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4/17/2017 1 Ecological Footprint (yes, another footprint!) An Ecological Footprint is a measure of how much productive land and water an individual, a city, a country (or even a planet) requires to produce all the resources they consume AND to absorb all the waste they generate using the technology of the day http://www.santamonicapropertyblog.com Ecological Footprint (continued) An Ecological Footprint is calculated be the sum of cropland, forest, grazing land, fishing ground, builtup land, and carbon and nuclear energy footprints required to sustain them and to absorb their outputs Today’s global ecological footprint is 2.2 hectares per person This is considered by the WWF at 21% OVER the earth’s biocapacity Earth’s capacity at current population is about 1.8 hectares per person Source: World Wildlife Fund

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Page 1: Ecological Footprint - Personal Websites€¦ · Ecological Footprint (yes, another footprint!) An Ecological Footprint is a measure of how much productive land and water an individual,

4/17/2017

1

Ecological Footprint(yes, another footprint!)

An Ecological Footprint is a measure of how much productive land and water an individual, a city, a country (or even a planet) requires  to produce all the resources they consume AND to absorb all the waste they generate using the technology of the day

http://ww

w.santam

onicapropertyblog.com

Ecological Footprint(continued)

An Ecological Footprint is calculated be the sum of cropland, forest, grazing land, fishing ground, built‐up land, and carbon and nuclear energy footprints required to sustain them and to absorb their outputs

Today’s global ecological footprint is 2.2 hectares per person

This is considered by the WWF at 21% OVER the earth’s biocapacity

• Earth’s capacity at current population is about 1.8 hectares per person

Source: World Wildlife Fund

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Ecological Footprint of Selected Cities and Host Countries

Ecological Footprint of Countries by Income (2003)

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What economic sectors are making the global eco‐footprint grow?

Source: World Wildlife Fund

Where is our ecological foot at on the globe?

Source: World Wildlife Fund

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Household Energy Consumption

Urban Energy Consumption varies by Economic Sector

In the global economy, economic activities are separated into four distinct categories:

• Primary Sector: Involves the extraction and production of raw materials• Mining industry / Fishing industry / Timbering industry / Farming industry

• Secondary Sector: Involves the transformation of raw materials into goods adding value to that raw material

• Manufacturing industry / Construction industry / Food Processing industry

• Tertiary Sector: Involves the provision of services to consumers and businesses• Retail Consumer Goods Industry / Tourism Industry / Entertainment Industry

• Quaternary Sector: Involves the research and development needed to produce products from natural resources and the assembly, transmission and processing of information and data

• Financial industry / Education industry / Media industry

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World Greenhouse gas emissions by sector

http://www.unep.org

Sources: Cécile M

arin, A

tlas Environnem

ent du M

onde Diplomatique, 2007

http://www.unep.org

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Energy Use in Buildings

• Older buildings (pre‐20c) actually use less energy than buildings built in the latter half of the 20c (1950 – 1970)

• Why?  Because prior to this, energy was not as easily accessible, and was often inefficiently used

• Therefore, building design – and planning for these designs – has become essential for future urban growth

Source:  UNEP, Harmonious Cities, 2009

Embedded EnergyEnergy consumption in buildings occurs in five (5) phases:

1. The energy used in the manufacturing of the building materials– This is called “Embedded energy”

2. The energy used to transport materials to building sites– This is called “Grey energy”

3. The energy used in the actual construction of the building– This is called “Induced energy”

4. The energy consumed in running the building once occupied– This is called “Operational energy”

5. The energy consumed in the demolition process– Concrete, aluminum and steel are among the materials with the highest 

“Embedded energy” content– This is called “Demolition energy”

“Embedded Energy” consumption can be reduced by using different building materials

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http://www.unep.org

http://www.unep.org

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http://www.unep.org

Sources: Cécile M

arin, A

tlas Environnem

ent du M

onde Diplomatique, 2007

http://www.unep.org

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Trends in Cities of Developing Countries

• Rapid urbanization (as we know) is having a very large impact on the construction industry

• The production of cement is a large energy consumer

• Some countries, like China, are using government policyto influence reductions in built‐environment energy use

• Other countries, like India, also use policy, but also focus greatly on public sector innovation and technology

Sources: “Energy conservation standard for space heating in Chinese urban residential buildings”,  Siwei and Huang“Energy Efficiency in India”, Parts 1 and 2, World Resources Institute

Urban Environmental Risks

Urban Heat Islands

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Urban “Heat Islands” (UHI)• An Urban Heat Island (UHI) is created around a metropolitan area, where the central urban area’s land cover (concrete, pavement, metal, etc.) absorb and retain more heat from the sun than those land covers of the surrounding countryside (grass, trees, dirt, etc.)

Urban “Heat Islands” (UHI) ‐Measuring

• Urban heat islands may be identified by measuring surface or air temperatures

• Surface temperatures have an indirect but significant influence on air temperatures

• For example, parks and vegetated areas, which typically have cooler surface temperatures, contribute to cooler air temperatures

• Dense built‐up areas, on the other hand, typically lead to warmer air temperatures 

• Because air mixes within the atmosphere, though, the relationship between surface and air temperatures is not constant

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Urban “Heat Islands” (UHI) ‐Measuring• Surface and atmospheric temperatures vary over different land use areas

• Surface temperatures vary more than air temperatures during the day, but they both are fairly similar at night

• The dip and spike in surface temperatures over the pond show how water maintains a fairly constant temperature day and night, due to its high heat capacity 

Urban “Heat Islands” (UHI) ‐Measuring

• Remote Sensing techniques can be used to measure the amount of heat that is being generated by a conglomeration of land covers

• Remote Sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon using equipment that does not make contact with the object.

• It takes measurements of various types of emitting energy / radiation from the object

•All surfaces give off thermal energy that is emitted in wavelengths. •Instruments on satellites and other forms of remote sensing can •identify and measure these wavelengths, providing an indication of temperature

Atlanta, GAUHI effect

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Atlanta surface heat signatures

http://thinkgreendegrees.com

Urban “Heat Islands” (UHI) ‐ Impacts

• On a hot, sunny summer day, roof and pavement surface temperatures can be 50–90°F (27–50°C) hotter than the air

• While shaded or moist surfaces—often in more rural surroundings—remain close to air temperatures

• These surface urban heat islands, particularly during the summer, have multiple impacts and contribute to atmospheric urban heat islands

• Air temperatures in cities, particularly after sunset, can be as much as 22°F (12°C) warmer than the air in neighboring, less built‐up rural regions

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Energy

• Energy is defined as the ability to do work

• All ecosystems, including the atmospheric environment, require energy to function

• The atmosphere largely depends on heat energy

• Heat energy comes from the movement of atoms & molecules in matter

• The sun is the ultimate source of heat energy

Mechanisms of heat energy transfer

• Heat energy moves from objects that are hotter to objects that are colder when the two objects are in contact 

• (land and air; or sea and air; or hot air mass and cold air mass)

• There are three mechanisms of heat energy transfer • Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

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Mechanisms of heat transfer

Conduction

• The transfer of heat energy through a substance when molecules in the substance collide with each other

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Convection

• The transfer of heat energy when a substance itself moves from one place to another

Radiation

• The transfer of heat energy from a substance into its environment by means of electromagnetic waves

• These waves vary by wavelength, which depends on the temperature of the substance

• Hotter substances generate more radiation energy and radiation of shorter wavelength