d~jlfqs`n an jlfrnfqelfd eq&

Defze, `d Jl~s d/q/n``n ak w~ k~mns t~n `n bdeq t~n `nz aezwlzeqelfz sm`nonfqdesnz

bsdfdeznz w~ezznfq qsn ezz~nz a~fn aesnjqern jloo~fd~ qdesn f n (&&&% zl~zqsdeq wdz

Y`n qnxqn_ `nowesn an `dsqej`n = an `d Jlfrnfqelf& (Jdfqlfe j& Bsdfjn f 4=823 544> flrnocsn 4554%&

Nf l~qsn, d~j~fn t~nzqelf wsk~aejen``n f-dudfq q wlzn `d Jl~s an K~zqejn an@~xnocl~sm z~s `d jlfblsoeq an `d qsdfzwlzeqelf nf Bsdfjn fe drnj `nz dsqej`nz = nq 8an `d Jlfrnfqelf, fe drnj `-dsqej`n 2 adfz zlf dwwèjdqelf k~sezws~anfqen``n efqmsdfq `n

asleq an fn wdz z-efjseoefns zle oon, e` fn wn~q qsn dbbeso t~n `nz lcèmdqelfz nfjd~zn eowlznz d~x drljdqz deq cfbeje an `d wslqnjqelf anz asleqz blfadonf qd~xlbbnsqn wds `n asleq jloo~fd~qdesn (&&&% t~erd`nfqn (&&&% jn``n dzz~sn wds `nojdfezon an `d Jlfrnfqelf & (Clzwhls~z Hdrd Ul``dse Q~se{o rn Qejdsnq DflfeoZesinqe j& Es`dfan, dssq a~:7 k~ef 377>, f1>7:258%&

@nz qnxqnz sm`nonfqdesnz wsez wds `Nqdq abnfan~s fn wl~rdenfq alfj zn zl~zqsdesn feadfz `nz aezwlzeqelfza~ ajsnq an 3772, fe adfz`d sm`nonfqdqelf wslbnzzelffn` nefzqd~sn wds `n sm`nonfq a~Jlfzne fdqelfd anz cdssnd~x an jdsdjqsnsm`nonfqdesn d~ snzwnjq anz aezwlzeqelfzanz dsqej`nz 2, =, nq 8 an d JlfrnfqelfN~slwnffn anz Asleqz an Hloon&

EEE / Z^S @D REL@DQELF AN @DSQEJ@N 8 AN @D JLFRNFQELF

@n snt~sdfq zl~qenfq, nf zd t~d eq a-drljdq, z~ces adfz zlf nxnsjejn wslbnzzelffn`~fn rel`dqelf an znz asleqz qn`z t~n mdsdfqez wds `dsqej`n 8 an `d Jlfrnfqelf

N~slwnffn anz Asleqz an -Hloon, defze ecn` ; 4& Ql~qn wnszlffn d asleq d~ snzwnjq an zd ren wsern nq bdoe ed`n, an zlf aloeje n nqan zd jlssnzwlfadfjn&3& E fn wn~q u drles efmsnfjn a~fn d~qlseq w~c et~n adfz `nxnsjejn an jn asleq t~n

wl~s d~qdfq t~n jnqqn efmsnfjn nzq wsr~n wds d le nq t~n``n jlfzqeq~n ~fn onz~snt~e, adfz ~fn zljeq aoljsdqet~n, nzq fjnzzdesn d zj~seq fdqelfd`n, d zsnq

w~cèt~n, d~ cenf/qsn jlfloet~n a~ wduz, `d abnfzn an lsasn nq `d wsrnfqelfanz efbsdjqelfz wfd`nz, d wslqnjqelf an d zdfq l~ an d olsd`n, l~ d

wslqnjqelf anz asleqz nq ècnsqz ad~qs~e&

D& Dww ejdce eq an dsqej`n 8 an d Jlfrnfqelf N~slwnffn anz Asleqzan -Hloon


14/33

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@-dsqej`n : an `d ajezelf aezwlzn t~n ; @nz drljdqz sdèzdfq -~fn anz djqereqzreznz -dsqej`n 4 alernfq bdesn wsn~rn a-~fn reme`dfjn jlfzqdfqn nq zn alqns an

wslja~snz efqnsfnz wslwsnz dzz~sns n snzwnjq anz wsnzjsewqelfz an d le f3771/4:7 a~ 44 brsens 3771 nq a~ ajsnq f 3772=:2 a~ 32 k~ef 3772, flqdoonfq-nfznoc`n anz wsnzjsewqelfz sn`dqernz ; (&&&% d aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf , `d flqelf

an aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf , snfrludfq d~x aezwlzeqelfz an `-dsqej`n @& >23/3 a~jlan olfqdesn nq befdfjens&

Jn qnxqn d q aejq wl~s -dww ejdqelf anz aezwlzeqelfz sm`nonfqdesnz a~ jlanolfqdesn nq befdfjens ezz~nz a~ ajsnq a~ 32 k~ef 3772, n``nz/oonz wseznz nfdwwèjdqelf an `d `le a~ 44 brsens 3771, sblsodfq `n zqdq~q an jnsqdefnz wslbnzzelfz

k~aejedesnz l~ k~seaet~nz, t~e d qsdfzwlz d aesnjqern 54 :7 8 JNN a~ 47 k~ef 4554 a~Jlfzne` sn`dqern `d wsrnfqelf an `-~qeèzdqelf a~ zuzqon befdfjens d~x befz a~c`dfjheonfq an jdweqd~x, adfz zd sadjqelf ezz~n an `d aesnjqern 37745=JN a~ 1ajnocsn 37 74&

@nz drljdqz t~e fn zn jlfblsonsdenfq wdz d~x lc emdqelfz wlznz wds d ajezelfdqqdt~n nfjl~ssdenfq ~fn zdfjqelf aezjew efdesn, wslflfjn nf dww ejdqelf an d lef =4/44:7 a~ :4 ajnocsn 45=4 nq a~ ajsnq f 54/445= a~ 3= flrnocsn 4554, alfq `nwsefjewn nzq wlz wds -dsqej`n 48:, t~e zn eq defze ; Ql~qn jlfqsdrnfqelf d~x `lez nqsm`nonfqz, ql~qn efbsdjqelf d~x sm`nz wslbnzzelffn``nz, (&&&% nxwlzn -drljdq t~e nfnzq -d~qn~s d~x zdfjqelfz aezjewèfdesnz f~osnz -dsqej`n 481 &

@-lcèmdqelf t~-e` eowlzn d~x drljdqz fn jlfzezqn wdz aflfjns ~f aèq l~ ~fnqnfqdqern an aèq odez an wsljans ~fn aflfjedqelf nf blfjqelf an jseqsnz

z~cknjqebz z~s `-rnfq~dèq a-~fn efbsdjqelf t~-d~sdeq w~ jloonqqsn ~fn wnszlffnt~e, nf ql~qn jlfbedfjn, nzq rnf~n nfqnfasn ~f jlfzne &

d% `n wsefjewn an `d jlfbeanfqed eq anz jhdfmnz nfqsn ~f j enfq nq zlf drljdq nzqmdsdfqe wds ql~z `nz qnxqnz smezzdfq `d wslbnzzelf a-drljdq&

@nz Wsefjewnz an cdzn sn dqebz d~ s n a~ cdssnd~ (Dalwqz wdsn h~eqeon Jlfmsz anz Fdqelfz ^fenz wl~s `d wsrnfqelf a~jseon nq n qsdeqnonfq anz a eft~dfqz t~e z-nzq qnf~ @dHdrdfn (J~cd% a~ 3= dlq d~ = znwqnocsn 4557&

Wsdoc~`n& Dqqnfa~ t~n d wslqnjqelf dat~dqn anz ecnsqz blfadonfqd`nz nq anzasleqz an -hloon, t~-e z zlenfq jlfloet~nz, zljed~x nq j~ q~sn`z l~ jere z nq

wlèqet~nz, alfq ql~qn wnszlffn aleq wl~rles kl~es, nxemn t~n jhdj~f deqnbbnjqernonfq djjz anz znsrejnz k~seaet~nz bl~sfez wds anz drljdqz efawnfadfqz,

#anrlesz nq snzwlfzdce eqz ; #

43& @nz drljdqz, nf qdfq t~-dmnfqz nzznfqen`z an -daoefezqsdqelf an `d k~zqejn,wsznsrnfq ql~z olonfqz -hlffn~s nq `d aemfeq an `n~s wslbnzzelf&4:& @nz drljdqz lfq `nz anrlesz z~erdfqz nfrnsz `n~sz jènfqz;d% @nz jlfzne``ns t~dfq `n~sz asleqz nq lcèmdqelfz k~seaet~nz nq t~dfq d~

blfjqelffnonfq a~ zuzqon k~seaet~n, adfz `d onz~sn l jn`d d anz efjeanfjnz z~s`nzaeqz asleqz nq lcèmdqelfz k~seaet~nz9c% @nz dzzezqns wds ql~z `nz olunfz dwwslwsez nq wsnfasn `nz onz~snz k~seaet~nzrl~`~nz wl~s wsznsrns `n~sz efqsqz9


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1,2

j% @nz dzzezqns anrdfq `nz qsec~fd~x l~ d~qlseqz daoefezqsdqernz, `n jdz jhdfq&41& Nf wslqmndfq `nz asleqz an `n~sz j enfqz nqnf wslol~rdfq d jd~zn an d k~zqejn,`nz drljdqz alernfq jhnsjhns bdesn snzwnjqns nz asleqz an -hloon nq `nz ecnsqzblfadonfqd`nz snjlff~z wds n asleq fdqelfd` nq efqnsfdqelfd` nq dmezznfq ql~qolonfq ecsnonfq nq drnj ae emnfjn, jlfblsoonfq `d `le nq d~x flsonz snjlff~nz

nq d alfql`lmen an d wslbnzzelf a-drljdq& (wlefq 41%&4>& @nz drljdqz znsrnfq ql~kl~sz lud`nonfq nz efqsqz an n~sz jènfqz& (wlefq 4>%&

@d Snjloodfadqelf a~ Jloeq anz Oefezqsnz d~x Nqdqz onocsnzz~s d ecnsq anxnsjejn an d wslbnzzelf adrljdq (dalwqn wds nJloeq anz Oefezqsnz a~ Jlfzne an -N~slwn`n 3> ljqlcsn 3777,`lsz an d =3=n s~felf anz A m~z anz Oefezqsnz%

Zl~èmfdfq n s`n blfadonfqd t~n nz drljdqz nq nz dzzljedqelfz wslbnzzelffn``nza-drljdqz kl~nfq md`nonfq wl~s dzz~sns d wslqnjqelf anz asleqz an -hloon nq anzecnsqz blfadonfqd`nz9

Azesdfq wslol~rles d ecnsq a-nxnsjejn an d wslbnzzelf a-drljdq dbef an snfblsjns-Nqdq an asleq, d~t~n wdsqejewn -drljdq, flqdoonfq adfz `n s`n an abnfzn anzècnsqz efaerea~n``nz9Jlfzjenfq an d fjnzzeq a-~f zuzqon k~aejedesn t~eqdc`n mdsdfqezzdfq-efawnfadfjn anz drljdqz adfz -nxnsjejn an n~s wslbnzzelf zdfz snzqsejqelfefk~zqeben nq zdfz qsn -lcknq a-efb ~nfjnz, a-efjeqdqelfz, an wsnzzelfz, an onfdjnz l~a-efqnsrnfqelfz efa~nz, aesnjqnz l~ efaesnjqnz, an d wdsq an t~e t~n jn zleq l~ wl~st~n`t~n sdezlf t~n jn zleq 9

Wsefjewn E/ Wsefjewnz mfsd~x jlfjnsfdfq `d ecnsq a-nxnsjejn an `dwslbnzzelf a-drljdq

>& @nz drljdqz anrsdenfq drles djjz n~sz j enfqz, nf wdsqej~ ens d~x wnszlffnzwsernz an ecnsq, dbef an wl~rles `nz jlfzne `ns nf wser nq `nz snwsznfqnsjlfblsoonfq d alfql`lmen an n~s wslbnzzelf&2& Ql~qnz `nz onz~snz fjnzzdesnz anrsdenfq qsn wseznz wl~s rne `ns d~ snzwnjqa~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn anz sn`dqelfz nfqsn drljdqz nq j enfqz& Anz nxjnwqelfz jnwsefjewn anrsdenfq qsn wnsoeznz zn~`nonfq ze n` nz zlfq jlowdqec`nz drnj `Nqdq anasleq

Wsefjewn EEE/ S`n nq anrlesz anz drljdqz3& @nz drljdqz anrsdenfq snzwnjqns n znjsnq wslbnzzelffn jlfblsoonfq d`mez`dqelf efqnsfn, d~x sm`nonfqz nq `d alfql`lmen an `n~s wslbnzzelf& Ql~qnrel`dqelf an jn znjsnq, zdfz n jlfznfqnonfq a~ j enfq, anrsdeq bdesn -lcknq an zdfjqelfzdwwslwsenz&

Wsefjewn R/ Dzzljedqelfz:& @n s`n anz cdssnd~x l~ d~qsnz dzzljedqelfz wslbnzzelffn` nz a-drljdqz adfz dwslqnjqelf an n~sz onocsnz nq d abnfzn an n~s efawnfadfjn -mdsa an ql~qnsnzqsejqelf l~ efmsnfjn efk~zqeben anrsdeq qsn snzwnjq&

c% `d k~sezws~anfjn an `d Jl~s an k~zqejn anz Jloo~fd~qz n~slwnffnz&


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1,=

@d wslqnjqelf a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn nzq nxwsnzzonfq sdwwn`n dsqej`n 14 an djhdsqn anz asleqz blfadonfqd~x an felf n~slwnffn, d~x qnsonz a~t~n nzqjlfzdjs `n asleq adjjz an ql~qn wnszlffn d~ alzzens t~e d jlfjnsfn, adfz nsnzwnjq anz efqsqz `meqeonz an `d jlfbeanfqed eq nq a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn nq anzdbbdesnz&

@-DbbdesnDO " Z N~slwn j& Jlooezzelf,Adfz zlf dssq a~ 48 ode 4583 adfz dbbdesn DO " Z N~slwn, wslwlz anz wl~rlesza-efrnzqemdqelfz an d Jlooezzelf, adfz n jdasn a~ sm`nonfq f4=23, `d Jl~s ank~zqejn anz Jloo~fd~qz n~slwnffnz drdeq jlfzdjs jn t~e jlfzqeq~n d~ an` anzaebbsnfjnz a-dwwsljhnz l~ an oqhlanz&&& w`~qq t~n an sz~ qdq4, ~f wsefjewn d~qlflon an asleq n~slwnf, aezqefjq a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn l~ a~ `nmd`wsere`nmn dfm`l/zdxlfnq z-dww et~dfq d~x drljdqz an ql~z nz qdqz onocsnz; nwsefjewn an d jlfbeanfqed eq anz jhdfmnz nfqsn ~f j enfq nq zlf drljdq&

N` n nf d oon sdwwn` `n blfanonfq nf jnz qnsonz ; jnqqn jlfbeanfqedèq swlfa

`nxemnfjn, alfq èowlsqdfjn nzq snjlff~n wds `nfznoc`n anz Nqdqz onocsnz, t~nql~q k~zqejedc`n aleq drles d wlzzeceèq an zdasnzzns nf ql~qn ecnsq zlf drljdq,alfq `d wslbnzzelf oon jlowlsqn d qjhn an alffns, an bdlf efawnfadfqn, anzdrez k~seaet~nz ql~z jn~x t~e nf lfq cnzlef (Dbb& J/4>>=5 Dssq a~ 48 ode 4583,

DO " Z N~slwn @eoeqna j& Jlooezzelf, wsjeq, wlefq 48&%

E z-dmeq alfj cenf a-~f wsefjewn t~n, adfz -dbbdesnHe`qeDiqenfmnzn``zjhdbqj&Jlooezzelf, d JKJN znoc`n drles qnfa~ jnqqn wslqnjqelf flf wdz d~x zn~`zjhdfmnz aesnjqz nfqsn drljdq nq n j enfq odez d~x alj~onfqz aebb~zz d~ znef a~fnnfqsnwsezn t~e zn clsfnfq snwsnfasn `n qnxqn l~ `n jlfqnf~ an jloo~fejdqelfz drnjanz drljdqz efawnfadfqz jlowlsqdfq anz drez k~seaet~nz& (Dbb& Q/:785 Lsalffdfjn

a~ Qsec~fd an wsnoesn efzqdfjn (an~xeon jhdocsn% a~ 1 drse 4557,He`qeDiqenfmnzn``zjhdbq j& Jlooezzelf,Snj& w&EE/42:, wlefq 48&

@-Dbbdesn ]l~qnsz nq d& j& FLRD&Adfz zlf dssq ]l~qnsz a~ 45 brsens 3773, `d Jl~s an @~xnocl~sm d lcznsr t~n `nzsm`nz nzznfqen` nz an d sm`nonfqdqelf wseznz wl~s #dzz~sns -nxnsjejn jlssnjq an `d

wslbnzzelf a-drljdq (% zlfq flqdoonfq `n anrles an abnfasn zlf jènfq nf ql~qnefawnfadfjn nq adfz -efqsq nxj`~zeb an jn`~e/je, (% defze t~n `n anrles ansnzwnjqns ~f zqsejq znjsnq wslbnzzelffn`#& Dbb& J/:7555 a~ 45 brsens 3773,K&J&K&]l~qnsz, K&]& Zdrn`cnsmh, Wsejn ]dqnshl~zn Cn`dzqefmdarezn~sz CR j& D`mnonfn

Sdda rdf an Fnans`dfazn Lsan rdf Darljdqnf, Snj& 3773, w& E/4>== wlefq f 477 %

Jnq dssq zl~ emfn `d aebbej~ q an wsefjewn t~e z-lwwlzn ~fn dzzljedqelfwslbnzzelffn` n nfqsn drljdq nq nxwnsq jlowqdc`n nf sdezlf a~ sezt~n an rel`dqelfa~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn an `drljdq t~-n` n nfqsdefnsdeq, t~d ebe an ad~qdfq w`~zmsdfa t~n, adfz jnsqdefnz jesjlfzqdfjnz, nxwnsq/jlowqdc`n d `lcèmdqelf `md`n anjloo~fet~ns d~x d~qlseqz jlowqnfqnz anz efblsodqelfz sn`dqernz `djqereq anznz jènfqz& (JK^N& Dbb& J/:7555, ]l~qnsz nq d~qsnz, wsjeq, jlfj`~zelfz wlefq f482%&

Jnzq alfj rnfq~d eq a~fn jloo~fejdqelf aefblsodqelfz sn`dqernz djqereq anzj enfqz ~fn d~qlseq an wl~sz~eqn, t~e qdeq d`lsz k~mn zqs~jq~sn` nonfq


17/33

1,8

efjlowdqec`n drnj `d wslbnzzelfadrljdq, d~ wlefq a-efqnsaesn ql~q nxnsjejn w`~se/wslbnzzelffn d~ znef a~f oon jdcefnq adrljdqz drnj anz nxwnsqz jlowqdc`nz& Senffn wl~rdeq k~zqebens adfz jn jdasn d~x un~x an `d Jl~s an @~xnocl~sm ~fnaflfjedqelf an j enfq oon jlooez wds a-d~qsnz wsdqejenfz, az `lsz t~-e z qdenfqonocsnz an `d oon nfqeq wslbnzzelffn` n&

@-Dbbdesn Lsasn anz cdssnd~x bsdfjlwhlfnz nq mnsodflwhlfn,Lsasn bsdfdez anz drljdqz a~ cdssnd~ an Cs~xn nz, Lsasn anzcdssnd~x b dodfaz, Lsasn fnsdfadez anz drljdqz a~ cdssnd~ anCs~xn `nz Jlfzne anz oefezqsnz&

Zdezen wds -Lsasn anz cdssnd~x bsdfjlwhlfnz nq mnsodflwhlfn an Cn`met~n nq -Lsasnbsdfdez anz Drljdqz a~ cdssnd~ an Cs~xn``nz, t~e anodfadenfq `dff~`dqelf an `lecn`mn a~ 43 kdfrens 3771, qnxqn an qsdfzwlzeqelf nf asleq efqnsfn an `d an~xeonaesnjqern nf efrlt~dfq ~fn rel`dqelf an `-dsqej`n 2 an `d Jlfrnfqelf an zd~rnmdsan anz

asleqz an -hloon odez d~zze an -dsqej`n 18, 3, an `d Jhdsqn anz asleqz blfadonfqd~xan `-^felf n~slwnffn, `d Jl~s an K~zqejn d aeq wl~s asleq t~n `nz nxemnfjnz ènz d~

asleq ~f wsljz t~eqdc`n fn zlwwlznfq wdz jn t~n `nz drljdqz, `lszt~e`z dmezznfq ad fz `n jda sn ws jez a nz qs df zd jqelf z a ls as n b efdf jens n q eo o lc e` ens fdu df q wd z a n ` enf dr nj ~fn wsl ja~ sn k~a ejedesn, zlenfq zl~oez d~xlcèmdqelfz aefblsodqelf nq an jllwsdqelf efzqeq~nz wds `d aesnjqern, az `lsz t~n an

qn``nz lcèmdqelfz dwwdsdezznfq k~zqebenz wds `d fjnzzeq an `~qqns nbbejdjnonfq jlfqsn`n c`dfjheonfq an jdweqd~x t~e nxnsjn ~fn efb`~nfjn reanfqn z~s `n arn`lwwnonfqa~ jseon lsmdfez, `nt~n` jlfzqeq~n `~e/oon ~fn onfdjn wdsqej~èsn wl~s `nz

zljeqz anz qdqz onocsnz&

Ql~qnblez, d Jl~s z-nzq w`djn nxj`~zernonfq z~s n olunf zl~`nr wds nz cdssnd~x anCn`met~n, zleq `n asleq ~f wsljz t~eqdc`n, flqdoonfq, `nz asleqz an `d abnfzn, `n

wsefjewn an md eq anz dsonz, n asleq adjjz d~x qsec~fd~x defze t~n n asleq adjjz ~f drljdq qdfq nf odqesn jere`n t~n wfd`n& (JK^N, Dbb& J/:7>7>, dssq a~ 32 k~ef377=, Lsasn anz cdssnd~x bsdfjlwhlfnz nq mnsodflwhlfn, Lsasn bsdfdez anzdrljdqz a~ cdssnd~ an Cs~xn``nz, Lsasn anz cdssnd~x b`dodfaz, Lsasn fns`dfadez

anz drljdqz a~ cdssnd~ an Cs~xn``nz Jlfzne` anz oefezqsnz, wlefqz :4 nq:2%&

C @d rel`dqelf a~ snzwnjq an d jlfbeanfqed eq anz jhdfmnz nfqsn ~fdrljdq nq zlf j enfq qn t~n mdsdfqe wds -dsqej`n 8 an d Jlfrnfqelf&

d n zqdq~q zwjebet~n anz drljdqz nq nanrles aefzwesns d jlfbedfjn a~w~c ej

D qeqsn eoefdesn, lf zl~ emfnsd t~n `d Jl~s d sdwwn` / zl~z -dfm`n an -dsqej`n 47JNAH / `d zwjebejeq an d wslbnzzelf adrljdq nq d sdezlf a-qsn an jnz sm`nzwslbnzzelffn` nz adfz znz dssqz Jdzdal Jljd nf 4551, Zjhwbns nf 4558, w~ezjlow`q nz wsefjewnz wlzz a~fn wsjezelf jlowònfqdesn, zufqhqezz adfz zlfdssq Fei~`d jlfqsn Bef`dfan a~ 34 odsz 3773nf anz qnsonz j`desz;

; #`n zqdq~q zwjebet~n anz drljdqz nz w`djn adfz ~fn zeq~dqelf jnfqsd`n adfz-daoefezqsdqelf an `d k~zqejn, jloon efqnsoaedesnz nfqsn `nz k~zqejedc`nz nq `nzqsec~fd~x, jn t~e nxwèt~n nz flsonz an jlfa~eqn eowlznz nf mfsd d~x onocsnza~ cdssnd~&

Nf l~qsn, -djqelf anz qsec~fd~x, t~e zlfq mdsdfqz an `d k~zqejn nq alfq `d

oezzelf nzq blfadonfqd`n adfz ~f Nqdq an asleq, d cnzlef an d jlfbedfjn a~ w~cèj&


18/33

1,5

(Blso~`n wslrnfdfq an -dssqAn Hdnz nq Mekzn`z j& Cn`met~n a~ 31brsens 455=,Snj~ne anz dssqz nq ajezelfz 455=/E, w& 3:1, :=%&

N~ mdsa d~ s`n j` anz drljdqz adfz jn alodefn, lf wn~q dqqnfasn a-n~xt~-e`z jlfqsec~nfq d~ clf blfjqelffnonfq an `d k~zqejn nq, defze, `d jlfbedfjn a~w~cèj nf jn``n/je&Jdzdal Jljd j& Nzwdmfn a~ 31 brsens 4551, zsen D f 38>/D, w& 349

Zjhwbns j& Z~ezzn, dssq a~ 37 ode 4558,Snj~ne` anz dssqz nq ajezelfz 4558/EEE, ww&47>3/47>:, 35/:79Fei~`d j& Bef`dfan, a~ 34 odsz 3773, 1>%&

c @d wsefjewn an wslqnjqelf anz jhdfmnz nfqsn ~f drljdq nq zlf j enfq&

@d k~sezws~anfjn wslqnjqsejn an `d jlfbeanfqed eq t~e aleq smes `nz sdwwlsqz nfqsndrljdqz nq j enfqz nq wdsqdfq, sn`rn an -dww ejdqelf an -dsqej`n 8 JNAH& (Fenoenq{ j&D` nodmfn, dssq a~ 42 ajnocsn 4553, zsen D fl 3>4/C, w& :1, :7, nqSlnonf nqZjhoeq j&@~xnocl~sm, fl >4==355, 21, JNAH 377:/ER9 B~fin j& Bsdfjn, dssq a~3> brsens 455:, zsen D f 3>2/D, w& 3:, >4, w& 31, >>, >2, w& 3>, >= 9 Jsoen~x j&Bsdfjn, dssq a~ 3> brsens 455:, zsen D f 3>2/C, w& 23, :5, w& 2:, 17 9Oede`hn j&

Bsdfjn, dssq a~ 3> brsens 455:, zsen D f 3>2/J, w& 85, :2, w& 57, :=, :8 9Jhdaeolr j& Sw~c et~n qjht~n, dssq a~ 48 drse 3772, f >77=:55 412&%

Adfz zlf dssq Z& j& Z~ezzn a~ 38 flrnocsn 4554, `d Jl~s d efzezq z~s eowlsqdfjn a~asleq wl~s ~f aqnf~ an jloo~fet~ns drnj zlf drljdq hlsz an wlsqn al~n anzd~qlseqz wfeqnfqedesnz ; Ze ~f drljdq fn wl~rdeq znfqsnqnfes drnj zlf jènfq zdfz~fn qn``n z~srne``dfjn nq nf snjnrles anz efzqs~jqelfz jlfbeanfqen``nz, zlf dzzezqdfjn

wnsasdeq cnd~jl~w an zlf ~qeèq, d`lsz t~n n c~q an `d Jlfrnfqelf jlfzezqn wslqmns anz asleqz jlfjsnqz nq nbbnjqebz& (Z& j& Z~ezzn fl432358= " 4:52>88 a~ 38flrnocsn 4554%&

Odez jnzq nf 4553, t~dwwdsdq adfz ~fn zeq~dqelf anzwjn dfd`lm~n `d wsjanfqn,`d wslj`dodqelf cnd~jl~w w`~z j`desn nq cnd~jl~w w`~z mfsd`n, adfz -dssqJdowcn` j& Slud~on/^fe ; #E u rd j`desnonfq an èfqsq w~c ej t~~fn wnszlffnazesn~zn an jlfz~`qns ~f hloon an le w~ezzn n bdesn adfz anz jlfaeqelfz wslwejnz ~fn w`nefn nq ecsn aezj~zzelf& Al `n smeon wsere me alfq cfbejen, nf wsefjewn, `dsn`dqelf drljdq/jènfq& Nq an fd~qlsezns, nf jlfzt~nfjn, ~fn rel`dqelf an jnwsefjewn # t~n adfz anz jdz nxjnwqelffn`z, ze `nz d~qlseqz lfq en~ an jslesn ~f dc~za~ wsere mn nf jn t~n `n jlfqnf~ an `d `nqqsn onfdjn `d zj~seq an `qdc ezznonfq l~ad~qs~e l~ snrq ~f jdsdjqsn aèjq~n~x a~fn d~qsn odfesn#&(Jdowcn` j&

Slud~on/ fe a~ 3> odsz 4553, zsen D f 3::, ww& 48/45, 12/18 ; jeqefqmsd`nonfq adfzNsano j& D` nodmfn, dssq a~ > k~e `nq 3774, JNAH 3774 REE, 24%

Nf 3777, adfz zlf dssq Blx`nu j& Slud~on/^fe, `d Jl~s d sdwwn` wslwlz an`l~rnsq~sn, d njq~sn nq d jlwen wl~s d rnszns d~ alzzens an d jlssnzwlfadfjn a-~fsnt~sdfq drnj znz jlfzne `nsz k~seaet~nz wds ~f zufaej an bde eqn t~n d sn`dqelfdrljdq/j enfq nzq nf wsefjewn wsere men nq t~n `d jlssnzwlfadfjn nf `d odqesn, t~n`t~n zleq zlf lcknjqeb, jlfjnsfn anz t~nzqelfz an jdsdjqsn wser nq jlfbeanfqen &

(JNAH, Blx`nu j& Slud~on/^fe, Dssq a~ 37 k~ef 3777, f ::3=152, 11&%

E sz~ qn an jn t~e wsjan t~n d wslqnjqelf a~ znjsnq anz sn`dqelfz nfqsn ~f drljdq nqzlf j enfq nzq ~f wsefjewn blfadonfqd &

j%@d wslqnjqelf a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn an -drljdq&


19/33

1,47

Anw~ez 4553, `nz dssqz Fenoenq{ j&D` nodmfn, w~ezSlnonf nq Zjhoeaq j&@~xnocl~sm, lfqefzqd~s ~fn wslqnjqelf a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn , d~x jlfql~szjlfjsnqz& (Fenoenq{ j&D` nodmfn, dssq a~ 42 ajnocsn 4553, zsen D fl 3>4/C, :7 nqSlnonf nq Zjhoeaq j& @~xnocl~sm, dssq a~ 3> brsens 377:, JNAH 377:

21%&

Adfz `d ajezelf Qdolze~z j& Slud~on ^fe, nf 3773, l `d Jl~s d sdwwn``lc emdqelf wl~s `nz Nqdqz aefzqd~sns ~fn wslqnjqelf nbbnjqern a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn`wds ~fn mdsdfqen jlfjsqn jlfqsn ql~qn dqqnefqn `d jlfbeanfqedèq

wslbnzzelffn``n nq `daoefezqsdqelf an `d k~zqejn, a-~fn wdsq, nq wds anz wlzzece eqzan snjl~sz nf k~zqejn a-d~qsn wdsq #& # (Qdolze~z j& Slud~on/^fe, dssq a~45znwqnocsn 3773, (aj&% f 2377377, JNAH 3773/REEE%&

Defze, wslwlz anz wnst~ezeqelfz nq anz zdezenz jhn{ ~f drljdq, `d Jl~s d sdwwn` w`~zen~sz snwseznz t~n an qn` nz onz~snz zlfq z~zjnwqec`nz an wlsqns dqqnefqn d~ znjsnq

wslbnzzelffn , t~e nzq `d cdzn an `d sn`dqelf an jlfbedfjn t~e nxezqn nfqsn zlf j enfq nq`~e& (Dfas nq d~qsn j&Bsdfjn, dssq a~ 31 k~e `nq 3778, fl 4827:7:, 14, 3778/&&&9

Xdrens Ad Ze rnesd j& Bsdfjn, dssq a~ 34 kdfrens 3747, fl 1:=>=7>%&

Nfz~eqn, nq z~sql~q, `d Jl~s d w~ aesn t~-~fn rezeqn aloeje edesn t~e drdeq wl~s c~q `dajl~rnsqn jhn{ nz snt~sdfqz, nf n~s zn~`n t~d eq adrljdqz an d zljeqzl~wlffn an bsd~an, an alj~onfqz z~zjnwqec`nz aqdc es `d bsd~an wsz~on anjn` n/je nq an `nz ~qe ezns jhdsmn jlfqsn n` n, nowlsqdeq rel`dqelf an -dsqej`n 8& (Dfasnq d~qsn j&Bsdfjn, fl 4827:7:, 12%&

Defze n zl~wlf fn zd~sde/e k~zqebens ~fn dqqnefqn `d mdsdfqen jlfzdjsn wds -dsqej`n

8 an `d Jlfrnfqelf&

@d wslqnjqelf jlfjnsfn ql~z nz jhdfmnz u jlowsez nz efblsodqelfz nq alj~onfqzaqnf~z adfz zlf jdcefnq odez d~zze nz z~wwlsqz efblsodqet~nz adfz dbbdesnefqsla~eqn wds drljdq bef`dfadez Wnqse Zd`èfnf nq 4= an znz j enfqz, nf 377>, nqflqdoonfq d~ aezt~n a~s an lsaefdqn~s a~f drljdq& (Wnqse Zd`èfnf nq d~qsnz j&Bef`dfan fl >788355, dssq a~ 3= znwqnocsn 377>%&

Adfz -dssq Jhdaeolr j& Sw~c et~n qjht~n a~ 48 drse 3772, d Jl~s d bdeq a~asleq `d anzqs~jqelf anz z~wwlsqz jlfqnfdfq `nz nfsnmezqsnonfqz q`whlfet~nz anjlfrnszdqelfz q`whlfet~nz an d snt~sdfqn drnj zlf drljdq ~fn lc emdqelf d

jhdsmn a~ ml~rnsfnonfq&

Defze, d Jl~s jlfzdjsn/q /n` n -nxezqnfjn `d jhdsmn anz Nqdqz a-lc emdqelfz wlzeqernzd~ snzwnjq nbbnjqeb an jn t~e nzq ~f asleq mdsdfqe wds -dsqej`n 8 an `d Jlfrnfqelfw~ezt~-e d nzznfqen` nonfq wl~s lcknq an wso~fes efaerea~ jlfqsn nz efmsnfjnzdsceqsdesnz anz wl~rlesz w~c ejz nq t~e #zdww et~n d~x sn`dqelfz nfqsn `nz drljdqz nq`n~sz j enfqz #& (Jhdaeolr j& Sw~c et~n qjht~n, dssq a~ 48 drse 3772 412%&

N` n z-nzq sbsn nxwsnzzonfq d~ wlefq 2 an `d Snjloodfadqelf a~ Jlfzne an`N~slwn a~ 37 ljqlcsn 3777 aejqdfq t~n # ql~qnz nz onz~snz fjnzzdesnz anrsdenfqqsn wseznz wl~s rne `ns d~ snzwnjq a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn anz sn`dqelfz nfqsn drljdqznq j enfqz#&


20/33

1,44

a% @efmsnfjn nzq aezwslwlsqelffn nq fn wn~q qsn jlfzeasn jloonfjnzzdesn d wl~sz~eqn an jnz lcknjqebz adfz ~fn zljeq aoljsdqet~n&

Ze -efmsnfjn wdsdeq wl~sz~ersn anz c~qz `meqeonz (`d `~qqn jlfqsn `n c`dfjheonfq anzjdweqd~x nq n befdfjnonfq a~ qnsslsezon nq aezwlzeqeb an jlfqs`n efqnsfn anzqef

dzz~sns `n snzwnjq anz wslja~snz%, ~fn qn` n efmsnfjn aleq z-dwwsjens -~fn anzjlfaeqelfz ak bexnz wds d Jl~s&

Zdmezzdfq an d wslqnjqelf a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn zl~z dfm`n an dsqej`n 8, d Jl~s dak j`desnonfq aeq t~n #wl~s snrqes ~f jdsdjqsn fjnzzdesn adfz ~fn zljeqaoljsdqet~n, ~fn efmsnfjn aleq zn blfans z~s ~f cnzlef zljed` eowsen~x nqflqdoonfq anon~sns wslwlsqelffn d~ c~q `meqeon snjhnsjh& (Fenoenq{ j&D` nodmfn 42 ajnocsn 4553, fl4:=4788%&

Defze, `nz nxjnwqelfz t~n ofdmn n wdsdmsdwhn 3 an dsqej`n 8 dwwn` nfq ~fnefqnswsqdqelf qsleqn nq Y_ `n~s fjnzzeq adfz ~f jdz alff aleq zn qsl~rns qdc en

an odfesn jlfrdefjdfqn (Jsoen~x j& Bsdfjn, dssq a~ 3> brsens 455:, zsen D fl3>2/C, w& 23, :89Slnonf nq Zjhoeq, wsjeq, 28 nqDfas nq d~qsn j&Bsdfjn,wsjeq, 17%&

Adfz -dssq Xdrens Ad Ze rnesd j& Bsdfjn, 34 kdfrens 3747, fl 1:=>=7>, d Jl~ssdwwn` n md`nonfq t~-n` n aleq zn jlfrdefjsn an -nxezqnfjn an mdsdfqenz dat~dqnz nqz~bbezdfqnz jlfqsn nz dc~z& (B~fin, Jsoen~x nq Oede`hn j& Bsdfjn, dssq a~ 3> brsens455:, snzwnjqernonfq >2, :5 nq :=, zsen D fl 3>2/D, C nq J, I`dzz nq d~qsnz j&D` nodmfn, dssq a~ 2 znwqnocsn 45=8, >7, >1 nq >>, zsen D fl 38,@docnsq j&Bsdfjn dssq a~31 dlq 4558, :4,Snj~ne` anz dssqz nq ajezelf4558/R, nq

Odqhnslf j& Bsdfjn, fl >==>377, :>, dssq a~ 35odsz377>%&

Jlowqn qnf~ an `d befdèq an `-efmsnfjn, e` jlfrenfq an aqnsoefns ze `d aezwlzeqelfnf t~nzqelf nzq saemn an odfesn qsz wsjezn& ( Nsano j& D``nodmfn, dssq a~ >

k~e `nq 3774, JNAH 3774 REE, 2=%&

Ls, -efmsnfjn lceq anz flqelfz k~seaet~nonfq eowsjeznz&

4/ -eowsjezelf adfz `d aezqefjqelf anz djqereqz ;

@d aebbsnfjedqelf nfqsn nz djqereqz anz drljdqz f-dwwlsqn d~j~fn mdsdfqen nbbnjqern&

Zn`lf -dsqej`n 4 an `d Ajezelf a~ 43 k~e `nq 377= ; Zlfq dzz~knqqez d~ wsznfqsm`nonfq wslbnzzelffn` ql~z `nz drljdqz, wnszlffnz whuzet~nz, efzjseqz ~fcdssnd~ bsdfdez, zl~z nz sznsrnz nq nz nxjnwqelfz reznz je/dwsz, `lszt~nadfz `n jdasn an `n~s djqereq wslbnzzelffn` n e`z sdèznfq d~ flo nq wl~s njlowqn an `n~s jènfq ql~qn qsdfzdjqelf befdfjesn l~ eoolceèsn l~ `lszt~-e`zwdsqejewnfq nf dzzezqdfq `n~s jènfq `d wswdsdqelf l~ `d sd ezdqelf anzqsdfzdjqelfz jlfjnsfdfq ;4 @-djhdq nq `d rnfqn an cenfz eoon~c`nz l~ an blfaz an jloonsjn 93 @d mnzqelf an blfaz, qeqsnz l~ d~qsnz djqebz dwwdsqnfdfq d~ jènfq 9: @-l~rnsq~sn an jlowqnz cdfjdesnz, a-wdsmfn l~ an qeqsnz 91 @-lsmdfezdqelf anz dwwlsqz fjnzzdesnz d jsdqelf an zljeqz 9> @d jlfzqeq~qelf, d mnzqelf l~ d aesnjqelf anz zljeqz 9


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1,43

2 @d jlfzqeq~qelf, `d mnzqelf l~ `d aesnjqelf an bea~jenz an asleq qsdfmns l~ anql~qn d~qsn zqs~jq~sn zeoe desn&

D~x qnsonz an -dsqej`n 3 ; Zl~z nz sznsrnz reznz -dsqej`n @& >23/3/4 a~ jlanolfqdesn nq befdfjens, `nz drljdqz fn zlfq wdz dzz~knqqez d~ wsznfq sm`nonfq

az lsz t~-e z nxnsjnfq ~fn djqereq an jlfz~ qdqelf k~seaet~n l~ `lszt~n n~sdjqereq zn sdqqdjhn ~fn wslja~sn k~seaejqelffn` n -ljjdzelf an-~fn l~ -d~qsn anz zex djqereqz wsr~nz -dsqej`n 4ns&

Odez, nf -ljj~ssnfjn, `d aezqefjqelf nfqsn `nz djqereqz anz drljdqz reznz -dsqej`n 3 nq`nz d~qsnz djqereqz t~e nf zlfq nxlfsnz, nzq nf wsdqet~n t~dze eowlzzec`n lwsns&

E` nf sz~`qn t~-~fn aezqefjqelf blfan z~s `nz djqereqz nzznfqen``nz (wds sdwwlsq anzdjqereqz djjnzzlesnz% f-nzq wdz k~seaet~nonfq k~zqeben, zd~b rnszns adfz ~fnefzj~seq k~seaet~n odkn~sn&

Defze, -nxwsnzzelf bem~sdfq adfz d ajezelf a~ Jlfzne Fdqelfd anz Cdssnd~x ;#`lszt~-e`z wdsqejewnfq nf dzzezqdfq `n~s jènfq# `d wswdsdqelf l~ `d sdèzdqelfanz qsdfzdjqelfz jlfjnsfdfqY_@d jlfzqeq~qelf, `d mnzqelf l~ `d aesnjqelf anzzljeqz, wn~q n``nsnjl~rses an flocsn~x djqnz, qn`z t~n anz jl~ssensz l~ anzjlssnzwlfadfjnz fn jlfqnfdfq d~j~f ònfq a-dfdùzn l~ an jlfzne &

Ql~q drljdq t~e efqnsrenfq wl~s dzzezqnsanz aesemndfqz a-nfqsnwsezn, flqdoonfq nfodqesn an mnzqelf anz snzzl~sjnz h~odefnz, wn~q qsn jlfzeas jloon #dzzezqdfq# `d wswdsdqelf a-~fn qsdfzdjqelf jlfjnsfdfq #`d mnzqelf# anz zljeqz&

Ze -dsqej`n 3 aezwnfzn `nz drljdqz anz lc emdqelfz wlznz wds `d ajezelf dqqdt~n az

`lsz t~-e`z nxnsjnfq ~fn djqereq an jlfz~`qdqelf k~seaet~n l~ lszt~n n~s djqereq znsdqqdjhn ~fn wslja~sn k~seaejqelffn``n , e fn bl~sfeq d~j~fn abefeqelf an-djqereq an jlfz~ qdqelf k~seaet~n &

D abd~q a-~fn abefeqelf j`desn nq wsjezn an -djqereq an jlfz~ qdqelf rezn -dsqej`n3 an zd ajezelf, e nzq alfj eowlzzec`n an aqnsoefns nz jdz adfz nzt~n`z nz drljdqzzlfq aezwnfzz anz lc emdqelfz wlznz d~x dsqej`nz : nq z~erdfqz&

@d Jl~s d ak k~m t~n #`lcknjqeb an `~qqn jlfqsn `n c`dfjheonfq an jdweqd~x wn~qqsn snmdsa jloon ~f lcknjqeb aefqsq mfsd t~e k~zqeben t~n zleq `nr `n znjsnq an`drljdq wl~sr~ t~n jnqqn `nrn fdbbnjqn wdz `n jdasn anz djqereqz nzznfqen``nz an

`drljdq qn` nz t~n abefenz wsjanoonfq#&

@d Jl~s d q ak q jlfbslfqn jnqqn t~nzqelf an `d aezqefjqelf anz djqereqz anzdrljdqz, adfz -dbbdesn Ilww j& Z~ezzn, nf 4558 lszt~e b~q zl~qnf~ wslwlz anèfqnsjnwqelf anz nfqsnqenfz q`whlfet~nz a~f drljdq z~ezzn t~n `n znjsnqwslbnzzelffn an -drljdq fn jl~rsn t~n nz djqereqz zwjebet~nz d wslbnzzelf nq flfwdz znz djqereqz wl eqet~nz, rlesn wnszlffn` nz&

Ls, d Jl~s drdeq d`lsz swlfa~, adfz ~f znfz wslqnjqn~s a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn , nfjlfzqdqdfq -eowlzzece eq an aezqefm~ns nfqsn anz djqereqz, nf wsljadfq ~fnrd`~dqelf an `d j`dsq an `d `le ; Oon ze `d k~sezws~anfjn jlfzdjsn `n wsefjewn,a-de``n~sz mfsd`nonfq daoez, t~n n znjsnq wslbnzzelffn` an -drljdq fn jl~rsn t~n`d sn`dqelf drljdq/jènfqz, d `le f-nxwèjeqn wdz jloonfq, t~n``nz jlfaeqelfz nq wds


22/33

1,4:

t~e aleq z-lwsns `n qse nfqsn jn t~e sn`rn zwjebet~nonfq a~ odfadq a-drljdq nq jnt~e d qsdeq ~fn djqereq t~e f-nzq wdz jn``n an jlfzne`& ( Ilww j& Z~ezzn, dssq a~ 3>odsz 4558, Snj& 4558/EE, =:%&

Adfz -dbbdesn Ilww j& Z~ezzn,jlfzqdqdfq t~n `n asleq z~ezzn, jseq nq flf jseq,

f-efaet~deq wdz drnj dzzn{ an j`dsq -qnfa~n nq `nz olad eqz a-nxnsjejn a~ wl~rlesa-dwwsjedqelf anz d~qlseqz adfz n alodefn jlfzeas, d Jl~s d jlfzqdq ~fnrel`dqelf an dsqej`n 8, nf jlfzeasdfq t~n n snt~sdfq nf zd t~d eq a-drljdq, f-drdeqwdz kl~e a~ anms oefeod an wslqnjqelf rl~`~ wds `d wsoefnfjn a~ asleq adfz~fn zljeq aoljsdqet~n& (Ilww j& Z~ezzn, wsjeq, =>%&

@n sdezlffnonfq nzq w`nefnonfq dww ejdc`n `d wsznfqn dbbdesn&

Nfbef ~fn d~qsn docem~q jlfjnsfn n jhdow a-dww ejdqelfanrles an aj`dsdqelfard`~dqelf, an reme dfjn l~ an aj`dsdqelf t~e fn bem~sn adfz n sm`nonfq t~n zl~z`d blson an az lsz t~e z nxnsjnfq ~fn djqereq nq ljjdzelf an ~fn l~ d~qsn

anz zex djqereqz wsr~nz dsqej`n 4ns&

Nf nbbnq, `n qnxqn lc emn wsljans `d aj`dsdqelf d`lsz t~n -efqnsrnfqelf an -drljdqwn~q jlowlsqns anz whdznz z~jjnzzernz d~ jl~sz e dzzezqn dzzezqnfq anz j enfqz adfz dwswdsdqelf l~ `d sd ezdqelf anz qsdfzdjqelfz reznz -dsqej`n wsnoens an `d ajezelf,wn~q bl~sfes nfz~eqn anz drez k~seaet~nz nq wn~q qsn nfbef qsn donf `nz snwsznfqnsadfz ~fn wslja~sn k~seaejqelffn` n ~ qsen~sn&

@d flson fefaet~nwdz drnj wsjezelf t~n olonfq e jlfrenfq an zn w`djns wl~sdwwsjens `d adqn `dt~n` n zn zeq~n -lc emdqelf d~ snmdsa wlefq an awdsq, a~asl~`nonfq, l~ a~ qnson a~fn wslja~sn k~seaejqelffn` n, a-d~qdfq w`~z t~-~fn qn` n

wslja~sn wn~q zn sr`ns d`lsz t~n d aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf d ak q dasnzzn&

Wdz adrdfqdmn, e f-nzq wsjez ze -drljdq aleq wnszlffn` nonfq djjlow es ~fn djqereqen ~fn wslja~sn k~seaejqelffn` n wl~s qsn nxnowq an d sm`n alfql`lmet~n&

Wdz adrdfqdmn e fnxezqn an wsjezelf t~dfq `d flqelf an jlfz~ qdqelf k~seaet~n, `dt~n` n e nzq bdeq ~fn sbsnfjn docem~, w~ezt~n `d jdsdjqsezqet~n an-efqnsrnfqelf an - drljdq nzq a-djjlow es anz djqnz, oon an fdq~sn l~ an wlsqnbefdfjesnz, wds `n cedez an wsnzqdqelfz an znsrejnz an fdq~sn k~seaet~n&

^fn qn` n efqnsrnfqelf nzq ql~kl~sz dzzlsqen nf l~qsn a~fn lc emdqelf mfsd`n an

jlfzne nfrnsz nz j enfqz an d wdsq a-~f drljdq z~s d wlsqn k~seaet~n anz djqnzdjjlow ez&

@d flqelf an jlfz~ qdqelf k~seaet~n efhsnfqn djqereq an drljdq, qn` n t~n` nbem~sn adfz d sm`nonfqdqelf, snrq alfj ~fn djjnwqelf wdsqej~ esn nq oefnoonfqdocem~ fn wnsonqqdfq wdz d~ drljdq an aqnsoefns drnj jnsqeq~an zlfjlowlsqnonfq&

Nf -ljj~ssnfjn, d~j~fn wsjezelf f-nzq alffn, z~s `nz olad eqz wnsonqqdfq anaezqefm~ns t~n -drljdq zn qsl~rn (l~ flf% adfz ~fn djqereq jlffnxn an jlfz~ qdqelfk~seaet~n l~ t~n`z zlfq `nz jseqsnz a-~f qse d~ znef a-~fn wsnzqdqelf wslbnzzelffn` nwnsonqqdfq (l~ flf% ~f sdqqdjhnonfq ~fn wslja~sn k~seaejqelffn` n, wdzzn,


23/33

1,41

wsznfqn l~ b~q~sn an -~fn l~ -d~qsn anz zex djqereqz wsr~nz -dsqej`n 4ns, `~ewnsonqqdfq an sm`ns zlf jlowlsqnonfq l~ a-jhdwwns ~fn zdfjqelf rnfq~n` n&

@d flson wsznfqn alfj ~f jdsdjqsn oefnoonfq docem~ nq adfmnsn~x wl~s `nznjsnq wslbnzzelffn nq efawnfadfjn anz drljdqz&

3 / -eowsjezelf an `d flqelf an zl~wlf ;

Nf ljj~ssnfjn e fn zdmeq wdz wl~s -drljdq an aflfjns ~f a eq, odez an zn blfansz~s ~f zeow`n zl~wlf&

Zn`lf `n aejqelffdesn an `d `dfm~n bsdfdezn @eqqs, zl~wlf nzq d~ znfz djqeb, #`djqelfan zl~wlffns# t~e zemfeben (zn`lf `n oon aejqelffdesn% ; drles z~s t~n`t~~f l~t~n`t~n jhlzn ~fn lwefelf azdrdfqdmn~zn, flf zdfz ~f jnsqdef al~qn#&

@n olq d d~zze `n znfz an ; zeow`n jlfknjq~sn, zeow`n lwefelf& (Noe n @eqqs

Aejqelffdesn an `d `dfm~n bsdfdezn, rl`~on 1, wdmn >551%&

Zn`lf n aejqelffdesn d`whdcqet~n nq dfd`lmet~n an d `dfm~n bsdfdezn Slcnsq,#zl~wlf # zemfeben; jlfknjq~sn wds dt~n` n lf dqqsec~n t~n`t~~f anz djqnzcòdc`nz, anz efqnfqelfz od~rdeznz, nqjl~ jsdefqnz, w`~z l~ olefz blfanz, d~z~knq an `d jlfa~eqn l~ anz wslknqz a~fn wnszlffn& (Aejqelffdesn d`whdcqet~n nqdfd`lmet~n an d dfm~n bsdfdezn Slcnsq, 45=1, qlon 2, w& :48/:45&%

@n jdsdjqsn aezwslwlsqelff nzq, flqdoonfq, j`desnonfq qdcè wds `nz sdwwlsqz dff~n`z an `djn``~`n QSDJBEF&

A-~fn wdsq jn~x/je nxwlznfq j`desnonfq nf t~le jlfzezqn n s`n dzzemf `-drljdq ; w~ezt~-e`wsjezn ; #, l~qsn `nz ònfqz sn`dqebz èanfqebejdqelf a~ jènfq nq d~ anzjsewqeb anzb`~x befdfjensz jlfjnsfz, zd aj`dsdqelf aleq qsn qdunwds nxwlz andfd uznt~e d blfa zd z~zwejelf#& (Sdwwlsq a-djqereq Qsdjbef 3778 w& 3=%

Defze, e fn z-dmeq wdz an aflfjns ~fn efbsdjqelf jlfzqeq~n odez ~fn zeow`n z~zwejelft~n `n Aejqelffdesn Slcnsq abefeq jloon #`n bdeq an qnfes wl~s z~zwnjq, an fn wdzdrles jlfbedfjn#& (Aejqelffdesn d`whdcqet~n nq dfd`lmet~n an d dfm~n bsdfdezn

Slcnsq, 45=1, qlon 2, w& 1:4&%

Nf 3774, `nz 332 alzzensz jloo~fet~z d~x wdst~nqz lfq jlfa~eq l~rnsq~sn

an 21 nft~qnz ws eoefdesnz nq an 34 efblsodqelfz k~aejedesnz&

Nf 377:,`d jn``~`n QSDJBEF d sn~ 577= aj`dsdqelfz an zl~wlf, alfq:78alzzenszqsdfzoez `d k~zqejn t~e lfq wnsoez -l~rnsq~sn an wsz an >>nft~qnz ws eoefdesnznq an 34 efblsodqelfz k~aejedesnz&

Zn`lf `n sdwwlsq a-djqereqz w~c ej 3775 an `d jn` ~`n, QSDJBEFd sn~ 48 471efblsodqelfz nf 3775 alfq 4= :47 aj`dsdqelfz an zl~wlf oeznz wds `nzwslbnzzelffn`z, nf d~monfqdqelf an )4= . nf 3778, nq an )45 . nf 3775 &

NRL@^QELF A FLOCSN AN AJ@DSDQELFZ SN^NZ ANWÊZ 4555Dffn Aj`dsdqelfz

an Zl~wlfzQSDFZOEZZELFZ

K AEJEDESNZZ~eqnz

k~aejedesnz


24/33

1,4>

4555 4=71 4353777 3>35 4>23774 12:5 332 213773 8=45 354377: 577= :78 >>3771 47 813 :1=377> 44>>: 17> Flf jlff~3772 4371= 144 #377= 43184 147 #3778 41 >2> :>5, #3775 4= :47 :81 #

Zl~sjn Sdwwlsqz Dff~n`z Qsdjbef

Ls, e sz~ qn anz sdwwlsqz an d jn` ~`n t~n ql~qnz nz efblsodqelfz sn~nz wdsQSDJBEF nf 3775 lfq bdeq lcknq a~fn efqmsdqelf adfz d cdzn an alffnz a~

Znsrejn èzz~n a~t~n :7 . anfqsn n` nz (> :58 efblsodqelfz% lfq q lsenfqnz rnsz~f wsljnzz~z adfdùzn dwwslblfaen (nft~qn l~ aeq an ws/nft~qn%&

Defze =7 . z-drsdenfq n` nz zdfz blfanonfq l~ ~qe eq t~n`jlft~n&

Z~s nz :7 . snqnf~nz, zn~`nz 4 ::1 lfq q nxqnsfd eznz, alfq :81 nf aesnjqelf an`d k~zqejn, nq `nz d~qsnz zl~z blson an flqnz wl~s `nz znsrejnz an snfznemfnonfqz,`daoefezqsdqelf bezjd`n nq `nz znsrejnz an wl ejn k~aejedesn%& (Sdwwlsq 3775, w 24, nfemfn hqqw;}}}&qsdjbef&cnsju&ml~r&bswabsdw3775&wab%

Defze z~s 4= :47 aj`dsdqelfz an zl~wlf zn~`nz :81 zn zlfq drsnz rnfq~n` nonfq

z~zjnwqec`nz an snjl~rses anz a eqz, zdfz t~n -lf jlffdezzn d wslwlsqelfa-efbsdjqelfz befd`nonfq jlfzqdqnz z~s jn ansfens jhebbsn (`nz d~qsnz dudfq znsre d eonfqns anz bejhensz an snfznemfnonfq%&

Defze an 377: 3775, `n flocsn an alzzens qsdfzoez `d k~zqejn f-d wdz znfzec`nonfqrdse qdfaez t~n `n flocsn an aj`dsdqelfz d al~c` jn t~e qnfasdeq aolfqsns t~-~fflocsn jslezzdfq an jdz lfq q aflfjz qlsq&

@-lcèmdqelf an aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf, wds de``n~sz qnson flf abefe wds `d `le,

eowlzn anz ae{defnz an oe`ènsz an wslbnzzelffn`z alfq `nz drljdqz, wdsdeqqlqd`nonfq aezwslwlsqelffn wds sdwwlsq d~ c~q rez j-nzq/ /aesn jn`~e an bl~sfes `d

k~zqejn t~n anz bdeqz z~zjnwqec`nz an sn`nrns a~ c`dfjheonfq nq `-~qeèq t~-n``nsnrq&

Nfbef, -lc emdqelf t~e renfq efbnjqns `n wsefjewn a~ znjsnq wslbnzzelffn an -drljdq nzqa-d~qdfq w`~z aezwslwlsqelffn, t~-d~j~f anz djqnz zl~oez #aj`dsdqelf anzl~wlf# wds `d ajezelf fn wn~q efqnsrnfes zdfz `d wdsqejewdqelf a-d~qsnzwslbnzzelffn`z l~ efqnsoaedesnz flqdoonfq befdfjensz n~x/oonz zl~oez -lc emdqelf an wsljans anz #aj`dsdqelfz an zl~wlf#&

E nf nzq defze an -djhdq nq d rnfqn an cenfz eoon~c`nz l~ an blfaz an jloonsjn 9 an`d mnzqelf an blfaz, qeqsnz l~ d~qsnz djqebz, an -l~rnsq~sn an jlowqnz cdfjdesnz,

a-wdsmfn l~ an qeqsnz, an -lsmdfezdqelf anz dwwlsqz fjnzzdesnz `d jsdqelf anzljeqz, an d jlfzqeq~qelf anz zljeqz&
http://www.tracfin.bercy.gouv.fr/pdf/rap2009.pdf


25/33

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Ql~q drljdq, nxnsdfq efaerea~n` nonfq, wn~q qsn donf efqnsrnfes -ljjdzelf an`d mnzqelf a-~fn zljeq, nf anhlsz a-~fn wslja~sn&

E nzq alfj dzqsnefq `d aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf nq -lsmdfezdqelf an zlf jdcefnq nf

r~n an snzwnjqns -lc emdqelf a-rd`~dqelf nq an reme dfjn&

W`~z nfjlsn, `n snt~sdfq sn`rn t~n `d onz~sn nzq nfqdjhn an aezwslwlsqelf w~ezt~-n``n d wl~slcknq, zn`lf `nz sdwwlsqz an `d jn``~`n QSDJBEF, `d jsdqelf a-~f fl~rnd~ bejhens daoefezqsdqebanz wnszlffnz zl~wlffnz , d`lsz t~-~fn efbeon wdsqen anz snfznemfnonfqz snj~ne``ez znsd~qe ezn wl~s `d wsrnfqelf anz efbsdjqelfz wfd`nz an c`dfjheonfq&

@-lc emdqelf an onqqsn nf ~rsn ~fn wslja~sn a-rd`~dqelf nq an reme dfjn d~ znef an`dzqs~jq~snwslbnzzelffn` n nzq n` n/oon aezwslwlsqelffn, z-dmezzdfq anz jdcefnqza-drljdqz&

@nz lc emdqelfz ajl~`dfq an -dsqej`n :, nxemnfq nf nbbnq, wnefn an wl~sz~eqnzaezjew efdesnz,t~n # nz drljdqz sd ezdfq -~fnanz djqereqz reznz -dsqej n4 alernfq bdesn wsn~rn a-~fn reme dfjn jlfzqdfqn nq zn alqns an

wslja~snz efqnsfnz wslwsnz dzz~sns n snzwnjq anz wsnzjsewqelfz#&@d zqs~jq~sn olunffn a-~f jdcefnq a-drljdq nf Bsdfjn fn wnsonq nf d~j~f jdz a-nfsnzwnjqns -lc emdqelf ~qe nonfq&

Lf zdeq nf nbbnq, t~n oon nz qdc ezznonfqz befdfjensz t~e lfq anz olunfza-efrnzqemdqelfz, anz lsmdfezonz an be qsdmn, anz jloeqz an a ecsdqelf wl~s zdrles ze~fn lwsdqelf nzq jlssnjqn l~ wdz, anz lsmdfezonz an j`ndsefm, t~e zn s~fezznfq wl~sa ecsns, fn wdsrenffnfq wdz djjlow es nbbnjqernonfq nq nbbejdjnonfq jnqqn

lc emdqelf&

E f-nzq wdz wlzzec`n a-eowlzns ~fn flson eanfqet~n, wnefn an odft~nonfqwslbnzzelffn , z~s `nz jdcefnqz a-drljdqz d`lsz t~-d~ 4ns kdfrens 3775, `nflocsn anzdrljdqz nf Bsdfjnz-`nrdeq >7 :41 z~s 4=5 cdssnd~x&

: @-dqqnefqn aezwslwlsqelffn d~ wsefjewn blfadonfqd a~ s`n an-drljdq adfz ~fn zljeq aoljsdqet~n&

T~n` n t~n rl`lfq an eoeqdqelf t~n nz qnxqnz wsqnfanfq dwwlsqns zd oezn nf~rsn, e f-nf snzqn wdz olefz t~n -lc emdqelf an aj`dsns anz d~qlseqz hdce eqz

nxnsjns anz wl~sz~eqnz, `nz zl~wlfz sr`z wds -djqereq a-~f j enfq -ljjdzelf an-nxnsjejn a-~fn wsnzqdqelf wslbnzzelffn` n, ojlffdeq n s`n an -drljdq adfz ~fnzljeq aoljsdqet~n&

@d Jl~s d ak n~ -ljjdzelf an sdwwn`ns t~n` n anrdeq qsn `d oezzelf an -drljdq adfz~fn zljeq aoljsdqet~n adfz `d w`feq~an an zlf nxemnfjn ; -nbbnjqereq an-dzzezqdfjn t~-e wn~q wslj~sns nf -ljj~ssnfjn jn`~e t~e bdeq dwwn zlfdzzezqdfjn& (Ad~a j& Wlsq~md`, dssq a~ 34 drse 4558, 4558/EE, w& =15, :8 / J{nid``dj& Wlsq~md`, dssq a~ 47 ljqlcsn 3773, f :88:75= 27%, j-nzq//aesn drnj djnsqeq~an an wl~rles zn jlfbens zdfz qsn aflfj&

Lf sdwwn``nsd t~n `d Jl~s an k~zqejn an `-^felf n~slwnffn drdeq an zlf jq zl~`emft~n `nz sm`nz nzznfqen``nz an `d sm`nonfqdqelf wsezn wl~s #dzz~sns `-nxnsjejn jlssnjq


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a n `d w s l b n z z el f a -d r l j d q ( % z l f q f l q d o o n f q `n a n r l e s a n a b n f a s n z l f j è nf q n f

q l ~ q n e f a w n f a d f j n n q a d f z ` - e f q s q n x j ` ~ z e b a n j n ` ~ e / j e , ( % d e f z e t ~ n ` n a n r l e s a n

s n z w n j q n s ~ f z q s e j q z n j s n q w s l b n z z e l f f n ` # ( d b b & J /:7555, ]l~qnsz, 45 brsens 3773,Snj&, E, w&4>== 477%&

Nf l~qsn `nz jlfj`~zelfz an -drljdq mfsd qdenfq w`~z nxw ejeqnz nfjlsn t~dfq `dwlsqn anz an~x msdfaz wsefjewnz rlt~z efawnfadfjn nq snzwnjq a~ znjsnqwslbnzzelffn` /, w~ezt~n` nz zl~ emfnfq t~e z #sn`rnfq an -nzznfjn oon an `dwslbnzzelf a-drljdq adfz -nfznoc`n anz qdqz onocsnz#, nf dkl~qdfq;@n znjsnqwslbnzzelffn` nzq d cdzn an d sn`dqelf an jlfbedfjn t~e nxezqn nfqsn -drljdq nq zlfjènfq& E` eowlzn -drljdq an fn aer~`m~ns d~j~fn efblsodqelf t~e `~e d qjloo~fet~n wds zlf j enfq, nq z-qnfa sdqelfn qnowlsez `d wselan wlzqsen~sn `d bef an zlf odfadq nq sdqelfn wnszlfdn -nfznoc n anz qensz& @n znjsnq

wslbnzzelffn` jlfzqeq~n md`nonfq ~fn mdsdfqen nzznfqen``n an `d ècnsq an-efaerea~ nq a~ clf blfjqelffnonfq an d k~zqejn, an zlsqn t~-e` sn`rn an -lsasn

w~cèj adfz `d w`~wdsq anz qdqz onocsnz(Jlfj`~zelfz an -drljdq mfsd @mns, Dbb& J/:7555, ]l~qnsz nq d~qsnz, wsjeq,wlefq f 487 nq wlefq f 483&%

Nf -nzwjn, -lc emdqelf an aj`dsns `n w`~z zl~rnfq % qlsq adfz ~fn wslwlsqelf alfq`nz zqdqezqet~nz sr`nfq `n jdsdjqsn aonz~s (jb Sdwwlsqz dff~n`z Qsdjbef% / nzq nfjlfqsdaejqelf drnj `n wsefjewn wsjanoonfq wlz zn`lf `nt~n` #`-drljdq aleq lbbses `d

mdsdfqen t~n ql~qnz `nz efeqedqernz t~-e` wsnfa adfz ~f alzzens `n zlfq nfjlfzeasdqelf an -efqsq nxj`~zeb a~ jènfq#&(Dssq ]l~qnsz, wsjeq%&

@n znjsnq wslbnzzelffn nzq efaerezec`n, nf qnson a-djqereqz&

Adfz ~fn q~an jlfzdjsn `d wslqnjqelf anz jlfbeanfjnz a~ jènfq zlf drljdq, d~

snmdsa an `d Jlfrnfqelf n~slwnffn anz asleqz an `-hloo n, Wenssn @docnsq efa et~deqt~n # wnszlffn fn zlfmn jlfqnzqns t~n `-djjlo wèzzno nfq an `d oezzelf an `-dr ljdqf-nzq wlzzec`n t~n ze zlf jènfq wn~ q z-nxwseo ns nf ql~qn ècnsq drnj `~e& @n znjsnq

wslbnzzelffn` an `-drljdq nq znz jlsl``desnz qsl~rnfq `n~s blfanonfq adfz jnqqnfjnzzdesn ecnsq anz jhdfmnz nfqsn `~e nq zlf j enfq& Zdfz jnqqn jlfbedfjn qlqd`n (%,`n~sz jloo~fejdqelfz znslfq o`nz an sqejnfjnz nq an onfzlfmnz nq `d abnfzn fnznsd w`~z nfqesn# (&W& @DOCNSQ, #@d wslqnjqelf anz jlfbeanfjnz a~ j enfq zlf drljdq,d~ snmdsa an `d Jlfrnfqelf n~slwnffn anz asleqz an `-hloon#, ef @ecns Doejls~o

Kl{nb Rdf Anf Hn~rn , Dfrnsz, I`~}ns, 4555, w& 83&%

Defze, d~/an` a~ jdsdjqsn èoeqdqeb efrlt~, `d zn~`n wlzzeceèq wl~s ~f drljdq an

#aflfjns zlf jènfq# nq `-efjnsqeq~an t~e z-u dqqdjhn, dqqnfqn `d z~czqdfjn an `doezzelf an `-drljdq adfz ~fn zljeq aoljsdqet~n, nq s~efn `d sn`dqelf an jlfbedfjnt~e aleq nfql~sns d wlzzece eq an zn jlfbens&

@-eowsjezelf, `n blsq qd~x an aj`dsdqelfz efblfanz djhrnfq an aolfqsns `n jdsdjqsnnxjnzzeb zeflf adfmnsn~x an `-lcèmdqelf an aflfjedqelf, t~e anon~sn nf jlfqsdaejqelf drnj `d

oezzelf an `-drljdq qn``n t~n `d Jl~s `-d ak abefe

Bdesn an `d wslbnzzelf a-drljdq `n rnjqn~s an `d aflfjedqelf wlqnfqen` n a~ j enfqdcl~qeq bdesn wnzns ~fn abedfjn -mdsa a-~fn wslbnzzelf t~n`t~n zlenfq nzdjqereqz wslbnzzelffn` nz nxnsjnz l~ `nz wsnzqdqelfz djjlow enz&


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@ - eo w s j e z e l f n q ` -e f j n s q e q ~ a n bs d w w n f q n f l ~ q s n d ~ w s n o e n s j h n b ` n k ~ z q e j ed c ` n t ~ e f - d

w d z w l ~ s l c ` e md q e l f a n j l f f d e q s n `d s m `n o n f q d q e l f j l f j n s f d f q `n z d r l j d q z l ~ `n z

jdqmlsenz k~seaet~nz alfq e sn`rn drdfq an z-dasnzzns ~f wslbnzzelffn , nq emflsnsdz-e` nfjl~sq `n sezt~n a-~fn t~n`jlft~n aj`dsdqelf ~fn d~qlseq t~n`jlft~n wl~s`nz efblsodqelfz l~ `d oezzelf t~-e d jlfben ~f wslbnzzelffn &

E z-dmeq a-~fn flson t~e nfqsn nf jlfqsdaejqelf drnj nz wsefjewnz blfadonfqd~x an dwslbnzzelf a-drljdq qn`z t~n `nzqnxqnz efqnsfdqelfd~x `nz abefezznfq&

Rdefnonfq znsdeq/e zl~qnf~ t~-e z-dmeq an rne `ns `d wsrnfqelf an `n `d a eft~dfjnw~ezt~-~f drljdq nzq ef`~jqdc`nonfq wl~sz~ere jloon jl/d~qn~s l~ jloonjlow ejn d~ jdz l e d wlsq zlf jlfjl~sz ~fn lwsdqelf an c`dfjheonfq anzjdweqd~x nq an befdfjnonfq a~ qnsslsezon nq jn u jlowsez z-e d wslja ~fnaj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf&

Nf l~qsn, ql~qnz `nz qsdfzdjqelfz befdfjesnz reznz wds `d sm`nonfqdqelf, t~e znsdenfq

nf anhlsz a-~fn djqereq an jlfz~ qdqelf k~seaet~n l~ a-~fnwslja~snk~seaejqelffn``n,bnsdeqefqnsrnfes ~f l~ w`~zen~sz efqnsoaedesnz l~ wsnzqdqdesnzdzqsnefq anw~ez -lsemefn `d aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf nq -lc emdqelf a-rd`~dqelf nq anreme dfjn, jn t~e djhrn an aolfqsns -dcznfjn an ql~qn wslwlsqelffd eq nq an ql~qnfjnzzeq adfz ~fn zljeq aoljsdqet~n&

@-efmsnfjn an `-d~qls eq w~c èt~n f-nzq alfj d~j~fnonfqk~zqeben wds `d zsnqw~c et~n, d abnfzn an -lsasn nq `d wsrnfqelf anz efbsdjqelfz wfd`nz&

@n zn~ nbbnq ~qe n nq an bdesn wdsqejewns an bdlf jlowònfqdesn nz drljdqz ~fsnjl~wnonfq l~ d~ jsleznonfq a-efblsodqelfz wl~s `d jlfzqeq~qelf nq `n qsdeqnonfq

anz bejhensz, jn t~e nzq nf jlfqsdaejqelf drnj ql~z `nz wsefjewnz smezzdfq `n oezzelf an-drljdq nq `n zqdq~q anz sn`dqelfz nfqsn -drljdq nq zlf j enfq, j-nzq//aesn `d sdezlfa-qsn dfjnzqsd`n a-~fn wslbnzzelf zwjebet~n&

E u d alfj cenf rel`dqelf an -dsqej`n 8 an d Jlfrnfqelf&

ER, Z^S @D REL@DQELF AN @DSQEJ@N = AN @D JLFRNFQELF

@-dsqej`n = an `d jlfrnfqelf n~slwnffn anz asleqz an -hloon&Dsqej`n =/ Wdz an wnefn zdfz le4& F~ fn wn~q qsn jlfadof wl~s ~fn djqelf l~ ~fn loezzelf t~e, d~ olonfq ln``n d q jlooezn, fn jlfzqeq~deq wdz ~fn efbsdjqelf a-dwsz `n asleq fdqelfd` l~efqnsfdqelfd`& An oon e` f-nzq efbèm d~j~fn wnefn w`~z blsqn t~n jn``n t~e qdeqdww ejdc`n d~ olonfq l -efbsdjqelf d q jlooezn&3& @n wsznfq dsqej`n fn wlsqnsd wdz dqqnefqn d~ k~mnonfq nq `d w~feqelf a-~fn

wnszlffn jl~wdc`n a-~fn djqelf l~ a-~fn loezzelf t~e, d~ olonfq l n` n d qjlooezn, qdeq jseoefn``n a-dwsz `nz wsefjewnz mfsd~x an asleq snjlff~z wds `nzfdqelfz jereèznz

d% @-eowsjezelf an `d flson aezjew efdesn ;@d flf sr`dqelf a-~f zl~wlf nzq zl~oez ~fn zdfjqelf aezjew efdesn, t~en``noon zl~oezn d~x sm`nz wslja~sd`nza~ asleq wfd &


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1,45

A~ wlefq an r~n an d jlfrnfqelf, nz zdfjqelfz aezjew efdesnz msdrnz zlfq jlfzeasnzjloon anz djj~zdqelfz nf odqesn wfd`n d~ znfz an -dsq& 2 4& ( Nfmn` nq d~qsnzjlfqsn Wduz/Cdz, dssq a~ 8 k~ef 45=2, zsen D fl 33, w& 31%&

N` nz nfqsdefnfq anz jlfzt~nfjnz msdrnz wl~s ~f wslbnzzelffn &

Nf nbbnq, `nz drljdqz t~e fn zn jlfblsonsdenfq wdz d~x lcèmdqelfz wlznz wds `dajezelf dqqdt~n nfjl~ssdenfq ~fn zdfjqelf aezjewèfdesn, wslflfjn nf dwwèjdqelfan `d `le f =4/44:7 a~ :4 ajno csn 45=4 nq a~ ajsnq f 54/445= a~ 3= flrnocsn 4554

(jb& dsq& 48:; Ql~qn jlfqsdrnfqelf d~x `lez nq sm`nonfqz, ql~qn efbsdjqelf d~xsm`nz wslbnzzelffn``nz, (&&&% nxwlzn `-drljdq t~e nf nzq `-d~qn~s d~x zdfjqelfz

aezjewèfdesnz f~osnz -dsqej`n 481 %&

@d sm`nonfqdqelf eowlzn alfj wnefn an wl~sz~eqnz aezjewèfdesnz wl~rdfq d``ns

k~zt~- `d sdaedqelf a~ cdssnd~, ~fn wsnzjsewqelf mfsd`n nq rdm~n, `d flqelfan zl~wlf dwwdsdezzdfq, nf asleq bsdfdez, wn~ wsjezn&

Ls -dcznfjn an abefeqelf a-~f zl~wlf jlfqsnrenfq -nxemnfjn an wsjezelfefhsnfqn d~ snzwnjq an `-dsqej`n =an d Jlfrnfqelf (# Wdz an wnefn zdfz le#%&

Blsjn nzq an jlfzqdqns t~n d flqelf fd flf zn~`nonfq d~j~f jdsdjqsn an wsjezelf,odez lceq d~ jlfqsdesn `d w`~z msdfan eowsjezelf, t~e qn d~ qnxqn ql~qnwsrezeceèq&

Nf jn znfz, e fn wn~q drles t~~f nbbnq efjnsqdef z~s `n c~q wl~sz~ere (`d wsrnfqelfanz efbsdjqelfz%, odez fn wn~q t~dcl~qes drnj jnsqeq~an s~efns abefeqernonfq `djlfbedfjn alfq d Jl~s d sdwwn` t~n` n qdeq ~f wsefjewn fjnzzdesn, nfqsn drljdq nq

znz j enfqz&

@dsqej`n = an `d Jlfrnfqelf t~e jlfzdjsn, an odfesn mfsd`n, `n wsefjewn an `d`md eq anz a eqz nq anz wnefnz, wslhecn, nf wdsqej~ ens, `dww ejdqelf sqsldjqern a~asleq wfd lszt~n` n zlwsn d~ aqseonfq an djj~z&

Ze efqnsaeq nf wdsqej~ ens aqnfasn `n jhdow adww ejdqelf anz efbsdjqelfz nxezqdfqnz anz bdeqz t~e, dfqsen~snonfq, fn jlfzqeq~denfq wdz anz efbsdjqelfz, e jloodfan nfl~qsn an fn wdz dww et~ns d le wfd`n an odfesn nxqnfzern d~ aqseonfq an djj~z,wds nxnow`n wds dfd`lmen&

Nf jn t~e jlfjnsfn `n qnson an `le, -dsqej`n = rezn nxdjqnonfq d oon flqelf t~njn` n `dt~n` n snfrlenfq a-d~qsnz aezwlzeqelfz an `d Jlfrnfqelf now`ludfq jn qnson,flqelf t~e jlowsnfa n asleq jseq d~zze cenf t~n d k~sezws~anfjn (Is~z ef j& Bsdfjn,dssq a~ 31 drse 4557, zsen D fl 4=2/D, w& 34, 35, nq Jdzdal Jljd j&Nzwdmfn, dssqa~ 31 brsens 4551, zsen D fl 38>/D, w& 48, 1:%&

E jlfrenfq an bdesn sbsnfjn, eje, defze t~n `d Jl~s -d ql~kl~sz wsjez, `d flqelf an `le adfz zlf djjnwqelf odqsen``n nq flf blson` n , jn t~e jlowsnfad~zzecenf anz qnxqnz an sdfm efbsd`mez`dqeb t~n anz qnxqnz sm`nonfqdesnz nq n asleq flfjseq (An ]e an, Lloz nq Rnszuw j& Cn`met~n a~ 48 k~ef 45=4, zsen D fl 43, w& 1>, 5:%&


29/33

1,37

E` znfz~eq t~n d le l~ d flson aezjew efdesnaleq abefes j`desnonfq `nz efbsdjqelfz nq`nz wnefnz t~e nz swseonfq&

@d Jl~s d aeq t~n #jnqqn jlfaeqelf zn qsl~rn snow en lszt~n n k~zqejedc`n wn~q zdrles, wdsqes a~ ecn` an `d aezwlzeqelf wnsqefnfqn nq d~ cnzlef `dean an èfqnswsqdqelf

t~e nf nzq alffn wds `nz qsec~fd~x, t~n`z djqnz nq loezzelfz nfmdmnfq zdsnzwlfzdceèq wfd`n#& ( Jdfqlfe j& Bsdfjn, dssq a~ 4> flrnocsn 4552, Snj~ne anzdssqz nq ajezelfz 4552/R, w&423=, 359Djhl~s j& Bsdfjn (f 2=::>74%, a~ 47flrnocsn 3771 14%&

Nf l~qsn, az -dssqOdsjix snfa~ nf 45=5, `d Jl~s d dbbeso t~n `n wsefjewn anzj~seqk~seaet~n nzq #fjnzzdesnonfq efhsnfq d~ asleq an `d Jlfrnfqelf#&

Ls `d Jl~s nxemn a~ asleq fdqelfd jloon a~ asleq jloo~fd~qdesn, t~e z snzwnjqnfq`n wsefjewn an wsrezeceèq; d t~nzqelf zn wlzn an zdrles ze jnq dsqej`n nzq ècn``drnj z~bbezdoonfq an wsjezelf wl~s wnsonqqsn d~x anzqefdqdesnz an `d `le an sm`ns

`n~s jlfa~eqn nq swlfa defze `nxemnfjn an wsrezece eq amdmn an `dk~sezws~anfjn an `d Jl~s n~slwnffn anz asleqz an `hloon# (Snirfue j& Hlfmsendssq a~ 37 ode 4555, Snj~ne anz dssqz nq ajezelfz 4555/EEE, :1%

Ls, d aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf nzq ~fn onz~sn, w~snonfq jlfknjq~sn` n l~ z~cknjqern,qsz aebbeje n onqqsn nf ~rsn&

@d reme dfjn nq -rd`~dqelf n zlfq w`~z nfjlsn&

@-dsqej`n : an d ajezelfeowlzn d~x drljdqz an bdesn wsn~rn a-~fn reme`dfjnjlfzqdfqn nq an zn alqns anz wslja~snz efqnsfnz wslwsnz dzz~sns `n snzwnjq anz

aezwlzeqelfz an `d `le a~ 44 brsens 3771 nq a~ ajsnq a~ 32 k~ef 3772, jlfjnsfdfqflqdoonfq `d aj`dsdqelf an zl~wlf &

Senf f-nzq wsjez, jnwnfadfq, t~dfq `d wlsqn nxdjqn an -lc emdqelf an reme dfjn, fet~dfq d~x jdsdjqsezqet~nz t~n alernfq wsznfqns `nz wslja~snz efqnsfnz onqqsn nfw`djn wds -drljdq, fe nfjlsn t~dfq `d abefeqelf jlfjsqn a~ zl~wlf anrdfqalffns en~ aj`dsdqelf&

@-efjnsqeq~an nzq djjs~n wds `d fdq~sn zdfz jseqsnz k~seaet~nz wsjez an `d aj`dsdqelfw~ezt~n jn`~e/je efaet~n flqdoonfq ;#Ze `d `le eowlzn d~ wslbnzzelffn an wlsqns znzzl~wlfz d jlffdezzdfjn an Qsdjbef, e` fn ~e dwwdsqenfq fe adwwlsqns d wsn~rn

an d odqsedèq an efbsdjqelf fe an wsljans zd t~dèbejdqelf t~e sn`rnfq an dzn~`n jlowqnfjn an d~qlseq k~aejedesn& Nf snrdfjhn, l~qsn nz ònfqz sn`dqebz èanfqebejdqelf a~ jènfq nq d~ anzjsewqeb anz b`~x befdfjensz jlfjnsfz, zd aj`dsdqelfaleq qsn qdun wds `nxwlz an `dfdùzn t~e d blfa zd z~zwejelf#&(Sdwwlsq a-djqereqQsdjbef 3778 w& =3%

E z-dmeq alfj a-~fn aflfjedqelf zdfz wsn~rn, z~s ~fn zeow`n z~zwejelf, -ljjdzelfan `dt~n` n -drljdq aleq bl~sfes d~x d~qlseqz befdfjesnz nq swsnzzernz`nz jlfknjq~snzt~n `~e efzwesn`n jlowlsqnonfq an zlf j enfq&

@n al~qn rnfq~n an -drljdq z~s -lsemefn ejeqn a-~fn lwsdqelfjlfzqeq~n defze ~f zl~wlf , anrdfq d~qlodqet~nonfq alffns en~ aj`dsdqelf d~ qeqsn an `dsm`nonfqdqelf dfqe/c`dfjheonfq, wnefn an zdfjqelfz aezjew efdesnz&


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E` nxezqn alfj ~fn rseqdc`n efjnsqeq~an t~dfq `d wlsqn anz lc emdqelfz wlznz wds-dsqej`n : an `d ajezelf dqqdt~n&

Wds de `n~sz, ze -dsqej`n 3 aezwnfzn `nz drljdqz anz lc emdqelfz wlznz wds `d ajezelf

dqqdt~n az `lsz t~-e`z nxnsjnfq ~fn djqereq an jlfz~`qdqelf k~seaet~n l~ `lszt~n`n~s djqereq zn sdqqdjhn ~fn wslja~sn k~seaejqelffn``n , e fn bl~sfeq d~j~fnabefeqelf an -djqereq an jlfz~ qdqelf k~seaet~n &

Nf -nzwjn, d sm`nonfqdqelf nf jd~znanrdeq alfj abefes an bdlf wsjezn nqjlow`qn `nz lc emdqelfz oeznz d jhdsmn anz drljdqz wds n sm`nonfq wslbnzzelffn &

Qn f-nzq wdz n jdz&

c% `d rel`dqelf a~ wsefjewn an zj~seq k~seaet~n ;

@d sm`nonfqdqelf nfbsnefq w`~z mfsd`nonfq `n wsefjewn an zj~seq k~seaet~nfjnzzdesnonfq efhsnfq d~ asleq an `d Jlfrnfqelft~e eow et~n d fjnzzeq a~fnj`dsq an d flson nq a~fn jlhsnfjn a~ Asleq&

@n wsefjewn an zj~seq k~seaet~n nzq ~f wsefjewn blfadonfqd` a~ asleq n~s

echr : michaud v. france : application

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