econ 102 review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbpba7.pdf · a lot of...

29
Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013 Inferior Good: is a good that decreases in demand when consumer income rises, unlike normal goods, for which the opposite is observed. Normal goods are those for which consumers' demand increases when their income increases. .. The going rent in the market for I-bedroom apartments in your neighborhood is $800. If the government imposes a price ceiling of $400 in the market: A) More people will be willing to rent apartments at every price

Upload: buikhuong

Post on 07-Mar-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013

Inferior Good: is a good that decreases in demand when consumer income rises, unlike normal goods, for which the opposite is observed. Normal goods are those for which consumers' demand increases when their income increases. ..

The going rent in the market for I­bedroom apartments in your neighborhood is $800. If the government imposes a price ceiling of $400 in the market:A) More people will be willing to rent apartments at every priceB) Less people will rent apartments.C) The same number of apartments will be rentedD) More people will rent apartmentsAnswer is B. Less people will supply apartments at this priceEquilibrium in the market for peanut butter is disturbed by an increase in the price of peanuts. Producer surplus in the peanut butter market:A) will decreaseB) will increaseC) May change, but we cannot determine the change without more informationD) Will not changePrices increase because either demand increases (which would increase producer surplus) or supply decreases (which would raise price but lower overall surplus)What determines whether there is an increase in total surplus is if the sales increase. The more quantity the more surplusIf total surplus falls, which of the following must have occurred?A) There was an increase in demand and an increase in supplyB) There was an increase in demand or a decrease in supplyC) There was a decrease in demand or a decrease in supplyD) There was a decrease in demand and an increase in supply

Page 2: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

If both supply and demand decrease, quantity decreases, thus C is correct answer!1.Mountain River Adventures offers whitewater­rafting trips down the Colorado River. IT costs the firm $100 for the first raft trip per day, $120 for the second, $140 for the third, and $160 for the fourth. If the market price for a raft trop was $120 but has now increased to $150, the gain in producer surplus is equal toanswer is 70The market for apples in in equilibrium at a price of $.50 per pound. If the government imposes a price ceiling in the market at a price of $.80 per pound then:A) quantity supplied will increase.B) the price ceiling will not affect the market price or outputC) There will be a shortage of the goodD) quantity demanded will decreaseAnswer is B. when ceiling is above equilibrium or floor below equilibrium, there is no effect. Sellers already charging at equilibrium price. If the price is above the equilibrium price in the market for grapefruit, total surplus:A) Will increaseB) May change, but we cannot determine the change without more informationC) Will decreaseD) Will not changeA lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t sell. Answer is C because suppliers will be sitting on less goods. Inefficient market. The current price in the market for milk is $2.00. If the government imposed a price floor of $4.00 in this market total surplus would:A) decrease first, and then increaseB) increaseC) decreaseD) not changeThe student center on campus has burritos, bagels, or burgers for lunch, and they all cost the same. You decide to have a burger today, but if they were out of burgers, you would have bought a bagel. Your opportunity cost is:

Page 3: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

A) Your enjoyment of the bagel and burritoB) Your enjoyment of the bagelC) Your enjoyment of the burgerD) Your enjoyment of the burritoNext best alternative is opportunity cost. 

Alex is willing to buy the last ticket to the Billy Bragg concert for $15, while Jake is willing to pay $25. Alex is first in line and buys a ticket for $15. He then resells his ticket to Jake for $20. By reselling the ticket instead of going to the concert himself, Alex caused:A) total surplus to increase.B) a deadweight loss of $5C) Total surplus to decreaseD) Consumer surplus to decrease and producer surplus to increaseAnswer is C. Alex makes money by selling ticket, Jake buys ticket for $5 less than he would have paid. 

Say Sarah was choosing between three alternatives: working on her job that pays her $50; writing a term paper which she values at $40; or going out with a friend, which she values at $20. The opportunity cost of writing the term paper is:Select one:a. $30b. $70c. $20d. $50 

Lena and Jess are roommates. Lena hates to clean the bathroom. Jess will agree to clean the bathroom only if Lena vacuums the living room. This statement best represents this economic concept:

Page 4: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

Select one:a. There are gains from trade. b. The real cost of something is what you must give up to get it.c. "How much" is a decision at the margin.d. People usually exploit opportunities to make themselves better off.

Say Sarah was choosing between 3 alternatives: working on her job that pays her $50; writing a term paper which she values at $60; or going out with a friend, which she values at $80. The opportunity cost of writing the term paper is:Select one:a. $80 b. $50c. $130d. $30

Specialization and trade usually lead to:Select one:a. higher prices.b. lower living standards.c. lower economic growth.d. the exchange of goods and services in markets. 

Say you took an average of 5 minutes to answer an ECON problem, and 2 minutes to answer a MATH problem. If you had a limited time left to study, your best strategy would be to solve:

Page 5: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

Select one:a. only ECON problemsb. It depends c. only MATH problems

Margo spends $10,000 on one year's college tuition. The opportunity cost of spending one year in college for Margo is:Select one:a. whatever she would have purchased with the $10,000 instead.b. whatever she would have earned had she not been in college.c. $10,000.d. whatever she would have purchased with the $10,000 and whatever she would have earned had she not been in college. 

The local Taco Hut charges the same price for everything on its menu: $3 will buy a taco, a burrito, or nachos. You buy the taco and think that if you had not purchased the taco, you would have purchased the burrito. The opportunity cost of the taco is:Select one:a. the $3.b. the $3, your enjoyment of the burrito, and your enjoyment of the nachos.c. the $3 and your enjoyment of the burrito.d. your enjoyment of the burrito. 

When the United States and Mexico trade:Select one:

Page 6: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

a. both Mexico and the United States will be better off. b. the United States will be worse off because wages in Mexico are so low.c. both Mexico and the United States will be worse off.d. Mexico will be worse off because the United States is a stronger economic power.

The student center on campus has burritos, bagels, or burgers for lunch, and they all cost the same. You decide to have a burger today, but if they were out of burgers, you would have bought a bagel. Your opportunity cost is:Select one:a. your enjoyment of the burrito.b. your enjoyment of the bagel. c. your enjoyment of the bagel and burrito.d. your enjoyment of the burger.

Suppose you and your roommate have the following agreement when it comes to cleaning your apartment: each person washes her or his own dishes after each meal. The principle of trade you just learned tells you that it would be more efficient if:Select one:a. each of you wash half of all the dirty dishes.b. one of you wash all the dishes while the other did a different chore. c. both of you wash your own dishes after each meal.d. none of you wash the dishes after eating.

If the state government allocates additional spending on education, the opportunity cost is:Select one:

Page 7: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

a. measured in terms of the best alternative uses for that money. b. zeroc. the dollar amount of the additional spending.d. considered only if additional taxes need to be raised to fund the spending.

The University recently inherited a large mansion from a wealthy alumnus. The University plans to use the mansion to host faculty parties and to house distinguished guests. The opportunity cost of the mansion to the University is:Select one:a. the amount the university would receive if it sold the mansion. b. zero, because it was a gift.c. the original cost of building the mansiond. the cost of catering the parties at the mansion

As long as people have different ________, everyone has a comparative advantage in something.Select one:A. utilityB. opportunity costs C. benefitsD. direct costs

A decrease in the price of gasoline will cause the demand for cars, a complement of gasoline, to:Select one:

Page 8: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

a. Shift to the leftb. Not changec. We can’t sayd. Shift to the right 

A decrease in buyers’ income will cause the demand for public transportation, an inferior good, to:Select one:a. Not changeb. Shift to the leftc. Shift to the right d. We can’t say

A decrease in the price of butter will cause the demand for margarine, a substitute for butter, to:Select one:a. We can’t sayb. Shift to the left c. Shift to the rightd. Not change

A binding price floor causes:Select one:

Page 9: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

a. a shortage in the market.b. a surplus in the market.c. wasted resources.d. a surplus in the market and wasted resources. 

Each of the following is a source of inefficiency from a rent­control price ceiling except:Select one:a. inefficiently low quantity of the good exchanged.b. wasted resources of consumers searching for the good.c. inefficient allocation of the good to consumers.d. inefficiently high quality of the good being sold. Suppliers have power because more demand then supplyIn Europe the minimum wage has led to:Select one:a. lower unemployment, especially among young workers.b. a proliferation of large companies in Italy.c. widespread evasion of the minimum wage law in the black market for labor. d. European governments hiring the surplus of workers.

In Europe, the minimum wage has led to all of the following except:

Page 10: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

Select one:a. high unemployment, especially among young workers.b. a proliferation of tiny companies in Italy.c. widespread evasion of the minimum wage law in the black market for labor.d. European governments hiring the surplus of workers. 

If a frost destroys much of the grapefruit crop, total surplus:Select one:a. will increase.b. may change, but we cannot determine the change without more information.c. will not change.d. will decrease. 

Producer surplus for an individual seller is equal to:Select one:a. the marginal cost of the good minus the price of the good.b. the willingness to pay for the good minus the price of the good.c. the marginal cost of the good minus the willingness to pay for the good.d. the price of the good minus the marginal cost of producing the good. 

Economists in general agree that rent controls are:Select one:a. an efficient and equitable way to help low­income families.b. an inefficient and ineffective way to help low­income families. c. an efficient method of dealing with the shortages created during price ceilings.d. the only way to solve the problem of poverty.Suppose Sarah was considering between buying a burger or a pizza. She would be willing to pay $10 for the pizza, which costs around $5. The opportunity costs of buying a burger would be:Select one:a. $10b. $0c. $15d. $5

Page 11: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

If countries engage in international trade:Select one:a. they will be consuming inside their production possibility frontiers.b. they give up the ability to specialize in production.c. they will be consuming outside their production possibility frontiers. d. worldwide levels of production are lower.

The U.S. production possibility frontier will ________ if there is a large influx of immigrants.Select one:a. cannot be determined from the information providedb. not changec. shift ind. shift out

The production possibility frontier is bowed out from the origin because:Select one:a. economic growth leads to inefficiency.b. resources are inefficiently used.c. resources are not equally suited for the production of both goods. d. resources are scarce.

Which of the following best describes the law of demand?Select one:A. As income taxes rise, fewer new cars are purchased.B. As the population rises, more electricity is consumed.C. As the price of a DVD rental rises, fewer DVDs are rented. D. As the price of corn rises, more acres of corn are planted.

Say the following two events occur at the same time: 1) an increase in the price of milk of cheese; 2) a decrease in the price of bagels, a complement of cheese. The following two events would lead to a(n) _________ in the market price and a(n) __________ in the market quantity of cheese.Select one:a. indefinite change; increaseb. decrease; indefinite change

Page 12: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

c. indefinite change; indefinite changed. indefinite change; decreasee. increase; indefinite change

A decrease in the price of bagels will _______ the market price and ________ the market quantity of cream cheese, a complement of bagels.Select one:a. Increase; decreaseb. None of the other choices is correct.c. Decrease; increased. Increase; increase e. Decrease; decrease

If the government imposes rent control:Select one:a. rent will be set at a price above the equilibrium price.b. it may result in some landlords leaving the business because they cannot cover costs. c. it will lead to rental units being higher in quality because landlords are guaranteed a high price.d. it will create a surplus of housing.

If the minimum wage is a binding price floor, then:Select one:a. the number of workers who want to work will be greater than the number of jobs available. b. the equilibrium wage will increase.c. there will be a job for everyone who is willing to work.d. business owners will hire more workers.

Say the following two events occur at the same time: 1) a decrease in the price of milk, an input in the production of cheese; 2) a decrease in the price of bagels, a complement of cheese. The following two events would lead to a(n) _________ in the market price and a(n) __________ in the market quantity of cheese.Select one:a. indefinite change; increase

Page 13: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

b. increase; indefinite changec. indefinite change; indefinite changed. decrease; indefinite change

An increase in the price of bagels will _______ the market price and ________ the market quantity of cream cheese, a complement of bagels.Select one:a. None of the other choices is correct.b. Increase; increasec. Decrease; decrease d. Increase; decreasee. Decrease; increase

-Market price is where supply and demand meet. Supply stays same but demand shifts left, thus decrease in market price. The cost of sensors used in making digital cameras falls, while a successful ad campaign makes digital cameras more fashionable. As a result, the equilibrium relative price of digital cameras ________ and the equilibrium quantity ________.Select one:A. increases; may increase, decrease, or stay the sameB. increases; increasesC. decreases; increasesD. may increase, decrease, or stay the same; increases

Suppose the market for gasoline is in equilibrium. You have heard that the price of crude oil is falling because of new oil discoveries. You are also aware that the number of car and truck drivers is steadily rising. Knowing this, you predict that the price of gasoline will ________ and the quantity of gasoline bought and sold will ________.Select one:A. rise; fallB. rise; riseC. rise or fall; rise D. rise or fall; fall

Say the following two events occur at the same time: 1) an increase in the price of steel, an input in the production of cars; 2) a decrease in the price of gasoline, a complement of cars. The following two events would lead to a(n) _________ in the market price and a(n)

Page 14: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

__________ in the market quantity of cars.Select one:a. indefinite change; decreaseb. indefinite change; increasec. decrease; indefinite changed. increase; indefinite change e. indefinite change; indefinite change-supply decreases because of price of steel, demand increases because of gasoline

In the market for local coffee, the price will ________ and the quantity will ________ if new coffee shops open and consumers' incomes decrease due to a recession.Select one:A. be indeterminate; increaseB. decrease; be indeterminate C. increase; be indeterminateD. be indeterminate; decrease

A shift of a demand curve to the right, all other things unchanged, will:Select one:A. decrease equilibrium quantity and increase equilibrium price.B. increase equilibrium price and quantity. C. decrease equilibrium price and quantity.D. increase equilibrium quantity and decrease equilibrium price.

Government intervention in the form of price floors or price ceilings will:Select one:a. always enhance the efficiency of the market.b. result in either surpluses or shortages. c. move the market toward its equilibrium quantity more quickly.d. often be seen as necessary to decrease the existence of black markets.

The persistent unwanted surplus that results from a price floor creates inefficiencies that include all of the following except:

Select one:a. inefficiently low quality. b. inefficient allocation of sales among sellers.

Page 15: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

c. wasted resources.d. the temptation to break the law by selling below the legal price.

If the price of a good rises, then producer surplus:Select one:a. will decrease.b. will remain the same.c. will increase. d. may change, but we can't tell how.

The market demand for singing dolls is initially made up of 50 buyers. Suppose there is a decrease in the number of buyers by 10. Holding everything else constant, one would expect:Select one:A. the supply curve to shift right.B. the quantity supplied to decrease. C. the quantity supplied to increase.D. the supply curve to shift left.

The market for lemonade is in equilibrium and the price of lemons rises. How will this affect the lemonade market?Select one:A. Demand will decrease, increasing the price and decreasing the quantity.B. Demand will decrease, decreasing the price and decreasing the quantity.C. Supply will increase, decreasing the price and increasing the quantity.D. Supply will decrease, increasing the price and decreasing the quantity. The equilibrium price is also known asSelect one:a. the market-clearing price. b. the common price.c. the fair price.

Page 16: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

d. the average price.

CoreMicroeconomics: Exploring Economics pgs: 1­17

Benefit: a sense of accomplishmentCost: Monetary and Physical risksEconomics: The study of how individuals, firms, and society make decisions to allocate limited resources to many competing wants.Scarcity: Our unlimited wants clash with limited resources. Incentives: The factors that motivate individuals and firms to make decisions in their best interest.Microeconomics: The decision making by individuals, businesses, industries, and governments.Macroeconomics: The broader issues in the economy such as inflation, unemployment and national output of goods and servicesCeteris Paribus: Assumption used in economics where other relevant factors or variables are held constantEfficiency: How well resources are used and allocated. Do people get the goods and services they want at the lowest possible resource cost?Production efficiency: When goods are produced at the lowest possible costAllocative efficiency: When individuals who desire a product the most get those goods and servicesEquity: The fairness of various issues and policies.Positive Question: A question that can be answered using available information or factsNormative Question: A question that is based on societal beliefs on what should or should not take placeOpportunity cost: The value of the next best alternative; what you give up to do something or purchase somethingKey Principles of Economics:Economics is concerned with making choices with limited resources. Economics involves making decisions to maximize one’s well­being, which can come from many sources, including money, time, happiness, or a fortuitous event. When making decisions, one must take into account tradeoffs and opportunity costsSpecialization leads to gains for all involvedPeople respond to incentives, both good and badRational behavior requires thinking on the margin. One should continue to consume or produce as long as the marginal benefit exceeds the marginal cost. Markets are generally efficient; when they aren’t government can sometimes correct the failureInstitutions and human creativity help explain the wealth of nations

CoreMicroeconomics: Exploring Economics pgs: 28­50

Page 17: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

• Capitalist/Market Economies: Private individuals and firms own most of the resources. Decisions determined by individual desires for products and profit­making decisions by firms. 

• Planned (socialist/communist) economies, resources are owned by the state and most economic decisions are made by central government

• Production: The process of converting resources into goods and services

• Resources: Productive resources include land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability

• Land: Includes natural resources such as mineral deposits, oil, natural gas, water, and land in the usual sense of the word. Rent refers to the payment to land as a resource.

• Labor: Includes the mental and physical talents of individuals who produce products and services. The payment to labor is called wages

• Capital: Includes manufactured products such as tractors, welding equipment, and computers that are used to produce other goods and services. Capital earns interest.

• Entrepreneurs: Combine land, labor, and capital to produce goods and services. Absorb the risk of being in business. Receive profits for effort. 

• Production Efficiency: Goods and services are produced at their lowest resource (opportunity cost)

• Allocative Efficiency: The mix of goods and services produced is just what the society desires. The right mix of goods will be produced at the lowest cost. 

• Production possibilities frontier: Shows the combinations of two goods that are possible for a society to produce at full employment. Points on or inside the PPF are attainable, and those outside of the frontier are unattainable. 

• Opportunity Cost: The cost paid for one product in terms of the output (or consumption) of another product that must be forgone

• Absolute Advantage: One country can produce more of a good than another country

• Comparative Advantage: One country has a lower opportunity cost of producing a good than another country

CoreMicroeconomics: Supply and Demand­pgs:78

• Markets: Institutions that bring buyers and sellers together so they can interact and transact with each other

• Price system/Market economy: A name given to the market economy because prices provide considerable information to both buyers and sellers

• Markets differ in geographical location, products offered, and size

Page 18: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

• Willingness­to­pay: An individual’s valuation of a good or service equal to the most an individual is willing and able to play

• Demand: The maximum amount of a product that buyers are willing and able to purchase over some time period at various prices, holding all other relevant factors constant (the ceteris paribus condition)

• Law of demand: Holding all other relevant factors constant, as price increases, quantity demanded falls, and as price decreases, quantity demanded rises

• Demand curve: A graphical illustration of the law of demand, which shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded

• Demand schedule: A table that shows the quantity of a good a consumer purchases at each price

• Horizontal summation: Market demand and supply curves are found by adding together how many units of the product will be purchased or supplied at each price

• Determinants of demand: Nonprice factors that affect demand, including tastes and preferences, income, prices of related goods, number of buyers, and expectations

• Normal good: A good for which an increase in income results in rising demand

• Inferior good: A good for which an increase in income results in declining demand

• Substitute goods: Goods consumers will substitute for one another depending on their relative prices. When the price of one good rises and the demand for another good increases, they are substitute goods, and vise versa

• Complementary goods: Goods that are typically consumed together. When the price of a complementary good rises, the demand for the other good declines, and vice versa

• Change in demand: Occurs when one or more of the determinants of demand changes, shown as a shift in the entire demand curve

• Change in quantity demanded: Occurs when the price of the product changes, show as a movement along an existing demand curve

• Supply: The maximum amount of a product that sellers are willing and able to provide for sale over some time period at various prices, holding all other relevant factors constant (the ceteris paribus condition)

• Law of supply: Holding all other relevant factors constant, as price increases, quantity supplied will rise, and as price declines, quantity supplied will fall

• Supply curve: A graphical illustration of the law of supply, which shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied

• Determinants of supply: Nonprice factors that affect supply, including production technology, costs of resources, prices of other commodities, expectations, number of sellers, and taxes and subsidies

Page 19: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

• Change in supply: Occurs when one or more of the determinants of supply change, shown as a shift in the entire supply curve

• Change in quantity supplied: Occurs when the price of the product changes, shown as a movement along an existing supply curve

• Equilibrium: Market forces are in balance when the quantities demanded by consumers just equal the quantities supplied by producers

• Equilibrium price: The price that results when quantity demanded is just equal to quantity supplied

• Equilibrium quantity: The output that results when quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied

• Surplus: Occurs when the price is above market equilibrium and quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded

• Shortage: Occurs when the price is below market equilibrium, and quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied

Page 20: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

Consumer Surplus: The difference between market price and what consumers (as individuals or the market) would be willing to payEqual to the area above market price and below the demand curveProducer Surplus: The difference between market price and the price at which firms are willing to supply the productEqual to the area below market price and above supply curveTotal Surplus: Sum of consumer and producer surplus. A measure of the overall net benefit gained from a marketDeadweight loss: The reduction in total surplus that results from the inefficiency of a market not in equilibriumMarket failure: Occurs when a free market does not lead to a socially desirable outcomeReasons why markets fail:Lack of competition: firm can raise its price in the market without worrying it will be undercutInformation is not shared by all parties: One party knows more about a product. Leads to prices being set too high or too lowExternal Benefits or costs: don’t think about costs and benefits you impose on othersExistence of public goods: public goods are difficult to provide in the private market because just because you watch pbs, it doesn’t change how much pbs I can watchAsymmetric information: Occurs when one party to a transaction has significantly better information than the other partyLaissez­faire: A market that is allowed to function without any government interventionPrice ceiling: A government­set maximum price that can be charged for a product or service. When the price ceiling is set below equilibrium, it leads to shortagesMisallocation of resources: Occurs when a good or service is not consumed by the person who typically values it the most, and typically results when a price ceiling creates an artificial shortage in the market.Price Floor: A government­mandated minimum price that can be charged for a product or service

The opportunity cost of engaging in an activity is the value of the next best alternative you must sacrifice to engage in it. Opportunity cost of attending this lecture is the value of your next best alternativeOpportunity cost of going to college is the salary lost. If you could find a job paying you $18,000, then the opportunity cost would be $18,000.

Econ 102 Second Class: 8­29­13Key Principles:

Page 21: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

The opportunity cost principle:The value of the lesser alternativeNothing is free in life, everything has a costSarah was choosing between three alternatives: working on her job that pays her $60; writing a term paper which she values at $40; or going out with a friend, which she values at $80. The opportunity cost of writing the term is: $80­ Giving up going out with her friends (which has higher value than writing a term paper). Can only do one thing at a timeNet Marginal Benefits Principle: Only make an action when the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costMake decisions based on current situation; not on averagesThe Trade Principle:Trade makes people better offTrade creates valueThe Invisible Hand Principle:You are an energy­conservation­minded consumer whose only goal in choosing a car is to minimize the depletion of the planet’s store of fossil fuels. You usually drive an average of 7,000 miles every year. If gasoline is $1 per gallon, and if you can’t afford to buy a new car. Should you lease a new car that costs more but will help save the environment or a old car that’s cheaper but will hurt the environment more? The good of one is the good of the manyProduction Possibilities Frontier: Day 3­ 9/3/13:

Page 22: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

Tradeoff between being safer and spending more time in security lineAs you increase the hours you study for an Econ exam, the opportunity costs of studying for the exam will increase. Going to be less productive at the end.As number of planes increased, cost increasedAs number of planes increased, increasing amount of plates lostPaper was either specialized for plates or planesHad to use two plate­papers to make one airplaneAs you clean more plates, forced to use airplane paper which makes planes wellAs we do more of one product, forced to use products that are meant/better utilized for another product In PPF, slope is the costEfficiency means using all the resources you have 

Reasons why we trade:Trade creates valueHave different preferencesDon’t choose who does things by who is better at them, judge by who is cheaper. Ex. Mary may be a heart surgeon so shouldn’t be a typist

Can specialization and trade increase production?Yes, U.S. gives apps to China, while China makes IPhones for U.S.

Page 23: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t
Page 24: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

Cars AppsNorth 10 20 South 15 60 #s mean minutes to produce

Opp. CostCars Apps

North 0.5 apps 2 carsSouth 0.25 apps 4 cars

Page 25: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

South should specialize in cars, North should specialize in apps. 

The following would be a trade beneficial to both regions:A. 3 cars for 3 apps= 1 car/1 appB. 12 cars for 4 apps= 3 car/1 appC. 6 cars for 4 apps= 1.5 car/1 appD. 15 cars for 3 apps= 5 car/1 app 

North specializes in apps rather than giving up 0.5 apps per carSouth specializes in cars, giving up 4 cars per app.

Page 26: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

North gets more cars per app from trade and south gives up less cars now per app

2cars/1app>P<4cars/1app

Once the two regions trade, which one of these would you rather be?A. Car manufacturer in south­More business following trade

    B. Car manufacturer in North­Will go out of businessC. Consumer of apps in North

What/who determines market prices? Markets are determined by both buyers and sellers

When the price falls, consumer surplus increasesEvery time you buy anything, if what you are willing to pay for it is equal to or more what you pay you get a surplus. Willing to pay more than what you actually payProducer Surplus: Positive difference between cost and how much you sell forProducer surplus was the same because sold dogs for same priceUtility: Satisfaction you get from consumingOpportunity Cost: The highest valued forgone alternativeWillingness to pay: Maximum you would be willing to pay for a good

Page 27: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

Diminishing Marginal Utility: Each additional unit of a good is not as satisfying as the previous unit

The supply curve is upward sloping because at higher prices:Firms perceive that the marginal benefit of producing the good has increasedCeteris parabus: assuming all other things stay the sameMarket supply:What determines market supply?How/why market supply changes?The cost of production determines the supply for the productAny change in the cost of production would cause a change in supplyA change in the price changes quantity supplied, not supplyWhat determines prices in an economy?Pickup line’s quality is determined by number of girlsPrice is just a signal for buyers and sellersBe able to predict what happens to price

Every time a car is sold, benefit for consumer and producerFree Markets encourage transactions

Every time there is a trade there is a surplusGive good to the people who value the good the mostCabs in Chicago:How hard is it to find a cab in Chicago?What determines where a cab is going to be and why its going to be thereCab drivers determine where to be based on crime rates in certain areasThe regulate fare prevents cab drivers to go to bad parts of the city because no incentive to go into bad neighborhoodsRegulated fare=price controlSuppose the government sets the maximum price for a normal doctor’s visit at $20, but the current market price is $40. As a result of this government action doctors will see: Less patients. As price decreases, supply decreases. As the price control is put in place, when control price falls below market price, supply goes down. 

Page 28: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

10/01/2013

Page 29: Econ 102 Review 10/01/2013s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/4lv9wbPbA7.pdf · A lot of people who can’t buy good and a suppliers have a larger inventory that they can’t

10/01/2013