ecology. –the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment ecology...
TRANSCRIPT
Ecology
Ecology– the scientific study of interactions among
organisms and their environment
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
What are biotic and abiotic factors?
Give examples of each.
Essential QuestionEcology Nutrition & Energy
Aspects of Ecological Study
Biotic– all the living aspects of an ecosystem– examples: plants, animals, decomposers
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
List all Biotic elements of this scene
Aspects of Ecological Study
Abiotic– nonliving parts of an ecosystem– examples: sun. light, temperature. soil
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
List all Abiotic elements of this scene
Levels or Organization:
– chemical
– cell
– tissue
– organs
– organ systems
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
What comes after Organ System?
Levels or Organization:• Organisms
– species- group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring
• Population– group of organisms of one species that
interbreed and live in the same place at the same time
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Levels or Organization:• Communities
– different populations that live together in a defined area
• Ecosystem– collection of all the organisms that live in a
particular place, together with their abiotic or physical surroundings
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Levels or Organization:• Biomes
– group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities.
• Biosphere– portion of the earth that supports life– extends above the Earth to the bottom of the
ocean
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Levels or Organization:
What comes after Organ System?
– organism
– population
– community
– ecosystem
– biome
– biosphere
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Stop and Define the Following Words
Biotic
Abiotic
Organism
Population
Communities
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
Ticket Out the Door
• List the levels of organization from least to greatest in the proper order
Organisms in Ecosystem
• Habitat- is the place where an organism lives out its life
• Niche- is the role and position a species has in it environment
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Symbiotic relationships
– the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association among organisms of different species
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Symbiotic relationships
– the relationship in which there is a close and permanent association among organisms of different species
• Commensalism +/o
– symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed not benefited
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Symbiotic relationships
• Mutualism +/+
– symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
• Parasitism +/-
– symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed.
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Ecology• Community Interactions
– Competition -/-• occurs when organisms of the same or different species compete for something. • (mate, food, water, light, etc...)
– Predation +/-• An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism.
– Predator– Prey
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Name One Example of Each Type of Relationship
• Work with elbow partner
• Be ready to share with the class
• Make sure to think of one example for each of the types of relationships– Commensalism– Mutualism– Parasitism– Competition– Predation
Ecology• Community Interactions
– Competition -/-• Interspecific competition
– Competition among organisms of different species– ex: food, space, shelter
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Community Interactions
– Competition -/-• Intraspecific competition
– Between members of the same species
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Community Interactions
– Predation +/-• Population curve of predator mirrors that of the prey
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Community Interactions
– Predation +/-
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Warm-Up
Explain how energy flows throughout an exocosystem.
Energy Flow• Sunlight is the main source of energy for life on
Earth– Photosynthesis
• process of organism to convert light energy into carbohydrates
– ex: plants, some bacteria & protists
– Chemosynthesis• when organisms use chemical energy to produce
carbohydrates. – ex: bacteria in places like ocean vents, hot
springs, deep-ocean floors.
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Heterotrophs– organisms that rely on other organisms for
their energy and food supply – also called consumers
• Autotroph– organisms which capture energy from sunlight
or from chemical compounds to make own energy
– also called producers
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow• types of consumers (heterotrophs):
– Herbivores- eat producers • Ex:
– Carnivores- eat consumers • Ex:
– Omnivores- eat both consumers and producers • Ex:
– Decomposers- break down organic matter • Ex:
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Feeding Relationships:
– Food chain• a food chain is a series of steps in which
organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.
– Food Web:• links all the food chains in an ecosystem. It
is the feeding relationships among various organisms.
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Feeding Relationships:
– Food chain
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Producer
Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Energy Flow
• Trophic levels:– each step in a food chain or food web– PARTS:
• 1. producer/ decomposers• 2. first order consumer (herbivore)• 3. second order consumer (carnivore)• 4. third order consumer
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Feeding Relationships:
– Food Web:
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Feeding Relationships:
– Food Web:
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Feeding Relationships:
– Food Web:
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Ecological Pyramids:– Energy pyramid
– Biomass pyramid
– Pyramid of numbers
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Ecological Pyramids:– Energy in food webs
• 1. When first order consumers feed on producer, the energy in the producer becomes available to the consumer.
• 2 Not all the energy is passed on some is used in life activities; some leaves the body in wastes.
• 3. Energy is “lost” at each level• 4. The longer the food chain the less energy the
top of the food chain gets.
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Ecological Pyramids:– Energy in food webs
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
SI for energy
J = joules
Energy Flow• Ecological Pyramids:
– Energy in food webs• Where does the energy go?
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Ecological Pyramids:– Biomass in food webs
• 1. it is the total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level
• 2. shows the amount of food available in each trophic level
• 3. measured in grams.
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow• Ecological Pyramids:
– Biomass in food webs
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Ecological Pyramids:– Numbers in food webs
• Based on the number of organisms at each level
–ex: small number of grasshoppers is accountable for eating a large amount of grass
–(inverted) ex: large number of pine beetles can live in each pine tree.
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Ecological Pyramids:– Numbers in food webs
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Energy Flow
• Ecological Pyramids:– Biomass in food webs
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
12,482,904 g
875,395 g
15,357 g
Energy Flow
• Ecological Pyramids:– Numbers in food webs
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
11,357
430
27
1
Think About It
• When you were younger, what types of things did you and your siblings or you and your friends fight over?
• Why did you fight over these things?
Ecology• Populations
– Population growth• Limiting factor
– Slows growth rate of population– Ex: predators, food, territory
• Biotic potential– Highest rate of reproduction possible
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Populations
– Population density• The number of organisms per certain area
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Population density =Total Population
Area observed
Population density =
Population density =
88 rabbits
3 km2
29.33 rabbits/ km2
Essential QuestionEcology Ecosystems and the Community
What are density dependent and density independent factors?
Give an example of each.
Ecology• Populations
• Density dependent– Factor that relies on the number of organisms in a given area– Ex: disease, predation, natural disasters, size of territory
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Populations
• Density independent– Factor not determined by population density– Ex: temperature, light
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Populations
– Growth• Population size
– Counts how many• Population growth
– Shows a change in size +/-• Birth rate
– Number born• Death rate
– Number that die
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Populations
– Growth• Carrying capacity
– Greatest number of individuals in a populations the environment can hold at that point in time
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Populations
– Growth• Growth curve
– Shows how fast a population can grow
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Populations
– Growth• Growth curve – S shaped curve (population growth)
– Shows population growing with limiting factors
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Populations
– Growth• Growth curve – J shaped
– Shows population growing without limiting factors
Ecology• Populations
– Human population
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Essential Question
What are the different steps of the carbon and water cycles, and where do these steps occur in
nature?
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Water cycle
• Oxygen/Carbon cycle
• Phosphorus cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Water cycle• essential to life• amount on Earth stays constant• Sun provides energy that drives cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling• Water cycle
– Evaporation– removal of water
from land
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
•as water vapor cools in atmosphere, it condenses and forms tiny droplets in clouds that return water to Earth
•heat from Sun evaporates water from oceans, lakes, streams, ponds, etc
Recycling
• Water cycle– Precipitation
– rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc.
• water returns to lakes, oceans, streams, etc or is absorbed by soil – used by plants
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Water cycle– Transpiration
– water being released from plants
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
•plants take in ground water, release water though leaves
Recycling
• Water cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Water cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling• Oxygen/Carbon cycle
• carbon is necessary for life• anything “organic” contains carbon• carbon found in proteins, fats, carbohydrates
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Oxygen/Carbon cycle– Photosynthesis– Stored in plants– Stored in animals– Respiration– Decomposers– Fossil fuel– Combustion– Atmosphere (carbon dioxide reservoir)
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Oxygen/Carbon cycle– Photosynthesis
• takes in carbon dioxide and release oxygen
– Stored in plants• carbon from photosynthesis is stored in the body of plant
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling• Oxygen/Carbon cycle
– Stored in animals• consumers eat producers to obtain carbon
– Respiration• food broken down and carbon released into atmosphere
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling• Oxygen/Carbon cycle
– Decomposers• decompose dead organisms and release carbon dioxide to
atmosphere
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
•Fossil fuel•coal, oil, natural gastrapped carbon left over from bodies of organisms that died millions of years ago and were trapped underground
Recycling• Oxygen/Carbon cycle
– Combustion• fossil fuel burned to release carbon dioxide into atmosphere
– Atmosphere (carbon dioxide reservoir)• holds carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion• releases carbon to photosynthesis
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling• Oxygen/Carbon cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Oxygen/Carbon cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling• Phosphorus cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
•mostly on land in soil & minerals and in ocean sediments
•forms DNA & RNA•does NOT enter atmosphere•exists as inorganic phosphate
Recycling
• Phosphorus cycle– rocks (on land) – marine producers – sediments – soil – plants – animals
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling• Phosphorus cycle
– rocks (on land) • worn down to release phosphate into rivers then
the ocean
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
–soil •also released into rivers
•also released into rivers absorbed by plants
Recycling
• Phosphorus cycle– marine producers
• take in phosphates in from river• eaten by marine consumer
– sediments • marine organisms die to release phosphates into
marine sediments
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling• Phosphorus cycle
– plants • Absorb phosphates from soil to make organic
compounds
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
•Death or organisms releases phosphates into soil and sediment
– animals • Consume plants to take in organic compounds
Recycling
• Phosphorus cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Phosphorus cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Nitrogen cycle• building block for protein and DNA• N2 gas makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere• gas can only be used by nitrogen-fixing bacteria• atmospheric nitrogen must be converted to useable form
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Nitrogen cycle– ammoniafication
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
•bacteria produce ammonia or ammonium from nitrates
Recycling
• Nitrogen cycle– nitrification
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
•bacteria convert nitrites into nitrates (useable by plants)
Recycling
• Nitrogen cycle– fixation
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
•bacteria in soil convert N2 gas from atmosphere to nitrates
•lightning converts N2 into nitrates in air
Recycling
• Nitrogen cycle– denitrification
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
•bacteria in soil convert nitrates into atmospheric nitrogen
Recycling
• Nitrogen cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Recycling
• Nitrogen cycle
Ecology Nutrition & Energy
Essential QuestionEcology Ecosystems and the Community
What is Succession? Where might you find it happening?
Ecology• Ecological Succession
• predictable changes that occurs in a community over time.
– Primary succession• succession that begins in areas in which there is not life or soil (from scratch)
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Ecological Succession
– Primary succession
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Does Primary Succession happen here?
Ecology• Ecological Succession
– Secondary succession• natural disaster or human makes changes- (not from
scratch.... earthquake, tornado, fire...)
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Forrest FireTornado
Ecology• Ecological Succession
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Ecological Succession
– Stages of Succession• Pioneer Stage (1st Stage)
–Lichens, decomposers, moss, ferns, grass, shrubs, animals.....etc..............
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Ecological Succession
– Stages of Succession• Climax community
– dominant organisms maintain control over ecosystem.
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
N. Georgia Climax Community:
Oak, Hickory Forrest
Ecology• Ecological Succession
– Stages of Succession• Climax community
– Pond climax– Land fills in pond
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Ecological Succession
– Stages of Succession
• Climax community
– Pond climax
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Biomes
– Tropical Rain Forest– Savanna– Desert– Temperate Grassland– Temperate Deciduous Forest – Taiga– Tundra
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology
• Biomes
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Biomes
– Tropical Rain Forest
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology
• Biomes– Savanna
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology
• Biomes– Desert
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology
• Biomes– Temperate Grassland
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology
• Biomes– Temperate Deciduous Forest
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology• Biomes
– Taiga• Coniferous Forest• Boreal Forest
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology
• Biomes– Tundra
Ecology Ecosystems and the Community
Ecology
• Biomes