EcologyEcology

Aim: How do we study life?Aim: How do we study life?

Do Now: Jan 2011 Regents Do Now: Jan 2011 Regents Questions 66 & 67Questions 66 & 67

Hw: Re-read pgs. 98-101 Answer Hw: Re-read pgs. 98-101 Answer Questions 1-8 on pgs. 101-102Questions 1-8 on pgs. 101-102

Aim: How do we study life?Aim: How do we study life?

Do Now: Jan 2011 Regents Do Now: Jan 2011 Regents Questions 66 & 67Questions 66 & 67

Hw: Re-read pgs. 98-101 Answer Hw: Re-read pgs. 98-101 Answer Questions 1-8 on pgs. 101-102Questions 1-8 on pgs. 101-102

The study of the The study of the interactions that take interactions that take

place among place among organisms and their organisms and their

environment environment

Biosphere Biosphere

The part of Earth that supports The part of Earth that supports lifelife Top portion of Earth's crustTop portion of Earth's crust All the waters that cover Earth's All the waters that cover Earth's

surfacesurface Atmosphere that surrounds Earth.Atmosphere that surrounds Earth.

EcosystemEcosystem

All the organisms living in an All the organisms living in an area and the nonliving features area and the nonliving features of their environmentof their environment

PopulationPopulation

All the organisms in an All the organisms in an ecosystem that belong to the ecosystem that belong to the same species same species

CommunityCommunity

All the populations in an All the populations in an ecosystemecosystem

Aim: What are Aim: What are ecosystems?ecosystems?

Do Now: Do Now:

Contrast community & ecosystem. Provide Contrast community & ecosystem. Provide examples for each.examples for each.

Hw: Define vocab on pgs. 102-104. Vocab Hw: Define vocab on pgs. 102-104. Vocab Quiz on Friday (pgs. 98-104)Quiz on Friday (pgs. 98-104)

Habitat Habitat

The place in which an The place in which an organism lives organism lives provides the kinds of food and provides the kinds of food and

shelter, the temperature, and the shelter, the temperature, and the amount of moisture the organism amount of moisture the organism needs to survive needs to survive

CompetitionCompetition

FoodFood Space Space

CompetitionCompetition

Competition caused by Competition caused by population growth affects many population growth affects many organisms, including humans organisms, including humans

Limits population size Limits population size

CompetitionCompetition

Competition caused by Competition caused by population growth affects many population growth affects many organisms, including humans organisms, including humans

Limits population size Limits population size

Limiting Factor Limiting Factor

Anything that restricts the Anything that restricts the number of individuals in a number of individuals in a population. population.

Includes living and nonliving Includes living and nonliving features of the ecosystem features of the ecosystem

ProducersProducers

Also known as (autotrophs) are Also known as (autotrophs) are organisms that make their own organisms that make their own food. Through photosynthesis.food. Through photosynthesis.

Do you remember the equation?Do you remember the equation?

ProducersProducers

Any organisms that can undergo Any organisms that can undergo photosynthesis (plants). photosynthesis (plants).

Dependent on sunlight to create food Dependent on sunlight to create food (glucose).(glucose).

Consumers Consumers

Organisms that cannot make their own Organisms that cannot make their own food, and must obtain it from their food, and must obtain it from their environment. (also known as environment. (also known as heterotrophs). heterotrophs).

They need food for energy.They need food for energy.

Cellular respiration (remember the Cellular respiration (remember the formula?) formula?)

Types of ConsumersTypes of Consumers

Herbivores: organisms that only eat producers Herbivores: organisms that only eat producers (plants). Ex: Cow(plants). Ex: Cow

Carnivores: organisms that eat other animals Ex: Carnivores: organisms that eat other animals Ex: LionLion

Omnivores: organisms that eat both plant and Omnivores: organisms that eat both plant and animals. Ex: humananimals. Ex: human

Decomposer: organisms that eat wastes and Decomposer: organisms that eat wastes and dead bodies of other organims. Recycle dead bodies of other organims. Recycle nutrients that can be reused by producers.nutrients that can be reused by producers.

Ex: mushroomEx: mushroom

Scavenger: organisms that eat dead Scavenger: organisms that eat dead organisms. Ex: Vultures organisms. Ex: Vultures

Aim: What are the types Aim: What are the types of consumers?of consumers?

Do Now:Do Now:

Give an example of an herbivore, Give an example of an herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, decomposer, omnivore, carnivore, decomposer, scavenger. scavenger.

Hw: Study vocab on pgs. 98-104. Hw: Study vocab on pgs. 98-104.

Aim: What are food Aim: What are food webs?webs?

Do Now: Vocab QuizDo Now: Vocab Quiz

Hw: Finish food chain. Read pgs. 107-113. define all Hw: Finish food chain. Read pgs. 107-113. define all vocab. Regents Practice A 1-3 on pg. 116 -119. 11,12, vocab. Regents Practice A 1-3 on pg. 116 -119. 11,12, 14-20. 22 -23 (in book), 24-25 pgs 117-119. Write two 14-20. 22 -23 (in book), 24-25 pgs 117-119. Write two paragraphs on one method humans have used to paragraphs on one method humans have used to affect biodiversity ( the survival of the different species) affect biodiversity ( the survival of the different species) Ex; see Topic 7 for ideas.Ex; see Topic 7 for ideas.

Review 100 ways online & 134 things you should know Review 100 ways online & 134 things you should know for the regents (posted under hw as attachment).for the regents (posted under hw as attachment).

Ecological NicheEcological Niche

Role that each species plays in an Role that each species plays in an ecosystem. ecosystem.

Only one species at a time can occupy a Only one species at a time can occupy a particular niche, or competition results. particular niche, or competition results.

Ex: Figure 6-4 Ex: Figure 6-4

Competition for a NicheCompetition for a Niche

Competition for a particular ecological Competition for a particular ecological niche occurs when a foreign species niche occurs when a foreign species enters an area. enters an area.

Food ChainsFood Chains

Illustrate the relationships between prey Illustrate the relationships between prey and predator. and predator.

Food chain shows what eats what. Food chain shows what eats what.

Food WebFood Web

Diagrams that show the complex feeding Diagrams that show the complex feeding relationships among producers, relationships among producers, consumers, and decomposers. consumers, and decomposers.

Aim: How does energy Aim: How does energy flow through an flow through an Ecosystem? Ecosystem?

Do Now: Using pgs. 103-104.Do Now: Using pgs. 103-104.

How does a food web differ from a food How does a food web differ from a food chain?chain?

Hw: Re-read pgs. 107-108. Answer Hw: Re-read pgs. 107-108. Answer Questions 28-33, 37-39 on pgs.108-109 Questions 28-33, 37-39 on pgs.108-109

Energy Pyramid Energy Pyramid A diagram that illustrates the transfer of A diagram that illustrates the transfer of

energy through food chain or food web. energy through food chain or food web. Energy is lost as organisms continually Energy is lost as organisms continually

breaking chemical bonds in food to use breaking chemical bonds in food to use energy to live. energy to live.

When energy is released as ATP used by When energy is released as ATP used by cell, energy is converted to heat and lost cell, energy is converted to heat and lost to the environment. See Figure 6-7 on to the environment. See Figure 6-7 on pg. 107pg. 107

Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid

Each block of the energy pyramid Each block of the energy pyramid represents the amount of energy that represents the amount of energy that was obtained from the organism below it. was obtained from the organism below it.

Each level will have Each level will have less energyless energy (smaller) due to loss of heat as (smaller) due to loss of heat as organisms use energy to carry out life organisms use energy to carry out life processes. processes.

The sun is essential to the cycle since it The sun is essential to the cycle since it provides energyprovides energy for producers. for producers.

Recycling & Reusing Recycling & Reusing Materials Materials

Energy from dead organisms is Energy from dead organisms is extracted by decomposers and used for extracted by decomposers and used for their cell processes. their cell processes.

Decomposition is the process of Decomposition is the process of breaking down dead organisms and breaking down dead organisms and wastes produced by living organisms into wastes produced by living organisms into raw materials and returning those raw materials and returning those materials to the ecosystem. materials to the ecosystem.

Examples of Examples of DecomposersDecomposers

Bacteria & FungiBacteria & Fungi They allow the atoms and molecules of They allow the atoms and molecules of

living things to cycle through living and living things to cycle through living and nonliving parts of the biosphere.nonliving parts of the biosphere.

Chemicals like nitrogen, hydrogen, Chemicals like nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen pass through food carbon, and oxygen pass through food webs and are rearranged for processes webs and are rearranged for processes like photosynthesis & cell respiration. like photosynthesis & cell respiration.

Aim: What is ecological Aim: What is ecological succession?succession?

Do Now: Jan 2012 Do Now: Jan 2012

Ques. 1, 12, 18, 19Ques. 1, 12, 18, 19

Hw: Read 100 ways ! Review Baron’s Hw: Read 100 ways ! Review Baron’s book. Bring green book book. Bring green book

BiodiversityBiodiversity

Measurement of the degree to which Measurement of the degree to which species vary within an ecosystem. species vary within an ecosystem.

Different species allows for stability of Different species allows for stability of ecosystem. ecosystem.

These variations allow for survival in the These variations allow for survival in the event of disease, since some can survive event of disease, since some can survive and reproduce.and reproduce.

Also it will help the survival of organisms Also it will help the survival of organisms impacted by environmental disasters. impacted by environmental disasters.

Stability of EcosystemStability of Ecosystem

Interactions between organisms allow Interactions between organisms allow ecosystems to remain stable for ecosystems to remain stable for hundreds or thousands of years. hundreds or thousands of years.

Stable ecosystems have predictable Stable ecosystems have predictable patterns of populations, since prey patterns of populations, since prey population increases will result in population increases will result in predator population increases, until the predator population increases, until the predators kill so many prey that they predators kill so many prey that they starve from the decline in prey starve from the decline in prey population. population.

BiodiversityBiodiversity

Humans contribute to loss of biodiversity Humans contribute to loss of biodiversity by destruction to habitats such as by destruction to habitats such as deforestation (cutting down trees). deforestation (cutting down trees).

Deforestation can damage the Deforestation can damage the ecosystem and critical roles (niches) can ecosystem and critical roles (niches) can be lost. be lost.

Biodiversity is important for production of Biodiversity is important for production of medicine, insecticides, and other useful medicine, insecticides, and other useful resources. resources.

Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

Series of changes by which one habitat Series of changes by which one habitat changes into another. changes into another.

Each community causes modifications to its Each community causes modifications to its environment. environment.

Changes that make it more suitable for another Changes that make it more suitable for another community. community.

Altered environments (climate changes, natural Altered environments (climate changes, natural disasters) will reach a series of succesional disasters) will reach a series of succesional changes to return to long term stability. changes to return to long term stability.

Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

Ex. Succession form a lake to a forest over Ex. Succession form a lake to a forest over time. time.

Bedrock Bedrock lichen lichen mosses mosses grasses grasses trees and shrubs trees and shrubs climax forest. climax forest.

Two common patterns:Two common patterns:Community of bare rock accumulates soil to lead Community of bare rock accumulates soil to lead

to grasses, shrubs and then a forest. to grasses, shrubs and then a forest. Lake accumulating sediments from erosion and Lake accumulating sediments from erosion and

building up to lead to swamp and ultimately a building up to lead to swamp and ultimately a mature forest. mature forest.

SuccessionSuccession

Natural, gradual changes in the Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an types of species that live in an area; area;

Pioneer speciesPioneer species

A group of organisms, such as A group of organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building begin an area's soil-building process process

Climax communityClimax community

A community that has reached a A community that has reached a stable stage of ecological stable stage of ecological succession succession

BiomeBiome

Large geographic areas with Large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystemssimilar climates and ecosystems

IncludesIncludes

TundraTundra TaigaTaiga DesertDesert Temperate deciduous forestTemperate deciduous forest Temperate rain forestTemperate rain forest Tropical rain forest, and grassland Tropical rain forest, and grassland