ECON 3508 ECON 3508 Autumn 2015 Autumn 2015

Introduction to Economic Introduction to Economic DevelopmentDevelopment

The Millennium Development Goals, 2000-2015, and

Sustainable Development Goals, 2015-2030

Arch Ritter October 5, 2015

See: UNDP. The Millennium Development Goals See: UNDP. The Millennium Development Goals Report, 2015, hyperlink: Report, 2015, hyperlink: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDGhttp://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf

International Council for Science, 2015. Review of International Council for Science, 2015. Review of Targets for the Sustainable Development Goals: Targets for the Sustainable Development Goals: The Science Perspective The Science Perspective http://www.icsu.org/publications/reports-and-reviews/review-of-targets-for-the-sustainable-development-goals-the-science-perspective-2015/SDG-Report.pdf

Introduction:UN Millennium Declaration (UN September 2000.)committed its signatories to strive to

reduce poverty, improve health, promote peace, improve Human Rights, and improve the environment.

Specific measurable targets, to be achieved by 2015;Most OECD and lower income countries were signatories

A Focus on the Neediest Countries is given top A Focus on the Neediest Countries is given top priority. priority.

This included: This included:

–38 countries in Africa, –4 in East Asia/Pacific; 4 in East Asia/Pacific; –2 in South Asia;2 in South Asia;– 6 Arab States; 6 Arab States; –4 Latin American and Caribbean 4 Latin American and Caribbean

States, and States, and –5 in East 5 in East Europe. Europe.

• How can they escape their poverty traps? This is easy to state but hard to implement.

• Included in the relevant policy areas are Investing in human development;

Helping small farmers raise their productivity and thence their incomes;

Investment in infrastructure in lagging areas;

Promote non-traditional and especially small-scale enterprise (informal sector )

Emphasize social equity and strengthen the “voice” of marginalized peoples (aboriginal peoples, rural peoples, and women and girls in some countries.)

Environmental Sustainability

Millennium Development Goals and Targets for 2015– Goal 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Target 1: 50% reduction in extreme poverty (Income below $1.00 per day.)

Target 2: 50% reduction in hunger.

– Goal 2: Achieve Universal Primary Education Target 3: 100% coverage for primary education for Males and Females

– Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Target 4: Eliminate gender disparities in education.

– Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Target 5 : reduce it by 67%.

– Goal 5: Goal 5: Improve Maternal HealthImprove Maternal HealthTarget 6: reduce it by 75%.Target 6: reduce it by 75%.

– Goal 6: Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other DiseasesDiseases

Target 7: Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015.Target 7: Reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015.

Target 8: Halt and reduce incidence of Malaria and Target 8: Halt and reduce incidence of Malaria and other major diseases.other major diseases.

– Goal 7: Goal 7: Ensure Environmental SustainabilityEnsure Environmental SustainabilityTarget 9: Reduce by 50% those lacking access to safe Target 9: Reduce by 50% those lacking access to safe water.water.

Target 10: Incorporate Sustainable Development Target 10: Incorporate Sustainable Development practices in all policies and programs’practices in all policies and programs’

– Goal 8: Goal 8: A Global Partnership for DevelopmentA Global Partnership for DevelopmentTarget 12: Target 12: Open rule-based International trading and Open rule-based International trading and financial systemsfinancial systems’’

Target 13: Target 13: Special treatment for the poorest Special treatment for the poorest countries re trade, debt, technology transfercountries re trade, debt, technology transfer

Target 14: Special treatment for Target 14: Special treatment for remote and land-remote and land-locked countries.locked countries.

Target 14: Target 14: Debt relief Debt relief where needed.where needed.

Target 15: Special access to Target 15: Special access to pharmaceuticalspharmaceuticals for for poorest countries.poorest countries.

Target 18: Special access to Target 18: Special access to IT IT for poorest countriesfor poorest countries

Implementing the Millennium Implementing the Millennium Development Goals and TargetsDevelopment Goals and Targets

For Low Income Countries:For Low Income Countries:– focus on focus on general poverty reduction general poverty reduction and meeting and meeting

“Basic Human Needs”“Basic Human Needs”– emphasize achievable goals and implementable emphasize achievable goals and implementable

policies;policies;– focus on resource mobilizationfocus on resource mobilization

For Middle Income Developing Countries:For Middle Income Developing Countries:– focus efforts on intractable pockets of povertyfocus efforts on intractable pockets of poverty

For International Financial institutions (IFIs):For International Financial institutions (IFIs):– put the Millennium Goals at the centre of their put the Millennium Goals at the centre of their

analytical, advisory, and financing activities;analytical, advisory, and financing activities;– support effective policy making in developing support effective policy making in developing

countries.countries.

For Donor Countries:For Donor Countries:– developing countries should “own” their strategies developing countries should “own” their strategies

for meeting the millenium goals, but with support for meeting the millenium goals, but with support from donor countries;from donor countries;

– more and better utilized aidmore and better utilized aid;;– trade liberalizationtrade liberalization for exports of interest to for exports of interest to

developing countries;developing countries;– end protectionist subsidiesend protectionist subsidies

Note: the world failed in this endeavour at the Note: the world failed in this endeavour at the Doha Round of trade negotiations Doha Round of trade negotiations

For NGOs: For NGOs: – participate in the design of strategies, participate in participate in the design of strategies, participate in

implementation as appropriateimplementation as appropriate– serve as “watchdogs” re target and goal fulfillment.serve as “watchdogs” re target and goal fulfillment.

Evaluation of MDG ApproachEvaluation of MDG Approach

1.1. Are targets and goals realistic?Are targets and goals realistic? I Is it s it too ambitious? too ambitious? (NO)(NO)

2.2. Focus on measurable targets is Focus on measurable targets is laudable for focusing energies.laudable for focusing energies.

3.3. Emphasis on poorest countries is Emphasis on poorest countries is appropriate;appropriate;

4. Will the focus on these targets lead to improvements 4. Will the focus on these targets lead to improvements or deformations of national objectives?or deformations of national objectives?(Improvements!)(Improvements!)

5. Will the MD approach help improve coordination 5. Will the MD approach help improve coordination among donors, IFIs and national governments?among donors, IFIs and national governments?

(YES)(YES)

6. Little is actually said re. Governance, despite its 6. Little is actually said re. Governance, despite its importance for the high priority countries.importance for the high priority countries.

7. Implementation: need for secondary and higher 7. Implementation: need for secondary and higher education is ignorededucation is ignored

MDG Goals and

Achievement:

Poverty

MDG Goals and

Achievement: Education

Gender disparity is measured by the ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and secondary schools. Most regions are on track to achieve this target by 2015.

MDG Goals and

Achievement: Gender

Disparities

MDG Goals and Achievement:

Maternal Mortality

MDG Goals and

Achievement: Child Mortality

AIDS/HIV

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

United Nations General Assembly Sustainable United Nations General Assembly Sustainable Development Summit, Development Summit, 25 September 2015,

World leaders adopted the World leaders adopted the 2030 Agenda for 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Sustainable Development,

includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Goals (SDGs)

• to end poverty, • fight inequality and injustice, and • tackle climate change,

• all by 2030.

THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS)[Open Hyperlinks for UNDP details]

SDG 1: No povertySDG 2: Zero hungerSDG 3: Good health and well-beingSDG 4: Quality educationSDG 5: Gender equalitySDG 6: Clean water and sanitationSDG 7: Affordable and clean energySDG 8: Decent work and economic growthSDG 9: Industry, innovation, infrastructureSDG 10: Reduced inequalitiesSDG 11: Sustainable cities and communitiesSDG 12: Responsible consumption, productionSDG 13: Climate action SDG 14: Life below water SDG 15: Life on landSDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutionsne

Questions re the 2030 SDG Agenda

A generalized “Development” agenda, for A generalized “Development” agenda, for growth, equity and sustainability! Totally growth, equity and sustainability! Totally laudable. laudable.

Acieved consensus of all countries! But, Acieved consensus of all countries! But,

1.1.What are the “real priorities” among all the What are the “real priorities” among all the priorities? priorities?

2.2.Is the agenda too unfocussed and all-inclusive to Is the agenda too unfocussed and all-inclusive to achieve strong results?achieve strong results?

3.3.Is it too ambitious?Is it too ambitious?

Questions re the 2030 SDG Agenda

4. Should there be a focus on the extremely marginalized 4. Should there be a focus on the extremely marginalized (alcoholics, druggie drop-outs, disabled mentally and (alcoholics, druggie drop-outs, disabled mentally and physically?physically?

5. What about Governance? How can failed states or 5. What about Governance? How can failed states or countries with weak governance achieve the SDG countries with weak governance achieve the SDG goals? goals?

6. Can it in fact focus the energies of nations, IFIs and 6. Can it in fact focus the energies of nations, IFIs and NGOs as well as the 2000-2015 MDG Agenda did? NGOs as well as the 2000-2015 MDG Agenda did?

SDG Site: SDG Site: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview.htmlhttp://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/mdgoverview.html

MDG Web Site:MDG Web Site:

http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/mdg-report-http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/mdg-report-

2012.html2012.html

MDG Global Monitoring Report,2012MDG Global Monitoring Report,2012http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2012/English2012.pdfProgress2012/English2012.pdf

Another MDG SiteAnother MDG Site–http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/