ECONOMICS 301 PROJECT 2JANELLA SAMSON

Extra Topics:

• Life Expectancy• Educational Attainment by state, race,

gender• Education Attainment of State and Federal

Prisoners

LIFE EXPECTANCY

• Compared by Ages• Compared by Race and Gender• Death Rates by Age, Sex, and Race• Hispanics with the highest life expectancy

LIFE EXPECTANCY BY AGE

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

7877.6

58.9

40

22.6

8.8

2.3

Life Expectancy by Age• At a given age, life expectancy is the average number of years that is likely to be lived by a group of individuals exposed to the same mortality conditions until they die.

• In the US, the mean life expectancy is 78 years old according to 2008 CDC Data.

• At the age of 20, life expectancy of the average American is 58.9, and continuously decreases.

• Life expectancy may also be determined by sex, race and Hispanic origin, or other characteristics by using age-specific death rates for the population with that characteristic

• Collectively exhaustive since data/events includes all possible ages of the population.

Word Bank Data

CDC Data

LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH BY RACE• Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages.

• Since the US has a very diverse population, a total average life expectancy does not measure the quality of life of different populations.

• According to CDC data, mean life expectancy of the black male population was 5 years lower than that of the white population, while the mean life expectancy of the black female population is 3.4 years lower than their white counterpart.

• The Hispanic population contradicts the idea that life expectancy measures quality of life for they have the highest mean life expectancy of 83.3 for females and 78 for males, although many are associated with poverty, lack of insurance, and education. CDC Data

White Male

White Female

Black Male

Black Female

Hispanic Male

Hispanic Female

75.9

80.8

70.9

77.4

78

83.3

Life Expectancy at Birth by Race and Gender

DEATH RATES BY AGE, SEX, AND RACE

CDC Data

• This significant difference in mean life expectancy of the black male population compared to their white counterpart can be explained by the high death rates which skews their mean life expectancy to the left.

• As seen on the graph, the black male population (yellow) has almost twice as much chance of dying compared to their white counterpart (dark grey) starting at their teenage years. This gap continues as they become older.

• The higher black male death rates may be due to increased risk in disease, homicide, violence, cancer, stroke, and perinatal conditions, especially those who reside in impoverished neighborhoods.

15 to 19 20 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34 35 to 39 40 to 44 45 to 490.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1,000.0

1,200.0

1,400.0

1,600.0

57.7 114.6 131.3 148.5 173.2 240.4376.9

94.2173.7 205.5 232.7

272.2

351.4

532.5

Death Rates by Age, Sex, and Race

White Male White Female Black Male Black Female

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

• Variation Across States in Primary, Secondary, and College Education• Proportion of the Population with a Bachelors Degree

SECONDARY EDUCATION ATTAINMENT BY STATE

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

95.0

88.2 89.1

Percentages of Secondary Education Attainment by State0.02.04.06.08.0

10.012.014.016.018.020.0

10.9 11.9

Percentage of those Who Only Completed Primary Education• Educational attainment refers to the highest level of education that an individual has completed. Each plot on the graph represents a state

• The mean percentage of American who complete education less than high school is 10.9% while the median is 11.9%. This indicates an almost normal distribution in primary education attainment by state.

• In secondary education as well, mean of 88.2% and median of 89.1% are very close to each other. This percentage by state also illustrates an almost normal distribution in educational attainment.

• Another indication that attainment of primary and secondary education by state demonstrates a normal distribution is the calculated skew of each data set.• Secondary education had a negative skew of -.451 while primary education had a positive skew of .244.

• We can only assume it is close to a normal distribution after applying Chebysheff’s Theorem. We can be 89% of data points to lie within 3 standard deviations from the mean. If we assume that it has a full normal distribution,

• Attainment of primary education and secondary education has an intersection since both events include “primary” / elementary school attainment.

NCES Data

SECONDARY EDUCATION ATTAINMENT BY STATE AND RACE

NCES Data

• Although educational attainment has a normal distribution in the country, percentages of people who complete high school differ by race. This differentiation in race is consistent as we look through each state (each point on the graph).

• The white population (blue) has the highest average percentage of secondary educational attainment at 91.9%. • A standard deviation of 3.08 indicates

a small variation of this percentage between states.

• As you can see on the graph, percentages are highly concentrated above the 90% mark.

• Hispanics (yellow) have the lowest average percentage of people completing a high school education, at 68.1%• A standard deviation of 9.84 indicates

a higher variability of this percentage across states. This can be seen on the graph that the Hispanic rates are more spread out compared to the White rates.

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

110.0

Percentage of Secondary Education Attainment by Race and State

Race White Race Black Race Hispanic Race Asians

BACHELORS DEGREE ATTAINMENT BY STATE• The average percentage of Americans attaining a bachelors degree is 29.4%

• Bachelor degree attainment from each state has a slight right skew, with the median being 28.3% and the mean is 29.4.%

• As you can see on the graph, slightly more data points lie below the 30% mark. Thus, the tail to the right may be due to the outliers affecting the mean which are the 54% bachelors degree attainment in the District of Columbia and the 40.1% in Massachusetts.• z-score: D.C. percentage is 4.17 standard

deviations away from the mean, indicating its far right position.

• z-score: Massachusetts percentage is 1.97 standard deviations away from the mean, indicating its slight right position.

• Range of the data is 35.7 due to outliers, but standard deviation is 6 indicating that the average spread of each data point is close to the mean. Most of the states are close to the mean bachelors degree attainment rate in the US of 29.4%.

•Additionally, 50% of that data lies between the values 32.3 and 26, indicating a small range of 6.3, because IQR is not affected by outliers.

NCES Data0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

40.1

54.5

Percentage of those with a Bachelor's Degree of Higher per State

PRISONERS’ EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTCORRELATION BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND INCARCERATION

• State and Federal Prison Inmates compared to the General Population• Prison Inmates, Education, and Race• Prisoners’ Educational Attainment by Offense• High Percentage of GED Attainment

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF PRISON INMATES• 22% of the population attained a

college degree, but the probability that a state prison inmate attained a college degree is 2.4% while the probability of a federal prison inmate attained a college degree is 8.1%.

• This higher probability in federal prison who attained a college degrees may be due to the fact that prisoners in federal prison have different offenses such as white-collar crime.

• Probability that prison inmate has a GED is around 23% for a Federal Prison Inmate, and around 28% for a State Prison Inmate.

Department of Justice Data

8th grade or less

Some high school

GED *

High school diploma

Postsecondary/some college

College graduate or more

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Educational Attainment of Prison Inmates Compared to the General Population

General Population Prison Inmates Federal

PRISONERS’ EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BY RACE

Department of Justice Data

• The probability that the white person from the general population attained a college degree is 23.4% in 1997. On the other hand, the probability that a white prisoner attained a college degree is 1.9%.

• The probability of the black general population attained less than 8th grade education is 2.3 % while prison inmates have 9.9%

• The probability that the white prisoner only completed high school is 61% while the probability of a white person in the general population will complete only high school is 32.1%

• The probability that the Hispanic prisoner attained a college degree is 1.4% while the probability of the Hispanic general population attained a college degree is 8.9%

• Thus events of incarceration and educational attainment are statistically dependent. Educational Attainment is correlated to the probability of being incarcerated.

Gen. Population

State prison inmates

Gen. Population

State prison inmates

Gen. Population

State prison inmates

Whi

teBl

ack

Hisp

anic

9.6

17.8

13.3

34

20.4

27.7

32.1

61

40.5

47.9

27

41.6

30.7

9.3

32.4

7.1

22.8

5.3

23.4

11.5

8.9

9.9

9.9

20.9

24.1

Educational Attainment of Prison Inmates and General Population by Race

8th grade or less Some high school High school diploma Postsecondary/some college

PRISONERS’ EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT BY OFFENSE

• Prison inmates who attained some high school education has a higher chance of being involved in a drug crime, at 31.6%

• This may be due to high school students having a higher risk and access to substances around their teenage years.

• There is a large percentage of prison inmates who attained a GED and committed a violent crime.

8th grade or less

Some high school

GED

High school diploma

Postsecondary/some college

College graduate or more

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

25.9

30.132

Educational Attainment of State Prison Inmates by Offense

Offense Violent Offense PropertyOffense Drug Offense Public-order

Department of Justice Data

REASON FOR HIGH GED ATTAINMENT

S i n c e a d m is s i o n O th e r i n c a r c e r a t i o n O u ts id e p r i s o n / j a i l

8.3

17.4

9.1

9.4

14

9.4

TIME/Place of GED AttainmentState Federal

• 31.4% of prison inmates (states 17.4) and (federal 14) attained their GED during a prior prison sentence through correctional facility programs.

• 17.7% attained after this current admission in prison.

Department of Justice Data