ecology. ecology the study of the abundance, distribution, and diversity of organisms and their...
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ECOLOGYECOLOGY
ECOLOGYECOLOGYThe study of the ABUNDANCE, DISTRIBUTION, and DIVERSITY of organisms and their interactions within an environment.
ECOLOGYECOLOGYABUNDANCE - amount of individuals of one speciesDISTRIBUTION - the arrangement of different species in an areaDIVERSITY - amounts of different species
TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION
RANDOM CLUMPED UNIFORM
Factors that affect Factors that affect distribution distribution
on a Rocky Shoreon a Rocky Shore
predator/prey (seastars predator/prey (seastars eat mussels)eat mussels)
shelter (seaweeds shelter (seaweeds provide shelter for small provide shelter for small crustaceans)crustaceans)
food (seaweeds provide food (seaweeds provide food for snails)food for snails)
competition (kelp for competition (kelp for space)space)
What ecology concentrates onWhat ecology concentrates onis studying is studying
POPULATION DYNAMICSPOPULATION DYNAMICS
The changes in abundance (the amount of individuals) in an area over time
Ecology is Ecology is different from different from
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEAL SCIENCE
How?How?
ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCESCIENCE
Incorporates the Incorporates the impact of human impact of human activities, both activities, both
planned and planned and unplanned on the unplanned on the
environment.environment.
ORGANISM
ECOSYSTEM
BIOSPHERE
ORGANIZATION
POPULATION
COMMUNITY
POPULATIONPOPULATION•interbreeding assemblage of a single species in an area
i.e. population of bunnies
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYPopulations of different species living and interacting together.
ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEMMany communitiestogether within an area that share common abiotic factors.
BIOSPHEREBIOSPHERE
•all ecosystems on Earth and the interactions between organisms and the environment within them•composed of 2 types of ecosystems
-biome (terrestrial)-aquatic life system (water)
HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS Maintaining a Maintaining a
stable stable environmentenvironment
when factors when factors change organism change organism must readjust to must readjust to re-establish the re-establish the balance (or die)balance (or die)
Factors to be Factors to be MaintainedMaintained
temperature temperature amount of water amount of water amount of saltsamount of salts nutrientsnutrients levels of waste levels of waste
productsproducts
ABIOTICABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT
temperaturetemperaturesalinitysalinitypressurepressuresunlightsunlightsedimentssediments
nonliving components
TEMPERATURETEMPERATUREWhich are ectotherms? Which are endotherms?
AS TEMPERATURE DECREASES, DENSITY INCREASES
SALINITYSALINITY•as salinity increases, density increases
•salinity is measured in parts of salt per thousand parts of water (ppt)
PRESSUREPRESSURE
Expanding swimbladder may push on eyes!
AMOUNT OF AMOUNT OF RAINFALLRAINFALL
SUNLIGHTSUNLIGHT
BIOTICBIOTIC ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
all living all living componentcomponentss
i.e. fish, fern, etci.e. fish, fern, etc
BIOTIC INTERACTIONSBIOTIC INTERACTIONS
predator/prey predator/prey interactionsinteractions
competitioncompetitionsymbiosissymbiosis
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Abiotic and Biotic Abiotic and Biotic ComponentsComponents
HABITAHABITATT• the environment in which an
organism lives
example: habitats of people
rural
suburban
urban
MICROHABITATMICROHABITAT
Rocky ShoresRocky ShoresRocky Shore
Sandy Beaches
Coral ReefCoral Reef
SoilSoil
GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE
total area in which a species can live
Biomes vs. Aquatic Life Biomes vs. Aquatic Life SystemsSystems
Biomes are terrestrial Biomes are terrestrial regions inhabited by regions inhabited by certain types of life, certain types of life, especially vegetation; each especially vegetation; each biome also has a biome also has a characteristic climate and characteristic climate and geographical locationgeographical location
Aquatic life systems are Aquatic life systems are marine and freshwater marine and freshwater portions of the biosphere; portions of the biosphere; Examples include freshwater Examples include freshwater systems (lakes, ponds, rives) systems (lakes, ponds, rives) or marine systems or marine systems (estuaries, coastlines, coral (estuaries, coastlines, coral reefs, deep ocean)reefs, deep ocean)
NichesNiches
NicheNiche- total way of life or - total way of life or role of a species in an role of a species in an ecosystem. It includes all ecosystem. It includes all physical, chemical, and physical, chemical, and biological conditions a biological conditions a species needs to live and species needs to live and reproduce in an ecosystemreproduce in an ecosystem
BiodiversityBiodiversity
Biological diversity refers to Biological diversity refers to the variety of different species the variety of different species (species diversity), genetic (species diversity), genetic variability among individuals variability among individuals within a species (genetic within a species (genetic diversity), and the variety of diversity), and the variety of ecosystems (ecological ecosystems (ecological diversity)diversity)
Areas with higher numbers Areas with higher numbers of DIFFERENT species are of DIFFERENT species are more diverse than those that more diverse than those that have high numbers of the have high numbers of the same type of species same type of species (abundance)(abundance)
Do not confuse biodiversity Do not confuse biodiversity with abundance!!!!!!with abundance!!!!!!
InteractionsInteractions
Organisms interact with Organisms interact with one another and ecologists one another and ecologists study these interactions study these interactions
Types of InteractionsTypes of Interactions
1. Same species to same 1. Same species to same species species
2. Same species to 2. Same species to different speciesdifferent species
3. Species to 3. Species to environment/surroundingsenvironment/surroundings
Important Species Important Species InteractionsInteractions
CompetitionCompetition-2 or more -2 or more organisms attempting to use the organisms attempting to use the same scarce resources in the same scarce resources in the same ecosystemsame ecosystem
SymbiosisSymbiosis-any intimate -any intimate relationship or association relationship or association between members of 2 or more between members of 2 or more species (5 types)species (5 types)
1. Competition1. Competition2. Predation2. Predation3. Mutualism- interaction 3. Mutualism- interaction
where both species benefitwhere both species benefit4. Commensalism- 4. Commensalism-
interaction in which one interaction in which one organisms benefits while organisms benefits while the other is neither helped the other is neither helped nor harmednor harmed
5. Parasitism- interaction 5. Parasitism- interaction in which one organism in which one organism benefits while the other is benefits while the other is harmedharmed