Simulation

SimulationWhat is Simulation?1Governing PhysicsDarcys Law (without gravity term)

Material Balance Equation

Accumulation =+/- Inj/Prod(In Out)Mass FluxCombine the Equations

2Simulator Flow Equation (with gravity term)

whereMethods to solveFinite DifferenceGoverning equations discretized on a fixed grid

Boundary Element / Finite ElementGoverning equations solved using basis functions

Streamline SimulationGoverning equations discretized but solved on separate grids

Types of SimulatorsBlack Oil Simulators (ECLIPSE Blackoil)Oil & Gas phases are represented by one component Assumes composition of gas & oil components are constant with pressure & time

Compositional Simulators (ECLIPSE Compositional)Oil & Gas phases are represented by multicomponent mixturesAssumes the reservoir fluids at all temperatures, pressures, compositions & time can be represented by EOS

Reservoir Simulation BasicsThe reservoir is divided into a number of cellsBasic data is provided for each cellWells are positioned within the cellsThe required well production rates are specified as a function of timeThe equations are solved to give the pressure and saturations for each block as well as the production of each phase from each well

We are Interested in Simulating FlowFlow from one grid block to the nextFlow from a grid block to the well completionFlow within the wells (and surface networks)

Flow= Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

Geometry & PropertiesFluid PropertiesWell ProductionECLIPSE Model: *.DATAk7RUNSPECSCHEDULESUMMARYSOLUTIONREGIONSPROPSGRIDEDIT Wells, completions, rate data, flow correlations, surface facilitiesSimulator advance, control and termination Request output for line plots (optional section)InitializationSubdivision of the reservoir (optional section)PVT & SCAL propertiesModification of the processed GRID data (optional section)General model characteristicsGrid geometry and basic rock propertiesEach section of the data file is read, processed, consistency checks are performed & required information is written to various output files (ie *.PRT)Exceptions: RUNSPEC: Used for allocation of dynamic memorySCHEDULE: Time dependent data is read & processed at every time step

How ECLIPSE Works67Use: Variations of Reservoir Properties3D view of EQLNUM propertyEQUIL keyword tables now associated with EQLNUM regionsResulting initial oil saturation

EQLNumSOLUTION

EQUIL 2 TABLES 7100 3814.70 7500 0 7100 0 1 0 5 / 8000 4145.39 7550 0 7000 0 1 0 5 /68Use: Reporting Purposes FIPNUM (fluid in place regions) are defined in the REGIONS sectionIn the Solution section:RPTSOL FIP=2 /The PRT file now shows the fluids in place both originally & at each report step

69REGIONS Section KeywordsCommonly Used

Special Use

Operators

Exceptions (these are in GRID Section)FIPNUMSATNUMPVTNUMEQLNUMFIPXXXXX (ex: FIPLAYER, FIPEXPL)

EQUALS, ADD, COPY, etc

FLUXNUM, RESVNUM, NINENUM, PINCHNUM74Purpose of the SOLUTION SectionThe SOLUTION is used to define the initial state of every cell in the modelInitial pressure and phase saturation Initial solution ratiosDepth dependence of reservoir fluid propertiesOil and gas re-solution ratesInitial analytical aquifer conditions

76EQUILSets the contacts and pressures for conventional hydrostatic equilibriumEQUIL items are interpreted differently depending on the phases presentMay have more than one equilibration region (see EQLDIMS)EQUIL-- D P OWC Pcow GOC Pcog RSVD/PBVD RVVD/PDVD N 7000 4000 7150 0 1* 1* 1* 1* 0 /

EQUIL82Restart RunsThe solution at the end of the initialization is set as start conditions for the history match

Why bother to recalculate initial saturations & pressures?

Restarts save simulation time!

Field Production RateHistory Period(Initialization Run)(Restart Run)TimeCell Saturations & Pressures recorded83EnumerationInitial conditions may be set explicitlyThis may be appropriate in reservoirs with initially tilted contacts or non-equilibrium situations ECLIPSE will check supplied information against phases in the Runspec section

91Typical History Match Schedule SectionSpecify outputSpecify wells, VFP tables, completions & ratesAdvance the simulationSpecify old well ratesSpecify any workoversSpecify any new wellsRepeatEnd of history match

92VFP Curve SpecificationThe VFP table is a table of BHP versus FLO, THP, WFR, GFR and ALQFLO is the oil, liquid or gas production rateWFR is the water-oil ratio, water cut or water-gas ratioGFR is the gas-oil ratio, gas-liquid ratio or oil-gas ratioALQ is a variable that can be used to incorporate an additional parameter, such as the level of artificial liftVFPi is the ECLIPSE family pre-processor that can be used to generate this keyword

94Well Specification: WELSPECSIntroduces new well and specifies some of its general dataThis keyword is compulsoryA well must be introduced with this keyword before it can be referenced in any other keywordWELSPECS--nm grp I J refD phase drad P1 G 2 2 1* OIL -1 / P21 G 8 1 1* OIL -1 / I20 G 20 1 1* WAT -1 / /

WELSPECS95WELSPECS Item 7, Drainage RadiusProductivity index (PI) and well drawdown depend upon:Grid block size in ECLIPSE

A significant part of history matching is adjusting well parameters to achieve the correct inflow performance

ECLIPSE ModelPc, cell pressurerePw, well BHPrd, re drainage radiiP* average reservoir pressurePwrdPhysical ModelPwWELSPECS20Grid Cell Property DefinitionCell properties such as PORO, PERMX, PERMY, PERMZ, NTG are averages defined at the centre22Inactive CellsAvoid simulating fluid flow in unimportant cells ACTNUM explicitly set each cells behaviour0 indicates the cell is inactive1 indicates the cell is activeMINPV indicate a minimum pore volume for a cell to be activePINCH indicate a minimum thickness for a cell to be activeECLIPSE will automatically inactivate any cell with zero pore volume

Note: FloViz & FloGrid are normally defaulted to show active cells only (Scene | Grid | Show | Inactive cells)23Cell Property Definition RulesOne property per cell (NX*NY*NZ)Values must be defined for inactive cells too Explicit values onlyECLIPSE has no facilities for entering data as a functionFloGrid, Office, FloViz have property calculatorsDefine the property with the pre-processorExport the property as a text file (*.grdecl)Use the INCLUDE keyword

24Input Examples--NX = 5, NY = 3, NZ = 4

NTG1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.001.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.0015*0.40 15*0.9515*0.85 /

EQUALS'PORO ' 0.250 /'PERMX' 45 /'PERMX' 10 1 5 1 3 2 2 /'PERMX' 588 1 5 1 3 3 3 //

BOX1 3 1 3 1 1 /

PORO9*0.28 /

PERMX100 80 85 83 99 110 92 91 84 /

ENDBOX

COPY'PERMX' 'PERMY' /'PERMX' 'PERMZ' // MULTIPLY'PERMZ' 0.05 //

2Specify each valueSpecify similar values with the *BOX exampleThis would overwrite PORO & PERMX specified previouslyEQUALS exampleApplies to whole gridApplies to cells specifiedCOPY exampleMULTIPLY example25Cell Property Definition using PetrelThe properties are assigned to each cell during upscaling & exported to a fileThe INCLUDE keyword is used to load the properties from Petrel:

INCLUDEgrainne_props.grdecl /

In the file, search for / to show them how the properties are entered26For a report in the PRT file, use:RPTGRID (request report of many GRID Section keywords, including ALLNNC)BOUNDARY limits the PRT output to specified I,J,K range

For 3D viewable output, use:Geometric data (*.egrid), GRIDFILE 0 1 /Static properties (*.init), INIT

GRID Section Output ControlsFor an unstructured grid, the *.egrid must be exported from FloGridEDIT Section28Purpose of the EDIT SectionCell geometry, pore volume and transmissibily are calculated in the GRID SectionThese properties are modified in the EDIT SectionEDIT is optional

PROPS Section - Fluid PropertiesThis slide does not appear in the manual31Purpose of the PROPS SectionThe PROPS section contains pressure and saturation dependent properties of the reservoir fluids & rocksFluid information required (for each fluid in RUNSPEC):Fluid PVT as a function of PressureDensity or GravityRock information required:Relative permeabilities as a function of saturationCapillary pressures as a function of saturationRock compressibility as a function of pressure

32PVT: Pressure Volume TemperatureWhy is PVT needed?Mass balance is a key equation in simulationProduced volumes must be translated to reservoir conditionsReservoir volumes must be converted to massWhere does PVT come from?Laboratory experiments Equation of State ModelCorrelationsProcessed in PVTi

33Black Oil vs. Compositional SimulationFor every time stepFlow equation solution for eachcell subject to material balancePVT data lookup from supplied tablesBlack OilIterative flash of component mixture to equilibrium conditions for each cellIterative solution of cubic equation of state for each component in each cellFlow equation for eachcell subject to material balanceCompositionalChoice of compositional model may be due to an EOR process (ie CO2 injection) even if the oil & gas in the reservoir is in the Blackoil part of the phase envelope.34Black Oil Model Phase Options

A: Dead OilD: Dry GasE: Wet GasB: Live Oil, Initially UndersaturatedC: Live Oil, Saturated36PVTO--Rs Pbub FVF Mu0.137 1214.7 1.1720 1.9700.195 1414.7 1.2000 1.5560.241 1614.7 1.2210 1.3970.288 1814.7 1.2420 1.2800.375 2214.7 1.2780 1.0950.465 2614.7 1.3200 0.9670.558 3014.7 1.3600 0.8480.661 3414.7 1.4020 0.7620.770 3814.7 1.4470 0.691 4214.7 1.4405 0.694 4614.7 1.4340 0.697 /

Live Oil Data Entry Using PVTO & PVCOSaturated Undersaturated

PVCO a simple method for live oil data. When calculating the undersaturated region, ECLIPSE assumes:

37Gas EOS in the Black Oil Model

Where Bg (formation volume factor):And Rv (amount of surface oil vaporized in reservoir vapor):Subscripts:gr = reservoir vaporog = surface oil from reservoir vaporgg = surface gas from reservoir vaporTraditionaly Vo( r) is not included in the equation for Bg since it is part of live gas volume Vg(r ). 38Dry Gas Data Entry Using PVDG & PVZGPVDG--P Bg Mu1214 13.947 0.01241414 7.028 0.01251614 4.657 0.01281814 3.453 0.01302214 2.240 0.01392614 1.638 0.01483014 1.282 0.0161 /

RVCONST--Rv Pd0.0047 1214 /

PVZG Alternative of PVDG. The Z factor is related to the formation volume factor Bg, reference temperature Tref and pressure P by:39Wet Gas Data Entry Using PVTGPVTG-- Pg Rv Bg Mu 60 0.00014 0.05230 0.0234 / 120 0.00012 0.01320 0.0252 / 180 0.00015 0.00877 0.0281 / 240 0.00019 0.00554 0.0318 / 300 0.00029 0.00417 0.0355 / 360 0.00049 0.00357 0.0392 / 560 0.00060 0.00356 0.0393 //

40Water EOS in the Black Oil Model

Where

41Reference DensitiesSurface densities are specified using either keyword:DENSITYGRAVITY1st Stage Separator2nd Stage SeparatorOil & Water at reservoir conditionsCompressorStock TankWater Treatmentxxx

42Using Multiple PVT RegionsKeywords necessary:In RUNSPEC, check TABDIMS & EQLDIMSIn PROPS, include multiple tables (some may be defaulted)In REGIONS, include PVTNUM & EQLNUM

43Using API TrackingKeywords necessary:In RUNSPEC, use APIIn PROPS, at least full PVT for highest & lowest API oilIn SOLUTION, use OILAPI or APIVD

PROPS Section Saturation FunctionsThis slide does not appear in the manual45Purpose of the PROPS SectionThe PROPS section contains pressure and saturation dependent properties of the reservoir fluids & rocksFluid information required (for each fluid in RUNSPEC):Fluid PVT as a function of PressureDensity or GravityRock information required:Relative permeability as a function of saturationCapillary pressures as a function of saturationRock compressibility as a function of pressure

This slide does not appear in the manual46Rock CompressibilityRequired since the pore volume varies under pressureSimplest approach: ROCK keywordRock compressibility is reversible and the same everywhere

Additional options (see Rock Compressibility in the Technical Description):A table of compaction as a function of pressureReversible or IrreversibleThe ability to modify the transmissibility as a function of pressureA hysteretic model to allow partial reflationA water-induced compaction model47ROCK keywordRock Compressibility

ECLIPSE adjusts the pore volume using:

Cell Bulk Volume is constant and equal to Pore Volume + Rock Volume48Purpose of Saturation Functions

Used to calculate the initial saturation for each phase in each cellUsed to calculate the initial transition zone saturation of each phaseUsed to calculate fluid mobility to solve the flow equations between cells and from cell to well349Significant Saturation Endpoints

Gas Oil Relative PermeabilitySOGCR (1 - Sg)SGCRSGUSGL+KrgKrogSWL: connate water saturation SWCR: critical water saturation SWU: maximum water saturation SOWCR: critical oil-water saturation SGL: connate gas saturation SGCR: critical gas saturation SGU: maximum gas saturation SOGCR: critical oil-gas saturation

Oil Water Relative PermeabilitySOWCR (1 - Sw)SWCRSWUSWL+KrwKrow51Family 1 Example SWOF, SGOFSWOF--Sw Krw Krow Pcwo0.1510 0.0000 1.0000 400.000.2033 0.0001 0.9788 20.400.3500 0.0002 0.8302 11.650.4000 0.0695 0.1714 3.600.4613 0.1049 0.0949 2.780.5172 0.1430 0.0511 1.930.5731 0.1865 0.0246 1.070.6010 0.2103 0.0161 0.830.6569 0.2619 0.0059 0.660.7128 0.3186 0.0015 0.380.8111 0.4309 0.0000 0.160.8815 0.4900 0.0000 0.00 /

SGOF--Sg Krg Krog Pcgo0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.000.0400 0.0000 0.6000 0.200.1000 0.0220 0.3300 0.500.2000 0.1000 0.1000 1.000.3000 0.2400 0.0200 1.500.4000 0.3400 0.0000 2.000.5000 0.4200 0.0000 2.500.6000 0.5000 0.0000 3.000.7000 0.8125 0.0000 3.500.8490 1.0000 0.0000 3.90 /

SWL= 1 - SOWCRMust be zeroThese must be the sameMust be zeroMust be zeroMust be zeroSGU = 1 - SWL52Family 2 Example SWFN, SGFN, SOF3SOF3--So Krow Krog 0.30 0.000 0.000 0.40 0.089 0.008 0.50 0.253 0.064 0.60 0.354 0.125 0.70 0.586 0.343 0.80 0.854 0.729 0.90 1.000 1.000 /

SWFN --Sw Krw Pcow 0.10 0.000 20.0 0.20 0.004 5.00 0.30 0.032 3.30 0.40 0.062 2.60 0.50 0.172 1.50 0.60 0.365 0.80 0.70 0.500 0.60 0.80 0.667 0.30 0.90 0.833 0.10 1.00 1.000 0.00 /SGFN --Sg Krg Pcog 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.05 0.000 0.03 0.15 0.089 0.30 0.25 0.164 0.60 0.35 0.253 1.00 0.45 0.354 1.50 0.55 0.465 2.10 0.65 0.586 2.80 0.75 0.716 3.60 0.85 0.854 4.50 0.90 1.000 5.50 /

Must be zeroMust be zeroMust be the sameSOILmax = 1 - SWL533 Phase Oil Relative PermeabilityECLIPSE default model is a weighted sum:

Other options in ECLIPSEModified STONE 1 Modified STONE 2

1-So-SWLSWLSo1-So

WATEROILGASUses Krog tableUses Krow table1

Parallel conductance is another option available from Scal, see the Scal users guide for more information54Saturation Table ScalingGiven a few generic saturation functions:Saturation functions are transformed and applied to the existing rock typesThree main types:Horizontal Scaling scales relative permeability along the saturation axisVertical Scaling scales relative permeability valuesCapillary pressure scaling

Before Scaling

After Scaling55Horizontal Scaling End-Points

SWUKrwKrow1-SWL-SGLSWCRSOWCRIncreasing Oil SaturationIncreasing Water SaturationRelative Permeability

KrgKrog1-SWL-SGLSGCRSOGCRIncreasing Oil SaturationIncreasing Gas SaturationRelative PermeabilitySGU56Implementing Horizontal Scaling1) Decide on what needs to be scaledWhich end-points?Which relative permeability curves?2) Input un-scaled saturation functionsFamily 1 or Family 2 keywords3) Insert ENDSCALE in RUNSPEC4) Input scaled end-points in PROPSEntered on per cell basis or with ENPTVD57Example Scaling SWCRSWOF-- Sw Krw Krow Pcow 0.150 0.000 1.000 0.00 0.240 0.000 0.784 0.00 0.295 0.005 0.665 0.00 0.350 0.017 0.555 0.00 0.405 0.036 0.454 0.00 0.460 0.062 0.363 0.00 0.515 0.095 0.282 0.00 0.570 0.134 0.210 0.00 0.625 0.180 0.149 0.00 0.680 0.231 0.097 0.00 0.735 0.290 0.056 0.00 0.790 0.354 0.026 0.00 0.845 0.424 0.007 0.00 0.900 0.500 0.000 0.00 1.000 0.700 0.000 0.00/

BOX 1 1 1 1 1 2 /

SWCR 0.16 0.45 /

SWCR = 0.16(1,1,1)SWCR=0.24(1,1,3)SWCR=0.45(1,1,2)Water SaturationRelative PermeabilityKrw (1,1,1)Krw (1,1,2)Krw (1,1,3)Krow58Example Scaling SWL and SOWCRSWOF 0.150 0.000 1.000 32.43 0.240 0.000 0.784 15.01 0.295 0.005 0.665 10.48 0.350 0.017 0.555 7.66 0.405 0.036 0.454 5.76 0.460 0.062 0.363 4.41 0.515 0.095 0.282 3.41 0.570 0.134 0.210 2.65 0.625 0.180 0.149 2.05 0.680 0.231 0.097 1.57 0.735 0.290 0.056 1.17 0.790 0.354 0.026 0.85 0.845 0.424 0.007 0.57 0.900 0.500 0.000 0.34 1.000 0.700 0.000 0.00/BOX 1 1 1 1 3 3 /SWL 0.22 /SOWCR 0.25 /

1-SWL-SGL(SWL=0.22)SOWCR=0.25KrwKrow OriginalKrow ScaledWater SaturationRelative PermeabilityOil Water Relative Permeability59Example Scaling SWL and SOWCR (continued)SGOF 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.00 0.100 0.000 0.699 0.00 0.154 0.005 0.563 0.00 0.208 0.019 0.443 0.00 0.263 0.044 0.341 0.00 0.317 0.078 0.254 0.00 0.371 0.122 0.182 0.00 0.425 0.175 0.124 0.00 0.479 0.238 0.078 0.00 0.533 0.311 0.045 0.00 0.588 0.394 0.022 0.00 0.642 0.486 0.008 0.00 0.696 0.588 0.001 0.00 0.750 0.700 0.000 0.00 0.850 1.000 0.000 0.00/

SGU 0.78 /

SGU=0.781-SWL-SGL(SWL=0.22)Gas SaturationRelative PermeabilityOil Gas Relative PermeabilityKrg OriginalKrg ScaledKrog OriginalKrog ScaledNote SGU is scaled for consistency (otherwise SGU+SWL > 1)60Vertical Scaling End-Points

KRWRKrwKrowKROKRORWKRWWater SaturationRelative PermeabilityOil Water Relative Permeability

KrgKrogGas SaturationRelative PermeabilityKRGRKROKRORGKRGOil Gas Relative Permeability61Example Scaling SWCR and KRWRSCALECRS YES /SWOF 0.150 0.000 1.000 0.00 0.240 0.000 0.784 0.00 0.295 0.005 0.665 0.00 0.350 0.017 0.555 0.00 0.405 0.036 0.454 0.00 0.460 0.062 0.363 0.00 0.515 0.095 0.282 0.00 0.570 0.134 0.210 0.00 0.625 0.180 0.149 0.00 0.680 0.231 0.097 0.00 0.735 0.290 0.056 0.00 0.790 0.354 0.026 0.00 0.845 0.424 0.007 0.00 0.900 0.500 0.000 0.00 1.000 0.700 0.000 0.00 /BOX 1 1 1 1 1 2 /SWCR 0.16 0.45 /KRWR 0.60 0.35 /

Krw (1,1,1)Krw (1,1,2)Krw (1,1,3)KrowWater SaturationRelative PermeabilityOil - Water Relative PermeabilityKRWR=0.35(1,1,2)KRWR=0.60(1,1,1)KRWR=0.50(1,1,3)62Capillary Pressure Scaling End-Points

Oil Water Capillary PressureWater SaturationCapillary PressureSWLSWUPCW

Oil Gas Capillary PressureGas SaturationCapillary PressureSGLSGUPCG63Example Scaling SWL and PCWSWOF 0.150 0.000 1.000 32.43 0.240 0.000 0.784 15.01 0.295 0.005 0.665 10.48 0.350 0.017 0.555 7.66 0.405 0.036 0.454 5.76 0.460 0.062 0.363 4.41 0.515 0.095 0.282 3.41 0.570 0.134 0.210 2.65 0.625 0.180 0.149 2.05 0.680 0.231 0.097 1.57 0.735 0.290 0.056 1.17 0.790 0.354 0.026 0.85 0.845 0.424 0.007 0.57 0.900 0.500 0.000 0.34 1.000 0.700 0.000 0.00 /BOX 1 1 1 1 3 3 /SWL 0.22 /SOWCR 0.25 /PCW 50.0 /

SWL=0.22PCW=50.0Oil Water Capillary PressureWater SaturationCapillary PressurePcow - OriginalPcow - ScaledREGIONS SectionThis slide does not appear in the manual66Purpose of the REGIONS SectionThe REGIONS section divides the reservoir according to Variations in reservoir characteristics For reporting purposesExamples:Different PVT properties and equilibration characteristics could be assigned to areas of the grid separated by a sealing faultFluid in place could be reported by fault block or leasehold positionThe REGIONS section is optional70Output Controls

For a report in the PRT file:RPTREGS in REGIONS SectionBOUNDARY can be used to limit this output RTPSOL (FIP=1,2 or 3) in SOLUTION SectionRPTSCHED (FIP=1,2 or 3) in SCHEDULE SectionFor 3D viewable output:INIT in GRID Section = regions keywordsRPTRST (FIP) = fluids in place

}same result71How to specify Regions keyword arraysREGIONS

EQUALS'FIPNUM' 1 /'FIPNUM' 2 11 20 //FIPLAYER100*1100*2100*3100*4100*5100*6100*7100*8100*9100*10 /Use the Operator keywords (EQUALS, COPY, ADD, etc)Specify the number for each cell72How to specify Regions keyword arraysInteractivelyFloVizOfficePetrelFloGrid

SOLUTION SectionThis slide does not appear in the manual75ECLIPSE Initialization OptionsEquilibration - initial pressures and saturations are computed by ECLIPSE using data entered with the EQUIL keyword Restart - initial solution may be read from a Restart file created by an earlier run of ECLIPSE

Enumeration- initial solution is specified by the user explicitly for every grid block77Block Center Equilibration, Part 1PressureDepth (Pcow = 0)OWC = FWLGOCEQUIL--D P OWC Pcow GOC Pcog 3500 4000 7150 0 3500 0 /Datum

Given: Contacts, Datum and PressureUsing BO EOS, calculate phase pressures throughout the model, for example:TZTZ2Step 1: Knowing pressure at datum, use BO EOS to calculate oil phase pressure (100 calculated throughout the model), similarly, calculate gas & water78DatumBlock Centered Equilibrium, Part 2GOCTZ

G-O Rel PermSGUSGLKrgKrog

O-W Rel PermSWUSWLKrwKroGAS ZONE:Sg = SGUSw = SWLSo = 1 SWL - SGUOIL ZONE:Sg = SGL, usually zeroSw = SWLSo = 1 SWL SGLWATER ZONE:Sg = SGL, usually zeroSw = SWUSo = 1 SWU SGLSg = 0.77Sw = 0.23So = 0.77Sw = 0.23Sw = 1.001 (Pcow = 0)OWC = FWLTZDepthPressureStep 2: From Saturation Functions (PROPS), assign saturations in the Gas, Oil and Water Zones (NOT transition zones)

79DatumBlock Centered Equilibrium, Part 3PressureDepthGOCPcow

Swi = 0.25So = 0.75Sw (Pcow = 0)OWC = FWLCalculate Pcog and Pcow in the transition zones of the model

Sg = 0.77Sw = 0.23So = 0.77Sw = 0.23Sw = 1.00

Reverse-lookup Sw from Pc tables in PROPS section & assign to cell centersTZTZ2Step 4: Given the oil,water and gas phase pressures, calculate capillary pressure (Pcow and Pcog). Look up the values in the Pc tables & assign the cell with the associated Sw (So). Solve 1-Sw to get So in the oil-water transition, etc for gas oil.

80EQUIL Item 9OWCTZEffective OWCBlock Center EquilibriumN = 0: fluid saturations at the center of each cellSteady StatePotential errors in FIP errorsNot Steady-State (use EQLOPTS QUIESC)Better FIP estimateTZOWCTilted or level block integration OWCi = 1i = 2i = 3i = 2Ni = 2N-1Level Block EquilibriumN < 0: average of the conditions at (2 *-N) horizontal levels within each grid cellTilted Block EquilibriumN > 0: average of the conditions at N levels within each cell half, weighted according to the cells horizontal cross-section at each level181Initial Solution RatiosUsed for fluid density calculation Required as part of the equation of state for the oil and gas phasesDissolved gas concentration, Rs or RSVD Vaporized oil concentration, Rv or RVVDBubble point and / or dew point depth variation, PBVD and/or PDVD

This information may be supplied in your PROPS keywords84RPTSOL SOIL EQUIL RESTART=2 /

Tabular and printed data to the PRT fileLots of other properties can be writtenInitial conditions to the restart fileCan write out interblock flows & FIPCan be viewed in 3D ( Petrel, FloViz, FloGrid)

Output ControlsRPTSOLSUMMARY SectionThis slide does not appear in the manual86Purpose of the SUMMARY SectionThe SUMMARY section is used to specify variables that are to be written to the Summary file(s) after each time step of the simulationThese variables can be plotted with Petrel, Office or GRAFOptional section (if there is no SUMMARY section, ECLIPSE does not create any Summary files)Examples: FOPT (field oil production total), WWCT (well water cut), CGFR (connection gas flow rate)

87Purpose of the SUMMARY Section

SCHEDULE Section: History MatchThis slide does not appear in the manual89Purpose of the SCHEDULE SectionThe SCHEDULE section is used to specify Well operations to be simulated Times (TSTEP, DATES) to be simulated Simulator tuning parametersThe SCHEDULE Section is often used in two modes:History matching specify actual wells, facilities and production/injectionPrediction specify control mechanisms, new wells, economic limitsFocus of this session90Actual Production & PressureHistory Matching vs. PredictionReservoir DescriptionInterpreted geology, geophysics, petrophysicsECLIPSE ModelSensitivity Runs Identify uncertain propertiesTuning Runs Modify properties until model & actual rates match3Predictions depend on quality of reservoir description! Prediction Runs Existing wells continue to produce & are worked-over logically New well drilling may be implemented EOR options may be testedSensitivity Runs Produce results for risk evaluation economicsPredictionHistory MatchModel Production & PressureOK?93VFP Table Usage

96Measure of PressureAppropriate drawdown behavior is achieved by adjusting the productivity index:Request WBP & WBP9 in the Summary SectionUse the approximation:

WBP9WBP9WBP9WBP9WBP

Where: WBHP - bottomhole pressure from well testH - hydrostatic correction (midperfs to ECLIPSE datum)97WELSPECS Item 8, Flow in Gas Wells

Non- Darcy flowLow compressibilityDarcy flowNon-linear behaviour- use pseudo pressureP/mzP (psia)20003500

WELSPECS98

Used to specify the position and properties of one or more well completion

Completion Specification: COMPDATCOMPDAT--nm I J Ku Kl status sat CF Dwell Kh S P1 2* 1 10 OPEN 1* 1* 0.583 / P21 2* 1 10 SHUT 1* 1* 0.583 / I20 2* 1 5 AUTO 1* 1* 0.583 //2COMPDAT99COMPDAT Item 8: Connection FactorECLIPSE default: Assumes full penetration along only one axisPetrel & Schedule program: Three-part Peaceman formula with full vector representation, accounts for:Well orientationGrid permeabilitiesPortion of the cell perforatedEffective wellbore diameter

COMPDATWell TrajectoryCell Permeability in I, J, & KKiKkKjPerforationsh1h2100Historical Flow Rate: WCONHISTUsed to set a history-matching wells observed flow rateControl modes: ORAT, WRAT, GRAT, LRAT, RESVWCONINJH is injection counterpart

1WCONHISTDATES 1 'FEB' 1970 //WCONHIST --nm stat ctl-by oil wat gas VFPtbl P1 OPEN ORAT 822.3 0.58 6122.5 5* //Repeated for each date.101History Strategy in PetrelImportWell paths (deviation surveys)Well completion data Completion intervalsWork-over eventsProduction/injection dataExportECLIPSE Schedule section keywords

102Simulation Advance & TerminationDATES1 JAN 1998 / Advance to 12.00 am on 1/1/981 JUN 1998 / Advance to 12.00 am on 1/6/98

TSTEP1 /Advance to 12.00 am on 2/6/98

TSTEP0.2 /Advance by 0.2 days

ENDConclude simulation103Common Workover KeywordsWELOPENOpen and shut wells at known timeCOMPDATAlter completion properties to simulate plugs, squeezes, frac jobsWELPI, WPIMULT Modify well PIMULTX, MULTX-, MULTY, MULTY-, MULTZ, MULTZ-Change cell transmissibility to simulate damage104Output ControlTo send output to the PRT file:RPTSCHED Can request many properties to be outputTo send output to Restart file(s )RPTRST Can request many properties to be outputCan specify the frequency of outputCan be used for Restart runs & 3D post-processorsRPTSCHEDRPTRSTSCHEDULE Section: PredictionThis slide does not appear in the manual106Purpose of the SCHEDULE SectionThe SCHEDULE section is used to specify Well operations to be simulated Times (TSTEP, DATES) to be simulated Simulator tuning parametersThe SCHEDULE Section is often used in two modes:History matching specify actual wells, facilities and production/injectionPrediction specify control mechanisms, new wells, economic limitsThis slide does not appear in the manual107Typical Prediction Schedule SectionSpecify/Change output frequencySpecify wells, VFP tables, completionsSpecify GroupsSpecify Group & Well:Economic limits, Well testsAutomatic Workovers, Drilling, etcAdvance the simulationEnd of Prediction

Choose keywords that will cause ECLIPSE to treat wells in a manner similar to the company operating the field.Choose keywords that will cause ECLIPSE to treat wells in a manner similar to the company operating the field: if the simulated field is offshore, for instance, economic limits might be high & workovers might be limited. If an onshore waterflood has three workover rigs available then the number of workovers in a given time period might be set. Similarly, artificial lift may or may not be plausible. The point is that they are running predictions to get well flowstreams for economics, therefore they must set up ECLIPSE to mimic their companys operating procedures.108P1 is under oil rate control

Water cut is rising and BHP droppingWMCTL = 1 ORAT Control

The waterflood has reached P1 but is not providing enough pressure supportWMCTL = 7 BHP ControlP1 is under oil rate controlP1 is moved to BHP controlP1 is under oil rate controlP1 is moved to BHP controlP1 is switched to control by water rate

BHP rises due to pressure support from the aquifer & injectorWMCTL = 2 WRAT ControlWell Production Control: WCONPRODWCONPROD--nm status ctl-by Oil W-G-Limit BHP THP VFP# P1 OPEN ORAT 4000 2000 3* 3000 2* /3DaysWBHP PSIAWCONPROD109Group Production ControlGroup control is used to mimic field operation

Some Examples:Platform A has a certain water-handling capacity (GCONPROD)Facility B uses 25% of its gas production to run a treater, the remaining is sold (GCONSUMP)A voidage replacement scheme is implemented in Block C (GCONINJE)To maintain pipeline capacity, Company D will drill wells whenever the field production falls below a rate (PRIORITY)

Three level (well-group-field)Each well must belong to a particular group, which is named when the well is first declared with keyword WELSPECS.

More levels are obtained using GRUPTREE110Economic Limit DefinitionField/group economic limit (GECON)Well economic limit (WECON)Individual connection economic limit (CECON)Economic limits can be triggered when:Oil production rate falls below limitGas production rate falls below limitWater cut exceeds limitGas-oil ratio exceeds limitWater-gas ratio exceeds limit

111Automatic WorkoversTriggered byEconomic limit keywords (WECON, WECONINJ, CECON) Maximum limit set in GCONPROD

Some examples:Plug back a well (WPLUG)Test shut-in wells and reopen (WTEST)Retube or add pump/gas lift, ie change VFP table (WLIFT)Cut back producers and injectors (WCUTBACK)Set up drilling queue (QDRILL, WDRILTIM)

112Restart RunsThe solution at the end of the history period is set as start conditions for the prediction runs

Why bother to recalculate past saturations & pressures?

Restarts save simulation time!

Present DayField Production RateHistory PeriodPrediction Period(Base Run)(Restart Run)TimeCell Saturations & Pressures recorded113Restarts in ECLIPSE BlackoilFlexible restartData must be processed (ie the transmissibilities are recalculated)User can change some of the data items from their values in the original run (ie increase the number of wells)Can restart on files written by earlier versions of ECLIPSE

Fast restartData is stored in a processed form Must have been produced by the current version of ECLIPSEConvergence115Purpose of this sessionConvergence of the simulation equation affects:validity of the resultsspeed of the simulation run

Recognizing and correcting convergence problems is an important part of simulation

ECLIPSE can be made to produce reports showing how both the linear and non-linear iterations are proceeding and the methods by which time steps are selected116Non-linear iterationWhat is ConvergenceECLIPSE uses an iterative process based on Newton's method to solve the non-linear equations

Linearize the EquationsIterate to solve the linear equationsPlug the linear solution into the non-linear equationIs the solution good?Advance TimestepNoYesThe number of non-linear iterations is a guide to model convergence

4117Requesting Convergence InformationRPTSCHEDNEWTON=2 /

Days since SOSLength of current timestep# of non-linearsDate of current timestepReason for timestepValues of worst residualsCell w/ that residualMaterial balance for that cellPress & SWAT change for that cell (since last iteration)# of linears# Satn changes suppressed# times P, Rs, Rv changes reduced# cells with different phases# state transitions3118ECLIPSESimulationReport StepReport StepSimulation Run Time ImprovementsNon-linearIterationLinearIterationLinearIterationLinearIterationTimestepNon-linearIterationNon-linearIterationReport StepTimestepTimestepRequest reports only when you need themThe greatest improvements in performance are obtained by identifying & correcting the cause of any non-linear problem Reduce when difficult modeling situations ariseCheck all Warning Messages for data problems4119TUNING keywordControls available from the Schedule section:TUNING sets timestepping, iteration and convergence criteriaTUNINGL is used for the LGRs in the model

Guidelines:Timestepping controls need alteration fairly frequentlyIteration controls seldom need adjustmentConvergence controls need adjustment only in highly unusual circumstance

TUNING120EXTRAPMSThis keyword instructs ECLIPSE to warn the user whenever extrapolations are made to PVT (or VFP) tablesECLIPSE stores PVT tables internally as the reciprocals of FVF and Viscosity* FVF If insufficient PVT data is supplied, ECLIPSE may extrapolate the PVT table data to inaccurate or non-physical values!

EXTRAPMS121Common Causes of ProblemsData ErrorTypographic errorsSpecial Characters & missing valuesGrid geometrySmall PV cells next to large PV cellsLGRsLGR smaller than drainage radiusInitial contacts outside LGRDual porosityHigh value of sigma

Plot & Fix!Inactivate with PINCH or MINPV!122Treatment of LGRsLocal time stepping (E100 Only)Global time step not limited by local time stepSemi-explicit (potentially unstable)In-place solutionFully implicit (unconditionally stable)Global time step = local time stepLGRLOCK / LGRFREE turn in-place solution on / off (E100 only)Global Dt DefinedLocal Grid SolvedLocal Dt DefinedGlobal Model SolvedPressures at boundaryFluxes across boundariesGroup targets solvedLocal block pressureLocal saturationsMaterial balance checkbetween global and localNYTglobal = Tlocal ?Local Time Stepping AlgorithmY123Convergence Checklist

Check all problem and warning messagesTry removing TUNING keywordsIdentify problem cells and try to work out what is happening in the cells at the time of the convergence problemsFor example, PINCH & MINPV can eliminate some throughput related problemsCheck rel-perm tables for sharp derivative changesAvoid PVT extrapolations (EXTRAPMS)Avoid VFP extrapolations (EXTRAPMS)

Thank YouExtra Slides126Radial vs Cartesian Keywords

Aquifer ModellingThis slide does not appear in the manual128Aquifer ModelingECLIPSE Blackoil provides these aquifer options:Numerical Aquifer Analytical AquiferCarter-Tracy aquiferFetkovich aquiferFlux AquiferGrid Cell Aquifer

129Nominate grid cells below the OW contact (AQUNUM)Attach the aquifer to the reservoir using AQUCONLeave a row of water cells between the aquifer & oil zone

Oil ZoneNo FlowAquifer CellsGRIDAQUNUM--Aq# I J K Area Length 1 3 7 1 1E2 1E2 0.3 / 1 4 7 1 1E4 1E3 0.3 / 1 5 7 1 1E6 1E4 0.3 /

AQUCON--Aq# I1 I2 J1 J2 K1 K2 Face 1 1 1 2 6 1 1 I- /

Numerical Aquifer130Fetkovich AquifersFetkovich aquifers are based on a pseudo-steady state productivity index and material balance between aquifer pressure and cumulative influxThey are best suited for smaller aquifers which may approach psuedo steady state quicklyIn the Solution Section:Set up lists of aquifers AQUALISTDefine the aquifer with AQUFETP Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON131Carter-Tracy AquifersCarter-Tracy aquifers use tables of dimensionless time td versus dimensionless pressure Pd(td)to determine the influxCarter-Tracy approximates a fully transient modelIn the Solution Section:Set up lists of aquifers AQUALISTDefine the aquifer with AQUCTDefine pressure response with AQUTAB Connect the aquifer with AQUANCON132Flux AquifersThe flux rate is specified directly by the user:

It may be negative, representing flux out of the reservoirThe flux rate may be modified in the Schedule SectionIn the Solution sectionSet up lists of aquifers AQUALISTSpecify the aquifer using AQUFLUXAttach the aquifer using AQUANCON

Fa is the flux Ai the area of the connecting cell blockmi is an aquifer influx multiplier133Grid Cell AquiferSimulation model extends over the water zoneNo extra keywords necessary

134Output ControlsSummary QuantitiesAnalytic aquifersAAQR, AAQT, AAQPNumerical aquifersANQR, ANQT, ANQP

Print file dataRPTGRID, RPTSCHED, RPTSOLBOX 1 40 1 30 1 4/PERMX 0.64891567E+01 0.70195508E+01 0.78926630E+01 0.90583477E+01 0.10648565E+02 0.12415312E+02 0.14182030E+02 0.15098174E+02 0.15201606E+02 0.16882280E+02 0.20952915E+02 0.26160709E+02 0.31931984E+02 0.37372631E+02 0.42576469E+02 0.48915096E+02 0.57265606E+02 0.64632286E+02 0.77958534E+02 0.90082420E+02 0.83475533E+02 0.82695496E+02 0.87731178E+02 0.74033035E+02 0.64607025E+02 0.57713631E+02 0.51144047E+02 0.40278324E+02 0.25467690E+02 0.15194966E+02 0.90866013E+01 0.68624163E+01 0.67183876E+01 0.69258332E+01 0.76229606E+01 0.87162762E+01 0.10035381E+02 0.10642608E+02 0.10765720E+02 0.11749345E+02 0.58810806E+01 0.62642436E+01 0.69805117E+01 0.80227470E+01 0.94617825E+01 0.11233909E+02 0.13152441E+02 0.14844505E+02 0.15309301E+02 0.16733875E+02 0.20383213E+02 0.25504463E+02 0.31437046E+02 0.36657246E+02 0.40526676E+02 0.44339378E+02 0.51066544E+02 0.61303722E+02 0.76307114E+02 0.93330788E+02 0.10258999E+03 0.99816071E+02 0.86885475E+02 0.73868118E+02 0.64821228E+02 0.58582611E+02 0.51779484E+02 0.38862896E+02 0.23207544E+02 0.14170186E+02 0.86303635E+01 0.69214129E+01 0.69088187E+01 0.70783463E+01 0.77264538E+01 0.83340006E+01 0.90705223E+01 0.91869240E+01 0.96436243E+01 0.96934538E+01 0.54051132E+01 0.57162781E+01 0.62846274E+01 0.71658611E+01 0.84174795E+01 0.99477806E+01 0.11712448E+02 0.13389191E+02 0.14582249E+02 0.16753489E+02 0.20558718E+02 0.25601576E+02 0.31546185E+02 0.36564499E+02 0.39287685E+02 0.41547829E+02 0.48645096E+02 0.60789307E+02 0.75997993E+02 0.95319115E+02 0.11565579E+03 0.10591629E+03 0.86582687E+02 0.73934128E+02 0.65432823E+02 0.59762859E+02 0.53106380E+02 0.38950176E+02 0.22913895E+02 0.13060602E+02 0.79458489E+01 0.69905748E+01 0.68010168E+01 0.66815066E+01 0.69673948E+01 0.73290110E+01 0.76660562E+01 0.77176328E+01 0.86687880E+01 0.87817841E+01 0.50195470E+01 0.53428397E+01 0.57860708E+01 0.64884501E+01 0.75081797E+01 0.88240013E+01 0.10422978E+02 0.11894124E+02 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