Eco-technologies for MSW Management in Coastal

areas - An Action Research Framework

G. Poyyamoli 1 R.Rajamanikam 2 & Sunil Kumar 3

1Associate Professor & Research Scholar2, Department of Ecology &

Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University Puducherry India 605014 University Puducherry India 605014

(gpoyya@yahoo.com&rajma86@gmail.com)

3Senior Scientist, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research

Institute, Kolkata West Bengal India 700 107 (sunil_neeri@yahoo.co.in)

Project partnersProject partners

• Dr G. Poyyamoli Associate Professor, Department of Ecology &Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University Puducherry

• Dept of Science, Technology & Environment, PPCC, PWD,Municipal administration & Depts of Agriculture, tourism , Education& Social welfare , Govt of Puducherry

• Dr Sunil Kumar Senior Scientist, CSIR-National Environmental• Dr Sunil Kumar Senior Scientist, CSIR-National EnvironmentalEngineering Research Institute, Kolkata West Bengal

• Dept of Science, Technology & Environment, MPCC, PWD,Municipal administration, & Depts of Agriculture, tourism ,Education & Social welfare , Govt of Maharashtra

• Duration – 5 years

� "The band of dry land and adjacent ocean space (water andsubmerged land) in which terrestrial processes and land uses directlyaffect oceanic processes and uses and "vice versa".

� 25% of India's population lives within 50 km of the coastline – 7500Km;more highly populated than inland regions (2.6 times)- urbanisation

� Concentration of sectors – rapid urbanization, industrialization,

Coastal areas

expansion of education, health & tourism services- multiple use/functions, multiple, competing demands-diverse activities - increasingproduction/ diversity of solid wastes- Ecologically/socio-economicallyvery sensitive – fragility – higher degradation of habitats/BD loss

� Lack of integrated sustainability approaches - Inadequate governance -weak resiliency – dumping/burning of un-segregated solid wastes-Solid waste management ?

Areal maps of chosen sites Areal maps of chosen sites –– PuducherryPuducherry & Mumbai regions& Mumbai regions

� U.T of Puducherry consists of Puducherry, Mahe

and Yanam regions – one of the smallest UTs

� Puducherry region on the E coast is the largest -

has 23.6 KM coastline; an Urban Agglomeration

under the category of Class I UAs/Towns

Population- 6,54,392- Pop density – 2,510 (01) -

3,231 (11)-3rd rank – PGR- 27.7% (01-11)

Puducherry Geography, demography & Climate

Puducherry U.T-480 km²Puducherry - 293 km²Karaikal- 161 km²Yanam- 20 km²Mahe-9 km²

�95% of the MSW

generated in Puducherry3,231 (11)-3 rank – PGR- 27.7% (01-11)

� Municipalities – Ozhukarai (3.0), Puducherry

(2.41) ;3 census towns, 1 outgrowth & Gram

panchayat; 15 coastal fishing villages; 2 fishing

ports; 35 markets; 83 slums in Puducherry -

comprising 17 % of the total city population.

� Warm and humid throughout the year;Average

RF -1240 mm/yr ; Summer- 36 °C & Winter- 18 -

20 °C

generated in Puducherry

have an economic value;

35-45% is biodegradable

i.e. market, butchery,

kitchen or garden waste;

35% is recyclable i.e.

metal, paper and plastic.

Mumbai Metropolitan -1.841c (city -1.248c) -(the largest in India and one of the six largest in the world)

Ambernath, Badalapur, Kalyan and Dombivali, Mira and Bhayander, Mumbai,Navi Mumbai, Thane, and Ulhasnagar

Mumbai-Geography, demography & Climate

• Financial capital of India - West Coast – 36 km longcoastline - 24 wards. As of 2011, four slums inMumbai larger than Dharavi- once considered as thelargest slum in Asia! Some of them - three times thesize of Dharavi! 8500 million tons of urban MSW/day

• Urban- 4335 Km2; suburabn- 369 Km2 ;The islandcity is now largely free of slums, except on thefringes, like Dharavi in the North, Antop Hill in theEast, Geeta Nagar and Ambedkar Nagar in theSouth and Worli village in the West. The erstwhileSouth and Worli village in the West. The erstwhilesmaller slums in the suburbs have metamorphosedinto contiguous, larger slums. The Kurla-Ghatkoparbelt, the Mankhurd-Govandi belt, the Yogi and Yeoorhill slopes stretching from Bhandup to Mulundflanking the Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP)on the East and Dindoshi on the western flank of theNational Park have all eclipsed Dharavi.

• Tropical wet and dry climate- 61-86 %. humidity-average of 27.2 °C (range -16-33) and averageprecipitation of 2000-2500 mm

MSW MSW -- status in India status in India

• Management of solid waste is associated with the control of

generation, storage, collection, transfer & transport, processing, and

disposal of solid wastes- MSW (management & handling) Rules

2000; BMW (management & handling) rules, 1998 & 2011

• The ever increasing generation of MSW vs. limited HRs/facilities –

privatisation? economics of scale – slums /low density areas?

• Unscientific disposal causes an adverse impact on all components of

environmental and human health ( Rathi, 2006: Sharholy et al., 2005;

Ray et al., 2005; Jhe at al ., 2003 ; Kansal, 2002; Kansal et al., 1998;

Singh and Singh, 1998; Gupta et al., 1998).

• Average for India - 0.5 -0.7 Kg/capita MSW generation/day

• Puducherry – 350 t/day ; Mumbai- 9000 t/day

What is in MSW?

Of the total waste :

� C. 50% is

biodegradable i.e.

kitchen or garden

95% of the MSW in India have an economic value.

kitchen or garden

waste

� 17-21% is recyclable

i.e.metal, paper &

plastic.

� 31% inert

Moisture – 47%; Cal value

7.3 Mj/Kg (6.4-9.8)

Doomsday Scenario!

If our dirty habits continue by the year

2025:

� Garbage generation will increasefrom 500 gm to 950 gm/capita/day

� Total garbage generation willTotal garbage generation willincrease 4.5 times

� Paper packaging will increase from2.7 kg to 8.5kg/ capita/year

� Plastic packaging will increase from2.1kg to 10kg/capita/year

PRESENT STATUS OF MSW MANAGEEMNT IN COASTAL AREAS

Source of waste

�Residence

�Hotels

�Markets

�Institution

Community bin

collection system

Rag pickers

Transportation using

variety of vehicle Land fill area

Extracting resourcesfor our needs

Generating waste mindlessly

Disposing thesecarelessly

Burning them inDump yards &highways

Marine Debris – Puducherry

Coastal Region

Waste dumped at agricultural land

Massive amount of waste Massive amount of waste -- could be easily recycledcould be easily recycled

Organic Waste - Pondicherry Vegetable Market – no takers!

Sanitary workers collecting recyclable from the mixed MSW

A buffet for goats, poultry & dogs!

Current MSW/BMW handling

/management issues

• Open dumping of un-segregated/untreated

wastes -aesthetic value -foul smell – affect locals

& repel tourists local opposition- shifting dump

sites!; loss of prime land

• Ideal breeding place for flies /vectors-fly-borne

diseases e.g. typhoid fever, cholera, dysenteries.

food and shelter for rats and mice- food ?

• Air/water/soil pollution – PM, PAH,VOC, CH4,

Hcl, NOx, SOx, CFCs, H2S -antimony, arsenic,

barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead,

manganese, mercury, phosphorus and titanium -

carcinogens such as furans, dioxins- eye,

respiratory, skin and blood infections - cancer

• MSW workers/rag pickers without protectivewears- gloves/masks -occupational health

hazards-cuts/wounds- gastrointestinal parasites,

worms

Karuvadikuppam dump site

Unique solid wastes• Demolition products (bricks, masonry, pipes).; HH hazardous/

infectious wastes – sanitary napkins, batteries …

• E-wastes -contain metals such as mercury, cadmium & lead

• Sewage treatment residues (sludge and solids from thecoarse screening of domestic sewage).

• Dead animals, manure, other discarded materials- batteries,• Dead animals, manure, other discarded materials- batteries,syringes, out dated medicines, tube lights, CFLs, Shipwrecking yards etc… …..

• BMW-unsegregated. Until recently unlabelled BMW dumpedalong with MSW by small /medium hospitals /labs – serioushealth impacts for waste handlers/patients/visitors/ dumpsiteneighbour hoods - though a major fraction of the hospitalwastes (60-72%) are non infectious /recyclable ; solutions-segregation at source , safe handling/ treatment /disposal forinfectious wastes; eco-technologies for recyclable wastes

SeptageSeptage –– an emerging problem in Indian citiesan emerging problem in Indian cities

• “Septage ” - septic tank sludge - acombination of raw primary sludge andanearobically produced raw sludge. Ithas an offensive odour, appearanceand contains significant levels of hair,debris and pathogenic microorganisms- eutrophication/contamination of GW; infections &water borne diseaseswater borne diseases

• Adequate facilities and services forcollection, transportation, treatment anddisposal of urban domestic septage donot exist-Private operators often do nottransport and dispose of septageseveral KMs away from humansettlements and instead dump it indrains, waterways, open land, andagricultural fields

Overflowing uncollected MSW lies on street Corners

•The uncollected waste is dumped

indiscriminately in the streets and in

drains, contributing to flooding, and

breeding of insect and rodent vectors.

•Facilitate disease and injury, especially

among children, rag pickers, and

employees in the waste management

sector.

Open Air Burning Of Domestic & Commercial Garbage in Pondy Dump

Uncollected MSW in slum areas ; Solai Nagar, Vaithikuppam

Open defecation & dirty beaches

Trash clogs city drains

Tribal Kids Collecting & Using recyclables from the Dump yard

Dump yards - A Solution?

� Releases of harmful gases due

to burning of waste/ landfill-

GHGs, carcinogenic furans and

dioxins

� Unhygienic conditions

� Dengue, Chikungunya , the

danger of secondarydanger of secondary

contamination of HIV , tetanus

� Loss of prime land

� Formation of leachate leading

to ground water contamination

The MSW crisis in coastal areas

• Traditionally, waste in rural India was managed well, as the waste streamswere biodegradable, reusable or recyclable. Escalating production of diverseMSW along with an increase in the generation of hazardous & toxic wastes –MSW/ construction debris thrown on streets; septage on road sides in theoutskirts; open defecation along the coast; BMW mixed with MSW;hazardous with non hazardous; biodegradable with non biodegradable – vsassimilative/absorbing capacity

• Lack of collection/segregation at source &operational inefficiencies,inappropriate technologies -waste collection rates are often lower than 15 percent in most of the cities. More than 50 % (at times up to 90%) of theinappropriate technologies -waste collection rates are often lower than 15 percent in most of the cities. More than 50 % (at times up to 90%) of thecollected waste is often disposed of through uncontrolled land filling andabout 9- 15 per cent is processed through unsafe and informal recycling byrag pickers

• Overflowing landfills- opposition for dumpsites -NIMBY syndrome !

• Degradation /pollution of critical coastal habitats

Objectives

• To critically evaluate the current policies, plans, practices andprogrammes of solid waste management of selected coasatalMunicipality’s/ PCBs- Puducherry & Mumbai

• To characterize and quantify the solid wastes produced

• To assess the environmental and health risks associated with solid• To assess the environmental and health risks associated with solidwaste management practices on waste collectors to residents, fromlocal dumpsites to unscientific open dumps and landfill sites.

• To develop prototypes for storage, collection segregation andmanagement of each type of wastes

Objectives

• To assess the emerging ecotechnologies available for processing,treatment and recycling/ disposal ofMSW

• To initiate a broad awareness campaignon the importance of ISWMon the importance of ISWM

• To provide an assessment andsuggestions for suitable guidelines toformulate appropriate action plan forcommunity based co management ofsolid wastes through the adoption ofISWM strategies.

Methodology

• Situation analysis, stake holder analysis-PLA,P-GIS-selection of pilot sites inPuducherry & Mumbai- representing settlementtype, population density, sectoral mix ofwastes, ,levels of cooperation

• H- ToT, ABC- mass media, IT- academic/research institutions/NGOs /CBOsresearch institutions/NGOs /CBOs

• Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) analysis

• Waste stream analysis- characterization /quantification

• Cradle to grave approach / Life CycleAssessment (LCA) for waste handling,management disposal and re use/recycling –SSC approach

MethodologyMethodology

• Design for Sustainability (DfS)- www.d4s-sbs.org/

• Eco-Design/Design for Environment (DfE)- http://www.epa.gov/dfe/

• Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA)-• Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA)-http://fred.csir.co.za/www/sea/primer/primerf.htm

• SWPlan - solid waste management planning software-http://recyclinginsights.tripod.com/products/swplan.htm

• SWM GHG Calculator – a Tool for Calculating GreenhouseGases in Solid Waste Management- www.iswa.org/ uploads/tx_iswaknowledgebase/Spies.pdf

MethodologyMethodology

• Independent municipal methods (Japan municipalgovernment, 2008) -

• The output method- site specific studies

• Waste flow analyses (Lindqvist , 2002)

• Assessment of health and environmental risks associated withwaste management practices

MethodologyMethodology

• Integrated solid waste management (ISWM)

• Decision Support Systems (DSS)

• Ecological sanitation (Ecosan)/Terra preta technology

• Co-composting ( combined composting of solid waste with de-wateredbiosolids)biosolids)

• Advanced Thermal Recycling (ATR)- an advancement of existing EfWtechnology- converts MSW into either electricity or steam- combustionbottom / combustion fly/air pollution control system fly ash- treated toproduce products that can be beneficially reused (e.g Gypsum)

• Waste to energy (WTE) options with least environmental impacts

MethodologyMethodology

• On-site visits and observation,interview with key stakeholders, groupdiscussions, and secondary datasources - background information

• The research/extension staff will be• The research/extension staff will beinteracting in a day to day operationwith the concerned agencies/groups/individuals dealing with solidwastes to collect information and gainfirsthand experience.

11 ISWM project steps

� 11 step approach to assure interdisciplinary and participatory planning Within an enlarged start-up phase, the 10 steps complement classical planning instruments (feasibility study, technical design, etc.)

� Selection criteria for pilot wards – community cooperation, NGO/administrative support, political will

Start-up phase

Aw

are

ness ra

isin

g

11 ISWM project steps

Step 0 – Raising awareness- ABC

Step 1 - Request for assistance/partnerships

IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 37

Feasibility-Study

Aw

are

ness ra

isin

g

Detailed technical & operational plans

Tendering, constrn., operation, maintenance &

monitoring

Step 1 - Request for assistance/partnerships

Step 2 - Launch of planning & consultation process

Step 3 - Assessment of current status & stakeholders

Step 4 - Assessment of priorities, user & reuser needs

Step 5 - Identification of 3 R options

Step 6 - Evaluate feasible service & institutional structure

Step 7 - Consolidate plans for the study area – Log frame

Step 8 - Finalise consolidated plans for study area

Step 9 – T & CB-Implementation- pilot trails – scaling up

Step- Participatory monitoring/feed back

Sustainable solid waste management

• 20 cans can be made out ofrecycled material with the sameamount of energy it takes to makea new one.

• Eliminate open defecation bypublic ecosan/terra preta toilets –may even pay the users (10may even pay the users (10paise/visit –Scope , Musiri,Trichy)-saves water (3 vs 10-12 l/use),generates manure from urine &compost , improves hygiene/sanitation

• Rope in the industrial /commercialsector through CSR/CER /taxincentives for supporting T & CB/awareness programmes

Septage Septage –– a misplaced resource!!a misplaced resource!!

• Septage contains plant nutrients such asnitrogen, phosphorus, and in some casesvarying amounts of micro nutrients suchas boron, copper, iron, manganese,molybdenum, and zinc (EPA, 2011)

• Independent septage treatment facilitiesuse processes like stabilization lagoons,chlorine oxidation, and aerobic andchlorine oxidation, and aerobic andanaerobic digestion, biological / chemicaltreatment

• Co-treatment of septage along withdomestic sewage at a sewage treatmentplant; non conventional methods -Improved septic tank/Anaerobic baffledreactors, constructed wetlands

• Industrial fuel, methane & biodiesel,biofertilisers….

R E. Marshall & K Farahbakhsh, 2013. Systems approaches to integrated solid waste management in developing countries. Waste Management , Available online 26th January 2013

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X13000032

ISWM hierarchy

• “Upstream” resource management and waste reduction at Source -green procurement -sustainable consumption

• Resource Recovery Through Separation and Recycling-combination of centralized & decentralized options with effective pollution control systems

• Resource Recovery Through Waste Processing – WTE- RDF, BGS, composting .. Green jobs

• Waste Transformation – material recycling-plastic, glass, paper & metals

• Waste Disposal on Land – after treatment

KEEP WASTES UNMIXED, even during transport

Cities must collect only WET wastes,daily at doorstep, for value addedcomposting (EM, etc.)-decentralized- terrapreta ST- OF

DRY wastes collection by informalsector, once or twice a week - SLs

Collect GARDEN & PARK wasteseparately, once a week,for local composting-OF/OH

OF- BD-ESS-Health

ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL

CARBON SEQUESTR

ATION

REDUCED GREEN

HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

LIVELIHOODSLIVELIHOODS

INCREASED CROP YIELD BIOCHARBIOCHAR

CHARCOAL PLUS

AMENDMENTS TO SOIL

SECURING FROM

CLIMATE VARIABILITY

ONE OF THE GLOBAL

WARMING AND CLIMATE

CHANGE MITIGATION SOLUTIONS

INCREASED INCOME

RECLAMATION OF DEGRADED

SOILS

BIOLOGICAL

- INCREASED SOIL

MOCROBES AND

FUNGI. REPULSION OF

ANTS AND TERMITES,

PHYSICAL

- SOIL MOISTURE

RETENTION, SOIL TEXTURE,

AND TEMPERATURE

, SURFACE AREA

CHEMICAL

RETENTION AND ACCESS

OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROU

S, ADSORBTION

OF HAZARDOUS PESTICIDES

Excreta are a valuable resource

25

50

75

100

125

150million tons per

year

(as N + P2O5 + K2O)135

50

ww

w.f

ert

ilize

r.o

rg

47

0global mineral

fertilizer

consumption

global fertilizer

equivalent in

wastewater

ww

w.f

ert

ilize

r.o

rg

• more than 1/3 of global mineral fertilizer consumption can be covered by the reuse of human excreta-Ecosan compost contains 1.35 times of N,0.92 times of P & 2.8 times more K than in the conventional compost

• over 15 billion US$ fertilizer equivalent are annually flushed down the toilet

Fertilizer Equivalence of Yearly per Capita Excreted

Nutrients and Fertiliser Requirements for Producing

250 kg of Cereals

5

6

cereal

requirements

Fertilizer potential of human excreta

ecosan principles

Appropriate Technologies in Ccooperation Projects,16-17.12.05, Brescia 48

sourc

e: D

rangert

, 1998

0

1

2

3

4

N N P P K K

Nu

trie

nt

(kg

)

requirements

faeces

urine

Benefits of ecological sanitation

� restored soil fertility through

nutrient reuse

� improved soil quality through

reuse of organics

49

sou

rce

: V

inn

erå

s, 2

00

3

urinefaeces & urine none

compost

improved soil untreated soilafter one week without water

sou

rce

: P

ett

er

Jen

sse

n

Main elements of Terra Preta Toilets

•Terra Preta toilets can be newly constructed or adapted from any other existing toilet (e.g. UDDT, composting toilet). Mandatory design elements are:

Design Principals

A toilet

(including Airtight faeces

collection

Microbial

mix

50

(including

superstructure,

seats and slabs)

collection

chamber

Airtight

urine

collection

vessel

Urine

diversion

(Vermi)com-posting site

Sources: GENSCH (2010 b); OTTERPOHL (n.y. b); GUENTHER (2007)

Design Principals

Terra Preta Toilets

adopt the Terra Preta Sanitation (TPS) approach to urine diverting

toilets.

Overview on the Terra Preta Sanitation process

51

Sources: TILLEY et al. (2008); GENSCH (2010 b); GUENTHER (2007)

TPS is:(1) Collection

(2) Lacto-fermentation,

(3) Addition of charcoal

and vermicomposting,

(4) Incorporation of terra

preta compost into soils.

Added materialDesign Principals

Charcoal mix:

• Charcoal

• Stone dust

• Finely cut wood

• Some limestone or volcanic soil

Microbial mix:Similar to commercial available effective

microorganisms (EM) mix, but specifically

designed to prepare for vermicompost and

for free!

• Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus mesentericus,

Geobacillus stearothermophilus,

52

• Some limestone or volcanic soil

Wood can be replaced with any

other bulking agent to raise C/N

necessary for vermicomposting.

The mix can be prepared in

advance and stored close to the

toilet (keep it dry!).

Geobacillus stearothermophilus,

Azotobacter croococcum and Lactobacillus

• Available at the Technical University

Hamburg-Harburg (TUHH, Institute of

Wastewater Management and Protection,

aww, Germany) or from the Xavier

University Sustainable Sanitation Center

(Philippines)

To prepare a lacto-fermentation microbial

mix, one can also take an Inoculum from

Sauerkraut liquor.Picture sources: OTTERPOHL (n.y. b); GENSCH (2010 a)

Climate protection

Poverty reduction

Resource

conservation Business and labour

promotion

Food security

Ecosan is a crossEcosan is a cross--sectoral approachsectoral approach

Modified from IWA-5th WRRS, Jeju, Korea, 8. - 11. November 2005 53

Health & Health &

sanitationsanitationSustainable agriculture

+

Conservation of soil fertility

IWRM /ISWM

MDGs

SHREDDED MIXED PLASTIC FILMS MAKE GREAT ROADS

Gravel heated to 170 degrees sprayedwith plastic chips 2-3 times betterquality and life (twice stronger/3 vs10 yrs)- Women SHGs- T Nadu

Plastic wastes @Rs7/kg- pulverised to2-4 mm bits- Rs16-13/kg; pulverisermachine Rs1.5Lakhs

MADURAI Thiagarajar Engg College-Dr R Vasudevan - rural PMGSYroad trials in every district.

BANGALORE KK process adds 8%by wt of bitumen in Central

Hot-Mix Plants for highways

• Local Governments are nowlooking at waste as a businessopportunity, to extract valuableresources contained within itthat can still be more efficientlyused and to safely process anddispose wastes with a minimumimpact on the environmentimpact on the environment(UNEP /DTIE, 2009a; UNDESA,2011; http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/spc/news-oct09/ Guidelines_ISWM_Plan.pdf accessed on12th Nov 2012 ).

Supporting conditionsSupporting conditions

• Creation of institutional mechanisms such as working groups andregular city consultations to involve the residents individually andcollectively.

• Conducting community-based civil education programmes- ABC

• Setting up Ward level Environment Management Committees (EMC)in each ward under the leadership of the religious / other respectablecommunity leaders as appropriate -Improved management &monitoring

• Revitalizing /HEIs/School Environment Committees to get involved insocial mobilization

Supporting conditionsSupporting conditions

• Incentives to private sector based onquarterly rapid environmental assessments

• Promotion of urban organic horticulture.

• Promotion of Corporate Environmental• Promotion of Corporate EnvironmentalResponsibility (CER) and Corporate SocialResponsibility (CSR).

• Ongoing training /capacity building forcommunity based COM of ISWM.

• Market research for composting and otherrecyclable products

Awareness session on solid wastes Awareness session on solid wastes -- PUPU

Solid waste auditing at PUSolid waste auditing at PU

The anticipated out comes after the 5 year project

• Promotion of waste avoidance / reduction/segregation at the source of generation

• Ensuring the return of recyclable materialto the market by a system of incentives

• Developing resource / waste exchangeservices – pro-poor Sustainable livelihoodservices – pro-poor Sustainable livelihoodenhancement/diversification – OF-ET

• Promotion of promising eco technologies-co -composting home-gardening/organicfarming , waste to energy (including BGS),Terra preta

The anticipated out comes after the 5 year project

• Scientific handling of clinical andhazardous wastes

• Creation of an environment friendly,eco cities/municipalities

• Setting up Ward level Environment• Setting up Ward level EnvironmentManagement Committees (EMC) ineach ward under the leadership ofthe clergy /and or other respectablecommunity leaders as appropriate

• Recognition / facilitation of the privateinformal sector, NGOs / CBOs.

The anticipated out comes after the 5 year project

• Decentralization of municipaloperations

• Strengthening the MunicipalStanding Committee.Standing Committee.

• Establishment of a clearinghouse mechanism and a helpdesk on MSW.

• Improved public relations andcivic engagement

The anticipated out comes after the 5 year project

• Establishment of performance cost based monitoring systems.

• Regular process-documentation.

• Computerized Complaints Redress System on MSW issues -Vigilance Squad

• Improved Management & Monitoring

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