ecology & evolution
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PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Wallpapperbase.comhttp://www.wallpaperbase.com/space-earth.shtmlaccessed 12.08.07
Classification
Communities and Ecosystems
Populations
The Greenhouse Effect
Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural Historyhttp://www.mnh.si.edu/museum/news/woodpecker/index.htmaccessed 26.04.07
A. Ecological Levels
B. Ecosystems
C. Trophic Levels
D. Transfer of Resources
A. Ecological Levels
1. Ecology- the study of relationships between living organisms and between organisms and their environment
2. Species- a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
3. Habitat- the environment in which a species normally lives or the location of a living organism_
The University of Texas at Austinhttp://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/biomes/SAVANNA/savanna.madagascar.htmlaccessed 26.04.07
4. Population- a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time
5. Community- a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area
6. Ecosystem- a community and its abiotic environment
a. plants and animals
b. light, temperature, and water_
Phoenix Collegehttp://www.pc.maricopa.edu/Biology/ppepe/au/AU%20Blog%2006/coralreefblog.htmaccessed 26.04.07
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B. Ecosystems
1. Ecosystems contain a variety of organisms, all of which have different modes of nutrition
a. autotrophs (producers)
b. heterotrophs (consumers)
1) herbivore
2) carnivore
3) detritivore
4) saprotroph_
Photoblog 2.0http://www.digitalfieldguide.com/blog/491accessed 22.08.07
2. Autotroph- an organism that synthesizes its organic molecules from simple inorganic substances (plants, algae, and phosyntheticbacteria)
3. Heterotroph- an organism that obtains organic molecules from other organisms (animals, fungi, protozoans, and bacteria)_
Idle typehttp://www.idletype.com/2004_02_01_archive.htmlindex.php/image/grass/accessed 20.08.07
4. Consumer- an organism that ingests other organic matter that is living or recently killed (gazelle, leopard, and vulture)_
Cosumnes River Collegehttp://instr.crc.losrios.edu/scotts/Biology400/labs/identify_each_picture.htmaccessed 02.05.07
5. Decomposer- break down the remains of dead organisms
a. detrivore- an organism that ingests dead organic matter (millipedes, woodlice, and earthworms)
b. saprotroph- an organism that lives on or in dead organic matter, secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion (fungus and bacteria)_
Adnet- Web Builders to the Desigh Industryhttp://www.adnet.ie/blogs/index.php/2006/06/accessed 07.05.07
1. Trophic level- the position that an organism occupies in a food chain or a group of organisms in a community that occupy the same positions in food chains
a. primary producer-manufacture their own food
b. primary consumer- eats primary producers
c. secondary consumer- eats primary consumers
d. tertiary consumer- eats secondary consumers_
C. Trophic Levels
Pack 152http://pack152.net/AcademicsAndSports/BeltloopsAndPinsReqs.phpaccessed 29.04.07
2. A food chain shows the position of an organism relative to other organisms, within their respective trophic levels
a. A B indicates that A is being “eaten” by B
b. the arrow indicates the direction of energy flow_
Virtual Homeschool Internationalhttp://www.vhomeschool.net/mambo/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=243&Itemid=571accessed 26.04.07
3. Food web shows interconnected food chains
a. feeding relationships are often too complex to be displayed as a simple food chain
4. Each organism within a food chain/web represents a trophic level_
Microscopy-UKhttp://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjun05/etmacro.htmlaccessed 29.04.07
iClasshttp://yennadon.sd42.ca/online/science/ecology/animalfoodweb.htmlaccessed 26.04.07
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5. Although decomposers play an important role in the ecosystem, they are not typically included in food chain/webs_
Nature Wallpaperhttp://www.exterpassive.com/naturewallpapers/index.php/archives/179accessed 14.05.07
1. Within an ecosystem, there is a movement of both nutrients and energy
a. nutrients cycle i.e. travel in a “circle” as they are passed from one organism to the next and eventually recycled back to organisms again by decomposition_
Garden Pond and Wildlife Gardenhttp://www.glaucus.org.uk/Pond.htmaccessed 03.09.07
D. Transfer of Resources
b. saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle nutrients_
Funky Pixelhttp://www.funkypixel.com/fotolog/images/mushroom_rotting.jpgaccessed 03.09.07
c. energy flows i.e. in a “line” and is temporarily stored and used by organisms and eventually lost to the environment in the form of heat
d. energy can enter and leave an ecosystem, but nutrients must be recycled_
Flickrhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/8082004@N08/1542729910/accessed 12.09.09
2. Energy flows in a food chain
a. light is the initial energy source for almost all communities
1) only a fraction of the suns energy is captured by plants
2) the sun is not included in food chains
b. energy enters food chains through the process of photosynthesis_
VisitUSA.comhttp://www.visitusa.com/california/photos/mojave-nationalpreserve.htmaccessed 08.05.07
c. energy is lost when transferred between trophic levels
1) some material is not consumed
2) other material is not assimilated
3) material used in cell respiration produces CO2, H2O, and heat_
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d. only energy used to create new body mass is available to the next organism in the food chain
e. when energy transformations take place, including those in living organisms, the process is never 100% efficient, commonly being 10-20%_
Ecology Island Adventurehttp://www.tc.umn.edu/~brop0011/Final%20project-Ecology/FP-Food%20Energy.htmlaccessed 23.07.08
3. The flow of energy from one trophic level to the next in a community can be shown in a pyramid of energy
a. the pyramid shape results from the stacking of increasingly smaller trophic levels
b. the base of the pyramid is formed by primary producers which retain the greatest amount of energy as they obtain energy directly from sunlight_
University of Michiganhttp://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries_by_Unit/Unit_4.htmaccessed 28.04.07
c. primary consumers make up the second level of the pyramid which is smaller in size due to energy lost at and between levels
d. secondary and tertiary consumer levels are stacked consecutively at the top and are increasingly smaller
e. the units of pyramids of energy are based on energy (joules) per unit area (square meter) per unit time (year) and are written J m-2 yr-1_
University of Michiganhttp://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries_by_Unit/Unit_4.htmaccessed 28.04.07
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institutehttp://www.mbari.org/benthic/tour1.htmaccessed 13.08.07
A. The Carbon Cycle
B. Atmospheric CO2
C. The Greenhouse Effect
D. Precautionary Principle
E. Global Warming
1. The carbon cycle is the interaction of living organisms and the biosphere through the processes of
a. photosynthesis
b. cell respiration
c. fossilization
d. combustion_
A. The Carbon Cycle
ORACLE ThinkQuesthttp://library.thinkquest.org/11226/why.htmaccessed 14.08.07
WHAT DIFFERENCE MIGHT IT MAKE TO SCIENTIFIC WORK IF NATURE WERE TO BE REGARDED AS A MACHINE, FOR EXAMPLE, AS A CLOCKWORK MECHANISM, OR AS AN ORGANISM, THAT IS, THE GAIA HYPOTHESIS? HOW USEFUL ARE THESE METAPHORS.
Theory of Knowledge
TOKThink
1. Changes in concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide have been recorded for the past 50 years
a. CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is currently about 390 parts per million (ppm)
b. an increase of more than 30% since 1750_
B. Atmospheric CO2
United Nations Environmental Programmehttp://www.grida.no/climate/vital/06.htmaccessed 14.08.07
United Nations Environmental Programmehttp://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/co2_concentration_in_the_atmosphere_mauna_loa_curveaccessed 14.07.08
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C. The Greenhouse Effect
1. The greenhouse effect (gasses in the atmosphere trapping heat) is a natural phenomenon
a. essential to the evolution of life on Earth
b. without it, average surface temperatures would be between -17˚C and -23˚C_
Hartley Botanicalhttp://www.hartley-greenhouses.co.uk/accessed 15.07.08
2. CO2 and other greenhouse gasses (methane and oxides of nitrogen) are linked to an enhanced greenhouse effect
a. transmission of incoming shorter-wave radiation (light) penetrates the atmosphere and strikes the Earth’s surface
b. re-radiated longer-wave radiation (heat) is reflected back to earth_
The University Corporation for Atmospheric Researchhttp://www.ucar.edu/communications/newsreleases/2001/learnweb.htmlaccessed 15.07.08
2. Current CO2 levels could double, possibly leading to an estimated 2.5˚C increase in average global temperature_
USA Todayhttp://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-12-27-polar-bears_x.htaccessed 15.07.08
United Nations Environmental Programmehttp://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/historical-trends-in-carbon-dioxide-concentrations-and-temperature-on-a-geological-and-recent-time-scalaccessed 14.07.08
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Mittal Steelhttp://www.mittalsteel.com/dynamic/dynamicdefault.asp?langId=&sec=matrix&menu_key=&writeprod=1&prod=99&comp=11accessed 15.07.08
D. Precautionary Principle
1. The precautionary principle holds that, if the effects of a human-induced change would be very large, perhaps catastrophic, those responsible for the change must prove that it will not do harm before proceeding
2. This is the reverse of the normal situation, where those who are concerned about the change would have to prove that it will do harm in order to prevent such changes going ahead_
PARALLELS COULD BE DRAWN HERE BETWEEN SUCCESS IN DETERRING CRIME BY INCREASING THE SEVERITY OF THE PUNISHMENT OR BY INCREASING THE CHANCE OF DETECTION. IF THE POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF RAPID GLOBAL WARMING ARE DEVASTATING ENOUGH, PREVENTIVE MEASURES ARE JUSTIFIED EVEN IF IT IS FAR FROM CERTAIN THAT RAPID GLOBAL WARMING WILL RESULT FROM CURRENT HUMAN ACTIVITIES.
Theory of Knowledge
TOK
E. Global Warming
1. The consequences of a global temperature rise on arctic ecosystems are potentially devastating
2. Effects include:
a. increased rates of decomposition of detritus previously trapped in permafrost_
League of Conservation Votershttp://www.lcv.org/president-and-congress/issues/accessed 15.07.08
Web
b. expansion of the range of habitats available to temperate species
c. loss of ice habitat, changes in distribution of prey species affecting higher trophiclevels
d. increased success of pest species, including pathogens_
Oxbow Park Naturalization Projecthttp://chat.carleton.ca/~hcampbe3/Insects_of_the_Ottawa_Area.htmlaccessed 15.07.08
1. The carbon cycle is the interaction of living organisms and the biosphere through the processes of
a. photosynthesis
b. cell respiration
c. fossilization
d. combustion_
A. The Carbon Cycle
ORACLE ThinkQuesthttp://library.thinkquest.org/11226/why.htmaccessed 14.08.07
ThinkA. Allott, Biology IB Study Guide, Oxford University Press 2007
DRAW AND LABEL A DIAGRAM OF THE CARBON CYCLE TO SHOW THE PROCESSES INVOLVED
TIMES UP!
Ontariohttp://http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/ENGLISH/exhibits/parade/big/big_72a_large_crowd.htaccessed 11.08.07
A. Population Growth
B. Sigmoid Growth
C. Limiting Factors
D. Human Population
A. Population Growth
1. Populations are dynamic, constantly changing components of ecosystems
2. Population size may be limited by environmental factors such as:
a. natality- births
b. immigration- moving into a population
c. mortality- deaths
d. emigration- moving out of a population_
University of Alabamahttp://bama.ua.edu/~rypel001/undergrads.htmaccessed 11.08.07
writing and differencehttp://www.eshin.com/node/36accessed 11.08.07
B. Sigmoid Growth
1. Under ideal conditions, a population may display sigmoid growth
2. Sigmoid growth is divided into several phases
a. slow growth- initially the growth is slow
1) few reproducing organisms
2) unable to find a mate_
Michael KentAdvanced Biology (Page 514)Oxford University Press (2000)
ClickThink
author unknownaddress unknownaccessed unknown
b. exponential growth phase-grows at its maximum rate (biotic potential)
1) population size doubles at regular intervals
c. transitional phase-decelerating growth (due to environmental factors)
d. plateau phase- population growth rate eventually stops
1) carrying capacity_
Michael KentAdvanced Biology (Page 514)Oxford University Press (2000)
ClickPlay
C. Limiting Factors
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1. Population growth curves can vary with respect to one or more limiting environmental factors
2. Density-dependent factors:
a. competition or availability of food
b. disease
c. predation or starvation
3. Density-independent factors:
a. weather
b. climate_
Think
C. Limiting Factors
author unknownaddress unknownaccessed unknown
1. Population growth curves can vary with respect to one or more limiting environmental factors
2. Density-dependent factors:
a. competition or availability of food
b. disease
c. predation or starvation
3. Density-independent factors:
a. weather
b. climate_
Think
Allott and Mindorff, Biology Course Companion, Oxford University Press 2007
D. Human Population
1. Does human population follow the same pattern as other species?
2. What are the limiting factors for human population?
3. United Nations has data based on a variety of assumptions showing projected population growth_
Web
Minnesotans For Sustainabilityhttp://www.mnforsustain.org/energy%20punctuation%20marks%20morrison.htmaccessed 23.08.08
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D. Kingdom Animalia
E. Binomial Nomenclature
Alex Maisey Wildlife Photographyhttp://alexmaisey.com.au/monotremes.htaccessed 06.09.07
A. Classification
B. Taxon Hierarchy
C. Kingdom Plantae
A. Classification
1. Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying diverse life forms
a. organization of data assists in identifying organisms
b. show evolutionary links
c. enables prediction of characteristics shared by members of a group_
University of Calgryhttp://lofi.forum.physorg.com/Problems-with-Evolution_3414-300.htmlaccessed 06.09.07
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B. Taxon Hierarchy
1. Organisms are classified into on o 5 kingdoms:
a. Prokaryotae
b. Protoctista
c. Fungi
d. Plantae
e. Animalia
2. The kingdom is the most general of seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa_
author unknownaddress unknownaccessed unknown
Taxa Hierarchy of a Sunflower
Kingdom (Plantae)
Phylum (Magnoliophyta)
Class (Magnoliopsida)
Order (Asterales)
Family (Asteraceae)
Genus (Helianthus)
Species (annuus)_
DECLAN MCCULLAGH PHOTOGRAPHY http://www.mccullagh.org/photo/1ds2-5/sunflower-closeupaccessed 06.09.07
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C. Kingdom Plantae
1. Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features:
a. bryophyta
b. filicinophyta
c. coniferophyta
d. angiospermophyta_
Bioimagesahttp://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/cones.htmaccessed 14.01.08
D. Kingdom Animalia
1. Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features:
a. porifera
b. cnidaria
c. platyhelminthes
d. annelida
e. mollusca
f. arthropoda_
Pharyngulahttp://pharyngula.org/index/weblog/comments/fluorescing_dogfish/accessed 17.01.08
E. Binomial Nomenclature
1. Binomial nomenclature- each organism is given a name based on two words
a. generic name (genus) begins with an uppercase letter
b. specific name (species) begins with a lowercase letter
c. the two words are printed in italics (biological name)
2. Accepted by scientists around the world_
author unknownaddress unknownaccessed unknown
THE ADOPTION OF A SYSTEM OF BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE IS LARGELY DUE TO SWEDISH BOTANIST AND PHYSICIAN CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707–1778). LINNAEUS ALSO DEFINED FOUR GROUPS OF HUMANS, AND THE DIVISIONS WERE BASED ON BOTH PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL TRAITS. BY 21ST-CENTURY STANDARDS, HIS DESCRIPTIONS CAN BE REGARDED AS RACIST. HOW DOES THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF SCIENTIFIC WORK AFFECT THE METHODS AND FINDINGS OF RESEARCH? IS IT NECESSARY TO CONSIDER THE SOCIAL CONTEXT WHEN EVALUATING ETHICAL ASPECTS OF KNOWLEDGE CLAIMS?
Theory of Knowledge
TOK
3. The species name is always written in full, whereas the genus name is often abbreviated
a. Homo sapiens
b. Drosophila melanogaster
c. Escherichia coli
4. Each organisms belongs to a different species (a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring)_
marion kaplanhttp://www.marionkaplan.com/idx_africa1pp.htmaccessed 08.09.07
