eco-design xi eco-architecture. contents 1.case studies in estonia 2.theory 3.case: rinker hall...
TRANSCRIPT
Eco-design XI
Eco-architecture
Contents
1. Case studies in Estonia
2. Theory
3. Case: Rinker Hall
4. Case: Tower of Tomorrow
5. Passive design
6. Thematic overview
1. Case studies in Estonia• Standard – furniture• NatuurEhitus –
constructs and renovates
• Ecodesign exhibition in Telliskivi Loomelinnak
• Reuse exhibition, Art Container Gallery/ Culture Factory Polymer
• Eesti Betoonelement – concrete
• Kunda Nordic Cement
• Krimelte – Penosil and other insulation foams
• Kumu – art museum
• Kola awarded with important design prize – “red dot award: product design 2012”
• http://www.standard.ee/index.php?id=3566&lang=1&sid=
• Construction of houses
• Renovation• Energy audit• Garden design• http://www.natuureh
itus.ee/gallery.htm
• Sustainable cement plant 2010• http://www.heidelbergcement.com/ee/en
/kunda/keskkond/tsement_ja_betoon.htm
• Design award 2011: new economic straw applicator
• http://www.krimelte.com/et/uudised/139-krimelte-paelvis-eesti-prestiizikaima-ettevotlusauhinna
2. THEORY
Function Based Approach
Need area or function
ShelterFoodMobilityPersonal careLeisureClothingEducationTotal
Direct and indirect energy use per person*39%18%18%9%8%6%2%100%*Average for Groningen/ the Netherlands as reported by Tukker (2003)
Green, High Performance Buildings
What is Green Building? The creation and maintenance of a healthy built environment based on resource efficient and ecological principles.
Also referred to as High Performance buildings And sometimes referred to as Sustainable
Construction Architects refer to the process as Ecological Design or
Ecologically Sustainable Design.
Principles of Green Construction1. Minimize resource consumption (Conserve)2. Maximize resource reuse (Reuse)3. Use renewable or recyclable resources
(Renew/Recycle)4. Protect the natural environment (Protect nature)5. Create a healthy, non-toxic human environment
(Non-Toxics)6. Apply Life Cycle Cost Analysis (Economics)7. Pursue Quality in creating the built environment
(Quality)
Green Buildings (1)• Energy
– Passive Design: energy, lighting, envelope (skin, windows, door)
– Renewable energy: solar HW, PV– High efficiency: lighting, HVAC (heating, ventilation,
air conditioning), transformers, appliances• Water
– Low flow fixtures, greywater, rainwater harvesting, reclaimed water
• Indoor Environmental Quality– Zero emission finishes, properly sized HVAC,
attention to details (moisture control)
Green Buildings (2)
• Materials– Zero emissions– Deconstructable, DFE– Renewable, Recyclable, Recycled Content,
Reused
• Landscaping– Native and adapted species, low water use
• Construction Process– Low waste, protection of natural environment
• Contracting Process– Based on performance
The major steps in a sustainable approach to site planning and design are as
follows:• Model the ecosystem to establish an environmental
understanding • Assess social-economic context • Establish acceptable limits of change • Design facility within social and environmental
thresholds • Monitor site factors throughout construction • Reevaluate design solutions between development
phases
Key Energy Technologies• Ground coupling• Heat Pumping• Energy removal ventilators• Radiant cooling• CO2 sensors• Positive Displacement Ventilation• Daylight and occupancy sensor
integration• Lights: sodium and LED
Habitat Design and Planning Conceptual Checklist
3. Rinker Hall
Rinker Hall as a HPB• Designed using the LEED Standard,
first gold building in Florida
– Extensive daylighting strategy– Energy shedding building: façade wall as
shading device– Automatic lighting controls: on/off, throttling– Stacked air handlers, full 0 to 100%
capability– Waste heat recovery system– Advanced building automation system
Rinker Hall (continued)• Materials:
– Brick recycled from Hume Hall (demolished 2001)
– Recycled asphalt paving and lime rock– Linoleum and recycled content carpet
flooring– Designed for Deconstruction
• Rainwater harvesting, waterless urinals, low flow fixtures
• Capability for deconstruction
Rainwater Harvesting System
4. Tower of Tomorrow
Tower of Tomorrow• The building of the future will
not just sit on a lot – it will breath, sleep, and wake up in the morning. And it will be beautiful.
• a building that makes oxygen, distills water, produces energy, changes with the seasons—and is beautiful. In effect, that building is like a tree, standing in a city that is like a forest
• Curved forms increase structural stability and maximize enclosed space; this reduces the amount of materials needed for construction. The shape is also aerodynamic, diffusing the impact of wind.
Shape
Treetops
• Traditional rooftops, covered in asphalt and tar, create heat-absorbing surfaces that contribute to the "urban heat island" effect—higher temperatures that can alter weather patterns and intensify smog. A layer of ground cover on this building's roof helps to regulate temperature, protects waterproof coatings, and absorbs and cleans storm water.
Soil and green
The western side of the building is a series of three-story atrium gardens. The greenery brings the outdoors inside, providing a breath of nature. Plants clean the interior air, and as leaf colors change, the building reacts in step with natural cycles. The north façade (unseen) is clear glass covered with positively-charged mosses that absorb particulates of the air.
Water
Water is recycled in the building several times over. Greenhouses treat wastewater from sinks and bathtubs for reuse as irrigation in the building's gardens, a process made possible when nontoxic cleaning products are used. Cleansed by the gardens, the water can be used again as non-drinking water—for example, in toilets.
Street smarts
• After a close study of the sun and shadows, the shape and orientation of the building are tailored to the site. This building faces south toward a park, so it can capture maximum sunlight, and its irregular form allows more daylight to reach the street. Gardens circle the base, contributing to the quality of life at street level.
Solar power • The southern façade, made of
about 100,000 square feet of photovoltaic panels that convert sunlight into electricity, collects enough energy to provide up to 40 percent of the building's needs. Costing at least 20 cents per kilowatt-hour—several times as much as coal or natural gas—solar PV is expensive today. But the trends are good: Solar is getting cheaper, and the relative economics will improve as more states and countries regulate the production of greenhouse gases.
Building skin
• The structure is built up in layers of materials that perform different functions, from weatherproofing to insulation to transparency. These surfaces are becoming thinner, lighter, and smarter.
Productive workspaces• Under-floor air distribution
improves air quality. Flexible communal spaces replace fixed individual stations. Chairs and workstations are ergonomic. Smart monitors detect the presence of people and adjust temperature, light, air, and sound as needed. This allows individuals to control their environment. Our motto: "We don't heat or cool ghosts."
Waste equals food
• In nature, nutrients are cycled and recycled endlessly. "Eco-effective design" seeks to mimic those cycles. All products, from building materials to furnishings, are designed to return safely to the earth or to be reused—like office chairs that can be disassembled into components and sent back to the manufacturer to become another product.
Heating and cooling
• They account for almost 30 percent of a building's energy use. By transferring heat between the building and the earth using a system that circulates heat-absorbing liquid through underground wells, a building can reduce energy usage. A combined heat-and-power plant, fueled by natural gas, operates at up to 90 percent efficiency and supplies the power that the solar panels cannot.
5. PASSIVE DESIGN
Passive Solar Heating & Cooling
Overhang Shading
Geometry
6. Thematic overview
Site Inventory & Assessment
Every building is exposed to natural forces that will affect its performance. By making an assessment of the site of an existing or future building, the designer, contractor or operator will add valuable tools to the green building toolbox.
Begin by making a site inventory:
• Orientation to the sun: Where is the south/southeastern exposure? • Major physical features, both natural and built: Include slope,
trees, nearby structures, native plants and habitat and other existing landscaping. Consider the effect of shading or how these will affect air flow.
• Wind direction and intensity • Water table and soil type • Proximity to work, school, services. Calculate mileages. • Anticipated footprint of structure. • Availability of other alternative energy possibilities:
hydroelectric, ground-source heat pumps, wind, or nodal generation possibilities.
Once this basic information is attained, it can be used as a reference to find out which efficiency approaches make the most sense for you.
Follow with a site assessment:• Good solar access can result in significant savings with either passive
solar design strategies or solar electric applications. • Minimize destruction of native plants, habitats and water cycles.
This will reduce the need for irrigation and save on landscaping costs. • Well-established trees and shrubs make great cooling systems
through shading and evaporative cooling; they also can act as a barrier to wind.
• Most grades or slopes define water movement and often air movement as well. Since both moisture and cool air flow downhill, be sure to consider the specific microclimate of your building site.
• Drainage and moisture can strongly influence the durability of a structure. Avoid soggy soil and wetlands for new construction -- employ French drains and low toxicity, pressure-treated lumber for renovations at wet sites.
• Driving is the single largest impact a person can have on the environment. Location and drive time also are quality-of-life issues.
• Green building also can include a smaller footprint. Less square footage can result in a higher budget for natural materials.
Naturally, locally and sustainably made products will be ones with the least negative impact on our environment.
Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency begins with decisions about the building envelope --
its walls, floor and roof. Optimizing R-Value (insulation), minimizing infiltration (air leaks), and using passive solar applications (daylighting and heating/cooling through design based on the sun) allow for the most efficient use of fuels to operate the building. Double-paned, low-emission windows are another major component in maintaining a comfortable environment inside the building while weather patterns vary outside.
Installing and maintaining the most energy efficient appliances to meet occupant needs is the other major component of saving energy and money. Lighting systems, heating/cooling equipment (HVAC) and hot water, as well as fans and motors all provide significant opportunities for energy savings. Keep in mind the need for mechanical ventilation with fewer air leaks in your structure. Many builders and designers are familiar with energy efficiency practices -- these are basic elements of programs like Super Good Cents, Energy Star, and LEED certification. Most local utilities can answer specific questions about energy conservation strategies.
Appropriate TechnologyGreen building design is an emerging and diverse field. Some
practitioners use a measuring tool called scale to determine how applicable a certain method or material is to a project. Creating a smaller footprint by building only what is needed for the occupants is building to scale. Various interpretations exist for what constitute the priorities for building to scale; however, it is largely site-dependent. One can seek locally harvested wood products in order to eliminate the added expense and impacts that trucking out-of-area materials consumes. Certification of sustainably produced products is much easier at a local scale. Minimizing the extraneous is another approach -- "scaling down." Another strategy is to ensure that a building fits into the surrounding environment: considerations include climate, other structures, trees and slope, as well as the style of a particular neighborhood, that affect the appropriate nature of the design technologies.
Examples of under-utilized appropriate technologies are: solar panels in sunny climates and remote locations, rain-catchments on roofs in Oregon, gray water recycling, and daylighting.
Alternative Methods and Materials
AM&M has dual meanings. At the City of Eugene, Building & Permit Services, it refers to a set of products and building applications that are either new or infrequently used. Until a product or practice is tested and standardized within the building industry, it may require engineering or other professional assessment before implementation. This helps ensure the strength, durability, longevity and safety of buildings.
Proponents of green building often think of alternative methods and materials (AM&M) as some of the tools of their trade -- under-utilized, appropriate technologies.
Multiplicity of Function Many products or building methods can be designed to meet
more than one goal. Integrated design includes an assessment of needs and attributes with an eye for combining uses. An easy example of this is steam: it can power turbines (mechanical energy) and heat a building. Use a logic of grouping and interaction when thinking about a design feature (e.g., heating and cooling systems), then weigh the pros and cons.
Integrated design can add a major educational component to a building. Green building practices are being embraced by school systems as healthier and more durable, as well as lending an educational element about natural principles and basic science.
Plants provide many opportunities: Trees and shrubs can be a combination of shading with a wind break that also can utilize gray water and be used to hold a grade in place. The possibilities are endless.
Reduced Operation and Maintenance Costs
Energy efficiency combined with durable, well-made products is the secret to reducing O & M costs for the commercial or residential building operator. There are two main avenues for this: the building envelope and energy-efficient appliances.
By strategically choosing the green building applications that suit your site and situation, the builder or homeowner can save money and time. Whether your priority is a well-insulated home, using energy from the sun or energy-efficient appliances, with increasing and unstable energy costs, choosing efficiency for your home is long-term protection for you and the next generation.
Reduce, Reuse, RecycleThe three Rs can be a test of innovation and respect for
oneself, place and business. The leading edge of resource efficiency is in recycled materials. Consider your building site, home or business to be an opportunity to reduce the extraneous, reuse valuable and costly materials, and recycle waste into a useful product.
Use materials with recycled content that are or will be recyclable at the end of their lifecycle during both the construction and operation of your home or business. Paper products, flooring materials, ceramic tile, even some brands of paint are sold with recycled content. If buying new, select durable materials that use their base resource most efficiently.
Purchase or donate reusable materials for cost savings and to ease the burden on our landfills.
Water Conservation:
Innovative water catchments, aquifer re-injection and other technologies are emerging. Locally, on-site stormwater treatment in the form of eco-roofs and swales are becoming popular, as is the use of native, drought-tolerant plants. Low-flow showerheads and toilets save water. Water conservation can save electricity too.
Integrated Architecture and Landscape
The field of architecture and landscape has a new theory called "passages". An artist, James Wines, in response to the unprogressive recent movement in architecture- "folding", defines "passages" as the "interpretation of architecture and its context as a system of passages linking buildings, landscape and social/contextual/environmental communication. Buildings conceived as integrations of structure and landscape are mutable and evolutionary, constantly conveying new and metamorphic levels of information. Whereas folding suggests a design process of methodical, geometric, formal strategies [sustainable inventions are essential yet boring], the notion of passages aims for organic and informal connections between buildings and landscape.
Putnam Residence, Hollister Ranch, Gaviota, California.
Earth Sheltered, Passive Solar
Muntifiq Sheikh's house on the Euphrates.Built entirely with giant reed or quasab plant, Phragmites
Communis.