ecological succession - welcome to mr. crumbley's...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ecological Succession
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Ponder this….
Do communities change?
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Ponder this….
Do communities change?
yes, of course
What makes them change?
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Ponder this….
Do communities change?
yes, of course
What makes them change?
something about the environment changes, may be huge
or small, natural or man-made, sudden (a disturbance) or
gradual (abiotic factors change as the community
changes)
How do they change?
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Ponder this….
Do communities change?
yes, of course
What makes them change?
something about the environment changes, may be huge
or small, natural or man-made, sudden (a disturbance) or
gradual (abiotic factors change as the community
changes)
How do they change?
gradual change over time as species are replaced by other
species
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Ponder this….
Do communities change?
yes, of course
What makes them change?
something about the environment changes, may be huge
or small, natural or man-made, sudden (a disturbance) or
gradual (abiotic factors change as the community
changes)
How do they change?
gradual change over time as species are replaced by other
species
For a given area, is change predictable?
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Ponder this….
Do communities change?
yes, of course
What makes them change?
something about the environment changes, may be huge
or small, natural or man-made, sudden (a disturbance) or
gradual (abiotic factors change as the community
changes)
How do they change?
gradual change over time as species are replaced by other
species
For a given area, is change predictable?
sort of…. If you could stand in a cleared field in
Alabama for 500 years, what would you expect to see?
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disturbance
This change in a
community over
time is called
ecological succession
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Ecological Succession
• Definition: a gradual process of change and
replacement of the types of species in a community
• The sequence of changes is somewhat predictable
• May take place over hundreds or thousands of years
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Two types of ecological succession
Primary succession: occurs on a surface where
no ecosystem existed before (no soil)
Secondary succession: occurs on a surface where
an ecosystem has previously existed but has been
disturbed (soil is present)
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Primary Succession
• On new islands
created by volcanic
eruptions
• On sand dunes
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Primary Succession
• Where glaciers have retreated
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Primary Succession
• Paved areas that are abandoned
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Primary Succession
Begins with pioneer species (defined as the first
species to colonize a disturbed area), like lichens,
that can grow directly on rock; begin the
breakdown of the rock to form soil
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Primary Succession
Once rocks begin to weather and crack, soil
forms and small plants can take root
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Primary Succession
Larger plants continue to move in until the bare
ground is covered with life
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Secondary Succession
Definition: type of ecological succession that occurs on a site
where an ecosystem previously existed (soil is present)
Due to a disturbance to the ecosystem – something upsets the
natural balance
May be natural or man-made (anthropogenic) disturbances
Think of examples of each….
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Examples of natural disturbances
tornadoes, floods, trees falling, fire, hurricanes,
disease
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Examples of man-made (anthropogenic) disturbances
deforestation, pollution, urbanization, harvesting
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‘General Ecology’, D.T. Krohne
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Secondary Succession After a disturbance, pioneer species move in,
followed by other species in a somewhat predictable
sequence
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Typical stages of secondary succession
in woodlands
• Early: plants typically small with short lifecycles
(annuals, grasses), rapid seed dispersal,
environmental stabilizers (pioneer species)
• Middle: plants typically longer lived, slower seed
dispersal, and usually larger
• Late: plants and animal species are those
associated with older, more mature ecosystem:
larger, slower dispersal, better competitors, slower
growth
• Climax community: final stage of succession that
will last as long as there is no disturbance
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• Each stage of succession brings about changes in the ecosystem that enable or prevent certain species from moving in – better soil, less light, more competition as ecosystem matures
• Some changes may help other species – called facilitation (example: dogwood trees grow well under the shade of larger trees)
• Some changes may hinder other species – called inhibition (example: black walnut produces a chemical that keeps other plants from growing near it)
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Even though the stages can be generally
predicted, stages of succession can vary,
depending on local conditions
Amount of rain,
temperature, terrain,
latitude, altitude, soil
type, human impact
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Succession in two forests: What causes the
difference in these climax communities?
Succession in the boreal forest (for example in Canada) – climax
species are fir, spruce, hemlock
For example,
eastern U.S. -
climax species are
oak, hickory, maple
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Even in one location, the climax community
depends on many factors
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Current way of thinking: instead of
one stable, final climax community,
there are patches that are constantly
changing within an ecosystem (called
patch dynamics)
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Identify the “patches” around SPHS- even
though we are in the “deciduous forest” of
Alabama, it is not that simple….
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We can see changes in the animal
communities over time, too
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© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Fig 10.7 Diagram of bog
succession.
Ecological Succession can occur in
aquatic ecosystems
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© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Fig 10.8 Graphs
showing changes in
biomass and diversity
with succession.
Changes in Biota
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© 2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers
Fig 10.9 Changes in soil
nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Changes in Abiotic Factors
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Conclusions