economics & identity

8/9/2019 Economics & Identity

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SAB

TRDUSBUJ^ OHRUIDJ

HF B@HIHMN@P Vhj) @QV Npprb 0 Drgrps 574>>1)

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ahrpbwnvbp fhu wunsnig Sab Fbmninib M~psntrb) Hsabu |uhejbmpprà dp bsain` dic ud`ndj `hi n`s* cnpùnmnidsnhi* nisud`sdejbjdehu cnp|rsbp* dic pb|dudsnps |hjnsn`p djj nivnsb di ncbisns~-edpbc

didj~pnp) Eb`drpb hf nsp bq|jdidshu~ |hwbu* irmbuhrp pàhjdup ni|p~àhjhg~* ph`nhjhg~* |hjnsn`dj p`nbi`b* disauh|hjhg~* dic anpshu~advb dch|sbc ncbisns~ dp d `bisudj `hi`b|s) Sanp |d|bu pahwp ahwncbisns~ `di eb euhrgas nish b`hihmn` didj~pnp* djjhwnig d ibw vnbw hf mdi~ b`hihmn` |uhejbmp) 4

Wb ni`hu|hudsb ncbisns~ nish d gbibudj mhcbj hf ebadvnhu dicsabi cbmhipsudsb ahw ncbisns~ ni rbi`bp b`hihmn` hrs`hmbp)P|b`n `djj~* wb `hipncbu gbicbu cnpùnmnidsnhi ni sab jdehu mdu-kbs* sab ahrpbahjc cnvnpnhi hf jdehu* dic sab b`hihmn`p hf ph`ndjbq`jrpnhi dic |hvbus~) Ni bdà `dpb* hru didj~pnp ~nbjcp |ubcn`-snhip* pr||husbc e~ bqnpsnig bvncbi b* sads dub cnffbubis fuhmsahpb hf bqnpsnig b`hihmn` mhcbjp) Sab @hi`jrpnhi nicn`dsbp mdi~hsabu ubdjmp wabub ncbisns~ djmhps prubj~ mdssbup)

Hru ncbisns~ mhcbj hf ebadvnhu ebgnip wnsa ph`ndj cnffbubi`b)Gbicbu* d rinvbupdjj~ fdmnjndu dp|b`s hf ncbisns~* njjrpsudsbp) Sabubdub swh depsud`s ph`ndj `dsbghunbp* mdi dic whmdi) Sabpb`dsbghunbp dub dpph`ndsbc wnsa cnffbubis ncbdj |a~pn`dj dssunersbpdic |ubpùnebc ebadvnhup) Bvbu~hib ni sab |h|rjdsnhi np dppngibcd gbicbu `dsbghu~* dp bnsabu d mdi hu d whmdi) Fhjjhwnigsab ebadvnhudj |ubpùn|snhip fhu hibp gbicbu dffnump hibp pbjf-nmdgb* hu ncbisns~* dp d mdi hu dp d whmdi)5 Vnhjdsnig sab|ubpùn|snhip bvhkbp diqnbs~ dic cnp`hmfhus ni hibpbjf dic ni

4) \ubvnhrp b`hihmn` jnsbudsrub hi ncbisns~ ni jrcbp Fhjeub {4>>3} wahcnp`rppbp sab nm|husdi`b hf gbicbu ncbisns~ fhu `hjjb`snvb d`snhi sads |ubpbuvbpmdjb |unvnjbgb) Hru gbibudj mhcbj hf rsnjns~ djjhwp fhu sanp hrs`hmb* dp wbjj dpmdi~ hsabu phru`bp hf gbicbu nibtrdjns~) Pbi {4>12} mbisnhip ncbisns~ dp dini rbi`b hi ghdj dànbvbmbis* ers chbp ihs ni`hu|hudsb ncbisns~ nish d rsnjns~fri`snhi hu mhcbjp hf p|b`n ` b`hihmn` pbssnigp) Ncbisns~ djph adp hsabu `hiihsd-snhip? Jdicd {4>>3} dic Kbvdib {4>>3} `hipncbu ahw ncbisns~* cb ibc dp mbmebu-pan| ni d |dusn rjdu guhr|* dffb`sp b`hihmn`sudipd`snhip wabi nicnvncrdjmbmebupdub preob`s sh guhr| pdi snhip) Ehwjbp dic Gnisnp {4>>7} jnkbwnpb `hipncbu`hh|budsnhi wnsani d `hmmrins~)

5) Wb rpb sab whuc |ubpùn|snhip udsabu sadi ihump eb`drpb |ubvnhrp rpdgb ni

b`hihmn`p adp gnvbi sab jdssbu sbum `hiihsdsnhip sads whrjc eb mnpjbdcnig ni sab`hisbqs hf sanp |d|bu) Abub* dgbisp fhjjhw |ubpùn|snhip* fhu sab mhps |dus* shmdnisdni sabnu pbjf-`hi`b|sp) Ni `hisudps* ni mrà hf sab b`hihmn`p jnsbudsrub* dihum np heb~bc eb`drpb fdnjrub sh ch ph ubprjsp ni |rinpambis !b)g)* Dkbujhf {4>76}*Kdichun {4>>5}* dic @hjb* Mdnjdsa* dic \hpsjbwdnsb {4>>5}.) Hsabu drsahup*ahwbvbu* pbb ihump dp phmbsanig pnmnjdu sh hru |ubpùn|snhip) Ni Mhisghmbu~p{4>>7} gdmb-sabhubsn` mhcbj hf ph`ndj uhjbp* dgbisp dch|s psudsbgnbp sads ihumpdppngi sabnu uhjbp eb`drpb hsabuwnpb sab~ whrjc ihs ub`hginzb sabmpbjvbp) Bjpsbu{4>1>} wunsbp sads ph`ndj ihump dub prpsdnibce~ psuhig fbbjnigp hf bmeduudppmbis*diqnbs~* dic grnjs prffbubc fuhm vnhjdsnig sabm) Ardig dic Wr {4>>3} djph`hipncbu ph`ndj ihump prpsdnibc e~ |bh|jbp bmhsnhip* wanà ni sab vnbw hf sanp|d|bu whrjc ubprjs fuhm d |buphip pbipb hf pbjf)

TRDUSBUJ^ OHRUIDJ HF B@HIHMN@P746


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hsabup) Gbicbu ncbisns~* sabi* àdigbp sab |d~hffp fuhm cnffbubisd`snhip)

Sanp mhcbjnig hf ncbisns~ np nifhumbc e~ d vdps ehc~ hf

ubpbduà hi sab pdjnbi`b hf ph`ndj `dsbghunbp fhu armdi ebadvnhudic nisbud`snhi) Wb |ubpbis ni sab ibqs pb`snhi d pbunbp hf bqdm|jbp hf ncbisns~-ubjdsbc ebadvnhu) Sabpb bqdm|jbp* dic hsabubvncbi`b* nicn`dsb sads !4. |bh|jb advb ncbisns~-edpbc |d~hffpcbunvbc fuhm sabnu hwi d`snhip; !5. |bh|jb advb ncbisns~-edpbc|d~hffp cbunvbc fuhm hsabup d`snhip; !0. sanuc |dusnbp `di gbibudsb|bupnpsbis àdigbp ni sabpb |d~hffp; dic !3. phmb |bh|jb md~àhhpb sabnu ncbisns~* ers àhn`b md~ eb |uhpùnebc fhu hsabup)

Sab `hi`b|s hf ncbisns~ bq|dicp b`hihmn` didj~pnp fhu ds jbdpsfhru `huubp|hicnig ubdphip)

Fnups* ncbisns~ `di bq|jdni ebadvnhu sads d||bdup cbsunmbisdj)\bh|jb ebadvb ni wd~p sads whrjc eb `hipncbubc mdjdcd|snvb hubvbi pbjf-cbpsur snvb e~ sahpb wnsa hsabu ncbisnsnbp) Sab ubdphi fhusanp ebadvnhu md~ eb sh ehjpsbu d pbipb hf pbjf hu sh pdjvb dcnmninpabc pbjf-nmdgb)

Pb`hic* ncbisns~ ricbujnbp d ibw s~|b hf bqsbuidjns~) Hib|buphip d`snhip `di advb mbdinig fhu dic bvhkb ubp|hipbp nihsabup) Gbicbu dgdni dffhucp di bqdm|jb) D cubpp np d p~mehj hf fbmninins~) Nf d mdi wbdup d cubpp* sanp md~ saubdsbi sab ncbisns~hf hsabu mbi) Sabub np di bqsbuidjns~* dic frusabu bqsbuidjnsnbpubprjs nf sabpb mbi mdkb phmb ubp|hipb)

Sanuc* ncbisns~ ubvbdjp d ibw wd~ sads |ubfbubi`bp `di ebàdigbc) Ihsnhip hf ncbisns~ bvhjvb wnsani d ph`nbs~ dic phmb ni

sab ph`nbs~ advb ni bisnvbp sh mdin|rjdsb sabm) Hevnhrp bq-dm|jbp h``ru ni dcvbusnpnig !b)g)* Mdujehuh dcp.) Dp wb padjjbq|jhub* sabub dub mdi~ hsabu `dpbp* ni`jrcnig |rejn` |hjn`nbp*wabub àdignig ph`ndj `dsbghunbp dic dpph`ndsbc |ubpùn|snhipdffb`sp b`hihmn` hrs`hmbp)

Fhrusa* eb`drpb ncbisns~ np fricdmbisdj sh ebadvnhu* àhn`b hf ncbisns~ md~ eb sab mhps nm|husdis b`hihmn` cb`npnhi |bh|jbmdkb) Nicnvncrdjp md~mhub hu jbpp `hip`nhrpj~àhhpb wah

sab~ wdis sh eb) Jnmnsp hi sanp àhn`b md~ djph eb sab mhpsnm|husdis cbsbumnidis hf di nicnvncrdjp b`hihmn` wbjj-ebnig)\ubvnhrp b`hihmn` didj~pbp hf* fhu bqdm|jb* |hvbus~* jdehu pr||j~*dic pàhhjnig advb ihs `hipncbubc sabpb |hppnenjnsnbp)

Hru didj~pnp |uh`bbcp dp fhjjhwp) Ni sab ibqs pb`snhi wb|uh|hpb d gbibudj rsnjns~ fri`snhi sads ni`hu|hudsbp ncbisns~ dp dmhsnvdsnhi fhu ebadvnhu) Ns nisuhcr`bp sab vh`derjdu~ dic sabhubsn-`dj fudmbwhuk rpbc sauhrgahrs sab |d|bu) Sanp pb`snhi djph

B@HIHMN@P DIC NCBISNS^ 747


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orpsn bp hru ni`jrpnhi hf ncbisns~ ni d rsnjns~ fri snhi* |ubpbisnig dpbunbp hf bqdm|jbp hf ncbisns~-ubjdsbc ebadvnhu) Pb`snhi NNN sabi`hipsur`sp d |uhshs~|b gdmb-sabhubsn` mhcbj hf ncbisns~ sads

mnuuhup psdicduc |p~àhjhgn`dj sabhu~) Sanp mhcbj hf swh ph`ndj`dsbghunbpGubbi dic Ubc`hisdnip sab bppbisndj bjbmbisp hf ph`ndj cnffbubisndsnhi* ncbisns~* dic b`hihmn` nisbud`snhi) Pb`snhipNV* V* dic VN `hipncbu gbicbu cnpùnmnidsnhi ni sab jdehu mdukbs*sab b`hihmn`p hf |hvbus~ dic ph`ndj bq`jrpnhi* dic sab ahrpbahjccnvnpnhi hf jdehu* ubp|b`snvbj~) Pb`snhi VNN `hi`jrcbp dic nicn`dsbpcnub`snhip fhu frsrub ubpbduà)

NN) RSNJNS^ F RI@SNHI DIC B VNCBI@B HFNCBISNS^ -UBJDSBC E BADVNHU

Sanp pb`snhi |uh|hpbp d rsnjns~ fri`snhi sads ni`hu|hudsbpncbisns~ dp d mhsnvdsnhi fhu ebadvnhu) Wb cudw hi bqsbipnvb whukni |p~àhjhg~ dic cnp`rpp p|b`n ` bqdm|jbp hf ebadvnhu sadspr||hus hru fudmbwhuk)

D) D Rsnjns~ Fri`snhi wnsa Ncbisns~Ni hru rsnjns~ fri`snhi* ncbisns~ np edpbc hi ph`ndj `dsbghunbp*

@ ) Bdà |buphi oadp di dppngimbis hf |bh|jb sh sabpb `dsbghunbp*` o* ph sads bdà |buphi adp d `hi`b|snhi hf abu hwi `dsbghunbp dicsads hf djj hsabu |bh|jb) 0 \ubpùn|snhip \ nicn`dsb sab ebadvnhud||uh|undsb fhu |bh|jb ni cnffbubis ph`ndj `dsbghunbp ni cnffbubispnsrdsnhip) Sab |ubpùn|snhip md~ djph cbpùneb di ncbdj fhu bdà`dsbghu~ ni sbump hf |a~pn`dj àdud`sbunpsn`p dic hsabu dssunersbp)@dsbghunbp md~ djph advb angabu hu jhwbu ph`ndj psdsrp) Wb rpb sabwhuc ncbisns~ sh cbpùneb ehsa d |buphip pbjf-nmdgb dp wbjj dp abudppngibc `dsbghunbp)

Gbicbu ncbisns~* dp nicn`dsbc bdujnbu* `hrjc eb fhumdjnzbc dpfhjjhwp) Sabub np d pbs hf `dsbghunbp @* mdi dic whmdi* wabubmbi advb angabu ph`ndj psdsrp sadi whmbi) ` o cbpùnebp op hwigbicbu `dsbghu~ dp wbjj dp op dppngimbis fhu bvbu~hib bjpb ni sab

|h|rjdsnhi) \ dpph`ndsbp sh bdà `dsbghu~ edpn` |a~pn`dj dic hsabuàdud`sbunpsn`p sads `hipsnsrsb sab ncbdj mdi hu whmdi dp wbjj dpp|b`n bp ebadvnhu ni cnffbubis pnsrdsnhip d``hucnig sh gbicbu) B)g)*sab ncbdj whmdi np fbmdjb* sani* dic pahrjc djwd~p wbdu d cubpp;

0) Di nicnvncrdj op md||nig hf dihsabu nicnvncrdj k nish `dsbghunbp ibbc ihs`huubp|hic sh k p hwi md||nig) Ni dccnsnhi* ph`ndj `dsbghunbp ibbc ihs eb mrsrdjj~bq`jrpnvb* dic di nicnvncrdj md~ eb md||bc nish pbvbudj ph`ndj `dsbghunbp !b)g)*nicnvncrdj onp ehsa d whmdi dic d |uhfbppnhidj.)



5/39

sab ncbdj mdi np mdjb* mrp`rjdu* dic pahrjc ibvbu wbdu d cubpp*bq`b|s |buad|p hi Adjjhwbbi)

Wb |uh|hpb sab fhjjhwnig rsnjns~ fri`snhi?

!4. R o 2 R o!d o*d 5 o* N o.)

Rsnjns~ cb|bicp hi op ncbisns~ hu pbjf-nmdgb N o* dp wbjj dp hi sabrprdj vb`shup hf op d`snhip* d o* dic hsabup d`snhip* d 5 o) Pni`b d odic d 5 o cbsbumnib op `hiprm|snhi hf ghhcp dic pbuvn`bp* sabpbdugrmbisp dic R o!. dub prffn`nbis sh `d|srub sab psdicduc b`hihm-n`p hf hwi d`snhip dic bqsbuidjnsnbp)

Fhjjhwnig hru cnp`rppnhi dehvb* wb |uh|hpb sab fhjjhwnigub|ubpbisdsnhi hf N o?

!5. N o 2 N o!d o*d 5 o;` o*b o*\ .)

D |buphi op ncbisns~ N o cb|bicp* ups hf djj* hi op dppngibc ph`ndj`dsbghunbp ` o) Sab ph`ndj psdsrp hf d `dsbghu~ np gnvbi e~ sabfri`snhi N o!.* dic d |buphi dppngibc d `dsbghu~ wnsa angabu ph`ndjpsdsrp md~ bioh~ di biadi`bc pbjf-nmdgb) Ncbisns~ frusabu cb-|bicp hi sab bqsbis sh wanà op hwi gnvbi àdud`sbunpsn`p b omdsà sab ncbdj hf op dppngibc `dsbghu~* nicn`dsbc e~ sab |ubpùn|-snhip \ )3 Fnidjj~* ncbisns~ cb|bicp hi sab bqsbis sh wanà op hwidic hsabup d`snhip `huubp|hic sh |ubpùnebc ebadvnhu nicn`dsbc e~\ ) Wb `djj niùbdpbp hu cbùbdpbp ni rsnjns~ sads cbunvb fuhm N o* gdnip hu jhppbp ni ncbisns~) 2

Ni sab pnm|jbps `dpb* di nicnvncrdj o àhhpbp d`snhip shmdqnmnzb rsnjns~ !4.* sdknig dp gnvbi ` o*b o* dic \ dic sab d`snhip hf hsabup) Wb rpb sab vbue àhhpb dcvnpbcj~) Wb ch ihs |ubprmb hibwd~ hu dihsabu sads |bh|jb dub dwdub hf sabnu hwi mhsnvdsnhip* dpni psdicduc rsnjns~ sabhu~ wanà np dgihpsn` dp sh wabsabu dinicnvncrdj pah||bu np dwdub hu ihs hf sab ubdphip fhu abu àhn`bp) 6

Eb~hic d`snhip* sh phmb bqsbis di nicnvncrdj md~ djph àhhpbsab `dsbghu~ dppngimbis ` o) Ph`ndj `dsbghunbp md~ eb mhub hu jbppdpùn|snvb* dic ni gbibudj* sab nicnvncrdj np jnkbj~ sh advb phmb

3) Ni sab `dpb hf d `dsbghu~ wnsa anga !jhw. ph`ndj psdsrp* d |buphi omd~ gdniwabi hwi àdud`sbunpsn`p dub `jhpb sh !fdu fuhm. fuhm sab ncbdj)2) Pni`b di nicnvncrdjp pbjf-`hi`b|s md~ eb fhumbc e~ pbbnig hibpbjf sauhrga

sab b~bp hf hsabup {Gjbnsmdi 4>>6* |) 030}* sabpb gdnip hu jhppbpmd~ djph cb|bic hiahw hsabup nisbu|ubs np d`snhip) Sab h|ninhip hf hsabup md~ eb ubvbdjbc sauhrgad`snhip d 5 o; sab nicnvncrdj md~ djph `dub dehrs hsabup `dsbghunzdsnhip ` 5 o)

6) Pbi {4>>7} mdkbp sab didjhg~ sads jngas chbp ihs kihw sads ns npmninmnznig cnpsdi`b* ers ebadvbp dp nf ns chbp) Sanp ihsnhi fhjjhwp Funbcmdip{4>20} cn sd fhu sab mbsahchjhg~ hf |hpnsnvb b`hihmn`p) Wabsabu hu ihs o `hi-p`nhrpj~ ubdjnzbp pab np mdqnmnznig d rsnjns~ fri`snhi prà dp !4.* pab chbp phibvbusabjbpp) Ni hru pbssnig* ni |dusn`rjdu* sab mhsnvdsnhip fhu ebadvnhu md~ ebri`hip`nhrp)

B@HIHMN@P DIC NCBISNS^ 74>


6/39

àhn`b hvbu ncbisns~* dp nicbbc |bh|jb md~ bvbi advb phmb àhn`bhvbu sabnu gbicbu) Dgdni* sanp àhn`b md~ eb mhub hu jbpp`hip`nhrp)

Nicnvncrdj d`snhip md~ djph dffb`s sab |ubpùn|snhip \ * sab pbshf ph`ndj `dsbghunbp @* dp wbjj dp sab psdsrp hf cnffbubis `dsbghunbpub b`sbc ni N o!.) Wnsa ubp|b`s sh gbicbu* fhu bqdm|jb* psdsrpcnffbubi`bp ebswbbi mbi dic whmbi advb cnmninpabc hvbu snmb*dic |ubpùnebc ebadvnhu dic |a~pn`dj ncbdjp advb àdigbc) Gbi-cbu `dsbghunbp sabmpbjvbp advb eb`hmb vdunbc dic `hm|jbq) Sabubmd~ eb ih rinvbupdj dgubbmbis dehrs ph`ndj `dsbghunbp dic|ubpùn|snhip) Nicbbc* sab~ dub sab preob`s hf mrà cbedsb dic`hisuhvbup~)

E) \p~àhjhg~ dic Bq|bunmbisp hi Guhr| Ncbisn `dsnhi

Sab |uhmnibi`b hf ncbisns~ ni |p~àhjhg~ prggbpsp sadsb`hihmnpsp pahrjc `hipncbu ncbisns~ dp di dugrmbis ni rsnjns~fri`snhip) \p~àhjhgnpsp advb jhig |hpnsbc d pbjf hu bgh dp d|unmdu~ fhu`b hf nicnvncrdj ebadvnhu) Sab~ advb frusabu dpph`ndsbcdi nicnvncrdjp pbipb hf pbjf sh sab ph`ndj pbssnig; ncbisns~ np ehricsh ph`ndj `dsbghunbp; dic nicnvncrdjp ncbisnf~ wnsa |bh|jb ni phmb`dsbghunbp dic cnffbubisndsb sabmpbjvbp fuhm sahpb ni hsabup) 7

Wanjb bq|bunmbisp ni ph`ndj |p~àhjhg~ ch ihs pahw sabbqnpsbi`b hf d pbjf hu sanp ncbisn `dsnhi |bu pb* sab~ ch cbmhi-psudsb sads bvbi duensudu~ ph`ndj `dsbghunzdsnhip dffb`s ebadvnhu) 1@hipncbu sab Uheebup @dvb bq|bunmbis) Ni nsp ninsndj wbbk* swhguhr|p hf eh~p ds d prmmbu `dm| ni Hkjdahmd wbub kb|s d|dus)Crunig sanp |bunhc* sab eh~p cbvbjh|bc ihump hf ebadvnhu dicncbisnsnbp dp ebjhignig sh sabnu guhr|) Wabi sab~ mbs fhu dshruidmbis ni sab pb`hic wbbk* sab bjbvbi-~bdu-hjc btrnvdjbis hf wdu euhkb hrs* wnsa idmb-`djjnig* psbubhs~|nig* dic gasnig)Jdsbu bq|bunmbisp pahw sads `hm|bsnsnhi np ihs ib`bppdu~ fhuguhr| ncbisn `dsnhi dic bvbi sab mhps mninmdj guhr| dppngimbis`di dffb`s ebadvnhu) Guhr|p fhum e~ ihsanig mhub sadi udichmdppngimbis hf preob`sp sh jdebjp* prà dp bvbi hu hcc) Preob`sp dub

mhub jnkbj~ sh gnvb ubwducp sh sahpb wnsa sab pdmb jdebj sadi shsahpb wnsa hsabu jdebjp* bvbi wabi àhn`bp dub dihi~mhrp dicadvb ih nm|d`s hi hwi |d~hffp) Preob`sp djph advb angabu h|ninhiphf mbmebup hf sabnu hwi guhr|)

7) Fhu cnp`rppnhi hf sab pbjf* pbb Sahmdp {4>>6}* Eubgbu {4>73}* hu Gjbnsmdi{4>>6}) Fhu d ubvnbw hf sab ph`ndj |p~àhjhg~ hf ncbisns~* pbb Euhwi {4>16} dicWbsabubjj {4>>6}* dic bp|b`ndjj~ sab whuk hf Sdofbj dic Sruibu {4>7>})

1) Fhu cnp`rppnhi hf ph`ndj |p~àhjhg~ bq|bunmbisp* pbb Euhwi {4>16* ||)234266} dic Wbsabubjj {4>>6* ||) 5


7/39

Hru mhcbjnig hf ncbisns~ bqd`sj~ |dudjjbjp sabpb bq|bunmbisp)Ni sab bq|bunmbisp* dp ni hru rsnjns~ fri`snhi !4.* sabub dub ph`ndj`dsbghunbp; sabub np di dppngimbis hf preob`sp sh sahpb ph`ndj

`dsbghunbp; idjj~* preob`sp advb ni mnic phmb fhum hf dppngimbis-ubjdsbc |ubpùn|snhip* bjpb ubwducp whrjc ihs cb|bic hi guhr|dppngimbis)

@) Bqdm|jbp hf Ncbisns~-Ubjdsbc Ebadvnhu

Wb ibqs |ubpbis d pbs hf ubdj-whujc bqdm|jbp hf fhrucnffbubis wd~p* hrsjnibc ni sab nisuhcr`snhi dic fhumdjnzbc ni hrursnjns~ fri`snhi* sads ncbisns~ md~ ni rbi`b ebadvnhu)

Hru ups pbs cbmhipsudsbp sads |bh|jb advb ncbisns~-ubjdsbc|d~hffp fuhm sabnu hwi d`snhip) Sab nm|d`s hf di d`snhi d o hirsnjns~ R ocb|bicp ni |dus hi nsp bffb`s hi ncbisns~ N o)

Pbjf-Mrsnjdsnhi) Sab ups hf sabpb bqdm|jbp np |buad|p sabmhps cudmdsn`? |bh|jb mrsnjdsb sabnu hwi hu sabnu ànjcubipehcnbp dp di bq|ubppnhi hf ncbisns~) Sdsshhnig* ehc~-|nbu`nig !bdu*ihpb* idvbj* bs`).* adnu `hiknig* pbjf-psduvdsnhi* psbuhnc derpb*

|jdpsn` prugbu~* dic mdjb dic fbmdjb `nu`rm`npnhi djj ~nbjc|a~pn`dj mdukbup hf ebjhignig sh mhub hu jbpp bq|jn`ns ph`ndj`dsbghunbp dic guhr|p) > Ni sbump hf hru rsnjns~ fri`snhi* sabpb|ud`sn`bp sudipfhum di nicnvncrdjp |a~pn`dj àdud`sbunpsn`p shmdsà di ncbdj) 4< Sab mrsnjdsnhi md~ h``ru eb`drpb |bh|jbebjnbvb ns jbdcp sh |b`rindu~ ubwducp dic nisbud`snhip prà dpmduundgb) Ers sab sbid`ns~ dic cbfbipb hf sabpb |ud`sn`bp nicn`dsbsab bqsbis sh wanà ebjhignig ubjnbp hi unsrdj* dic |bh|jb advb

nisbuidjnzbc mbdprubp hf ebdrs~ dic vnusrb) 44

Gbicbu dic H``r|dsnhip) Fbmdjb sundj jdw~bu* mdjb irupb*whmdi Mdunibdjj `hiorub `hisudcn`snhip) Wa~8 Eb`drpb sundj

>) Pbb Kadsnen {4>16} fhu didj~pnp hf ahw mduknig sab ehc~* e~ `nu rm`npnhidic sunedj sdsshhp* mdukp sab pbjf)

4>6} ub|husp sads whmbi`hipncbu fbmdjb `nu`rm`npnhi d ebdrsnf~nig |ud`sn`b) Ns d``bisrdsbp sab cnffbubi`bebswbbi sab pbqbp? Wb chis wdis sh jhhk jnkb d mdi wnsa d |uhsurcnig hugdi {|)5>17) Pdsn np sab |ud`sn`b hf sab wnchweruinig sh cbdsa hi abu arpedicp fribudj |~ub) Hib cbvhsbb bq|ubppbc abudcmnudsnhi? Nf N adc kihwi pab wdp ghnig sh ch sanp N whrjc advb shr abc abu fbbs)Ihw N wnjj gnvb abu d |jd`b ni m~ ahrpb dic whupan| abu bvbu~ cd~) Sanp ubp|b`s npih jbpp cnmninpabce~ dcmnubupchresp sads sab~ whrjc advb adc sab pdmb `hrudgbhu e~ sabnu ngihudi`b hf sab |ubpprub hi sab wnchw fuhm abu ni-jdwp)



8/39

jdw~bup dub vnbwbc dp mdp`rjnib* irupbp dp fbmninib* dic dMdunib dp sab rjsnmdsb mdi) \bh|jb ni sabpb h``r|dsnhip ers hf sab h||hpnsb pbq hfsbi advb dmengrhrp fbbjnigp dehrs sabnu whuk)

Ni sbump hf hru rsnjns~ fri`snhi* di nicnvncrdjp d`snhip ch ihs`huubp|hic sh gbicbu |ubpùn|snhip hf ebadvnhu) D ubvbdjnig psrc~ni sanp ubgduc np \nbu`bp {4>>2} |dusn`n|dis-hepbuvbu ubpbduà hisab jbgdj |uhfbppnhi) 45 Fbmdjb jdw~bup sahrgas hf sabmpbjvbp dpwhmbi* ~bs ebnig d ghhc jdw~bu mbdis d`snig jnkb d mdi) Jdw~bupwbub shjc ni sudninig pbppnhip sh d`s jnkb Udmeh dic sh sdkb ih|unphibup) Ni sab hffn`b* sundj dsshuib~p wah cnc ihs wni eng wbubcbpùnebc dp advnig ih edjjp) Nisnmncdsnhi hf wnsibppbp wdpmdàh ejdpsp dgdnips sab hsabu pncb) D @aunpsmdp pkns dehrs swh|dusibup cudmdsnzbc sab gbicbu `hi n`s?

{H}ib pbùbsdu~ cubppbc r| dp Udàbj dic dihsabu cubppbc r| dpMnàdbj) Sab pbùbsdu~ |husud~nig Mnàdbj ) ) ) udi duhric sab psdgb eduknighucbup dic pnignig* Nm Mnàdbj Ehic* Nm prà d erp~ mdi) Nm prà d erp~mdi) Sab hsabu pbùbsdu~ fhjjhwbc prns e~ eduknig hucbup dic pnignig* NmUdàbj Uhpbi* Nm prà d erp~ mdi* N mbdi whmdi) Nm prà d erp~ mdi* Nmbdi whmdi) ) ) ) Mnàdbj ubp|hicbc sh sab p|hhf ni psuncb) ) ) ) Udàbj* hisab hsabu adic* wdp vbu~ r|pbs {\nbu`b* 4>>2* |) 40>2* |) 403})

Djrmin Gnvnig) @adunsdejb `hisunersnhip md~ ~nbjc d wdumgjhw {Dicubhin 4>1>}* ers ahw ch |bh|jb àhhpb hib hugdinzdsnhihvbu dihsabu8 @aduns~ sh sab hugdinzdsnhi wnsa sab angabpsmdugnidj ubsrui whrjc mdqnmnzb nsp b`hihmn`nm|d`s) bs* ds jbdpsfhu angabu bcr`dsnhi* `hisunersnhip md~ wbjj ub b`s ncbisns~)Gudcrdsbp gnvb sh sabnu hwi djmd mdsbu) Djrmin gnvnig `hrjcbiadi`b sab vdjrb hf d cbgubb e~ mdnisdninig di nipsnsrsnhipub|rsdsnhi) Ers sanp bq|jdidsnhi prffbup fuhm sab `hjjb`snvb d`snhi|uhejbm)Dic ns chbp ihs d``hris fhu psrcbis jh~djs~ dic ncbisn `d-snhi wnsa di nipsnsrsnhi* dp bq|ubppbc ni prà j~un`p dp Fhu Ghc*fhu `hrisu~* dic fhu djb)

45) Fhu d psrc~ hf irupbp dic Mdunibp* pbb Wnjjndmp {4>1>})



9/39

Mhrisdnibbunig) Wa~ ch |bh|jb `jnme mhrisdnip8 Jhbwbi-psbni {4>>1} dugrbp sads fd`nig sab bqsubmb cnp`hmfhus dic cdigbuhf mhrisdnibbunig biadi`bp di nicnvncrdjp pbipb hf pbjf)

Hru pb`hic pbs hf bqdm|jbp cbmhipsudsbp sads |bh|jb advbncbisns~-ubjdsbc |d~hffp fuhm hsabup d`snhip) Sab bffb`s hf did`snhi d 5 o hi rsnjns~ ni`jrcbp di nm|d`s hi N o)

Gbicbu dic H``r|dsnhip) D whmdi whuknig ni d mdip ohemd~ mdkb mdjb `hjjbdgrbp fbbj jbpp jnkb mbi) Sh djjd~ sabpbfbbjnigp* sab~ md~ d`s sh dffnum sabnu mdp`rjnins~ dic d`s dgdnipsfbmdjb `hwhukbup) Ni abu psrc~ hf `hdj adicjbup ni d |hwbu |jdis*\dcdvn` {4>>4} nisbu|ubsbc sab ebadvnhu hf abu mdjb `hwhukbup nisanp wd~) Hi hib h``dpnhi* sab~ |n`kbc abu r|* shppbc abu ed`k dicfhusa* dic dssbm|sbc sh |rpa abu hish sab `hdj `hivb~bu ebjs!ohknigj~* hf `hrupb.) Ni sab `dpb hf dihsabu whukbu* ih hib sudnibcabu* ih hib abj|bc abu* dic wabi pab dpkbc fhu abj|* pab wdpubfrpbc dppnpsdi`b sads whrjc advb ebbi uhrsnib fhu mdjb`hwhukbup) 40

Sh frusabu dppd~ sab ubdphip fhu prà ebadvnhu* wb shhk dudichm-pdm|jb sbjb|ahib pruvb~ ubjdsnig d vngibssb dehrs dfbmdjb `du|bisbu ds d `hipsur`snhi `hm|di~ wah wdp ednsbc dicsbdpbc e~ d mdjb `hwhukbu) Wb pbb ni Sdejb N sads dmhig sab pnq|hppnejb bq|jdidsnhip* 13 |bu`bis hf sab ubp|hicbisp pdnc ns wdpphmbwads jnkbj~* jnkbj~* hu vbu~ jnkbj~ sads sab mdjb whukbuebadvbc ni sanp wd~ eb`drpb ab fbjs jbpp mdp`rjnib) 43 Sanpbq|jdidsnhi wdp hib hf sab mhps |h|rjdu* dic mhub sadi saubb-trdusbup hf sab ubp|hicbisp sahrgas sads d whmdi ni d mdip ohefubtrbisj~ hu djmhps djwd~p fd`bp prà subdsmbis)

Mdiahhc dic Niprjs) Fhu d mdi* di d`snhi md~ eb vnbwbc dpdi niprjs wanà* nf jbfs ridipwbubc* nm|rgip anp mdp`rjnins~) Dpni sab bqdm|jb dehvb* di d`snhi d 5 o nm|d`sp N o wanà md~ eb`hrisbubc e~ di d`snhi d o) \p~àhjhgnpsp Inpebss dic @hai {4>>6}advb cbsb`sbc prà ncbisns~ `hi`buip ni bq|bunmbisp ds sab

40) Jbvnib {4>>7} djph fhric sads mbi hfsbi ubfrpbc sh sudni whmbi dicpdehsdgbc sabnu whuk) Ni dccnsnhi* whmbi ni mbip ohep wbub preob`s sh pbqrdjniirbich) Fhu d `hjjb`snhi hf prà bqdm|jbp pbb Pàrjsz {4>>1})

43) Cnffbubi`bp ni ubp|hipb e~ gbicbu wbub ibgjngnejb) Sab pruvb~ ni`jrcbcsaubb hsabu vngibssbp* swh hf wanà cbpùnebc d mdi !whmdi. `hisbm|jdsnig dpwnsà sh d |ubchmnidisj~ fbmdjb !mdjb. h` r|dsnhi) Ubp|hipbp nicn`dsb sadsgbicbu `hrjc eb hf `hi`bui ni prà d cb`npnhi) Sab ubp|hipbp wbub rinifhumdsnvb*ahwbvbu* wabi sab pwnsà wdp hsabuwnpb ricbpnudejb ph sads di~ gbicbu `hi n`swhrjc eb mhhs) Ubp|hipbp sh sab jdps vngibssb psuhigj~ prggbps sads ncbisns~`hipncbudsnhip dub d mdohu ubdphi fhu sdknig sab snmb sh vhsb) Hru pdm|jb wdp adjf mdjb* adjf fbmdjb* dic 6< |bu`bis hjjbgb gudcrdsbp)



10/39

Rinvbupns~ hf Mnàngdi) Sabpb bq|bunmbisp* sab~ dugrb* ubvbdjubmidisp hf sab wansb disbebjjrm Phrsabui `rjsrub hf ahihu nicnp|dudsb ubd`snhip sh niprjs hf mdjbp fuhm sab R) P) Phrsa dicIhusa) 42 Sabnu bq|bunmbisp nivhjvbc vdundsnhip hf sab fhjjhwnig

42) Fhu d cbpùn|snhi hf sanp `rjsrub hf ahihu* pbb djph Erssbu bjc {4>>2})Gbisjbmbi ubd`sbc sh niprjs e~ bigdgnig ni crbjp) Sahpb hf jhwbu `jdpp fhrgaswnsa adicp dic psp wnsa ih ahjcp eduubc* ph sads gasp bqsbicbc sh pràbqsubmnsnbp dp b~bp* bdup* dic ihpb)

SDEJB N VNGIBSSB @HI@BUINIG A DUDPPMBIS DIC B VDJRDSNHI HF \ HPPNEJB B Q\JDIDSNHIP

Vngibssb? \drj np d `du|bisbu fhu d `hipsur`snhi `hm|di~) Sab `hm|di~ adp orpsanubc @aunpsnib* nsp ups fbmdjb `du|bisbu* fhu 0 chjjdup jbpp |bu ahru sadi ns|d~p \drj dic sab hsabu `du|bisbup) Hi @aunpsnibp ups cd~ hf whuk* \drj dicswh hf anp `hwhukbup edns dic sbdpb @aunpsnib* mdknig ns cnffn rjs fhu abu sh chabu ohe)

Su~ sh nmdgnib wa~ \drj ebadvbc dp ab cnc) Udsb bdà hf sab fhjjhwnig bq|jdid-snhip fhu \drjp ebadvnhu dp ihs-ds-djj jnkbj~* ihs jnkbj~* phmbwads jnkbj~* jnkbj~*hu vbu~ jnkbj~)

Bq|jdidsnhi

Fud`snhiphmbwads

jnkbj~* jnkbj~*hu vbu~ jnkbj~d*e Dvbudgbp`hub `

\drj |rs @aunpsnib chwi eb`drpb ab np dfudnc sads e~anunig d whmdi sab `hm|di~ `di jhwbu anp wdgb)

)06!)


11/39

p`bidunh? di dpph`ndsb hf sab bq|bunmbisbup erm|bc preob`sp nisab adjjwd~ dp sab~ mdcb sabnu wd~ sh sab bq|bunmbis) Udsabusadi d|hjhgnznig* sab dpph`ndsb `djjbc sab preob`s dppahjb) Ni-

prjsbc Phrsabuibup wbub mhub jnkbj~ sadi niprjsbc Ihusabuibupdic `hisuhj Phrsabuibup sh jj ni prepbtrbis whuc-`hm|jbsnhisbpsp wnsa dggubppnvb whucp !fhu bqdm|jb* g-ri udsabu sadi f-ri.dic adc udnpbc `husnphj jbvbjp)

Mhps ubvbdjnig sads sab niprjs dffb`sbc ncbisns~* niprjsbcPhrsabuibup wbub djph mhub jnkbj~ sh fbdu sads sab bq|bunmbisbuadc d jhw h|ninhi hf sabnu mdp`rjnins~) Sab~ wnjj |uhedej~ ibvbumbbs sab bq|bunmbisbu hu sab adjjwd~ d``hm|jn`b dgdni; sabnubi`hrisbu ni sab bq|bunmbis np hsabuwnpb dihi~mhrp) Sabnu`hi`bui dehrs sab bq|bunmbisbu sabi `di hij~ eb d `hi`bui dehrsahw sab~ fbbj dehrs sabmpbjvbp* dehrs sabnu hwi pbipb hf ncbisns~*dp |bu`bnvbc sauhrga sab mnuuhu hf sab h|ninhip dic bq|b`sdsnhiphf hsabup {Gjbnsmdi 4>>6* |) 030}) Wb pbb sab pdmb |p~àhjhg~ nihsabu bqdm|jbp)

@adignig Guhr|p hu Vnhjdsnig \ubpùn|snhip) Eb`drpb hf op

ncbisn `dsnhi wnsa hsabup* ns md~ dffb`s op ncbisns~ wabi dihsabu|buphi ni op ph`ndj `dsbghu~ vnhjdsbp |ubpùn|snhip hu eb`hmbp dcnffbubis |buphi) 46 D `hmmhi ubp|hipb np p`hui dic hpsud`npm*wanà cnpsdi`bp hibpbjf fuhm sab mdvbun`k dic dffnump hibp hwipbjf-nmdgb) Prà ebadvnhu h``rup cdnj~ ni pàhhj |jd~guhricp*wabub ànjcubi wah ebadvb cnffbubisj~ dub mh`kbc dic sdrisbc)Sahpb wah pbbk r|wduc mhenjns~ dub hfsbi sbdpbc e~ sabnu |bbup*dp ni D Ah|b ni sab Ripbbi {Prpknic 4>>1}* wanà cbpùnebp @bcun`

Obiinigp |uhgubpp fuhm hib hf Wdpanigship mhps ejngasbc angapàhhjp sh Euhwi Rinvbupns~) Sab ehhk h|bip wnsa @bcun` ni sabanga-pàhhj àbmnpsu~ jde* bp`d|nig sab `ds`djjp hf sab ùhwc ds didwducp dppbmej~) Sahpb wah su~ sh àdigb ph`ndj `dsbghunbp dic|ubpùn|snhip md~ fd`b pnmnjdu cbunpnhi eb`drpb sab àdigb md~cbvdjrb hsabup ncbisns~* dp fhu sab ahrpbwnvbp ni Ebss~ Funbcdipprerue)

Hru sanuc pbs hf bqdm|jbp cbmhipsudsbp sads sh phmb bqsbis|bh|jb àhhpb sabnu ncbisns~; sads np* ` o md~ eb |dusndjj~ d àhn`b)Mdi~ whmbi ni sab Rinsbc Psdsbp `di àhhpb bnsabu sh eb d `dubbuwhmdi hu d ahrpbwnfb !pbb Gbuphi {4>16}.) \dubisp hfsbi àhhpb dpàhhj|rejn` vbuprp |unvdsb* pb`rjdu vbuprp |duhàndjsh ni r-

46) Wb cnp`rpp sab |p~àhjhg~ hf ncbisn `dsnhi dic nsp nm|jn`dsnhip frusabu nisab ibqs pb`snhi)



12/39

bi`b d ànjcp pbjf-nmdgb* ncbisn `dsnhi wnsa hsabup* dic ebadv-nhu)47 Sab àhn`b hf wabub sh jnvb ds `hjjbgb `di ehsa ub b`s dicàdigb ahw psrcbisp sanik hf sabmpbjvbp) Fudsbuinsnbp* phuhunsnbp*

Dfun`di-Dmbun`di* hu hsabu sabmb-hunbisbc chump dub djj dpph`n-dsbc wnsa ph`ndj guhr|p* pbjf-nmdgbp* dic |ubpùnebc ebadvnhu) 41

Sab jnps `di `hisnirb) Sab àhn`b fhu di nmmngudis sh eb`hmb d`nsnzbi np ihs hij~ d àdigb ni jbgdj psdsrp ers d àdigb ni ncbisns~)Sab cb`npnhi np sarp hfsbi fudrgas wnsa dmenvdjbi`b* diqnbs~* dicbvbi grnjs)

Ncbisns~ àhn`b* ahwbvbu* np vbu~ hfsbi jnmnsbc) Ni d ph`nbs~wnsa ud`ndj dic bsain` `dsbghunbp* fhu bqdm|jb* sahpb wnsa ihicnp-snigrnpanig |a~pn`dj fbdsrubp md~ eb dejb sh |dpp dp d mbmebu hf dihsabu guhr|) Ers hsabup wnjj eb `hipsudnibc e~ sabnu d||bdu-di`b* vhn`b* hu d``bis)

Hru fhrusa pbs hf bqdm|jbp cbmhipsudsbp sab ùbdsnhi dicmdin|rjdsnhi hf ph`ndj `dsbghunbp @ dic |ubpùn|snhip \ )4>

Dcvbusnpnig) Dcvbusnpnig np di hevnhrp dssbm|s sh mdin|r-jdsb |ubpùn|snhip) Mdujehuh dic Vnugnind Pjnmp dcvbusnpbmbisp*fhu bqdm|jb* |uhmhsb di nmdgb hf sab ncbdj mdi hu whmdi`hm|jbsb wnsa sab ungas `ngdubssb) 577* |) 70}) Ni mbcn`nib* sabhjhg~* sab mnjnsdu~* dic sab

ch`shudsb* d snsjb np dccbc sh d gudcrdsbp idmb* prggbpsnig sabàdigb ni |buphi)

\hjnsn`dj Ncbisns~) \hjnsn`p np hfsbi d edssjb hvbu ncbisns~) 54

Udsabu sadi sdkb |ubfbubi`bp dp gnvbi* |hjnsn`dj jbdcbup dic

47) @dsahjn` pàhhjp ni sab Rinsbc Psdsbp ds sab bic hf sab inibsbbisa `bisru~wbub d euncgb ebswbbi nmmngudisp hjc Bruh|bdi ncbisnsnbp dic sabnu ibw Dmbun`di pbjvbp {Eu~k* Jbb* dic Ahjjdic 4>>0* |) 57}) Mrpjnm pàhhjp* wahpb

biuhjjmbis np `ruubisj~ guhwnig* dub |dusj~ ubfrgbp fuhm |rejn` pàhhj p~psbmp* ers|dubisp djph àhhpb sabm sh nipsnjj ni sabnu ànjcubi d Mrpjnm ncbisns~ dic ubp|b`sfhu ebadvnhudj |ubpùn|snhip* dic sh `hrisbu wads mdi~ vnbw dp d cnpshusbc nmdgbhf Mrpjnmp dic Npjdm ni Dmbun`d {Pdàp 4>>1})

41) Fhu di disauh|hjhgn`dj psrc~ hf ncbisns~* fudsbuinsnbp*dic |ubpùn|snhip fhueuhsabup ebadvnhu* pbb Pdicd~ {4>>) Sab ph`ndj bvhjrsnhi dic `hipsur`snhi hf guhr| cnpsni`snhip dic ph`ndj`dsbghunbp np sab preob`s hf mrà ubpbduà) Fhu d pruvb~* pbb Wbsabubjj {4>>6* ||)54>557})

5>6} vhjrmb fhu anpshun`dj psrcnbp hf dcvbusnpnig dichsabu ni rbi`bp hi gbicbu dic `hiprm|snhi)

54) Fhu sabhu~ dic didj~pnp hf |hjnsn`dj ncbisns~* pbb Ihushi {4>11})



13/39

d`snvnpsp hfsbi psunvb sh àdigb d |h|rjdsnhip |ubfbubi`bp sauhrgad àdigb ni ncbisns~ hu |ubpùn|snhip) 55 Dgdni* bqdm|jbp dehric)Fdp`nps dic |h|rjnps jbdcbup dub nifdmhrp fhu sabnu uabshun`

fhpsbunig ud`ndj dic bsain` cnvnpnhip* wnsa sudgn` `hipbtrbi`bp)P~mehjn` d`sp dic sudipfhumbc ncbisnsnbp p|ru ubvhjrsnhip) Sabunignig hf sab Jnebus~ Ebjj `djjbc hi sab `hjhinpsp ncbisnsnbp dp Dmbun`dip) Gdicanp Pdjs Mduà p|dukbc di Nicndi idsnhidjncbisns~) Sab Fubià Ubvhjrsnhi àdigbc preob`sp nish `nsnzbip*dic sab Urppndi Ubvhjrsnhi sruibc sabm nish `hmudcbp)

NNN) B@HIHMN@P DIC NCBISNS^ ? D \ UHSHS^\B M HCBJ

Ni sanp pb`snhi wb `hipsur`s d |uhshs~|b mhcbj hf b`hihmn`nisbud`snhi ni d whujc wabub ncbisns~ np edpbc hi ph`ndj cnffbubi`b)Ni dccnsnhi sh sab rprdj sdpsbp* rsnjns~ fuhm d`snhip wnjj djphcb|bic hi ncbisns~) Ncbisns~ wnjj cb|bic hi swh ph`ndj `dsbghunbpGubbi dic Ubcdic sab `huubp|hicbi`b hf hwi dic hsabupd`snhip sh ebadvnhudj |ubpùn|snhip fhu sabnu `dsbghu~)

D) D \uhshs~|b Mhcbj

Wb ebgni wnsa psdicduc b`hihmn` mhsnvdsnhip fhu ebadvnhu)Sabub dub swh |hppnejb d`snvnsnbp* D`snvns~ Hib dic D`snvns~ Swh)Sabub np d |h|rjdsnhi hf nicnvncrdjp bdà hf wahm adp d sdpsb fhubnsabu D`snvns~ Hib hu Swh) Nf d |buphi wnsa d sdpsb fhu D`snvns~Hib !Swh. ricbusdkbp D`snvns~ Hib !Swh.* pab bduip rsnjns~ V ) Dinicnvncrdj wah àhhpbp sab d`snvns~ sads chbp ihs mdsà abu sdpsbbduip zbuh rsnjns~) Ni d psdicduc mhcbj hf rsnjns~ mdqnmnzdsnhi*bdà |buphi whrjc bigdgb ni sab d`snvns~ `huubp|hicnig sh abusdpsb)

Wb ibqs `hipsur`s ncbisns~-edpbc |ubfbubi`bp) Wb pr||hpbsads sabub dub swh ph`ndj `dsbghunbp* Gubbi dic Ubc) Wb dpprmbsab pnm|jbps cnvnpnhi hf sab |h|rjdsnhi nish `dsbghunbp; djj |buphipsanik hf sabmpbjvbp dic hsabup dp Gubbi) 50 Wb dcc pnm|jbebadvnhudj |ubpùn|snhip? d Gubbi pahrjc bigdgb ni D`snvns~ Hib!ni `hisudps sh Ubcp wah bigdgb ni D`snvns~ Swh.) Di~hib wahàhhpbp D`snvns~ Swh np ihs d surb Gubbipab whrjc jhpb abu

55) Uhmbu {4>>3} adp `hipncbubc sab |hppnenjns~ sads |hjnsn ndip `di mdin|r-jdsb vhsbup bmhsnhip* ni |dusn`rjdu sabnu digbu* dic sabube~ dffb`s |hjnsn`djhrs`hmbp)

50) Hf `hrupb* ns np |hppnejb sads ihs bvbu~hib sanikp hf abupbjf dp Gubbi) Wbcnp`rpp sab |hppnenjns~ hf cnffbubis ncbisnsnbp dic hsabu bqsbipnhip sh sab mhcbjebjhw)



14/39

Gubbi ncbisns~) Sanp jhpp ni ncbisns~ bisdnjp d ubcr`snhi ni rsnjns~ hf N p* wabub sab prepùn|s p psdicp fhu pbjf) Ni dccnsnhi* sabub dubncbisns~ bqsbuidjnsnbp) Nf di ndic odub |dnubc* D`snvns~ Swh hi sab

|dus hf n cnmninpabp op Gubbi ncbisns~) o adp d jhpp ni rsnjns~ N h*wabub sab prepùn|s h cbihsbp hsabu) Dfsbu n adp `hmmnssbc D`snvns~ Swh* o md~ ubp|hic) Sab ubp|hipb ubpshubp op ncbisns~ds d `hps `* wanjb bisdnjnig d jhpp sh nni dmhris J )53

Fngrub N ub|ubpbisp di nisbud`snhi ebswbbi di nicnvncrdjwnsa d sdpsb fhu D`snvns~ Hib !\buphi Hib. dic di nicnvncrdjwnsa d sdpsb fhu D`snvns~ Swh !\buphi Swh.) \buphi Hib àhhpbpdi d`snvns~ ups) 52

Sanp mhcbj `di eb bq|ubppbc e~ ncbdp `bisudj sh sab |p~àh-c~idmn` sabhu~ hf |buphidjns~* fhric ni djmhps di~ |p~àhjhg~sbqs)56 Ni |buphidjns~ cbvbjh|mbis* |p~àhjhgnpsp dgubb hi sabnm|husdi`b hf nisbuidjnzdsnhi hf urjbp fhu ebadvnhu) Fubrc `djjbcsanp |uh`bpp sab cbvbjh|mbis hf sab pr|bubgh) Mhcbui pàhjdupcnpdgubb wnsa Fubrc hi sab nm|husdi b hf |p~àhpbqrdj fd`shup nidi nicnvncrdjp cbvbjh|mbis* ers sab~ dgubb hi sab nm|husdi`b hf diqnbs~ sads d |buphi bq|bunbi`bp wabi pab vnhjdsbp abu nisbuidj-nzbc urjbp) Hibp ncbisns~* hu bgh* hu pbjf* mrps eb `hipsdisj~cbfbicbc dgdnips diqnbs~ ni hucbu sh jnmns cnpur|snhi dic mdni-sdni d pbipb hf rins~{Sahmdp 4>>6* |) 513}) Ni sbump hf hru mhcbj*\buphi Swhp nisbuidjnzdsnhi hf |ubpùn|snhip `drpbp abu sh prffbu djhpp ni rsnjns~ hf N p nf pab àhhpbp D`snvns~ Swh) Sh dvhnc sanpdiqnbs~* pab md~ ubfudni fuhm sads d`snvns~)

Ncbisn `dsnhi np d ùnsn`dj |dus hf sanp nisbuidjnzdsnhi |uh`bpp?d |buphi jbduip d pbs hf vdjrbp !|ubpùn|snhip. prà sads abud`snhip pahrjc `hifhum wnsa sab ebadvnhu hf phmb |bh|jb dic`hisudps wnsa sads hf hsabup) Nf \buphi Hib adp nisbuidjnzbc|ubpùn|snhip vnd prà ncbisn `dsnhip* dihsabu |buphip vnhjdsnhihf sab |ubpùn|snhip wnjj `drpb diqnbs~ fhu \buphi Hib) 57 Ni hrumhcbj* sanp diqnbs~ np mhcbjbc dp d jhpp ni rsnjns~ hf N h) \buphiHibp ubp|hipb* ni hru jdigrdgb* ubpshubp abu ncbisns~* dic nisbump hf sab |p~àhjhg~ sbqsehhk ubjnbvbp abu diqnbs~ dic mdni-

53) Ni Udenip {4>>0} sabhu~ hf fdnuibpp* dgbisp dub wnjjnig sh |d~ sh eb mbdish sahpb wah dub mbdi sh sabm) Sab pnmnjduns~np |uhedej~ ih `hni`ncbi`b)D jnkbj~ubdphi fhu prà d ubp|hipb np |ubpbuvdsnhi hf pbjf-nmdgb)

52) Pni`b \buphi Hib ibvbu àhhpbp D`snvns~ Swh ni d pregdmb |bufb`sbtrnjneunrm* wb pr||ubpp sanp eudià hf sab subb)

56) Pbb* fhu bqdm|jb* Gjbnsmdi {4>>6* @ad|sbu 47}* Sahmdp {4>>6}* dicEubgbu {4>73})

57) Sab vnhjdsnhi duhrpbp bmhsnhip sads \buphi Hib adp ub|ubppbc ni sab|uh`bpp hf nisbuidjnznig sab ebadvnhudj urjbp) Sab |p~àhdidj~sn` sabhu~* sabi*prggbpsp ri`hip`nhrp mhsnvdsnhip fhu ebadvnhu)



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F NGRUB NGdmb Subb hf Nisbud`snhi ebswbbi \buphi Hib dic \buphi Swh



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sdnip abu pbipb hf rins~) \buphi Hib ih jhigbu jhpbp N h* djsahrgapab chbp ni`ru ` )51

E) Btrnjneunrm Hrs`hmbp

Sabub dub fhru |hppnejb pregdmb |bufb`s hrs`hmbp hf sab gdmbni Fngrub N)

!n. \buphi Hib cbsbup \buphi Swh fuhm bigdgnig ni D`snvns~Swh* wabi ` * N h dic N p * V * N p 4 J )

!nn. \buphi Hib ubp|hicp ers chbp ihs cbsbu \buphi Swh fuhmbigdgnig ni D`snvns~ Swh* wabi ` * N h dic N p 4 J * V )

!nnn. \buphi Hib chbp ihs ubp|hic* dic \buphi Swh bigdgbp ni D`snvns~ Swh* wabi ` ) N h dic N p * V )

!nv. \buphi Swh chbp ihs bigdgb ni D`snvns~ Swh ubgducjbpp hf \buphi Hibp ubp|hipb* wabi N p ) V )

Sanp pnm|jb mhcbj dffhucp saubb jbpphip) Fnups* dp cnp`rppbcbdujnbu* sab mhcbj bpsdejnpabp sab `hiib`snhi ebswbbi b`hihmn`nisbud`snhip dic sab |p~àhjhg~ hf ncbisns~* bp|b`ndjj~ sab nm|jn`d-snhip hf ncbisn `dsnhi) Pb`hic* sab mhcbj djjhwp d `hm|dudsnvbpsdsn` didj~pnp hi ncbisns~-ubjdsbc |dudmbsbup) Fnidjj~* sab bjbmbi-sdu~ dpprm|snhip hf sab mhcbj prggbps bqsbipnhip sads bisdnjgubdsbu ubdjnpm dic frusabu nm|jn`dsnhip hf ncbisns~ fhu b`hihmn`nisbud`snhi)

@) @hm|dudsnvb Psdsn`p

@hm|dudsnvb psdsn`p pahw ahw sudcnsnhidj b`hihmn` |hjn`nbp`di dffb`s ebadvnhu ni sanp pbssnig) Fhu bqdm|jb* d sdq S hi sabubp|hipb sh D`snvns~ Swh wnjj dffb`s sab btrnjneunrm hrs`hmb ni`dpb !n.) Fhu d prffn`nbisj~ anga sdq ! S ) N h 5 ` .* \buphi Hibpubp|hipb sh D`snvns~ Swh np ih jhigbu ùbcnejb* dic \buphi Swh wnjjpwnsà fuhm D`snvns~ Hib sh D`snvns~ Swh) Sanp |hjn`~ ebib sp\buphi Swh ds sab bq|bipb hf \buphi Hib) Shsdj rsnjns~ àdigbpfuhm V sh 5V 5 N p 5 N h* d |hpnsnvb àdigb nf V bq`bbcp N p 4 N h)5> D|hjn`~ wnsa sab h||hpnsb bffb`s np d sdq hi D`snvns~ Swh nspbjf) Sanp|hjn`~ whrjc ebib s \buphi Hib ds sab bq|bipb hf \buphi Swh ni

`dpbp !nn. dic !nnn.) Ni sab ups !pb`hic. `dpb* d sdq ni bq`bpp hf V 5 N p 5 J !V 5 N p. nicr`bp \buphi Swh sh cbpnps fuhm D`snvns~ Swh)Sanp |hjn`~ whrjc niùbdpb shsdj rsnjns~* ni sab ups `dpb* nf V *

51) Dihsabu edpnp fhu sab mhcbj np sab |p~àhjhg~ hf `hginsnvb cnpphidi`b)Wabi \buphi Swh bigdgbp ni D`snvns~ Swh* pab àdjjbigbp sab vdjncns~ hf \buphiHibp ebjnbfp* dic \buphi Hib prffbup fuhm `hginsnvb cnpphidi`b) Sh ubmhvb sanpcnpphidi`b* \buphi Hib md~ d`s dgdnips \buphi Swh)

5>) Hf `hrupb* prà d wbjfdub didj~pnp np preob`s sh sab rprdj `dvbdsp`hi`buinig nisbu|buphidj `hm|dunphip dic sab mbdprudenjns~hf rsnjns~)



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snhip ni wanà dgbisp ic sabmpbjvbp`di eb bichgbihrp*cunvbi e~ |ubpùn|snhip dic ncbisnsnbp) Wb wnjj pbb sanp hrs`hmbebjhw ni hru ups* dic |buad|p mhps hevnhrp d||jn`dsnhi)

NV) NCBISNS^ * GBICBU * DIC B@HIHMN@P NI SAB WHUK\JD@B

Di ncbisns~ sabhu~ hf gbicbu ni sab whuk|jd`b bq|dicp sabb`hihmn` didj~pnp hf h``r|dsnhidj pbgubgdsnhi) Dp ub`bisj~ dp4>77< sh 4>>>74; Duuhw4>75}* `di eb ricbupshhc dp crb sh jhpp ni mdjb ncbisns~ wabiwhmbi whuk ni d mdip ohe) Pnmnjduj~ whmbip dpprmbc jhwbucbpnub fhu jdehu fhu`b |dusn`n|dsnhi !dp ni Mni`bu dic \hjdàbk{4>73}* Erjhw dic Prmmbup {4>16}* dic Jdzbdu dic Uhpbi {4>>>>1}* wah rpb @biprp Erubdrsaubb-cngns `jdppn `dsnhip hf h``r|dsnhip* fhu 4>7>< grubp)

00) Ni Ebugmdii {4>73}* mdjb bm|jh~bup dub dvbupb sh anunig whmbi fhu|dusn`rjdu ohep dic md~ `hjjrcb sh kbb| whmbi hrs hf anga |d~nig h``r|dsnhip*ubpbuvnig sab gdnip fhu hsabu mdjbp) Ni hru sabhu~* sab phru`b hf h``r|dsnhidjpbgubgdsnhi np bm|nun`djj~ mhsnvdsbcsab mdnisbidi`b hf gbicbu ncbisns~ hi sab|dus hf bm|jh~bbp)

03) Di d||bicnq wnsa `hm|jbsb p|b`n `dsnhi hf sab mhcbj np dvdnjdejb fuhm sabdrsahup r|hi ubtrbps)



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anub jdehu sh |bufhum d sdpk) E~ sab ninsndj |ubpùn|snhip* sanp sdpknp d||uh|undsb hij~ fhu mbi; ns np d mdip ohe) Ubjdsnvb sh dwhmdip ohe* whmbi jhpb ncbisns~ ni dmhris N p e~ |bufhumnig

prà whuk) 02 Ni sanp pnsrdsnhi* mdjb `hwhukbup prffbu d jhpp N h)06Sab~ md~ ubjnbvb sabnu diqnbs~ e~ sdknig d`snhi dgdnips whmbi`hwhukbup*07 ubcr`nig bvbu~hibp |uhcr`snvns~)

Sh dvhnc sabpb |uhcr`snvns~ jhppbp* sab um md~ àdigbgbicbu-ohe dpph`ndsnhip ds d `hps) Sab um np jnkbj~ sh ùbdsb dwhmdip ohe djhigpncb sab mdip ohe* udsabu sadi ubicbu sabwahjb sdpk gbicbu ibrsudj* wabi d ibw ohe cbpùn|snhi `di|ngg~ed`k hi bqnpsnig ihsnhip hf mdjb dic fbmdjb) 01 D wbjj-kihwianpshun`dj bqdm|jb njjrpsudsbp) Ni sab inibsbbisa `bisru~* Ahud`bMdii !dp Pbùbsdu~ hf Bcr`dsnhi fhu Mdppdàrpbssp. sudipfhumbcbjbmbisdu~ pàhhj sbdànig nish d whmdip ohe* dugrnig sadswhmbi wbub mhub mnjc dic gbisjb* hf |rubu mhudjp* wnsapsuhigbu |dubisdj nm|rjpbp) 0> Pb`hicdu~ pàhhj sbdànig dicpàhhj dcmninpsudsnhi ubmdnibc ohep fhu mbi)

Sab mhcbj djph nicn`dsbp wa~ gbicbu-ohe dpph`ndsnhip md~|bupnps) Nf dpph`ndsnhip dub pb`shuwncb hu b`hihm~wncb* dic ihs

um-p|b`n `* |bufb`sj~ `hm|bsnsnvb ump wnjj ricbunivbps ni ibw ohe `dsbghunbp) Ebib sp whrjc d`ùrb sh hsabu ump) Ni sabdepbi`b hf mdukbs |hwbu hu sbàihjhgn`dj àdigb* d panfs ni ph`ndjdssnsrcbp dic jbgdj nisbuvbisnhi whrjc eb ib`bppdu~ fhu àdigbp nibm|jh~mbis |dssbuip)

Sab mhcbj bdpnj~ bqsbicp sh sab cb`npnhi sh |dusn`n|dsb ni sabjdehu fhu`b) Nf whmbip ncbisns~ np biadi`bc e~ whuk nipncb sabahmb* sab~ wnjj advb jhwbu jdehu fhu`b dssdàmbis sadi mbi)Anpshun`djj~* fbmdjb jdehu fhu`b |dusn`n|dsnhi udsbp* ubjdsnvb shmdjb udsbp* advb ebbi ehsa jhwbu dic mhub `~`jn`djj~ vdundejb)

E) Nm|jn`dsnhip fhu Jdehu Mdukbs Hrs`hmbp

Sanp ncbisns~ mhcbj bq|jdnip bm|jh~mbis |dssbuip dunpnigfuhm dpph`ndsnhip ebswbbi gbicbu dic s~|b hf whuk) Sabpb |ds-

02) Ejdr dic Fbuebu {4>16* @ad|sbu 7} djph cnp`rpp sab |p~àn` `hpspni`ruubc e~ d whmdi !mdi. whuknig ni d ohe ubtrnunig mdp`rjnib !fbmninib.sudnsp)

06) Ghjcni {4>>>2} jdwum dic \dcdvn`p {4>>4} |hwbu |jdis) Pàrjsz {4>>1} ubjdsbp d | jbsahud hf pnmnjdu

`dpbp)01) D um wnsa mdukbs |hwbu wnjj bdui d frusabu ehirp fuhm h``r|dsnhidj

pbgubgdsnhi ni sab fhum hf wdgb cnpùnmnidsnhi)

0>) Pbb trhsdsnhi hf Mdii ni Prgg {4>71* |) 73}* dic hsabu Diirdj Ub|husp e~Mdii)



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sbuip gh eb~hic wads `di eb bq|jdnibc e~ whmbip dpprmbc jhwbujdehu fhu`b dssdàmbis dp ni Mni`bu dic \hjdàbk {4>73}* wabubwhmbi whuk ni h``r|dsnhip sads ubtrnub jnssjb nivbpsmbis ni

um-p|b`n ` armdi `d|nsdj) 37)1 |bu`bis fbmdjb ni 4>7< 34 . advb hfsbi ebbi `djjbc hffn`bwnvbp* dic bjbmbisp hf pbqrdjns~ dub nipùnebc ni sab whuknigubjdsnhipan| !ehpp 2 mdjb* pbùbsdu~ 2 fbmdjb. {Md`Kniihi 4>7>;\unigjb 4>11}) Pbùbsdunbp dub bq|b`sbc sh pbuvb sabnu ehppbp* wnsacbfbubi`b* dic sh eb dssbisnvb sh sabnu |buphidj ibbcp {Cdvnbp4>15; Kdisbu 4>77; \nbu`b 4>>6}) Bjbmbisdu~ pàhhj sbdàbup!10)> |bu`bis fbmdjb.* ni `hisudps sh pb`hicdu~ pàhhj sbdàbup!3>)6 |bu`bis fbmdjb.* dub pr||hpbc sh `dub fhu ~hrig ànjcubi)Irupbp !>7)0 |bu`bis fbmdjb. dub pr||hpbc sh eb sbicbu dic `dubfhu |dsnbisp* dp wbjj dp eb cbfbubisndj sh ch`shup {Fnpabu 4>>2;Wnjjndmp 4>1>})

Ni hru mhcbj* whmbi ch ihs bisbu mdjb |uhfbppnhip eb`drpb hf gbicbu dpph`ndsnhip) Anpshun`djj~* mdi~ mdjb |uhfbppnhip advbubtrnubc pnmnjdu jbvbjp hf bcr`dsnhi dic sudninig sh fbmdjb|uhfbppnhip dic `hrjc advb ebbi dmbidejb sh |dus-snmb dicnisbumnssbis whuk) @hisudps irupnig dic sbdànig wnsa d``hris-nig dic jdw) Djj ubtrnub `hjjbgb cbgubbp dic `busn `dsnhi* dicphmbsnmbp advb sbirub dic bq|bunbi`b-edpbc |d~) Hij~ sab vbu~sh| hf sabpb |uhfbppnhip advb ubtrnubc `hisnirns~ ni bm|jh~mbisdic frjj-snmb whuk)

Uabshun` pruuhricnig ohe panfsp fuhm mdjb sh fbmdjb frusabucbmhipsudsbp sab pdjnbi`b hf gbicbu-ohe dpph`ndsnhip) Sab ubùrns-mbis hf whmbi nish mbip ohep crunig Whujc Wdu NN* fhu bqdm|jb*wdp d``hm|dinbc e~ hffn`ndj |uh|dgdicd dic |h|rjdu jnsbudsrub|n`srunig whmbi sdknig hi fd`shu~ whuk wnsahrs jhpp hf fbmninins~{Mnjkmdi 4>17; Ahib~ 4>13; \nbuphi 4>16}) Ni dccnsnhi* sab ohep

3>1} fhu ubvnbw.) Hsabu sabhunbp edpbc hi jhwwhuk|jd`b dssdàmbis hf whmbi ni`jrcb Jdzbdu dic Uhpbi {4>>16}* |unmdu~-pb`shu ump mrps |d~ whmbi angabu wdgb |ubmnrmp sh |ubvbis sabm fuhmpanuknig eb`drpb whmbi dub mhub jnkbj~ sh trns sabnu ohep) Sabpb ump* sabubfhub*|ubfbu anunig mbi sh whmbi)

34) Pbb Ejdr* Pnm|phi* dic Dicbuphi {4>>1* D||bicnq D-4} fhu sabpb dicfhjjhwnig grubp) Djj grubp abub dub fhu 4>7


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wbub |husud~bc dp sbm|hudu~; hij~ sab wdusnmb bmbugbi`~ bq-`rpbc sab vnhjdsnhi hf sab rprdj gbicbu |ubpùn|snhip)

@) Bffb`sp hf sab Whmbip Mhvbmbis

Sab mhcbj gnvbp d sabhubsn`dj psur`srub fhu ahw sab whmbipmhvbmbis md~ advb nm|d`sbc sab jdehu mdukbs) Sab mhvbmbispghdjp ni jrcbc ubpad|nig ph`nbsdj ihsnhip hf fbmninins~ !dicmdp`rjnins~. dic ubmhvnig gbicbu dpph`ndsnhip fuhm sdpkp* ehsani sab ahmb dic ni sab whuk|jd`b) Ni sab mhcbj* prà àdigbpwhrjc cbùbdpb whmbip gdnip !mbip jhppbp. ni ncbisns~ fuhmahmbmdknig* dic cbùbdpb sab ncbisns~ jhpp N p hf whmbi !mbi.whuknig ni sudcnsnhidjj~ mbip !whmbip. ohep* dp wbjj dp sabd``hm|di~nig bqsbuidjnsnbp N h) Sabpb panfsp whrjc niùbdpb whm-bip jdehu fhu`b |dusn`n|dsnhi dic jbdc sh d `hivbugbi`b hf mdjbdic fbmdjb ohe sbirub udsbp) Mhub whmbi !mbi. whrjc whuk ni|ubvnhrpj~ mdjb !fbmdjb. ohep)

Djj sabpb hrs`hmbp dub hepbuvbc `hni`ncbisdj wnsa dic fhjjhw-nig sab whmbip mhvbmbis) 35 Gbicbu-ohe dpph`ndsnhip cnmninpabc*ub b`sbc ni àdigbp ni jdigrdgb !b)g)* ubmbi eb`dmb ub gas-bup.) Ni 4>>1 sab mbcndi ohe sbirub hf bm|jh~bc whmbi hvbu 52wdp 61 sads gd| adc ebbi0)0 ~bdup) 30 @adigbp ni pbq `hm|hpnsnhi wnsani h``r|dsnhip d`-`hrisbc fhu sab mdohu padub hf cb`jnib ni h``r|dsnhidj pbgubgdsnhifuhm 4>7>< {Ejdr* Pnm|phi* dic Dicbuphi* 4>>1}) Hf sab 32saubb-cngns @biprp h``r|dsnhip sads wbub 77< !4>>60* dic sab Idsnhidj Hugdin-zdsnhi fhu Whmbi wdp fhricbc ni 4>66)30) 0)1 ~bdup fhu mbi vbuprp 0)3 fhu whmbi ni 4>>1 {Rinsbc Psdsbp Cb|dus-

mbis hf Jdehu* 4>>1}; 7)4 ~bdup fhu mbi vbuprp 0)1 fhu whmbi ni 4>61) { Phru`b?`dj`rjdsnhi fuhm Sdejb D* R) P) Cb|dusmbis hf Jdehu* P|b`ndj Jdehu Fhu`b Ub|hus445* Ohe Sbirub hf Whukbup* Odirdu~ 4>61) } Sab grubp fhu sab swh ~bdup dub ihspsun`sj~ `hm|dudejb; ni 4>61 sab trbpsnhi dpkbc fhu sab snmb bjd|pbc pni`b sabebgniinig hf sab `ruubis ohe*ni 4>>1 pni`b sab `ruubis bm|jh~bu) Mbcndi mdjb ohesbirub adp djph ebbi `hipncbudej~ dffb`sbc e~ panfsp ni sab dgb cnpsunersnhi hf sabwhukfhu`b* ehsa eb`drpb hf cbmhgud|an` panfsp dic djph bduj~ ubsnubmbis)

33) Phru`b? Ejdr* Pnm|phi* dic Dicbuphi {4>>1* D||bicnqD-4})32) Pbb Ejdr* Pnm|phi* dic Dicbuphi {4>>1* Sdejb 0 dic D||bicnq D-4})



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bq|jdidsnhip fhu prà niùbdpbpsbàihjhg~* bichwmbisp* dicsdpsbpbjnmnidsnhi mdkbp sdpsbp sab jbdcnig prp|b`s* pni`b sabubwdp ih cudmdsn` àdigb ni sbàihjhg~ hu bichwmbisp sads whrjc

advb `drpbc prà niùbdpbc mnqnig hi sab ohe) 36 Jbgdj ninsndsnvbpcnp`rppbc ibqs ub b`s prà àdigbp ni sdpsbp)

C) Gbicbu-Ohe Dpph`ndsnhip dic Pbq Cnpùnmnidsnhi Jdw

Jbgdj nisbu|ubsdsnhip hf pbq cnpùnmnidsnhi `huubp|hic shbdujnbu b`hihmn` mhcbjp dp wbjj dp hru hwi) Snsjb VNN hf sab @nvnjUngasp D`s hf 4>63 mdkbp ns rijdwfrj fhu di bm|jh~bu sh cnpùnmn-idsb dgdnips di~ nicnvncrdj ) ) ) wnsa ubp|b`s sh ) ) ) `hm|bipdsnhi*sbump* `hicnsnhip ) ) ) hf bm|jh~mbis hu sh {dcvbupbj~} jnmns*pbgubgdsb* hu `jdppnf~ anp bm|jh~bbp ) ) ) eb`drpb hf ) ) ) pbq) 37 Ds nspmhps edpn`* sanp jdw |uhanensp d cnpùnmnidshu~ bqbu`npb hf sdpsbpdgdnips whmbi !didjhghrp sh Eb`kbu {4>74} dic Duuhw {4>75}.)@hrusp djph nisbu|ubs Snsjb VNN dp hrsjdwnig psdsnpsn`dj cnpùnmnid-snhi e~ pbq hu ùnsbund `huubjdsbc wnsa pbq* bvbi wabi whmbi hidvbudgb jd`k d cbpnudejb ohe trdjn `dsnhi) Cnpùnmnidshu~ anunigeb`drpb hf whmbip |ubprmbc jhwbu whuk|jd`b dssdàmbis* dp niJdzbdu dic Uhpbi {4>> sab @hrus hrsjdwbc pbq edip ni anunig)Sab dnujnib hungnidjj~ |jbdcbc fhu sabnu |uhanensnhi hf mdjb ngasdssbicdisp eb`drpb whmbi wbub ebssbu ds sab ihimbàdin`djdp|b`sp hf sab ohe) Ers sanp dpph`ndsnhi hf gbicbu wnsa sab ohe wdpcnpdjjhwbc hi d||bdj pni`b fbmninib sudnsp wbub cbbmbc nuubjbvdissh sab |unmdu~ fri`snhi hu pbuvn`bp hffbubc !`nsbc ni Md`Kniihi{4>7>* |) 41


23/39

dggubppnvbibpp ni whmbi ers wahpb |hpnsnhip ubtrnub sanp sudns|jd`bp whmbi ni di nishjbudejb dic nm|bumnppnejb @dsà 55!`nsbc ni Wruzerug dic Kjhihff {4>>7* |) 415}.) @dpbp advb djph

nivhjvbc adudppmbis hf whmbi whuknig ni mbip ohep dp* ni sabsbumnihjhg~ hf hru mhcbj* mdjb `hwhukbup |uhsb`s sabmpbjvbpfuhm jhpp hf ncbisns~ N h) Ebukmdi v) @ns~ hf Ibw huk 24 ubnipsdsbc d

ub gasbu wah adc ebbi cnpmnppbc eb`drpb hf prepsdicduc whuk|bufhumdi`b) Sab @hrus urjbc sads sab nisbufbubi`b dic adudpp-mbis e~ abu mdjb `hwhukbup mdcb ns nm|hppnejb fhu abu sh |bufhumabu ohe dcbtrdsbj~ {Pàrjsz 4>>1* |) 477>1} dicFudikb {4>>2} dugrb sads di~ adudppmbis cbunvbc fuhm gbicbu|ubpùn|snhip adp cnpùnmnidshu~ nm|jn`dsnhip !dp cb|n`sbc ni hrumhcbj. dic dub sarp vnhjdsnhip hf Snsjb VNN)

V) NCBISNS^ DIC SAB B@HIHMN@P HF B Q@JRPNHI DIC \ HVBUS^Sanp pb`snhi wnjj `hipncbu ncbisns~ dic ebadvnhu ni |hhu dic

ph`ndjj~ bq`jrcbc `hmmrinsnbp) Ni di dcd|sdsnhi hf sab |ubvnhrpmhcbj hf Gubbip dic Ubcp* |bh|jb ebjhignig sh |hhu* ph`ndjj~bq`jrcbc guhr|p wnjj àhhpb sabnu ncbisns~) Gubbip ncbisnf~ wnsasab chmnidis `rjsrub* wanjb sahpb wnsa Ubc ncbisns~ ubob`s ns dicsab prehucnidsb |hpnsnhi dppngibc sh sahpb hf sabnu ud`b* `jdpp* hubsain`ns~) 25 Fuhm sab |hnis hf vnbw hf sahpb wnsa Gubbi ncbisnsnbp*Ubcp dub hfsbi mdknig edc b`hihmn`cb`npnhip; sab~ mngas bvbi ebcbpùnebc dp bigdgnig ni pbjf-cbpsur`snvb ebadvnhu) Sdknig curgp* ohninig d gdig* dic eb`hmnig |ubgidis ds d ~hrig dgb dub |hppnejbpngip hf d Ubc ncbisns~) Sanp dp|b`s hf ebadvnhu adp ihs ebbibq|jhubc ni |ubvnhrp mhcbjp* ers ns np nm|jn`ns ni Wnjphip d``hrishf ejd`k gabssh |hvbus~ {4>17* 4>>6}) Ns djph np nm|jn`ns ni bvbu~

24) 21< F) Pr||) 556 !B)C)I) ) 4>10.* dffc* 722 F) 5c >40 !5c @nu) 4>12.) Ebukmdi fhjjhwbc sab bq|dipnvb vnbw ni M`Kniib~ v) Chjb* 762 F) 5c 445> !C)@)@nu) 4>12.* sads di~ adudppmbis hu ribtrdj subdsmbis hf di bm|jh~bb hu guhr| hf bm|jh~bbpsads whrjc ihsh``ru ers fhu sab pbq hf sab bm|jh~bb hu bm|jh~bbpmd~* nf prffn`nbisj~ |dssbuibc hu |buvdpnvb* `hm|unpb di njjbgdj `hicnsnhi hf bm|jh~mbisricbu Snsjb VNN !`nsbc ni Pàrjsz {4>>1* |) 4700}.)

25) Mrà jnsbudsrub hi ncbisns~ dic ph`ndj bq`jrpnhi dugrbp sads chmnidisguhr|p cb ib sabmpbjvbp vnp-dl -vnp hsabu!p.* dic mbmebup hf sab chmnidis!bq`jrcbc. guhr|p ebib s !jhpb.mdsbundjj~ dic |p~àhjhgn`djj~fuhm sab cnffbu-bisndsnhi) Fhu cnp`rppnhi hf cnffbubis d||uhdàbp sh sab psrc~ hf ph`ndj cnffbubi`bdic ud`npm* pbb Wbsabubjj {4>>6})



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psrc~ sads icp pngin `dis crmm~ vdundejbp fhu ud`b* dfsbudcorpsmbis fhu hsabu mbdprubp hf ph`nhb`hihmn` psdsrp) SabGubbi(Ubc mhcbj hf sanp pb`snhi hffbup di bq|jdidsnhi fhu sab

pngin `di`b hf prà crmm~ vdundejbp) Frusabumhub* ns ~nbjcp djbpp mhihjnsan` vnbw hf |hvbus~ sadi `ruubis b`hihmn` sabhunbpsads bm|adpnzb `hifhumns~ !b)g)* Dkbujhf {4>>7} dic Euh`k dicCrujdrf {4>>2}.)

D) Mhsnvdsnhi fhu Mhcbj

Hru mhcbj ub b`sp sab mdi~ bsaihgud|an` d``hrisp hf h||h-pnsnhidj ncbisnsnbp ni |hhu ibngaehuahhcp) Md`Jbhcp {4>17} psrc~hf sbbidgbup ni d Ehpshi dubd ahrpnig |uhob`s* fhu bqdm|jb*`hisudpsp sab mrucbuhrp dic dj`hahjn` Adjjwd~ Adigbup sh sabnuhebcnbis dic dsajbsn` |bbup* sab Euhsabup) Ni Jbduinig sh JdehruWnjjnp {4>77} cbpùnebp sab disdghinpm ebswbbi sab riurj~ jdcpdic sab crsnfrj bduahjbp ni d whuknig-`jdpp Bigjnpa pb`hicdu~pàhhj) Pnmnjduj~* Wa~sbp {4>30} cbpùn|snhi hf Ehpship NsdjndiIhusa Bic `nu`d 4>3< `hisudpsp sab @huibu Eh~p sh sab @hjjbgbEh~p) ^bs bdujnbu* srui-hf-sab `bisru~ d``hrisp hf sab Nunpa ni sabRinsbc Psdsbp `hisudps sab jd`b `rusdni Nunpa hf |hhu cnpsun`sp shsabnu ibngaehup !pbb* b)g)* Mnjjbu {4>12}.)

Hru mhcbj frusabu bvhkbp sab |p~àhjhgn`dj bffb`sp hf ph`ndjbq`jrpnhi ni sab `hjhindj bq|bunbi`b didj~zbc e~ Eadead {4>10}dic Fdihi {4>67}* dic ni sab `hisbqs hf Dfun`di-Dmbun`dip ni sabRinsbc Psdsbp e~ Dicbuphi {4>>65}* @jduk {4>62}*CrEhnp {4>62}* Fudznbu {4>27}* Adiibuz {4>6>}* Udniwdsbu {4>717* 4>>6}* dic hsabup) Ni sabpb pbssnigp* nicnvncrdjpfuhm |dusn`rjdu guhr|p `di ibvbu frjj~ s sab ncbdj s~|b* sab ncbdjGubbi* hf sab chmnidis `rjsrub) Phmb ni bq`jrcbc guhr|p md~su~ sh |dpp hu nisbgudsb wnsa sab chmnidis guhr|* ers sab~ ch phwnsa dmenvdjbi`b dic jnmnsbc pr``bpp) 20 D pbunbp hf drshenhgud-|anbp sbjjp hf sab |dni dic digbu hf cnp`hvbunig sads hib np ihsubdjj~ Gubbi) Fhumbu Ibw huk Snmbp bcnshu Mbj Wdsknip {4>>1}snsjbp sab àd|sbu hi anp fubpamdi ~bdu ds @hjgdsb dp psudigbu ni

d psudigb jdic) Gdican {4>66}* Fdihi {4>67}* Frjwhhc {4>>6}*Psd|jbp {4>>3}* dic Uhcungrbz {4>15} djj ubjdsb psunknigj~ pnmnjdubq|bunbi`bp hf |bu`bnvbc hu ubdj ubob`snhi dic djnbidsnhi) Sanpph`ndj bq`jrpnhi md~ ùbdsb d `hi n`s? ahw sh whuk wnsani sabchmnidis `rjsrub wnsahrs ebsud~nig hibpbjf) Dp Onjj Ibjphi {4>>0*

20) Nicbbc* sab whuc |dppnig nspbjf np |bohudsnvb dic bvhkbp d |birmeud hf ubd`snhip sh ebnig hsabu sadi hibp surb pbjf)



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|) 471} ch`rmbisp sab bmbugbi`b hf sabWbpsbui ncbd hf sab Hunbisdj* d `hi b|s sads adc pngin `disnm|jn`dsnhip fhu `hjhindjnpm) Ni sab Rinsbc Psdsbp Uhbcngbu {4>>4}dic hsabu anpshundip pahw ahw whukbup hf Bruh|bdi cbp`bis nisab inibsbbisa `bisru~ niùbdpnigj~ wbub cb ibc dp wansb) \unhush Bmdi`n|dsnhi* sanp ncbisns~ bvhkbc sab `hisudps ebswbbi wansbfubbchm dic Dfun`di-Dmbun`di bipjdvbmbis) Ni sab mhcbj wb`hipsur`s* sab kb~ nisbud`snhi np ebswbbi prà ph`ndj cnffbubi`bpdic sab dch|snhi hf h||hpnsnhidj ncbisnsnbp e~ sahpb ni bq`jrcbcguhr|p)

Jd`k hf b`hihmn` h||husrins~ md~ djph `hisunersb sh sabàhn`b hf di h||hpnsnhidj ncbisns~) Wnjphi {4>17* 4>>6} ricbup`hubpsab ubjdsnhi ebswbbi sab cb`jnib ni ubmribudsnvb ripknjjbc ohep*sab jhpp hf pbjf-ubp|b`s e~ mbi wah `diihs pr||hus sabnu fdmnjnbp*dic sab unpb ni niibu `ns~ ùnmb dic curg derpb) Sanp |uh`bpp npnjjrpsudsbc ni mnùh`hpm e~ Unàduc ni Sdjj~p @huibu {Jnbehw4>67}) Ridejb sh ic cb`bis-|d~nig whuk* ab dedichibc anpfdmnj~ dic ohnibc Sdjj~p guhr| hf ncjbup hi sab psubbs `huibu) E~dch|snig d cnffbubis ncbisns~* Unàduc ih jhigbu prffbubc sab grnjshf d fdnjbc |uhvncbu) 23

Ubc d`snvnsnbp advb ibgdsnvb |b`rindu~ bqsbuidjnsnbp) Unà-ducp wnfb dic ànjcubi adc sh ic djsbuidsnvb mbdip hf pr||hus)

Sab |unmb ghdj hf sab jdcp ni Wnjjnp pb`hicdu~ pàhhj wdp sh gbs djdff* sauhrga vdicdjnpm* |n`knig gasp* dic ubsruinig curik shpàhhj fuhm sab jh`dj |re) Uriinig d pàhhj wnsa jdcp np cnffn`rjs)Sab pnsrdsnhi `huubp|hicp sh sab bqsbuidjnsnbp ni Ebidehrp {4>>0*4>>6} mhcbjp hf anga pàhhjnig `hpsp ni |hhu ibngaehuahhcp)

23) Pbb Mhisghmbu~ {4>>3} fhu di nisbu|ubsdsnhi hf Unàducp ebadvnhu nisbump hf `hginsnvb cnpphidi`b)



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Frusabu bqsbuidjnsnbp d`ùrb fuhm curg cbdjnig* ùnmb* dic hsabu|dsahjhgn`dj ebadvnhu)

Ni hru mhcbj* sabub dub djph ncbisns~-edpbc bqsbuidjnsnbp) D

Ubc np digbubc e~ d Gubbip `hm|jn`ns~ wnsa sab chmnidis `rjsrub*wanjb d Gubbi np digbubc e~ d Ubcp eubdknig sab urjbp) Dgdni`hipncbu Wnjjnp jdcp dic bduahjbp)Dp sab jdcp cb ib sabmpbjvbp ni`hisudps sh sab bduahjbp* sab bduahjbp cb ib sabmpbjvbp ni `hi-sudps sh sab jdcp) Sab bduahjbp dub bvbi mhub |uhbpsdejnpambissadi sab sbdàbupfbbjnig sads sab sbdàbup pahrjc eb psun`sbu)Sab jdcp* ni srui* edns sab bduahjbp) Sanp pnsrdsnhi np orps hib!ubjdsnvbj~ sdmb. bqdm|jb hf ahw nisbud`snhi ebswbbi sab swhguhr|p gbibudsbp disdghinpm hi ehsa pncbp)

E) Ncbisns~ Mhcbj hf \hvbus~ dic Ph`ndj Bq`jrpnhi

Dp ni sab |uhshs~|b mhcbj* sabub dub swh d`snvnsnbp* Hib dicSwh) D`snvns~ Hib `di eb sahrgas hf dp whuknig dic D`snvns~ Swhdp ihs whuknig) Sabub np d jdugb `hmmrins~* ihumdjnzbc sh pnzbhib* hf nicnvncrdjp) Sab b`hihmn` ubsrui sh D`snvns~ Hib fhunicnvncrdj n np vn wanà wb dpprmb np rinfhumj~ cnpsunersbcebswbbi zbuh dic hib* sh ub b`s absbuhgbibns~ ni sab |h|rjdsnhidic sh biprub nisbunhu phjrsnhip) Sab b`hihmn` ubsrui sh D`snvns~Swh np ihumdjnzbc sh zbuh)

Dp fhu ncbisns~* sabub dub swh ph`ndj `dsbghunbp* Gubbi dicUbc) D Gubbi prffbup d jhpp ni ncbisns~ u* ub|ubpbisnig sab bqsbis shwanà phmbhib fuhm sanp `hmmrins~ np ihs d``b|sbc e~ sabchmnidis guhr| ni ph`nbs~) Sahpb wnsa sab jbpp dcd|snvb Ubcncbisns~ ch ihs prffbu sanp jhpp) Ebadvnhudj |ubpùn|snhip pd~ sadsGubbip !Ubcp. pahrjc bigdgb ni D`snvns~ Hib !Swh.) Sarp* d Gubbi!Ubc. jhpbp ncbisns~ fuhm D`snvns~ Swh !Hib. ni dmhris N p

G ! N p U.)22

Eb`drpb Ubcp ubob`s sab chmnidis Gubbi `rjsrub* sab~ dub djphjnkbj~ sh advb jhwbu b`hihmn` ubsruip sh D`snvns~ Hib sadiGubbip) 26 D Ubc nicnvncrdj n wnjj hij~ bdui vn 5 d fuhm D`snvns~Hib* dp wbjj dp prffbu sab jhpp N p

U) Sabub dub djph ncbisns~bqsbuidjnsnbp wabi Gubbip dic Ubcp mbbs)D Gubbi !Ubc. prffbup d

jhpp N hG

! N h U

.) Ni dccnsnhi* Ubcp wah advb àhpbi D`snvns~ Swh

22) Wb cnp rpp ebjhw sab |hppnenjns~ hf d Ubc ncbisns~ wabub nicnvncrdjp `diehsa ubob`s sab chmnidis `rjsrub dic ds sab pdmb snmb ch ihs jhpb N p

U fuhm D`snvns~Hib)

26) Wnjphi {4>>6* @ad|sbu 2} ch rmbisp sab cnffn`rjsnbp sads bm|jh~bup|bu`bnvb ni anunig bm|jh~bbp fuhm sab niibu `ns~) Fuhm sab vdisdgb |hnis hf hrumhcbj* ns chbp ihs mdssbu wabsabu sab |bu`bnvbc |uhejbmp* |dudmbsbunzbc e~ d*ub b`s ubdj cnffbubi`bp ni |uhcr`snvns~ hu sahpb sads dub mbubj~ nmdgnibceb`drpb hf sab mnpmdsà hf sab bm|jh~bupdic sab bm|jh~bbpdssnsrcbp)



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nm|hpb d |b`rindu~ bqsbuidjns~ k hi sahpb wah advb àhpbi D`snvns~ Hib)

Bdà |buphi n àhhpbp di ncbisns~ dic d`snvns~* gnvbi sab

àhn`bp hf bvbu~hib bjpb ni sab `hmmrins~) Wb dpprmb sads |bh|jb`diihs mhcnf~ sabnu ncbisns~ hu d`snvns~ fhu bdà nicnvncrdjbi`hrisbu) Udsabu* nicnvncrdjp àhhpb di ncbisns~ dic d`snvns~ shmdqnmnzb bq|b`sbc |d~hffp* gnvbi sab |uhedenjnsnbp hf bi`hrisbupwnsa Gubbip wah àhhpb D`snvns~ Hib* Gubbip wah àhhpb Swh*Ubcp wah àhhpb Hib* dic Ubcp wah àhhpb Swh)

@) Btrnjneund dic Nisbu|ubsdsnhi

Btrnjneund hf sanp mhcbj pahw ahw ph`ndj nisbud`snhi wnsanisab `hmmrins~ dic ph`ndj bq jrpnhi fuhm sab chmnidis guhr|cbsbumnib sab |ubvdjbi`b hf Ubc ncbisnsnbp dic D`snvns~ Swhebadvnhu) 27 Di Djj-Gubbi Btrnjneunrm !bvbu~hib np Gubbi dicbigdgbp ni D`snvns~ Hib. bqnpsp* nf dic hij~ nf sab jhpp ni Gubbincbisns~* u* fuhm bq`jrpnhi fuhm sab chmnidis guhr| np pmdjjbusadi sab cnffn`rjs~ hf ebnig Ubc ni d `hmmrins~ hf Gubbip* N h

U)Fngrub NN pahwp sanp `hicnsnhi ni sab dubd dehvb sab 32 jnib fuhmsab hungni) Fhu angabu jbvbjp hf u* btrnjneund mrps nivhjvb phmb nisab `hmmrins~ dch|snig d Ubc ncbisns~) Sab ihibqnpsbi`b hf sab Djj-Gubbi btrnjneunrm ubvbdjp d cnffbubi`b ni sab |ubcn`snhip hf sanp mhcbj dic |ubvnhrp mhcbjp hf ebadvnhu ni |hhu ibngaehu-ahhcp) Abub* ph`ndj bq`jrpnhi ! u )


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e~ ph`ndj dic |buphidj ubp|hipbp wanà pbuvb sh prpsdni sabnicnvncrdj ni anp |rinpanig whujc ers djph sh gbibudsb dggubppnvb-ibpp shwduc sab pbjf dic hsabup wanà ubprjsp ni prffbunig cnub`sj~ni n`sbc e~ Ibguhbp hi sabmpbjvbp dic hi hsabup) Wanjb D`snvns~Hib np mdqnmnznig sh phmbhib wnsa d Gubbi ncbisns~* ns np ihsmdqnmnznig sh phmbhib wnsa d Ubc ncbisns~) Sab pbjf-cbpsur`snvbUbc ebadvnhu np ihs sab ubprjs hf nicnvncrdj nuudsnhidjns~* ersnipsbdc cbunvbp fuhm jhw b`hihmn` bichwmbisp dic d anga cbgubbhf ph`ndj bq`jrpnhi)

@hm|dudsnvb psdsn`p hf sab mnqbc btrnjneunrm `d|srubp Wnj-phip {4>17* 4>>6} didj~pnp hf gabssh |hvbus~) Di hrs-mngudsnhi hf sab mnccjb `jdpp !sahpb wnsa anga ubsruip vn ni sab mhcbj. wnjjubprjs ni frusabu dch|snhi hf Ubc ncbisnsnbp dmhig sab ubmdninig|h|rjdsnhi) Djph* wabi whuk cnpd||bdup* sabub wnjj eb d chwiwduc

F NGRUB NNBtrnjneund ni Mhcbj hf \hvbus~ dic Ph`ndj Bq jrpnhi

Sanp grub pahwp udigbp hf |dudmbsbu vdjrbp fhu saubb cnffbubis btrnjneund? Djj-Gubbi wabub bvbu~hib np Gubbi dic àhhpbp D snvns~ Hib; Mnqbc wabubGubbip àhhpb D snvns~ Hib dic Ubcp àhhpb D`snvns~ Swh; Djj-Ubc wabubbvbu~hib np Ubc dic phmb àhhpb D`snvns~ Hib dic hsabup àhhpb D`snvns~ Swh)



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panfs ni cnpsunersnhi hf |d~hffp fuhm D`snvns~ Hib) Sanp panfs wnjjdjph niùbdpb sab ni`ncbi`b hf D`snvns~ Swh dic Ubc ncbisnsnbp)

Ni di Djj-Ubc Btrnjneunrm* phmb nicnvncrdjp àhhpb D`snvns~

Hib dic `hifhum wnsa sab chmnidis guhr| ni sbump hf b`hihmnèbadvnhu* ers djj àhhpb di h||hpnsnhidj Ubc ncbisns~) Sanp btrnjne-unrm dunpbp wabi d anga jhpp fuhm ebnig Gubbi ni di djj-Ubc`hmmrins~* N h

G * `hm|jbmbisp anga jbvbjp hf ph`ndj bq`jrpnhi* u !nisab dubd sh sab ungas hf sab vbusn`dj jnib ni Fngrub NN.) 21 Sanpbtrnjneunrm np djph dànbvbc wnsa d jhw vdjrb hf N p

U dic* sarp*|uhvncbp di nisbu|ubsdsnhi hf ph`ndj mhvbmbisp sads md~ dunpbfuhm bq`jrpnhi) Phmb pb|dudsnps jbdcbup* prà dp Mdj`hjm Q dicJhrnp Fduudkadi* advb dcvdi`bc di h||hpnsnhidj Ubc ncbisns~ ersds sab pdmb snmb advb sunbc sh àdigb dpph`ndsbc |ubpùn|snhip*ubprjsnig ni d jhwbu N p

U) Ni sabpb mhvbmbisp*D`snvns~ Hib chbp ihsnm|j~ `hm|jn`ns~ wnsa sab chmnidis guhr|) Udsabu* pbjf-ubpsudnis*bcr`dsnhi* dic bm|jh~mbis dub d mbdip fhu nicnvncrdj dcvdi`b-mbis dic `hmmrins~ jnebudsnhi)

C) Frusabu Jbpphip fuhm sab MhcbjSab mhcbj dic nsp phjrsnhi djph dffhuc nisbu|ubsdsnhip hf

|hjn`nbp cbpngibc sh ubcr`b |hvbus~ dic sab bffb`sp hf ph`ndjbq`jrpnhi)

Fnups* sab mhcbj nicn`dsbp wa~ ubpncbisndj Ohe @hu|p |uh-gudmp md~ pr``bbc wanjb hsabu sudninig |uhgudmp fdnj {Psdijb~*Kdsz* dic Kurbgbu 4>>1}) D``hucnig sh sab mhcbj* sdknig sudnibbphrs hf sabnu ibngaehuahhcp whrjc bjnmnidsb* ds jbdps fhu d snmb* sabibgdsnvb bffb`sp hf nisbud`snhi wnsa sahpb wnsa Ubc ncbisnsnbp)Mhubhvbu* ebnig ni d cnffbubis jh`dsnhi md~ ubcr`b d sudnibbpcnub`s jhpp u fuhm ebnig Gubbi dic |ruprnig D`snvns~ Hib) Sads np*sanp jhpp md~ eb ehsa nicnvncrdj-p|b`n ` dic pnsrdsnhidj* dicjbdvnig d |hhu ibngaehuahhc np jnkbj~ sh gbibudsb d jhwbu u sadihsabuwnpb) Ni d phmbwads `hisuhjjbc bq|bunmbis* sab R) P) ghvbui-mbis sunbc sh pdvb mhib~ wnsa OHEPSDUS* wanà |ubpbuvbc mdi~

hf sab fbdsrubp hf Ohe @hu|p bq`b|s sab bq|bipnvb ahrpnig hf sudnibbp) Fhjjhw-r| psrcnbp hf OHEPSDUS pahw jnssjb hu ihnm|uhvbmbis ni bm|jh~mbis hu bduinigp) 2>

21) Ns hvbujd|p sab ubgnhip hf hsabu btrnjneund eb drpb sanp `hicnsnhi npnicb|bicbis hf N h

U* rijnkb sahpb fhu sab dehvb btrnjneund wabub d Ubc whrjc prffbusab jhpp fuhm nisbud`snig wnsa Gubbip)

2>) Sab @bisbu fhu Bm|jh~mbis dic Sudninig ni Pdi Ohpb wdp sab hibubmdukdejb bq`b|snhi)



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Pb`hic* sab mhcbj dffhucp di nisbu|ubsdsnhi hf cnffbubisbcr`dsnhi ninsndsnvbp fhu mnihuns~ psrcbisp) Jnkb Ohe @hu|p* sab@bisudj \duk Bdps Pb`hicdu~ Pàhhj !@\BPP. ni Bdps Adujbm

md~ pr``bbc eb`drpb ns pb|dudsbp Gubbi psrcbisp fuhm Ubcpsrcbisp) Psrcbisp* fhu bqdm|jb* mrps d||j~ sh sab pàhhj* nicn`ds-nig sabnu dic sabnu |dubisp wnjjnigibpp sh dch|s nsp urjbp !pbbFjnbgbj {4>>0} dic Mbnbu {4>>2} fhu sanp dic hsabu cbsdnjp.) Dihsabu nisbu|ubsdsnhi hf @\BPP dic hsabu pr``bppbp !b)g)* @hmbu{4>1>2}dwduc-wniinig ehhk Hsabu \bh|jbp @anjcubi |uh|hpbp irmbuhrpwd~p sh ubcr`b sab djnbidsnhi sads mnihuns~ psrcbisp md~ bq|bun-bi`b ni pàhhj)

Fnidjj~* sab mhcbj njjrmnidsbp d pbs hf npprbp ni sab dffnumd-snvb d`snhi cbedsb) Mrà hf sanp cbedsb `hi`buip sab pr``bpp hufdnjrub hf p|b`n ` |uhgudmp !pbb* b)g)* Cn`kbip dic Kdib {4>>6}.) ^bs* mhub np ds psdkb) Sab uabshun` dic p~mehjnpm hf dffnumdsnvbd`snhi md~ dffb`s sab jbvbj hf ph`ndj bq`jrpnhi u) Hi sab hib adic*Jhru~ {4>>2} dugrbp sads |husud~nig Dfun`di-Dmbun`dip dp vn`-snmp* d |husud~dj ib`bppdu~ sh ubsdni dffnumdsnvb d`snhi |uhgudmp*np `hpsj~ sh ejd`kp) Ni sbump hf sab mhcbj* prà uabshun` wnjjniùbdpb u dic sab dch|snhi hf Ubc ncbisnsnbp) Hi sab hsabu adic*dffnumdsnvb d`snhi wnjj cbùbdpb u* sh sab bqsbis ns np pbbi dp did|hjhg~ fhu |ubvnhrp cnpùnmnidsnhi dic di nivnsdsnhi fhu ejd`kdcmnppnhi sh sab chmnidis `rjsrub) Ubvbupdj hf dffnumdsnvb d`snhiwhrjc ibgdsb sanp bffb`s) Sh `nsb d ub`bis bqdm|jb* hru didj~pnpprggbpsp sads ubmhvnig dffnumdsnvb d`snhi dcmnppnhip ùnsbund dssab Rinvbupns~ hf @djnfhuind dic Rinvbupns~ hf Sbqdp Jdw Pàhhjp`hrjc advb ebadvnhudj nm|jn`dsnhip sads fdu bq`bbc sab nm|d`s hid||jn`disp)

Sab ncbisns~ mhcbj hf bq jrpnhi* sabi* bq|jdnip wa~ jbgdjbtrdjns~ md~ ihs eb bihrga sh bjnmnidsb ud`ndj cnp|dunsnbp) 64 Nf

6>7} dic Cbj|ns {4>>2} ic sads Dfun`di-Dmbun`di psrcbisp ni|hhu ibngaehuahhcp md~ eb dmenvdjbis dehrs jbduinig Psdicduc Bigjnpa* wahpbrpb md~ eb `hipsurbc dp d`snig wansb)

64) Wb pbb sanp cnpsni`snhi ni sab cnffbubis `hi`jrpnhip hf swh ub`bis psrcnbp hf R) P) ud`b ubjdsnhip) Sabuipsuhm dic Sabuipsuhm {4>>7} rugb di bic sh dffnumdsnvbd`snhi* mdknig sab `dpb sads dssnsrcbp hf wansbp shwduc ejd`kp dp wbjj dp sab jbgdjh||husrinsnbp fhu ejd`kp advb àdigbc pni`b Sab Dmbun`di Cnjbmmd {M~ucdj4>33}) Ni `hisudps* Pan|jbu {4>>7} |hnisp hrs sab mdi~ wd~p ni wanà Dfun`di- Dmbun`dip dic wansbp fbbj ri`hmfhusdejb wnsa bdà hsabu dic ahw ejd`kp dub psnjjpbbi dp cnffbubis dic ihs frjj~ d``b|sbc)



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Dfun`di-Dmbun`dip àhhpb sh eb Ubc eb`drpb hf bq`jrpnhi dic nf wansbp |bu|bsrdsb prà bq`jrpnhip* bvbi ni jbgdj wd~p* sabub `dieb d |bumdibis btrnjneunrm hf ud`ndj nibtrdjns~) Sab ibgdsnvb

bqsbuidjnsnbp dic sabnu `hipbtrbi`bp* ahwbvbu* whrjc cnpd||bduwabi sab `hmmrins~ np frjj~ nisbgudsbc nish sab chmnidis `rj-srub* ph sads u 2 d 2 62} dic Mni`bu {4>65}. |ubcn`s sads wahbvbu whukp mhubhrspncb sab ahmb wnjj whuk jbpp nipncb sab ahmb* wabsabu ns eb sabarpedic hu sab wnfb) ^bs* sab cdsd wb |ubpbis ebjhw nicn`dsb dgbicbu dp~mmbsu~) Wabi d wnfb whukp mhub ahrup hrspncb sabahmb* pab psnjj ricbusdkbp d jdugbu padub hf sab ahrpbwhuk)

Ahàpànjcp {4>>>7} psrc~ hf 4710 sh 4>>5)

@hr|jbp wbub ni`jrcbc ni d gnvbi ~bdu* nf sab~ wbub mduunbc* ibnsabu mbmebu wdpubsnubc* ibnsabu mbmebu wdp cnpdejbc* sab hr|jb adc |hpnsnvb whuk ahrup* |hpnsnvbbduinigp* dic |hpnsnvb ahrup hf ahrpbwhuk) Ni dccnsnhi* sab~ wbub hij~ ni`jrcbc nf sabub wbub `hm|jbsb cdsd fuhm ehsa mbmebup hi bduinigp* whuk ahrup* ahrpbwhukahrup* dic irmebu hf ànjcubi) Sab idj pdm|jb adc pjngasj~ mhub sadi 5>*


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dipwbup sh sab trbpsnhi!p.? Dehrs ahw mrà snmb ch ~hr !~hruwnfb. p|bic hi ahrpbwhuk ni di dvbudgb wbbk8 N mbdi snmb p|bis`hhknig* `jbdinig* dic chnig hsabu whuk duhric sab ahrpb8 Sabnisbis hf sab trbpsnhi wdp sh bq`jrcb ànjc `dub) Sab grub |jhspmbip padub hf ahrpbwhuk dp d fhrusa-hucbu |hj~ihmndj hf sabnupadub hf hrspncb ahrup* fhu ahrpbahjcp e~ dgb hf ~hrigbps ànjc)Wabi mbi ch djj sab hrspncb whuk* sab~ `hisunersb hi dvbudgbdehrs 4< |bu`bis hf ahrpbwhuk) Ers dp sabnu padub hf hrspncb whuk

fdjjp* sabnu padub hf ahrpbwhuk unpbp sh ih mhub sadi 07 |bu`bis) Dppahwi ni sab grub sab |ubpbi b hf ànjcubi hf cnffbubis dgbp

np sab arpedicp padub hf hrspncb ahrup whukbc nf ni guhr| n) Sab prmmdsnhi ! n 24*5*0. urip hvbu saubb s~|bp hf ahrpbahjc? wnsa ih ànjcubi hu ~hrigbps ànjc hvbudgb 40* wnsa ~hrigbps ànjc < sh 2* dic wnsa ~hrigbps ànjc 6 sh 40) @hisuhjp wbubni`jrcbc fhu dgb hf arpedic* dic wnfb ubjdsnvb sh |h|rjdsnhi dvbudgb* jhg hf shsdjni`hmb* dic djph shsdj ahrup hf ahrpbwhuk) Ubprjsp wbub uherps sh cnffbubisp|b`n `dsnhip dic bpsnmdshup* dic prepsnsrsnhi hf padub hf bduinigp fhu padub hf ahrup whukbc) Sab btrdsnhip dic `hi cbi`b nisbuvdjp dub dvdnjdejb r|hi ubtrbps)

F NGRUB NNNArpedicp Padub hf Ahrpbwhuk Ahrup vbuprp Sabnu Padub hf Hrspncb Whuk Ahrup



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mdkbp d pmdjj cnffbubi`b sh sab fri`snhi) 63 Pnmnjdu ubprjsp hesdniwabi sab nicb|bicbis vdundejb np padubp hf ni`hmb udsabu sadipadubp hf hrspncb whuk ahrup)

Bqnpsnig sabhunbp ch ihs |ubcn`s sanp dp~mmbsu~) @hipncbu sabfhjjhwnig vdundis edpbc hi `hm|dudsnvb dcvdisdgb) Arpedic dicwnfb ehsa advb sab pdmb rsnjns~ fri`snhi* wanà np niùbdpnig nitrdisns~ hf d ahrpbahjc |rejn` ghhc sads cbunvbp fuhm sabnu ohnisjdehu) 62 Rsnjns~ np cbùbdpnig ni hwi jdehu ni|rsp ni hrspncb dicahmb |uhcr`snhi) 66 Wb dpprmb btrdj edugdninig |hwbu* ph sadsbdà mduundgb |dusibu bioh~p sab pdmb jbvbj hf rsnjns~) 67 Wnsa sanpfudmbwhuk* ubsruip sh p|b`ndjnzdsnhi bq|jdni sab hepbuvbc cnvn-pnhi hf jdehu wabi d wnfb adp d `hm|dudsnvb dcvdisdgb ni ahmb|uhcr`snhi) Whmbi wah |rs ni jbpp sadi adjf hf sab hrspncb whukahrup |rs ni mhub sadi adjf sab ahrpbwhuk* dp pbbi ni sabungas-adic pncb hf sab gud|a hf Fngrub NNN) Ers sanp mhcbj npni`hipnpsbis wnsa sab jbfs-adic pncb hf sab gud|a)

Ncbisns~ `hipncbudsnhip `di bq|jdni sab anga padubp hf ahrpb-whuk hf wnvbp wah ricbusdkb d jdugb padub hf hrspncb whuk ahrup) Dcc sh sab dehvb mhcbj swh ph`ndj `dsbghunbp* mbi dic whmbi)\ubpùn|snhip cn`sdsb sads mbi pahrjc ihs ch whmbip whuk nisab ahmb dic mbi pahrjc bdui mhub sadi sabnu wnvbp) Ahàp-ànjcp nisbuvnbwp prggbps sads mdi~ mbi* dic phmb whmbi* ahjcsabpb |ubpùn|snhip) Ni sab dmbicbc mhcbj* sab arpedic jhpbpncbisns~ wabi ab chbp ahrpbwhuk dic wabi anp wnfb bduip mhubsadi adjf sab ahrpbahjc ni`hmb) Btrdjns~ hf rsnjns~ np ubpshubcwabi sab wnfb ricbusdkbp mhub ahrpbwhuk sadi abu arpedic)Ahàpànjc ub|husp sads ni sab Sdidgdwd ahrpbahjc* fhu bq-dm|jb* Inid bduibc mhub sadi adjf sab fdmnj~ ni`hmb* ers pab

63) Abupà dic Psudsshi {4>>3} rpb sab \PNC sh psrc~ wabsabu arpedicpangabu wdgb ni`hmbp d``hris fhu sabnu jhwbu padubp hf ahrpbwhuk) Sab bpsnmdsnhiabub* ni `hisudps* bvdjrdsbp sab dp~mmbsu~ ni sab ubjdsnhipan| ebswbbi arpedicppadub hf ni`hmb dic sabnu padubp hf ahrpbwhuk* dic wnvbp padubp hf ni`hmb dicahrpbwhuk)

62) Sab |rejn` ghhcp dp|b`s hf d mduundgb fhjjhwp Jricebug dic \hjjdk {4>>0}*wabub sab `hisunersnhip hf bdà p|hrpb dub ni pb|dudsb p|abubp sads ub b`sgbicbu uhjbp) Sab ups edugdninig mhcbjp hf sab ahrpbahjc dub crb sh Mdipbu dicEuhwi {4>114})

66) Rsnjns~ hf sab wnfb np R f 2 R f ! g*a f a *a f

h .* wabub g np sab ahrpbahjc |rejn`ghhc* |uhcr`bc e~ ehsa ahmb dic hrspncb jdehu* a f

a np sab wnfbp ahrup hf ahrpb-whuk* dic a f

h np abu hrspncb whuk) Sab arpedicp rsnjns~ fri`snhi np* pnmnjduj~*R m 2 R m ! g*a m

a *a mh .* wabub R f dic R m dub dpprmbc sh eb sab pdmb fri`snhip)

67) Wb dpprmb sads d ahrpbahjc mdqnmnzbp sab prm hf rsnjnsnbp preob`s sh sab`hicnsnhi R f 2 R m ) Wabi edugdninig |hwbu cbunvbp fuhm bduinig `d|denjnsnbp dic`hisuhj hf idi`ndj ubphru`bp* dp dpprmbc e~ Abupà dic Psudsshi {4>>3} dichsabup* ns hij~ ubnifhu bp sab `hi jrpnhi sads wahbvbu whukp mhub hrspncb sab ahmbwhukp jbpp nipncb)



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whukbc mhub sadi \bsbu ds ahmb sh dpprdgb anp ribdpb wnsa sabpnsrdsnhi) Bvbisrdjj~* pab trns abu ohe)

VNN) @HI@JRPNHI

Sanp |d|bu `hipncbup ahw ncbisns~ dffb`sp b`hihmn` hrs`hmbp)Fhjjhwnig mdohu sabmbp ni |p~àhjhg~ dic ph`nhjhg~* ncbisns~ nihru mhcbjp np edpbc hi ph`ndj cnffbubi`b) D |buphip pbipb hf pbjf npdpph`ndsbc wnsa cnffbubis ph`ndj `dsbghunbp dic ahw |bh|jb ni sabpb`dsbghunbp pahrjc ebadvb) Sanp pnm|jb bqsbipnhi hf sab rsnjns~fri`snhi `hrjc gubdsj~ bq|dic hru ricbupsdicnig hf b`hihmn`hrs`hmbp) Ni d whujc hf ph`ndj cnffbubi`b* hib hf sab mhps nm|hu-sdis b`hihmn` cb`npnhip sads di nicnvncrdj mdkbp md~ eb sab s~|bhf |buphi sh eb) Jnmnsp hi sanp àhn`b whrjc djph eb ùnsn`djcbsbumnidisp hf b`hihmn` ebadvnhu* h||husrins~* dic wbjj-ebnig)

Ncbisns~ dffb`sp b`hihmn` ebadvnhu ni hru mhcbjp sauhrga fhrudvbirbp) Fnups* ncbisns~ àdigbp sab |d~hffp fuhm hibp hwi

d`snhip) Wb `d|srub sanp |hppnenjns~ e~ d vdjrb N p ni hru mhcbjp) Nihru psrc~ hf gbicbu ni sab whuk|jd`b* fhu bqdm|jb* d whmdiwhuknig ni d mdip ohe prffbup d jhpp ni rsnjns~* dffb`snig sab jdehupr||j~) Pb`hic* ncbisns~ àdigbp sab |d~hffp hf hsabup d`snhip) Wb`d|srub sanp bqsbuidjns~ e~ d vdjrb N h ni hru mhcbjp) D Ubc ni hru|hvbus~ mhcbj* fhu bqdm|jb* np adumbc e~ d mbmebu hf anp hwi`hmmrins~ wah `hm|jnbp wnsa sab chmnidis `rjsrub) Sanuc* sabàhn`b* hu jd`k sabubhf* hf cnffbubis ncbisnsnbp dffb`sp di nicnvncrdjpb`hihmn` ebadvnhu) Ni hru |hvbus~ mhcbj* wanjb nicnvncrdjp `hrjcàhhpb ebswbbi Gubbi hu Ubc* sab~ `hrjc ibvbu eb d surb Gubbi)Sab gubdsbu sab bqsbis hf sanp ph`ndj bq`jrpnhi* sab gubdsbu sab|hppnenjns~ hf btrnjneund ni wanà nicnvncrdjp bpàbw ubmribudsnvbd`snvnsnbp) Fnidjj~* sab ph`ndj `dsbghunbp dic ebadvnhudj |ubpùn|-snhip `di eb àdigbc* dffb`snig ncbisns~-edpbc |ubfbubi`bp) Sanp|hppnenjns~ bq|dicbc sab p`h|b hf bm|jh~mbis |hjn`~ ni hru mhcbj

hf gbicbu ni sab whuk|jd`b dic hf bcr`dsnhi |hjn`~ ni hru psrc~ hf ph`ndj bq`jrpnhi)

Sanp |d|bu adp hij~ pùdsàbc sab prufd`b hf sab b`hihmn`nm|jn`dsnhip hf ncbisns~) D ups sd`k ni frsrub ubpbduà whrjc eb`hisnirbc didj~pnp hf |dusn`rjdu pbssnigp) Ncbisns~ np jnkbj~ shdffb`s b`hihmn` hrs`hmbp* fhu bqdm|jb* ni dubdp hf |hjnsn`djb`hihm~* hugdinzdsnhidj ebadvnhu* cbmhgud|a~* sab b`hihmn`p hf jdigrdgb* vnhjbi`b* bcr`dsnhi* `hiprm|snhi dic pdvnigp ebadvnhu*



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ubsnubmbis cb`npnhip* dic jdehu ubjdsnhip) 61 Dp ni sanp |d|bu*mhcbjp sads ni`hu|hudsb wbjj-ch`rmbisbc bqnpsnig ph`ndj `dsbgh-unbp dic |ubpùn|snhip `hrjc ~nbjc ibw ubprjsp) D pb`hic sd`k ni

sanp dgbicd np `hm|dudsnvb* bqdmninig ncbisns~ dùhpp p|d`b dicsnmb)6> Ubpbduàbup* fhu bqdm|jb* `hrjc `hipncbu wa~ ihsnhip hf jdpp hu ud`b vdu~ dùhpp `hrisunbp; wa~ mngas gbicbu dicud`ndj nisbgudsnhi vdu~ dùhpp nicrpsunbp; wads mngas bq|jdni sabunpb dic fdjj hf bsain` sbipnhip) Prà `hm|dudsnvb psrcnbp whrjceb d furnsfrj wd~ sh bq|jhub sab fhumdsnhi hf ncbisns~-edpbc|ubfbubi`bp) 776.* 2>>647)* Ph`ndj Cnpsdi b dic Ph`ndj Cb`npnhip* B`hihmbsun`d* JQV !Pb|sbmebu

4>>7.* 4>1>.* 43374321)

61) Pbb d |ubvnhrp vbupnhi hf sab |d|bu fhu pahus vbupnhip hf mdi~ hf sabpbd||jn`dsnhip)

6>) Wb dub gudsbfrj sh di dihi~mhrp ubfbubb fhu sanp jnps hf `hm|dudsnvbpsrcnbp)7>1* ||) 4164>7}fhu ubvnbw). Sabpb sabhunbp* ahwbvbu* md~ ic ns cnffn`rjs sh d``hmmhcdsb sab`hm|jbqns~ hf ph`ndj `dsbghunbp dic |ubpùn|snhip dic sab vdunbs~ hf ph`ndj `dsbgh-unbp dùhpp ph`nbsnbp dic dùhpp snmb)

http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ext=a&reqidx=/0022-3808^28198912^2997L.1447[aid=225154]http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ext=a&reqidx=/0022-3808^28198912^2997L.1447[aid=225154]


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Duuhw* Kbiibsa O)* Mhcbjp hf Ohe Cnpùnmnidsnhi dic Phmb Mdsabmdsn`djMhcbjp hf Ud`b Cnpùnmnidsnhi ni sab Jdehu Mdukbs* ni Disahi~ A) \dp`dj*bc)* Ud`ndj Cnpùnmnidsnhi ni B`hihmn` Jnfb !Jbqnigshi* MD? C) @) Abdsa*4>75.)

Edjcwni* Odmbp* Sab Fnub Ibqs Snmb !Ibw huk? Sab Cndj \ubpp* 4>65.)Eb`kbu* Gdu~ P)* D Sabhu~ hf sab Djjh`dsnhi hf Snmb* B`hihmn` Ohruidj* JQQV

!Pb|sbmebu 4>62.* 3>0247)* Sab B`hihmn`p hf Cnpùnmnidsnhi* pb`hic bcnsnhi !@an`dgh? Rinvbupns~ hf @an`dgh \ubpp* 4>74.)

Ebidehr* Uhjdic* Whuknigp hf d @ns~? Jh`dsnhi* Bcr`dsnhi* dic \uhcr snhi*Trdusbuj~ Ohruidj hf B`hihmn`p* @VNNN !Drgrps 4>>0.* 64>625)* Absbuhgbibns~* Psudsn `dsnhi* dic Guhwsa? Mdùhb`hihmn` Nm|jn`dsnhip hf @hmmrins~ Psur`srub dic Pàhhj Fnidi`b* Dmbun`di B`hihmn` Ubvnbw*JQQQVN !Orib 4>>6.* 2136)

Ebugmdii* Eduedud U)* H` r|dsnhidj Pbgubgdsnhi* Wdgbp dic \uh sp WabiBm|jh~bup Cnpùnmnidsb e~ Ud`b hu Pbq* Bdpsbui B`hihmn`p Ohruidj* N !4>73.*

416.)

Ejdr*Fudi`nib C)* \dsun`nd Pnm|phi* dic CbehudaDicbuphi* @hisnirnig\uhgubpp8Subicp ni H``r|dsnhidj Pbgubgdsnhi ni sab Rinsbc Psdsbp hvbu sab 4>71>1)

Ehwjbp* Pdmrbj* dic Abuebus Gnisnp* H|snmdj \duhàndjnpm? Sab C~idmn`p hf Surps dic Bq jrpnhi ni @hmmrinsnbp* mnmbh* Rinvbupns~ hf Mdppdàrpbssp ds Dmabups* 4>>7)

Eubgbu* Jhrnp* Fuhm Nipsni`s sh Ncbisns~? Sab Cbvbjh|mbis hf \buphidjns~ !Bigjb-whhc @jnffp* IO? \ubisn`b-Adjj* 4>73.)

Euh`k* Wnjjndm D)* dic Psbvbi I) Crujdrf* Cnpùbsb @ahn`b wnsa Ph`ndj Nisbud`-snhip N? Sabhu~* IEBU Whuknig \d|bu Ih) 25>4* 4>>2)

Euhwi* Uhgbu W)* Ph`ndj \p~àhjhg~? Sab Pb`hic Bcnsnhi !Ibw ^huk? Sab Fubb\ubpp* 4>16.)

Eu~k* Disahi~ P)* Vdjbunb B) Jbb* dic \bsbu E) Ahjjdic* @dsahjn` Pàhhjp dic sab@hmmhi Ghhc !@dmeuncgb* MD? Aduvduc Rinvbupns~ \ubpp* 4>>0.)

Erjhw* Obubm~ N)* dic Jdwubi`b A) Prmmbup* D Sabhu~ hf Crdj Jdehu Mdukbspwnsa D||jn`dsnhi sh Nicrpsundj \hjn`~* Cnpùnmnidsnhidic Kb~ibpndi Ribm|jh~-mbis* Ohruidj hf Jdehu B`hihmn`p* NV !Orj~ 4>16.* 076342)

Ermnjjbu* Bjnpdebsa* Md~ ^hr Eb sab Mhsabu hf d Aricubc Phip? D Ohruib~ Dmhig

sab Whmbi hf Nicnd!Ibw huk? Udichm Ahrpb* 4>>>2.)

@jduk* Kbiibsa* Cduk Gabssh !Ibw huk? Adu|bu & Uhw* 4>62.)@hjb* Aduhjc J)* Gbhugb O) Mdnjdsa* dic Dicubw \hpsjbwdnsb* Ph`ndj Ihump*

Pdvnigp Ebadvnhu dic Guhwsa* Ohruidj hf \hjnsn`dj B`hihm~* @ !Cb`bmebu4>>5.* 454452)

@hmbu* Odmbp \)* Pàhhj \hwbu? Nm|jn`dsnhip hf di Nisbuvbisnhi \uhob`s !Ibw huk?Sab Fubb \ubpp* 4>115.)

Cdvnp* Fubc* Sab Irupnig \uhfbppnhi? Fnvb Ph`nhjhgn`dj Bppd~p !Ibw ^huk? Ohai

Wnjb~ & Phip* 4>66.)cb Gudznd* Vn`shund* Sab Pbq hf Sanigp? Gbicbu dic @hiprm|snhi ni Anpshun`dj \bup|b`snvb !Ebukbjb~? Rinvbupns~ hf @djnfhuind \ubpp* 4>>6.)

Cbj|ns* Jnpd* Hsabu \bh|jbp @anjcubi? @rjsrudj @hi n`s ni sab @jdppuhhm !Ibw huk? Sab Ibw \ubpp* 4>>2.)

Cn`kbip* Wnjjndm S)* dic Sahmdp O) Kdib* Ud`ndj dic Bsain` \ubfbubi`b ni@hjjbgb Dcmnppnhip* Euhhknigp \hjn`~ Eunbf Ih) > !Wdpanigshi* C@? SabEuhhknigp Nipsnsrsnhi* Ihvbmebu 4>>6.)

CrEhnp* Wnjjndm B)* Sab Phrjp hf Ejd`k Fhjk !Gubbiwnà* @S? Fdw`bss \rejn`d-snhip* 4>62.)

Bjpsbu* Ohi* Sab @bmbis hf Ph`nbs~? D Psrc~ hf Ph`ndj Hucbu !@dmeuncgb? @dm-euncgb R invbupns~ \ubpp* 4>1>.)



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Fdihi* Fudisz* Ejd`k Pkni* Wansb Mdpkp !Ibw huk? Guhvb \ubpp* 4>67.)Fnpabu* Prb* Irupnig Whricp? Irupb \ud`snsnhibup(Ch`shup(Whmbi \dsnbisp(Dic

sab Ibghsndsnhi hf Mbdinig !Ibw Euripwn`k* IO? Ursgbup Rinvbupns~ \ubpp*4>>2.)

Fjnbgbj* Pb~mhru* Mnud`jb ni Bdps Adujbm? Sab Fngas fhu @ahn`b ni \rejn` Bcr`dsnhi !Ibw huk? Udichm Ahrpb* 4>>0.)

Fhjeub* Idi`~* Wah \d~p fhu sab Kncp? Gbicbu dic sab Psur`srubp hf @hipsudnis!Ibw huk? Uhrsjbcgb* 4>>3.)

Fudikb* Kdsabunib M)* Sab @bisudj Mnpsdkb hf Pbq Cnpùnmnidsnhi Jdw? SabCnpdggubgdsnhi hf Pbq fuhm Gbicbu* Rinvbupns~ hf \biip~jvdind Jdw Ubvnbw*@QJNV !Ihvbmebu 4>>2.* 4>>)

Fudznbu* Fudikjni* Sab Ejd`k Ehrugbhnpnb? Sab Unpb hf sab Ibw Mnccjb @jdpp ni sabRinsbc Psdsbp !Ibw huk? Sab Fubb \ubpp* 4>27.)

Funbcmdi* Mnjshi* Bppd~p ni \hpnsnvb B`hihmn`p !@an`dgh? Rinvbupns~ hf @an`dgh\ubpp* 4>20.)

Frjwhhc NNN* Pdm*Wdknig fuhm sab Cubdm? M~ Jnfb ni sab Ejd`k Mnccjb @jdpp !Ibw ^huk? Chrejbcd~* 4>>6.)Gdican* Mhadicdp* Drshenhgud|a~ !Jhichi? Ohidsahi @d|b* 4>66.)

Gbuphi* Kdsajbbi* Aduc @ahn`bp? Ahw Whmbi Cb`ncb dehrs Whuk* @dubbu* dic Mhsabuahhc !Ebukbjb~* @D? Rinvbupns~ hf @djnfhuind \ubpp* 4>16.)

Gjbnsmdi* Abiu~* Edpn` \p~àhjhg~ !Ibw huk? Ihushi* 4>>6.)Ghjcni* @jdrcnd* Ricbupsdicnig sab Gbicbu Gd|? Di B`hihmn` Anpshu~ hf Dmbun-

`di Whmbi !Ibw huk? Hqfhuc Rinvbupns~ \ubpp* 4>>>>6.)

Adiibuz* Rjf* Phrjpncb? Nitrnunbp nish Gabssh @rjsrub dic @hmmrins~ !Ibw huk?

@hjrmend Rinvbupns~ \ubpp* 4>6>.)Abupà* Ohin* dic Jbpjnb P) Psudsshi* Ahrpbwhuk* Wdgbp* dic sab Cnvnpnhi hf Ahrpbwhuk Snmb fhu Bm|jh~bc P|hrpbp* Dmbun di B`hihmn` Dpph`ndsnhi \d|bup dic \uh`bbcnigp* JQQQNV !Md~ 4>>3.* 45>13.)Ardig* \bsbu A)* dic Ah Mhr Wr* Mhub Hucbu wnsahrs Jdw? D Sabhu~ hf Ph`ndj

Ihump dic Hugdinzdsnhidj @rjsrubp* Ohruidj hf Jdw* B`hihmn`p* & Hugdin- zdsnhi* Q !H`shebu 4>>3.* 0>5.* 60177.)

Kbvdib* Mnàdbj* @di Sabub Eb di Ncbisns~ B`hihmn`p8 mnmbh* Aduvduc D`dcbm~ fhu Nisbuidsnhidj dic Dubd Psrcnbp* 4>>3)

Kadsnen* Decbjkbenu* Jd Ejbpprub cr Ihm \uh|ub !\dunp? Cbihbj* 4>16.)Kadssde* Anic* Whmbip \bu`b|snhip hf Pbqrdjns~ ni Urudj Gnzd* Ub|uhcr`snvb

Abdjsa Whuknig Guhr|* Sab \h|rjdsnhi @hri`nj* Mhihgud|ap ni Ub|uhcr`snvbAbdjsa Ih) 4* 4>>6)

Krudi* Snmru* Bsain` Ihump dic Sabnu Sudipfhumdsnhi sauhrga Ub|rsdsnhi@dp`dcbp* Ohruidj hf Jbgdj Psrcnbp* QQVNN !Prmmbu 4>>1* \dus 5.* 65062>)

Jdicd* Odibs S)* Surps* Bsain`ns~* dic Ncbisns~? Eb~hic sab Ibw Nipsnsrsnhidj

B`hihmn`p hf Sudcnig Ibswhukp !Dii Duehu? Rinvbupns~ hf Mnàngdi \ubpp*4>>3.)Jdzbdu* Bcwduc \)* dic Pabuwni Uhpbi* Mdjb-Fbmdjb Wdgb Cnffbubisndjp ni Ohe

Jdccbup* Ohruidj hf Jdehu B`hihmn`p* VNNN !Odirdu~ 4>>2)

Jnbehw* Bjjnhss* Sdjj~p @huibu? D Psrc~ hf Ibguh Psubbs`huibu Mbi !Ehpshi?Jnssjb-Euhwi* 4>67.)

Jhbwbipsbni* Gbhugb* Eb`drpb Ns Np Sabub? Sab @adjjbigb hf Mhrisdnibbunig ) ) )fhu Rsnjns~ Sabhu~* mnmbh* @duibgnb Mbjjhi Rinvbupns~* 4>>1)

Jhru~* Gjbii @)* Hib e~ Hib fuhm sab Nipncb Hrs !Ibw huk? Sab Fubb \ubpp* 4>>2.)



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Udniwdsbu* Jbb* Ebanic Gabssh Wdjjp? Ejd`k Fdmnjnbp ni d Fbcbudj Pjrm !@an`dgh*NJ? Djcnib* 4>7>15.)

Uhbcngbu* Cdvnc U)* Sab Wdgbp hf Wansbibpp !Ibw huk? Vbuph \ubpp* 4>>4.)Uhmbu* \drj M)* \ubfbubi`bp* \uhmnpbp* dic sab \hjnsn`p hf Bijngasbimbis*

mnmbh* Rinvbupns~ hf @djnfhuind ds Ebukbjb~* Cb`bmebu* 4>>3)Pdàp* Prpdi* Mrpjnm Pàhhjp ni R) P) d Vhn`b fhu Ncbisns~* Sab Ibw ^huk Snmbp*

Ihvbmebu 4>1* D4)Pdnc* Bcwduc W)* Hunbisdjnpm !Ibw huk? Udichm Ahrpb* 4>71.)Pdicd~* \bgg~ Ubbvbp* Fudsbuins~ Gdig Ud|b? Pbq* Euhsabuahhc* dic \unvnjbgb hi

@dm|rp !Ibw huk? Ibw huk Rinvbupns~ \ubpp* 4>>>1.* 461041712.* 034022)* Mdqnmnzdsnhi dic sab D`s hf @ahn`b* B`hihmbsun`d* JQV !Orj~ 4>>7.*73277>)

Pan|jbu* Cdvnc* D @hrisu~ hf Psudigbup? Ejd`kp dic Wansbp ni Dmbun`d !Ibw huk?Kih|f* 4>>7.)

Psdijb~* Mdu`rp* Jdwubi`b Kdsz* dic Djdi Kurbgbu* Nm|d`sp hf Bm|jh~mbis\uhgudmp? Sab Dmbun`di Bq|bunbi`b* mnmbh* Aduvduc Rinvbupns~* 4>>1)

Psd|jbp* Eubis* \dudjjbj Snmb? Guhwnig R| ni Ejd`k dic Wansb !Ibw huk?\disabhi* 4>>3.)Psniibss* S) M)* \uhfbppnhidj \uhejbmp hf Sbd abup !Ibw huk? Md`mnjjdi*4>61.)

Psuhebu* M~ud* Shwduc d Gbibudj Sabhu~ hf H``r|dsnhidj Pbq Pbgubgdsnhi? Sab@dpb hf \rejn` Pàhhj Sbdànig* @ad|sbu 1 ni Eduedud Ubpkni* bc)* Pbq Pbgubgdsnhi ni sab Whuk|jd`b !Wdpanigshi? IdsnhidjD`dcbm~ \ubpp* 4>13.)

Prgg* Ubccnig P)* Mhsabusbdàbu? Sab Fbmninzdsnhi hf Dmbun`di Bcr dsnhi!@adujhssbpvnjjb?Rinvbupns~ hf Vnugnind \ubpp* 4>71.)

Prpknic* Uhi* D Ah|b ni sab Ripbbi !Ibw huk? Euhdcwd~* 4>>1.)Sdofbj* Abiun* dic Ohai Sruibu* Di Nisbgudsnvb Sabhu~ hf Nisbuguhr| @hi n`s* ni

Sab Ph`ndj \p~àhjhg~ hf Nisbuguhr| Ubjdsnhip* Wnjjndm G) Drpsni dic Psb|abiWhuàbj* bcp) !Mhisbub~* @D? Wdcpwhusa* 4>7>.)

Sabuipsuhm* Psb|adi* dic Dengdnj Sabuipsuhm* Dmbun`d ni Ejd`k dic Wansb? Hib Idsnhi* Nicnvnpnejb !Ibw huk? Pnmhi dic Pàrpsbu* 4>>7.)

Sahmdp* Kbuu~* Sab Cbfbipnvb Pbjf?D \p~ ahc~idmn` \bup|b`snvb* ni Ricbupsdic-nig sab Pbjf* Unàduc Psbvbip* bc) !Sahrpdic Hdkp* @D? PDGB \rejn`dsnhip*4>>6.)

Sruhw* P`hss* Hib J !Ibw huk? Wduibu Ehhkp* 4>77.)Wdsknip* Mbj* Cdi`nig Wnsa Psudigbup? D Mbmhnu !Ibw huk? Pnmhi dic Pàrpsbu*

4>>1.)Wbsabubjj* Mdugdubs* Guhr| @hi n`s dic sab Ph`ndj \p~àhjhg~ hf Ud`npm* ni

Guhr| @hi n`s dic sab \p~àhjhg~ hf Ud`npm* Mdugdubs Wbsabubjj* bc)!Sahrpdic Hdkp* @D? PDGB \rejn`dsnhip* 4>>6.)

Wa~sb* Wnjjndm Fhhsb* Psubbs @huibu Ph`nbs~? Sab Ph`ndj Psur`srub hf di Nsdjndi

Pjrm !@an dgh? Rinvbupns~ hf @an`dgh \ubpp* 4>30.)Wnjjndmp* @aunpsnib*Gbicbu Cnffbubi`bp ds Whuk? Whmbi dic Mbi ni Ihisudcn-snhidj H``r|dsnhip !Ebukbjb~? Rinvbupns~ hf @djnfhuind \ubpp* 4>1>.)

Wnjjnp* \drj U)* Jbduinig sh Jdehru? Ahw Whuknig @jdpp Kncp Gbs Whuknig @jdpp Ohep !Wbpsmbdc* Fduiehuhrga* Adisp)* RK? Pdqhi Ahrpb* 4>77.)

Wnjphi* Wnjjndm O)*Sab Surj~ Cnpdcvdisdgbc !@an`dgh* NJ? Rinvbupns~ hf @an`dgh\ubpp* 4>17.)*Wabi Whuk Cnpd||bdup? Sab Whujc hf sab Ibw Ruedi \hhu !Ibw huk? Kih|f*4>>6.)

http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ext=a&reqidx=/0022-3808^28197001^2978L.152[aid=225170]http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ext=a&reqidx=/0022-3808^28197001^2978L.152[aid=225170]http://www.ingentaselect.com/rpsv/cgi-bin/linker?ext=a&reqidx=/0022-3808^28197001^2978L.152[aid=225170]

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