ECON 304Money and Banking

Instructor: Bernard Malamud–Office: BEH 502

Phone (702) 895 –3294Fax: 895 – 1354

»Email: bernard.malamud@unlv.eduWebsite: www.unlv.edu/faculty/bmalamudOffice hours: MW 11:30 - 12:30 pm; 2:30 – 3:30 pm; and by appointment

Money, Banking, Financial Markets and Crisis• The role of money and monetary policy in the

economy

TRUST

• How financial markets such as bond, stock and foreign exchange markets work

TRUST

• How financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies work

TRUST

Course Objectives• Roles played by banks and other intermediaries • Determination of asset prices in financial markets• How financial institutions operate

– Asymmetric information• Adverse selection/Moral hazard/Principal – Agent Problems

– Innovations– Regulation

• The conduct and impacts of monetary policy. – How policies can promote macroeconomic stability

• Understand and explain the roots, responses and consequences of the subprime-triggered financial crisis.

TextsFrederic S. Mishkin, The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets, 10th edition. Earlier editions work…but read Ch 9 of 9th & 10th ed. Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission Report Supplemental Books and Articles (see course outline):• Frank Partnoy. Infectious Greed: How Deceit and Risk Corrupted the Financial Market, 2003• Gillian Tett, Fool’s Gold. 2009.• David Wessel, In Fed We Trust: Ben Bernanke’s War on the Great Panic, 2009.• Andrew Ross Sorkin, Too Big to Fail. 2009.• Simon Johnson and James Kwak, 13 Bankers : The Wall Street Takeover and the Next

Financial Meltdown. 2010• Henry Paulson, On the Brink, 2010.• Raghuram G. Rajan, Fault Lines. 2010.• Joseph Stiglitz, Freefall. 2010.• Perry Mehrling, The New Lombard Street. 2011.• Gretchen Morgenson and Joshua Rosner, Reckless Endangerment. 2011.• Neil Barofsky, Bailout. 2012.• Articles in Journal of Economic Perspectives (JEP) and Federal Reserve System publications

cited in this outline and as added as the semester proceeds. These can be accessed from the JEP and Federal Reserve Bank websites.

M & B TalkSome TermsLiquidity/solvencyShadow banking systemStructured Investment Vehicles (SIVs)“This time is different” … Irrational exuberanceSystemically important financial institutions (SIFI)“Too Big to Fail” … Too Big to BailDiscount window stigmaTerm Auction Facility (TAF)/Term Security Lending Program (TSLP)Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF)/Money Market Investor Funding Facility (MMIFF)

Asset Backed Securities (ABS/MBS)/Credit Default Swaps (CDS)Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP)Lender of Last ResortStress test“Large negative tail” Black swan

Development and Recent Past of the Financial System• http://ineteconomics.org/video/full-video/recent-past-finance-adair-turner

Some Basics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets

• A security (financial instrument) is a claim on the issuer’s future income or assets

• A bond is a debt security that promises to make specified payments over time– An interest rate is the cost of borrowing or the price paid

for the rental of funds

• Common stock represents a share of ownership in a corporation– A share of stock is a claim on the earnings and assets of

the corporation

M & B PicturesInterest Rates on Selected Bonds, 1953–2011

Sources: Federal Reserve Bulletin; www.federalreserve.gov/releases/H15/data.htm.

Stock Prices as Measured by the Dow Jones Industrial Average, 1950–2011

Source: Based on Dow Jones Indexes: http://nance.yahoo.com/?u.

Understanding Financial Distress I… credit routinely turned over … but in crunch …

Background Concepts• Flavors of liquidity

Funding liquidity “haircut” on collateralMarket liquidity fire sale in crisis

• Lending channel (turn to banks)– Moral hazard monitoring cost

When borrower net worth down … don’t lend– Precautionary hoarding by intermediary

• Network effects: everyone a borrower & lender/no nettingWhen counterparty credit risk up … GRIDLOCK

• Silent run … loans not renewed

Connectivity and Amplification

Reduced Positions

Initial LossesInitial Losses Funding Problems

Higher Margins

Losses on Existing Assets

Falling Prices

Fire Sale

Easy Money

Policy

Capital Inflows

Eager Home Buyers

InnovativeBanks

Rating Agencies

AmbitiousMortgage Brokers

SecuritizationMBSs

EscalatingHouse Prices

Gov’t SponsoredEnterprises

Developer Clout

Bank Regulators

The best of times

A “Global Saving Glut”

Easy Money

Policy

Capital Inflows

Eager Home Buyers

InnovativeBanks

Rating Agencies

AmbitiousMortgage Brokers

SecuritizationMBSs

EscalatingHouse Prices

Gov’t SponsoredEnterprises

Developer Clout

Bank Regulators

The best of times

Underlying Innovations• Securitization• SIVs (Structured Investment Vehicles)• Ratings bias• ARMs, teaser rates, no-doc loans, NINJA loansEpisodes• American Home Loan, PNB Paribus hedge fund failures

TED rate jump ECB, Fed Injections (TAF)• Monoline insurers (of MBSs) downgrade

Impact on money market funds• Carlyle failure run on Bear (March 2008)

Fed backed JP Morgan takeover/TSLF for investmt banks• September 2008: Lehman, Merrill, AIG TARP

Responses Lender of Last Resort / Spender of Last Resort• Tax Rebate $124 bil.• Fed Fund Rate Cuts• Fannie/Freddie $200 bil.• Bear-Stearns $29 bil.• AIG $174 bil.

Fed “Facilities”• Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF) $58 bil.• Treasury Security Loan Facility (TSLF) $133 bil.• Term Auction Facility (TAF) $416 bil.• Asset- Backed Commercial Paper Funding Facility (CPFF) $1,777 bil.• Money Market Investor Funding Facility (MMIFF) $540 bil.• More Fed Fund Rate Cuts … Hold At ~0%• Fed Purchases of Long-Term Securities: GSEs & MBSs $600 bil.• Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF) $200 bil.• Emergency Economic Stabilization Act/TARP $700 bil.

Government LoansGovernment Equity

• Stimulus Package $787 bil. aka The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

• TARP II• Stress Tests

Money Growth (M2 Annual Rate) and the Business Cycle in the United States 1950–2011

Monetary Theory ties changes in the money supply to changes in aggregate economic activity and the price level

Money Growth (M2 Annual Rate) and Interest Rates (Long-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds), 1950–2011

• Prior to 1980, the rate of money growth and the interest rate on long-term Treasury bonds were closely tied

• Since then, the relationship is less clear but the rate of money growth is still an important determinant of interest rates

Aggregate Price Level and the Money Supply in the United States, 1950–2011

Average Inflation Rate Versus Average Rate of Money Growth for Selected Countries, 2000-2010

Source: Based on International Financial Statistics. www.imfstatistics.org/imf.

Monetary and Fiscal Policies• Monetary policy is the management of the money supply

and interest rates– Conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank (Fed)

• Fiscal policy is government spending and taxation – Any deficit must be financed by borrowing …

government borrowing affects interest rates

Macro Facts: Bank Excess Reserves

M1/Monetary Base=M1/(Currency + Reserves)

Core Principles of Money and Banking

• Time has Value Interest rate• Risk Requires Compensation• Financial decisions are based on

Information and TRUST• Markets set prices and allocate resources • Stability reduces risk and spurs enterprise

• Uncertainty Fear Enterprise

Function of Financial Markets• Channel funds from economic players that have

saved surplus funds to those that have a shortage of funds

• Promotes economic efficiency by producing an efficient allocation of capital– increases production

• Improves consumer well-being– allows them to time purchases better

Structure of Financial Markets• Debt and Equity Markets

• Primary and Secondary Markets– Investment Banks underwrite securities in primary markets– Brokers and dealers work in secondary markets

• Exchanges and Over-the-Counter (OTC) Markets

• Money and Capital Markets– Money markets deal in short-term debt instruments– Capital markets deal in longer-term debt and

equity instruments

Principal Capital Market Instruments

Internationalization of Financial Markets

• Foreign Bonds—sold in a foreign country and denominated in that country’s currency

• Eurobond—bond denominated in a currency other than that of the country in which it is sold– Perhaps in the future a bond backed by all eurozone countries

• Eurocurrencies—foreign currencies deposited in banks outside the home country– Eurodollars—U.S. dollars deposited in foreign banks outside

the U.S. or in foreign branches of U.S. banks

• World Stock Markets

Function of Financial Intermediaries: Indirect Finance

• Lower transaction costs– Economies of scale– Liquidity services

• Reduce Risk– Risk Sharing (Asset Transformation)– Diversification

• Asymmetric Information– Adverse Selection (before the transaction)—more likely to select

risky borrower– Moral Hazard (after the transaction)—less likely borrower will

repay loan

Banking and Financial Institutions

• Financial Intermediaries—institutions that borrow funds from people who have saved and make loans to other people and businesses

• Banks—accept deposits and make loans• Other Financial Institutions—insurance companies,

finance companies, pension funds, mutual funds and investment banks

• Financial Innovation– The information age and e-finance

– Derivatives … bubbles and crisis– Securitization … bubbles and crisis

Principal Financial Intermediaries and Value of Their Assets

Regulation of the Financial System

• To increase the information available to investors:– Reduce adverse selection and moral hazard problems– Reduce insider trading

• To ensure the soundness of financial intermediaries:– Restrictions on entry– Disclosure– Restrictions on Assets and Activities– Deposit Insurance– Limits on Competition– Restrictions on Interest Rates