ecology ecology. population a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular place...
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PopulationPopulation
A group of organisms A group of organisms of the same species of the same species living in a particular place living in a particular place that interbreedthat interbreed
Individuals compete for resources – drives Individuals compete for resources – drives natural selectionnatural selection
Examples: Examples: HumansHumans
CommunityCommunity
All All speciesspecies of organisms that live together of organisms that live together and interact with each otherand interact with each other
Examples: Examples: Forests, NeighborhoodForests, Neighborhood
HabitatHabitat
The The living arealiving area of a species. The particular of a species. The particular part of the part of the communitycommunity in which the organism in which the organism lives.lives.
Examples: Examples: your home, birdyour home, bird
NicheNiche
RoleRole an organism plays in a an organism plays in a communitycommunity.. A niche includes what a species needs to A niche includes what a species needs to
survivesurvive and and reproduce.reproduce. Habitats can overlap so that different species Habitats can overlap so that different species
are found in the same location but no 2 species are found in the same location but no 2 species occupy the same occupy the same habitathabitat at the same time for at the same time for very long. (competition)very long. (competition)
EcosystemEcosystem
Interaction of all populations in a community Interaction of all populations in a community and the community’s physical surroundings and the community’s physical surroundings and and abioticabiotic factors factors
Biotic factor – Biotic factor – all living things that inhabit the all living things that inhabit the environmentenvironment
Abiotic factor –Abiotic factor –the nonliving parts of an the nonliving parts of an organims’s environment. (water, light, soil)organims’s environment. (water, light, soil)
Groups of OrganismsGroups of Organisms
From smallest to largest:From smallest to largest: IndividualIndividual Population (made of Population (made of
individuals)individuals) Community (made of Community (made of
populations)populations) Ecosystem (made of Ecosystem (made of
community and non living)community and non living) Biome (made of ecosystems Biome (made of ecosystems
and weather)and weather) Biosphere (everything in the Biosphere (everything in the
Earth where life is)Earth where life is)
ProducersProducers
Organisms capable of Organisms capable of making their own making their own food/energyfood/energy
Another term = Another term = autotrophautotroph Transform energy of the Transform energy of the sunsun into into foodfood energy energy Example: Example: plantsplants
ConsumersConsumers
Are not capable of Are not capable of producing their own producing their own food/energy.food/energy.They depend on other organisms They depend on other organisms for their food.for their food.
Examples – Examples – Herbivores- Herbivores- animals that eat plantsanimals that eat plants Carnivores- Carnivores- animals that eat other consumersanimals that eat other consumers Omnivores- Omnivores- animals that eat bothanimals that eat both
DecomposersDecomposers
Obtain their food (energy) by breaking down Obtain their food (energy) by breaking down dead decaying organismsdead decaying organisms
Examples: Examples: Earthworm, fungus, bacteria, Earthworm, fungus, bacteria, mushroomsmushrooms
Food ChainFood Chain
Energy movement through the Energy movement through the food chain of an ecosystem – food chain of an ecosystem – community interacting with the community interacting with the environmentenvironment
Energy movement is always Energy movement is always moving from one level to moving from one level to another – from producer to another – from producer to consumerconsumer
Example – Human – cow - grassExample – Human – cow - grass
FOOD WEBFOOD WEB
Producers (Autotrophs)Producers (Autotrophs) Consumers (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)Consumers (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) Herbivore, Carnivore, OmnivoreHerbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore DecomposersDecomposers
Food Webs Food Webs
Feeding relationships and energy flow among Feeding relationships and energy flow among species in an ecosystemspecies in an ecosystem
Too complex to be represented by a single Too complex to be represented by a single food chainfood chain
Main things done with energy from foodMain things done with energy from food MateMate Find foodFind food Heat bodyHeat body
Food WebFood Web
Energy Transfer in webEnergy Transfer in web Food energy in green plantsFood energy in green plants
grasshopper nibbles on green plantsgrasshopper nibbles on green plants lizard eats grasshopperlizard eats grasshopper snake eats lizardsnake eats lizard grass grasshopper lizard snakegrass grasshopper lizard snake
Cow
Human
Energy PyramidsEnergy Pyramids
Trophic level – feeding stepTrophic level – feeding step Energy pyramid shows how energy flows Energy pyramid shows how energy flows
through the ecosystemthrough the ecosystem The base represents autotrophs (1The base represents autotrophs (1stst trophic trophic
level) the next step represents herbivores (2level) the next step represents herbivores (2ndnd trophic level) the third represents carnivores trophic level) the third represents carnivores (3(3rdrd trophic level) trophic level)
Energy decreases with every trophic levelEnergy decreases with every trophic level Each bar represents population size.Each bar represents population size.
SymbiosisSymbiosis
Relationship between organismsRelationship between organisms• PredationPredation• CompetitionCompetition• MutualismMutualism• CommensalismCommensalism• ParasitismParasitism
PredationPredation
Organisms attach and kill their prey and feed Organisms attach and kill their prey and feed on them.on them.
Relationship between Relationship between predator and preypredator and prey Predators = Predators = CarnivoresCarnivores Prey = Prey = Carn/Herbivores/omnivoresCarn/Herbivores/omnivores Examples: Examples: Snake eats a mouseSnake eats a mouse
CompetitionCompetition
Results due to limited amount of Results due to limited amount of resources, resources, food, shelter, mates, etc.food, shelter, mates, etc.
Most intense competition occurs between Most intense competition occurs between organisms that are of the same speciesorganisms that are of the same species
Examples: RamsExamples: Rams
MutualismMutualism
When both organisms When both organisms benefit from each otherbenefit from each other
Examples: Examples: Clown fish/ Sea AnemoneClown fish/ Sea Anemone
Humans/ PetsHumans/ Pets
CommensalismCommensalism
One organism One organism benefitsbenefits from the relationship from the relationship and the other and the other does notdoes not..
Examples: Examples: Bird/TreeBird/Tree
ParasitismParasitism
When one organism When one organism BenefitsBenefits and the other is and the other is harmed.harmed.
Parasite = Parasite = benefits (tick)benefits (tick) Host = Host = harmed (dog)harmed (dog) Some cause Some cause DiseaseDisease. Others can . Others can KillKill the host. the host.
The most successful parasites are ones that The most successful parasites are ones that do not kill their hostdo not kill their host
Main TypesMain Types
Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest GrasslandsGrasslands DesertDesert Deciduous ForestDeciduous Forest Coniferous ForestConiferous Forest TaigaTaiga TundraTundra
Tropical RainforestTropical Rainforest
Found: Found: Near the equatorNear the equator Temp: Temp: HOTHOT Rainfall: Rainfall: LOTSLOTS Special Info: Special Info: Home to many different Home to many different
organisms. Tall trees form a canopy above the organisms. Tall trees form a canopy above the lower understorylower understory
DesertDesert
Africa, Asia, Mexico, AustraliaAfrica, Asia, Mexico, Australia LOW precipitationLOW precipitation Variable temperature throughout the dayVariable temperature throughout the day
GrasslandsGrasslandsSavannaSavanna Africa, Brazil and Africa, Brazil and
AustraliaAustralia Warm Warm Seasonal rainSeasonal rain Lots of grass with few Lots of grass with few
treestrees
TemperateTemperate North America, Asia and South North America, Asia and South
AmericaAmerica Hot summers/cold wintersHot summers/cold winters Seasonal rainSeasonal rain Fertile SoilFertile Soil
Temperate (Deciduous) ForestTemperate (Deciduous) Forest
Eastern US, Europe, Japan, China and Eastern US, Europe, Japan, China and AsiaAsia
Cold to moderate winters with warm Cold to moderate winters with warm summerssummers
Year round precipitationYear round precipitation
Boreal (Taiga) ForestBoreal (Taiga) Forest
Northern Europe, Asia and North AmericaNorthern Europe, Asia and North America Cold Long Winters, short mild summersCold Long Winters, short mild summers Summers allow the ground to thawSummers allow the ground to thaw
Coniferous ForestConiferous Forest
Canada, Northwestern USCanada, Northwestern US Mild temperatures, warmer winter and cool Mild temperatures, warmer winter and cool
summersummer Mild precipitationMild precipitation
TundraTundra
Northern regions of North America, Northern regions of North America, Europe and AsiaEurope and Asia
Short cool soggy summersShort cool soggy summers Long cold dark wintersLong cold dark winters Permafrost: layer of permanently frozen Permafrost: layer of permanently frozen
subsoilsubsoil