eco-pccm fifth meeting, barcelona, spain, september 4-5, 2006 1 development and design of...

ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006

11

Development and design of Development and design of recycling-reuse of composite recycling-reuse of composite

componentscomponents

PROJECTPROJECTEco-Houses Based on Eco-Friendly Polymer Eco-Houses Based on Eco-Friendly Polymer

Composite Construction Materials - ECO-PCCMComposite Construction Materials - ECO-PCCM

11 OKTOMVRI

EUROKOMPOZIT

ISO 9001:2000

22ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, ECO-PCCM Fifth Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, September 4-5, 2006Spain, September 4-5, 2006

AIMSAIMS

Investigation of the recycling ability of the PP and Investigation of the recycling ability of the PP and PLA matrixPLA matrix

Application of the Application of the recycled matrixrecycled matrix for production of for production of the Rice Straw - composites and Kenaf - the Rice Straw - composites and Kenaf - compositescomposites

Investigation of the Investigation of the recyclingrecycling ability of the Rice ability of the Rice Straw - Straw - compositescomposites and Kenaf - and Kenaf - compositescomposites


Part 1Part 1Preparation and characterization of PP matrix by recycling one and two times and PLA Preparation and characterization of PP matrix by recycling one and two times and PLA matrix by recycling oncematrix by recycling once

Part 2Part 2Preparation and characterization of the composites based of PP recycled (one and two Preparation and characterization of the composites based of PP recycled (one and two times) matrix and composites based on PLA recycled (one time) matrixtimes) matrix and composites based on PLA recycled (one time) matrix

Part 3Part 3Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw based composites by recycling one and Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw based composites by recycling one and two times two times

Part 4Part 4Preparation and characterization of the Kanaf based composites by recycling one and two Preparation and characterization of the Kanaf based composites by recycling one and two times times

SUMMARYSUMMARY


PART 1: PART 1: Preparation and characterization of the recycled Preparation and characterization of the recycled matrixmatrix

PreparationPreparation

PP matrixPP matrix- extruded one and two times (PP x1 and PP x2) into strips with a single - extruded one and two times (PP x1 and PP x2) into strips with a single screw extruder at 200screw extruder at 200ooCC- the obtained recycled matrices were cut in pellets form to perform the - the obtained recycled matrices were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets sheets - thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC, t=10 min C, t=10 min with continuous increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.with continuous increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.

PLA matrixPLA matrix - extruded one time (PLA x1) into strips with a single screw extruder at - extruded one time (PLA x1) into strips with a single screw extruder at 190190ooCC- the obtained recycled matrix was cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - the obtained recycled matrix was cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - it has been molded by thermo compression at T= 175- it has been molded by thermo compression at T= 175ooC, t=10 min with C, t=10 min with continuous increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.continuous increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.

MARIA’S HANDS!


PART 1: PART 1: Preparation and characterization of the recycled Preparation and characterization of the recycled matrixmatrix

From the recycled matrices the plates with thickness 3 mm From the recycled matrices the plates with thickness 3 mm are producedare produced

The flexural tests are performed on unnotched (Young’s The flexural tests are performed on unnotched (Young’s Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)

TGA analysesTGA analyses

CharacterizationCharacterization


The flexural testsThe flexural tests

Stress at Stress at peak, MPapeak, MPa

Standard Standard DeviationDeviation

Modulus, MPaModulus, MPa Standard Standard DeviationDeviation

PP neatPP neat 51,551,5 5,55,5 10811081 120120

PP x1PP x1 52,852,8 2,12,1 13051305 6464

PP x2PP x2 49,549,5 2,92,9 13411341 101101

PLA neatPLA neat 32,032,0 3,83,8 24162416 204204

PLA x1PLA x1 32,032,0 6,16,1 24312431 193193

KKcc, MN, MN-3/2-3/2mm GGcc, kJ/mm, kJ/mm22

PLA neatPLA neat 1,221,22 0,610,61

PLAx1PLAx1 1,151,15 0,530,53


Recycling propertiesRecycling properties

PP recycled one and two times

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

0 1 2Number of recycles

Pro

pe

rty

rete

ntio

n, %

Flexural Strength

Flexural Modulus

PLA recycled one times

98

99

100

101

102

0 1

Number of recycles

Pro

pe

rty

rete

ntio

n, %

Flexural Strength

Flexural Modulus


TGATGA analyses: recycled PP analyses: recycled PP

TTd d [[ooC]C]

(weight residual)(weight residual)

~ 90 %~ 90 %

TTdd [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)

~ 50 %~ 50 %


~ 10 %~ 10 %

PP neatPP neat 377,60 (90,38 %)377,60 (90,38 %) 429,32 (50,38 %)429,32 (50,38 %) 449,79 (10,38 %)449,79 (10,38 %)

PP x1PP x1 357,49 (90,89 %)357,49 (90,89 %) 414,67 (50,87 %)414,67 (50,87 %) 438,64 (10,89 %)438,64 (10,89 %)

PP x2PP x2 354,87 (86,37 %)354,87 (86,37 %) 403,64 (46,37 %)403,64 (46,37 %) 427,15 (11,37 %)427,15 (11,37 %)

PP neatPP neat PP x1PP x1 PP x2PP x2


TGATGA analyses: recycled PLA analyses: recycled PLA

TTd d [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)

~ 90 %~ 90 %


~ 50 %~ 50 %


~ 10 %~ 10 %

PLA neatPLA neat 332,22 (90,53 %)332,22 (90,53 %) 362,52 (50,53 %)362,52 (50,53 %) 380,07 (10,53 %)380,07 (10,53 %)

PLA x1PLA x1 329,68 (90,54 %)329,68 (90,54 %) 364,21 (50,54 %)364,21 (50,54 %) 382,98 (10,54 %)382,98 (10,54 %)

PLA x1PLA x1PLA neatPLA neat


CONCLUSION for the first partCONCLUSION for the first part

From the investigation of the From the investigation of the recycled ability of the PP matrix recycled ability of the PP matrix and PLA matrix can conclude: and PLA matrix can conclude:

recycled matricesrecycled matrices can be use for can be use for production of the compositesproduction of the composites


Part 2:Part 2: Preparation and characterization of the composites Preparation and characterization of the composites based on PP recycled and composites based on PLA recycled based on PP recycled and composites based on PLA recycled

PP recycled based compositesPP recycled based compositesPP/RS/CA 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt

PPx1/RS/CA 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

PPx2/RS/CA 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

PP/kenaf/CA 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

PPx1/kenaf/CA 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

-The obtained recycled PP matrices were mixed in a Brabender together with the -The obtained recycled PP matrices were mixed in a Brabender together with the copuling agent (PP-g-MA)copuling agent (PP-g-MA) and with Rice Straw and Kenaf fibers (reactive blending)and with Rice Straw and Kenaf fibers (reactive blending)--melt mixing in Brabender at 180melt mixing in Brabender at 180ooC, time 10 min:C, time 10 min:

PP; PP; dry rice straw; dry rice straw; PPx1; } + CA (3 min) + { dry kenaf fibers; (7 min)PPx1; } + CA (3 min) + { dry kenaf fibers; (7 min)

PPx2;PPx2;- the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC, t=10 min with increasing C, t=10 min with increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.pressure up to 10 000 pounds.




PLA recycled based compositesPLA recycled based composites

PLA / RH / CA 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt

PLA x1 / RH / CA 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt

--melt mixing in Brabender at 170melt mixing in Brabender at 170ooC , time 10 min:C , time 10 min: PP; PP; dry rice straw; dry rice straw; PLAx1; } + CA (3 min) + { dry kenaf fibers; (7 min)PLAx1; } + CA (3 min) + { dry kenaf fibers; (7 min)

- the obtained composites were cut in pellet form to perform the sheets - the obtained composites were cut in pellet form to perform the sheets

- thay have molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC , t=10 min with C , t=10 min with continuous adding a pressure up to 10 000 pounds.continuous adding a pressure up to 10 000 pounds.



From the obteined composites the plates with thickness 3 mm have From the obteined composites the plates with thickness 3 mm have donedone

The flexural tests are performed on unnotched (Young’s Modulus) The flexural tests are performed on unnotched (Young’s Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)

TGA analyses TGA analyses

SEM analyses on the cryogenically fractured surfaceSEM analyses on the cryogenically fractured surface




The flexural tests The flexural tests for PP recycled based compositesfor PP recycled based composites

Stress at peak, Stress at peak, MPa MPa


Modulus, MPa Modulus, MPa Standard Standard DeviationDeviation

PP / RS / CAPP / RS / CA

60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt

42,642,6 3,43,4 19411941 8282

PPx1 / RS / CAPPx1 / RS / CA

60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt

42,242,2 1,21,2 18251825 4141

PPx2 / RS / CAPPx2 / RS / CA

60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt

39,639,6 4,64,6 18421842 6363

PP / Kenaf / CAPP / Kenaf / CA

60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt

51,351,3 4,84,8 21062106 6868

PPx1 / Kenaf / CAPPx1 / Kenaf / CA

60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt

51,151,1 3,03,0 23462346 204204


The flexural tests The flexural tests for PLA recycled based compositesfor PLA recycled based composites

Stress at peak, Stress at peak, MPa MPa


Modulus, MPa Modulus, MPa Standard Standard DeviationDeviation

PLA / RS / CAPLA / RS / CA

65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt

28,828,8 6,66,6 30313031 182182

PLAx1 / RS / CAPLAx1 / RS / CA

65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt

14,814,8 1,31,3 22752275 457457

KKcc, MN, MN-3/2-3/2mm GGcc, kJ/mm, kJ/mm22

PLA/RH/CA PLA/RH/CA 65 / 30 / 565 / 30 / 5 1,051,05 0.420.42

PLAx1/RH/CA PLAx1/RH/CA 65 / 30 / 565 / 30 / 5 0.570.57 0.170.17



PP recycled/RS based composites

90

92

94

96

98

100

PP/RS/CA PPx1/RS/CA PPx2/RS/CA

Pro

pe

rty

rete

ntio

n, %

Flexural Strength

Flexural Modulus

PP recycled/Kenaf based composites

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

PP/kenaf/CA PPx1/Kenaf/CA

Pro

pe

rty

rete

ntio

n, %

Flexural Strength

Flexural Modulus



PLArecycled/RS composites

45

56

67

78

89

100

PLA/RS/CA PLA X1/RS/CA

Pro

pe

rty

rete

ntio

n, %

Flexural Strength

Flexural Modulus

PLA/RS/CAPLA/RS/CA

PLAx1/RS/CAPLAx1/RS/CAThe color is darker than the The color is darker than the composite with neat PLAcomposite with neat PLA


TGATGA analyses: analyses: PP recycled based compositesPP recycled based composites

TTd d [[ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)

~ 90 %~ 90 %


~ 50 %~ 50 %


~ 10 %~ 10 %

PP / RS / CAPP / RS / CA 344,43 (89,74 %)344,43 (89,74 %) 411,21 (49,74 %)411,21 (49,74 %) 452,17 (9,74 %)452,17 (9,74 %)

PP x1/RS/CAPP x1/RS/CA 309,09 (87,51 %)309,09 (87,51 %) 385,22 (47,51 %)385,22 (47,51 %) 458,82 (12,51 %)458,82 (12,51 %)

PP x2/RS/CAPP x2/RS/CA 343,53 (86,82 %)343,53 (86,82 %) 405,97 (46,82 %)405,97 (46,82 %) 475,27 (11,82 %)475,27 (11,82 %)

PP x2/RS/CAPP x2/RS/CAPP x1/RS/CAPP x1/RS/CAPP /RS/CAPP /RS/CA


TGA analyses: TGA analyses: PP andPP and PLA recycled based compositesPLA recycled based composites

TTd d [[ooC] C] (weight residual)(weight residual)

~ 90%~ 90%


~ 50 %~ 50 %

TTdd [ [ooC]C](weight residual)(weight residual)

~ 10 %~ 10 %

PP / Kenaf / CAPP / Kenaf / CA 356,81 (85,94 %)356,81 (85,94 %) 408,94 (50,94 %)408,94 (50,94 %) 441,96 (10,94 %)441,96 (10,94 %)

PP x1/ Kenaf / CAPP x1/ Kenaf / CA 356,92 (86,98 %)356,92 (86,98 %) 412,35 (51,98 %)412,35 (51,98 %) 443,77 (11,98 %)443,77 (11,98 %)

PLA x1/ RH / CAPLA x1/ RH / CA 299,42 (88,41 %)299,42 (88,41 %) 341,70 (48,41 %)341,70 (48,41 %) 529,70 (13,41 %)529,70 (13,41 %)

PLAx1 /RS/CAPLAx1 /RS/CAPP /Kenaf/CAPP /Kenaf/CA PPx1 /Kenaf/CAPPx1 /Kenaf/CA


SEM analysesSEM analyses

A

B

C

A ) PP/RS/CAA ) PP/RS/CA

B ) PPX1/RS/CAB ) PPX1/RS/CA

C ) PPX2/RS/CAC ) PPX2/RS/CA



A B

A ) PP/Kenaf/CAA ) PP/Kenaf/CA B ) PPX1/Kenaf/CAB ) PPX1/Kenaf/CA



A

A ) PLAX1/RS/CAA ) PLAX1/RS/CA


Part 3:Part 3: Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw based composites by recycling one and two times based composites by recycling one and two times

RS based compositesRS based compositesPP/RS/CA (X1) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

PP/RS/CA (X2) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

PLA/RS/CA (X1) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

PLA/RS/CA (X2) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

--melt mixing in Brabender at 180melt mixing in Brabender at 180ooC for PP and 170C for PP and 170ooC for PLA , time 10 min:C for PLA , time 10 min: PP + CA (3 min) + dry rice straw; (7 min)PP + CA (3 min) + dry rice straw; (7 min)

PLA + CA (3 min) + dry rice straw; (7 min)PLA + CA (3 min) + dry rice straw; (7 min)- the RS composites have been recycled one and two times- the RS composites have been recycled one and two times

- the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC (T= 175C (T= 175ooC) , t=10 min C) , t=10 min with increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.with increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.



Part 3:Part 3: Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw Preparation and characterization of the Rice Straw based composites by recycling one and two times based composites by recycling one and two times


From the obtained composites the plates with thickness From the obtained composites the plates with thickness 3 mm have done3 mm have done

The flexural tests performed on unnotched (Young’s The flexural tests performed on unnotched (Young’s Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)Modulus) and on notched samples (Kc and Gc)

TGA analyses TGA analyses

SEM analyses on the cryogenically fractured surfaceSEM analyses on the cryogenically fractured surface


The flexural testsThe flexural tests for recycled RS based compositesfor recycled RS based composites

Stress at Stress at peak, MPa peak, MPa

SDSD Modulus, Modulus, MPa MPa

SDSD KKcc, MN, MN-3/2-3/2mm GGcc, kJ/mm, kJ/mm22

PP / RS / CAPP / RS / CA

60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt

42,642,6 3,43,4 19411941 8282

PP / RS / CA (x1)PP / RS / CA (x1)

60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt

44,844,8 3,03,0 18841884 163163

PP / RS / CA (x2)PP / RS / CA (x2)

60/30/10 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt

38,538,5 7,27,2 19101910 5959

PLA / RS / CAPLA / RS / CA

65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt

26,826,8 6,66,6 30313031 182182 1,051,05 0,420,42

PLA / RS / CA (x1)PLA / RS / CA (x1)

65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt

12,112,1 4,84,8 32113211 381381 0,530,53 0,120,12

PLA / RS / CA (x2)PLA / RS / CA (x2)

65/30/5 65/30/5 wtwt//wtwt

10,710,7 2,52,5 33073307 176176 0,450,45 0,110,11



Recycled RS composites

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

PP/RS/CA PP/RS/CA (x1) PP/RS/CA (x2)

Pro

pe

rty

rete

ntio

n, %

Flexural Strength

Flexsural Modulus

Recycled RS composites

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

PLA/RS/CA PLA/RS/CA (x1) PLA/RS/CA (x2)P

rop

ert

y re

ten

tion

, %

Flexural Strength

Flexsural Modulus


TGATGA analyses: analyses: Recycled RS composites Recycled RS composites


~ 90 %~ 90 %


~ 50 %~ 50 %


~ 10 %~ 10 %

PP / RS / CAPP / RS / CA 344,43 (89,74 %)344,43 (89,74 %) 411,21 (49,74 %)411,21 (49,74 %) 452,17 (9,74 %)452,17 (9,74 %)

PP / RS / CA (x1)PP / RS / CA (x1) 336,66 (90,91 %)336,66 (90,91 %) 409,93 (50,91 %)409,93 (50,91 %) 471,04 (10,91 %)471,04 (10,91 %)

PP / RS / CA (x2)PP / RS / CA (x2) 322,63 (86,99 %)322,63 (86,99 %) 389,01 (46,99 %)389,01 (46,99 %) 455,28 (11,99 %)455,28 (11,99 %)

PP /RS/CAPP /RS/CA PP/RS/CA (x2)PP/RS/CA (x2)PP/RS/CA (x1)PP/RS/CA (x1)


TGATGA analyses: analyses: Recycled RS composites Recycled RS composites


~ 90 %~ 90 %


~ 50 %~ 50 %


~ 10 %~ 10 %

PLA neatPLA neat 332,22 (90,53 %)332,22 (90,53 %) 362,52 (50,53 %)362,52 (50,53 %) 380,07 (10,53 %)380,07 (10,53 %)

PLA / RS / CA (x1)PLA / RS / CA (x1) 294,40 (86,50%)294,40 (86,50%) 328,52 (46,50 %)328,52 (46,50 %) 517,28 (11,50%)517,28 (11,50%)

PLA / RS / CA (x2)PLA / RS / CA (x2) 289,08 (88,08%)289,08 (88,08%) 328,47 (48,08 %)328,47 (48,08 %) 531,14 (13,08 %)531,14 (13,08 %)

PLA/RS/CA (x1)PLA/RS/CA (x1) PLA/RS/CA (x2)PLA/RS/CA (x2)



A

B

C

A ) PP/RS/CAA ) PP/RS/CA

B ) PP/RS/CA (x1)B ) PP/RS/CA (x1)

C ) PP/RS/CA (x2)C ) PP/RS/CA (x2)



A

A ) PLA/RS/CA (x1)A ) PLA/RS/CA (x1) B ) PLA/RS/CA (x2)B ) PLA/RS/CA (x2)

B


Part 3:Part 3: Preparation and characterization of the Kenaf based Preparation and characterization of the Kenaf based composites by recycling one and two times composites by recycling one and two times

RS based compositesRS based compositesPP/Kenaf/CA (X1) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

PP/Kenaf/CA (X2) 60/30/10wtwt//wtwt

--melt mixing in Brabender at 180melt mixing in Brabender at 180ooC, time 10 min:C, time 10 min:

PP + CA (3 min) + dry kenaf; (7 min)PP + CA (3 min) + dry kenaf; (7 min)

- the RS composites have been recycled one and two times- the RS composites have been recycled one and two times

- the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - the obtained composites were cut in pellets form to perform the sheets - thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185- thay have been molded by thermo compression at T= 185ooC, t=10 min with C, t=10 min with increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.increasing pressure up to 10 000 pounds.



The flexural testsThe flexural tests for recycled Kenaf based compositesfor recycled Kenaf based composites

Stress at Stress at peak, MPa peak, MPa

StandardDeviatStandardDeviationion

Modulus, Modulus, MPa MPa


PP / Kenaf / CA 60/30/10 PP / Kenaf / CA 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt 51,351,3 4,84,8 21062106 6868

PP / Kenaf / CA (x1) 60/30/10 PP / Kenaf / CA (x1) 60/30/10 wtwt//wt wt 51,851,8 9,19,1 25312531 179179

PP / Kenaf / CA (x2) 60/30/10 PP / Kenaf / CA (x2) 60/30/10 wtwt//wtwt 48,748,7 4,74,7 25752575 8080

Recycled Kenaf composites

90

100

110

120

130

PP/Kenaf/CA PP/Kenaf/CA (x1) PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)

Pro

pe

rty

rete

ntio

n, %

Flexural Strength

Flexsural Modulus



TGATGA analyses: analyses: Recycled Kenaf composites Recycled Kenaf composites

TTd d [[ooC]C]

~ 90 %~ 90 %

TTdd [[ooC]C]

~ 50 %~ 50 %

TTdd [[ooC]C]

~ 10 %~ 10 %

PP / Kenaf / CAPP / Kenaf / CA 340,57 (90,94 %)340,57 (90,94 %) 408,94 (50,94 %)408,94 (50,94 %) 441,96 (10,94 %)441,96 (10,94 %)

PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)PP/Kenaf/CA (x1) 343,10 (91,11 %)343,10 (91,11 %) 413,71 (51,11 %)413,71 (51,11 %) 447,01 (11,11 %)447,01 (11,11 %)

PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)PP/Kenaf/CA (x2) 344,28 (91,02 %)344,28 (91,02 %) 414,94 (51,02 %)414,94 (51,02 %) 448,84 (11,02 %)448,84 (11,02 %)

PP /Kenaf/CAPP /Kenaf/CA PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)PP/Kenaf/CA (x1) PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)


TGA analysesTGA analyses

TTdd [[ooC]C]

~ 50 % w.r.~ 50 % w.r.

PLA neatPLA neat 362,52362,52

PLA x1PLA x1 364,21364,21

PLA (x1) / RS / CAPLA (x1) / RS / CA 337,61337,61

PLA / RS / CA (x1)PLA / RS / CA (x1) 328,52328,52

PLA / RS / CA (x2)PLA / RS / CA (x2) 328,47328,47

PP neatPP neat 429,32429,32

PP/RS/CA (x1)PP/RS/CA (x1) 409,93409,93

PP/RS/CA (x2)PP/RS/CA (x2) 389,01389,01

PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)PP/Kenaf/CA (x1) 413,71413,71

PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)PP/Kenaf/CA (x2) 414,94414,94

}

The termal stability is the same for the neat PLA and recycled PLA

}The termal stability is the same for PLA/RS composites recycled one and two times

}

}The termal stability for The termal stability for PLA/RS composites is PLA/RS composites is lower than PP/RS lower than PP/RS compositescomposites



AA

BB

CC

A ) PP/Kenaf/CAA ) PP/Kenaf/CA

B ) PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)B ) PP/Kenaf/CA (x1)

C ) PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)C ) PP/Kenaf/CA (x2)


CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

PP recycled and PLA recycled based composites were produced by PP recycled and PLA recycled based composites were produced by reactive blending,reactive blending,

The flexural properties of the PP recycled based composites are very The flexural properties of the PP recycled based composites are very close to flexural properties of the composite with neat PP,close to flexural properties of the composite with neat PP,

The flexural properties of the PLA recycled based composite are The flexural properties of the PLA recycled based composite are lower (about 50%) compared to composite with neat PLA,lower (about 50%) compared to composite with neat PLA,

The termal stability of the PP recycled and PLA recycled composites The termal stability of the PP recycled and PLA recycled composites is slightly lower compared to composite with neat matrix,is slightly lower compared to composite with neat matrix,

Recycled PP matrix can be use for production of the compositesRecycled PP matrix can be use for production of the composites


Recycled RS and Kenaf based composites were produced by Recycled RS and Kenaf based composites were produced by reactive blending,reactive blending,

Recycled PP/Kenaf composites show higher flexural properties Recycled PP/Kenaf composites show higher flexural properties compared to PP/RS composites,compared to PP/RS composites,

Recycled PLA/RS composites show lower flexural properties Recycled PLA/RS composites show lower flexural properties compared to PP/RS and PP/Kenaf composites,compared to PP/RS and PP/Kenaf composites,

The termal stability of the recycled PP/Kenaf and PP/RS The termal stability of the recycled PP/Kenaf and PP/RS composites is slightly lower compared to base composite without composites is slightly lower compared to base composite without recycling,recycling,

The termal stability of the recycled PLA/RS composites is lower The termal stability of the recycled PLA/RS composites is lower compared to base composite without recyclingcompared to base composite without recycling



SEM analyses show that in all composites the interaction between SEM analyses show that in all composites the interaction between matrix and RS or Kenaf are very good, resulting in high interfacial matrix and RS or Kenaf are very good, resulting in high interfacial adhesion.adhesion.

Recycled PP matrix can be use for production of the compositesRecycled PP matrix can be use for production of the composites

Recycled PP/RS and PP/Kenaf composites are ability for reuse as Recycled PP/RS and PP/Kenaf composites are ability for reuse as composite componentscomposite components


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