economies of scale: generative design tools and adaptability · economies of scale: generative...
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Economies of scale:Generative design toolsand adaptability
Scott Chase
Department of ArchitectureUniversity of Strathclyde
Design Research in the Netherlands 2005 TU Eindhoven 20 May 2005
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Multiplicity
Variety of design alternatives Classes of designsDesign Re-use
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Constructive approach togrammar definition
Stiny (1980)
Shape grammar
Vocabularyof shapes
Spatialrelations
Shaperules
Initialshape
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Shape grammar
… … … … … …
Rule Derivation→
Initial shape
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Shape grammars in design
Analysis tools
Grammars based on existing sets of designs
Modification of existing grammars to demonstrate stylistic change (Knight, 1994)
Generative tools
Facilitating design automation
Allowing greater exploration of design alternatives
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Analysis:Palladianvillas
Stiny & Mitchell (1978)
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Morphology: Central Asian courtyard grammars
Function
EntranceAesthetics
Access
Primary spaces
Secondary spaces
Protection
Emphasis
Iwans
Cells
Corner cells
Towers
Fortified Wall
Uniformity
Location
Size
Massiveness
Frontal
Flanking
Connection
Characteristics Spatial Elements Parameters
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Grammars for DesignDesign brief
Grammar creation
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Accommodationgrammar
Communal buildinggrammar
Bathhousegrammar
Infillgrammar
Spatial relationsRules Design
alternatives
Final design
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EifForm
Planar truss grammar
Dome
Canopy/landscape
Shea (2002)
http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/enginuity/issue11/article6.html
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Generative design tools for novice designers
Cellular automata (Krawczyk 2002)
Spatial relations/grammars (McGill 2002)
Parametric variation (Mitchell et al. 1987)
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Implementation: Prolog grammar system
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GEdit
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Models of user interactionGrammar
application (derivation)
Grammar system
development
Computer control
Determinationof
rule
Determinationof
rule
Determinationof
object
Determinationof
object
Determinationof
matching condition
Determinationof
matching condition
Grammar definition
Interpretive mechanism
Object representation Control mechanism
Grammar rules
Computer control
Computer control
Computer: Full control
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
Scenario 6
Designer: Full control
Designer: Full control over grammar application
Designer: Rule and object selection
Designer: Rule selection only
Developer
Developer
Developer
Developer
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The problem of predetermination
As soon as you perceive an object, you draw a line between it and the rest of the world; you divide the world, artificially, into parts, and you thereby miss the Way.(Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach, 1979)
Design requires dynamic schema definition‘Kit of parts’: reductionistMinimal structure: holistic
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ApproachCombination of two existing paradigms
shape algebras and formal logicFeatures (spatial relations) defined with logical formulasDemonstrated use of relations in practical applications
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EmergenceA S
τ(A) ≤ S
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Algebras of shape
SpaceElement 0-sp. 1-sp. 2-sp. 3-sp.0: point U00 U01 U02 U031: line U11 U12 U132: region U22 U233: solid U33
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Boundary relationsabuts_within(A,B) ↔ ∃C such that
C ≤ A &C ≤ B &boundary(A) • boundary(B) • boundary(C) ≠ ∅
abuts_without abuts_within abuts_within &
abuts_without
U22
U12
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Relations between elements in different algebras
Basic relations betweena line segment and region
inside outside inside, touching boundary
outside, touching boundary
on boundary
line A & region B: on boundary inside, touching boundary outside, touching boundary
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Dependency network of relations
intersection (element)
intersection (shape)
n-intwithin
intersect
n-intersect
continuous
extension extended_intersection
parallel
skew
perpendicular
projection image
+
set_reduction
trans_closure
×
Š
boundary n-intersection
reduced_intersection
cohyperplanar
transformation
descriptor
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Map queriesFind all cities which are within 5 km of the interstate highway I-5.
City = eV22(–, –, ‘city’)i5 = eV12(–, –, ‘highway’)Ans = { City | ∃p,q ∈ U02 (within(p, i5) &
within(q, City) & distance(p, q) ≤ 5)}
I-5
cities < 5 km
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Emergence: Accessibilityaccessibility emerges from ‘continuous’ shapes
a) between regionsb) between points
AB
a)
A Bb)
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Application:Geographic information systems
District A
District B
District D
District E
District C
Sch
ram
ka
Dr.
Adnan Rd.
Kappel Rd.
Bertrand Dr.
Beckius Wy.
Dadlez Dr.Froh St.
Ple
ier D
r.
Sad
owsk
i St.
Tier
ney
Pl.
Win
ter C
t.
Van
derh
eyde
n W
y.
Huxhold Br.
Gschwind Br.
Allen Br. Nikwan Br.
Lundy Wade Br.
UWM
River
UWM
River
from Huxhold, 1991, An Introduction to Urban Geographic Information Systems
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Relational data tablesPoint table
Line table
Area table
Pointlabel Feature type Feature name
P1 intersection Adnan Rd. & Pleier Dr.P2 intersection Adnan Rd. & Sadowski St.
Linelabel Beginning pt Ending
ptLeft
polygonRight
polygonFeature
type Feature na
L1 P1 P2 - A road Adnan Rd.L2 P1 P6 A - road Pleier Dr.
Polygonlabel Centroid Feature
typeFeaturename Vertices
A P7 district District A P1,P2,P17,P13,P1B P10 district District B P2,P5,P16,P14,P2
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Query: relational algebraName the intersections that are entirely within districts (not on district boundaries).
A = πpoint_label(σfeature_type=‘intersection’(point))B = σleft_polygon≠right_polygon(line)C = πbeginning_pt(B) ∪ πending_pt(B)
D = A – CE = πD.point_label,line.left_polygon(D D.point_label=beginning_pt line) ∪
πD.point_label,line.right_polygon(D D.point_label=ending_pt line)F = πE.point_label,area.feature_name(E E.polygon=area.polygon_label area)Answer =
πpoint.feature_name,F.area.feature_name(F F.point_label=area.point_label point)
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Query: Vi2 representation
Name the intersections that are entirely within districts (not on district boundaries).
Ans ={⟨District, Int⟩ |district22(District) &Int = {I | intersection02(I) &
within(I, District) &¬within(I, boundary(District))}}
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Application: Architecture1 2 3 4
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-3 1-4
2-2 2-2 2-3 2-3 2-4
3-3 3-3 3-33-3
2-3
a) node types
b) wall segments defined by a pair of node types
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Explicit spatial relationsp1,…, p8 ∈ U02
l1,…, l5, m ∈ U12
boundary(l1) = {p1,p2}boundary(l2) = {p3,p4}boundary(l3) = {p4,p5}boundary(l4) = {p1,p6}boundary(l5) = {p2,p3}parallel(l1,l2)parallel(l3,l4)perpendicular(l1,l5)image(l1,l2) ≠ ∅image(l3,l4) ≠ ∅min_wall_thickness ≤ distance(l1,l2) ≤ max_wall_thicknessmin_wall_thickness ≤ distance(l3,l4) ≤ max_wall_thickness
l1
l2
l3
l4 l5
p1 p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7
p8
l6
m
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Constructed elements and inferred relations
center(l5) = p8m = eU12(desc, {p1, p4})center(m) = p7l6 = eV12(desc, {p7,p8}, ‘centerline’)perpendicular(l2,l5)contiguous(l4,l1)contiguous(l1,l5)contiguous(l5,l2)contiguous(l2,l3)0 ≤ interior_angle(l1,l4) = interior_angle(l2,l3) ≤ π/2
l1
l2
l3
l4 l5
p1 p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7
p8
l6
m
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Emergent viewsviews between spaces defined by portals
general view between spaces
axial view symmetrically aligned view (enfilade)
*
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Emergent function
Given physical form
Relevant Physical Feature:Net Shape is Plane
Orientation:Parallel to Ground
Sheltering Function(umbrella)
Sled
Transportation Function(sled)
Orientation:Perpendicular to Ground
?
Inventions from emergent functions based on a shape’s physical features.
R. Finke, Creative Imagery (1990)
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Emergent functions
(b) GGREADA Graph Representation of the Cart
CreateRolling
(t1,3)
SupportLoad(t2,3)
Mount 1 wheel(t2,2)
Mount 2wheels(t1,2)
ProvideSurface
Area (t3,2)
1-wheel assembly #1 (t13,1)Surface Area: 0
Weight 12 g
Flat Plate (t1,1)Surface Area: 11.25
Weight: 40g
2-wheel assembly #1 (t17,1)Surface Area: 0
Weight 18 g
(a) Cart Bottom View
2-WheelAssembly#1 (t17,1)
1-WheelAssembly#1(t13,1)
FlatPlate(t1,1)
FunctionLevel
Sub-Function
Component andAssemblyLevel
GGREADA (Schmidt & Cagan 1997)
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Kinematic mechanism graph grammars
6
32
1
GraphInterpretation
P5
4
R
RRR R
R
21
4 5
3
6
(5, 7) Planar graph Labeled graph
GraphInterpretation
R
P R
R
RR
R6
5
4
3
2
1
(5, 7) Planar graph Labeled graph
2
4
6
3
1
5 Tsai (1996)
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Kinematics of Closed-Loop Linkages
U. Cambridge, Deployable Structures Laboratory http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/dsl/
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(Re)design using Function/Behaviour/Structure grammars
Feature grammarsFunction-Behaviour-Structure modelsGrammar modification
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Feature grammars and knowledge bases
Designs produced with a CAD toole.g. solid modeller
Interpretable using domain specific feature setsDomain specific knowledge base used to create feature grammarGrammar rules have associated descriptionsKnowledge base generates rules that define domain requirements
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FBS model of design
Function: what artefact doesStructure: component parts/interconnectionsBehaviour: how structure achieves required functionF/B/S relationships captured with dependency networks (graphs)
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FBS Descriptions
Structurei
FunctionDescriptions
BehaviourDescriptions
Structure Variable i
ExogenousVariables
Function Behaviour Structure
ExternalEffects
Structurej
Structurek
Structure Variable j
Structure Variable k
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Panel wall representation
panel
frame
Vapourbarrier
Permeability
PanelA
PanelB
FrameThickness
Length
External Effects
Function Behaviour Structure
Structuralbehaviour
Structuralsupport
Aesthetics
Visualseparation
Opacity
Aestheticqualities
Width
Panel wall
Material
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Rule for panel wall construction
Vapourbarrier Permeability
PanelA
Frame
Thickness
Length
Function Behaviour Structure
Structuralbehaviour
Structuralsupport
Visualseparation Opacity
Width
Material
frame + panel
Frame
Thickness
Function Behaviour Structure
Structuralbehaviour
Structuralsupport
Material
frame
R1
g(R1)
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Stylistic change andgrammar transformation
Knight (1994)Modification of grammar rules encapsulates stylistic change
Expand scopeIncorporate functional/behavioural/structural characteristicsMotivated by specific design requirements
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Re-InterpretedFeature Graph
F1
F2
B2
B1
S1
S2
S3
S4
B3
FBS Description of Design
Knowledge Base :Sets of Abductive Rules
CAD Primitives/ Features
Derivations
(1) (2)
AdjacencySub-Graphs
(3)
(4)
FBS Description of Partial Design
F2
B2
S1
S2
B3
F1
F2
B2
B1
S1
S2
S3
B3
F2
B2
S1
(5, 10)
AdditionalKnowledge / Requirements
F
B
S
F/B/S Nodesas Indexes
Grammar(6)
(7)(8)
Initiateredesign
(9)
Vapourbarrier Permeability
PanelA
Frame
Th ickness
Leng th
Function Behaviour Structure
S tructuralbehaviourS tructural
Visualseparation Op acity
Wid th
Material
Frame
Th ickness
Function Behaviour S tructure
StructuralbehaviourStructural
Material
frame frame + panel
frame
panel
GDL object library
Generate FBS design description
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Core wall
wall surface
wall core
insulation
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Vapourbarrier Permeability
Core
Thickness
Airtemp
External Effects
Function Behaviour Structure
Structuralbehaviour
Structuralsupport
Solarirradiation
Soundlevel
Surface areaNoisecontrol
Heat losscontrol
Soundattenuation
Thermalconduction
Insulation
Material
Core wall+ insulation
Vapourbarrier Permeability
Core
Thickness
Airtemp
External Effects
Function Behaviour Structure
Structuralbehaviour
Structuralsupport
Solarirradiation
Soundlevel
Surface area
Noisecontrol
Heat losscontrol
Soundattenuation
Thermalconduction
Material
Core wallR2
g(R2)
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Comparison: panel and core walls
Vapourbarrier
Permeability
SurfaceA
SurfaceB
Core
Thickness
Airtemp
External Effects
Function Behaviour Structure
Structuralbehaviour
Structuralsupport
Solarirradiation
Soundlevel
Aesthetics
Visualseparation
Opacity
Aestheticqualities
Surface area
Noisecontrol
Heat losscontrol
Soundattenuation
Thermalconduction
InsulationA
InsulationB
Material
Vapourbarrier
Permeability
PanelA
PanelB
FrameThickness
Length
External Effects
Function Behaviour Structure
Structuralbehaviour
Structuralsupport
Aesthetics
Visualseparation
Opacity
Aestheticqualities
Width
Panel wall
Material
Core wall
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Detail redesign: Design for Assembly
Plate A
Plate B
Bolt & nut
Plate A
Plate B
Snap fit
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Function driven redesign (wall example)
F
Be Ba
S
F: functionBe: expected behaviourBa: actual behaviourS: structureD: description
Causal Relationships
D F’
Be’ Ba’
S’
⇒
D’
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Structure driven redesign (snap-fit example)
F: functionBe: expected behaviourBa: actual behaviourS: structureD: description
Causal Relationships (2)
F
Be Ba
S D F
Be′? Ba′
S′
⇒
D′
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Parametrics: Smart Geometry
www.smartgeometry.org
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Parametrics: GDL
Kitchens Pavilions
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GDL: Intelligent partitions
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Digital fabrication
3D printer Laser cutter
Milling machine
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types of connection
connection 1
nA profiles: many profiles A connected
with one rod
connection 2
nB profiles: many profiles B connected
with one rod
connection 3
nA+nB profiles: many A and B profiles
connected with one rod
connection 4
1A+1B profiles: one A and one B profile
connected with one rod
connection 5
1A+1B profiles: one A and one B profile
connected with two rods
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connection 4 – profile 1A+1B
configurations
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connection 4 – profile 1A+1B
models
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…and the physical prototype
movie
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Origamic architecture
movie
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61Sass (2005)
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‘Iconic’ buildings
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Mass customisation
Strike a balanceand
Red Road Flats, Glasgow
Scottish Parliament
between
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On the move (1973)
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Modular/deployable designs
Cell Brick House, Atelier Tekuto
student work, Cal Poly Pomona(2003-04 formZ Joint Study report)
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Modular design
student work, Cal Poly Pomona(2003-04 formZ Joint Study report)
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Changing places of livingNature of work is changingCrisis in healthcareEnergy shortagesNew home based products require new type of support infrastructureAffordable sensing & computationBuilding material companies: migration from low-margin commodities to high-value systemsShortage of skilled construction labourChanges in product design, marketing & fabrication processesReturn to urban life and escalating property values place a premium on multi-use, compact, flexible, high-quality living spaceBaby boomers & GenX homebuyers demand environments & products reflecting their values & needs
from House_n project (architecture.mit.edu/house_n/)
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Recent trends in industry
ModularityOpen SourceCustomisation
In other industries (computer, automotive)Open Source Building Alliance
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House_nScenario (housing industry in 2015)
Developers as integratorsDesign, configuration and industry standardsFabrication and installation
Open Source Building Alliance (OSBA) projectsChassisIntegrated Interior Infill (I3)Design and Configuration Tools for Non-expert Designers
http://architecture.mit.edu/house_n/
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Building information modelling:From product model...
polyline
plan poly, door & window symbols
wall polyhed., plan & elevation symbols
polyhedron of external shape
wall geometry1: C1: non-self- intersecting
wall geometry2a: C1: well-formed poly
wall geometry3: C1: well-formed
wall frame geom: C1: well-formed polyh.
C: panel disjoint & inside frame C: pass-thru subjoint to frame interstice
C: poly = horiz. section
C: ctrline = skeleton
wall geometry2b: C1: well-formed polyelevation poly,door
& window symbols
C: poly = vert. section
pass-thru geom:
polyhedra of components
pass-thru geom2: C1: well-formed
filler geom2: C1:well-formed polyhedra C2: non- intersecting
polyhedra of frame members
polyline
C: ctrline=skeleton
wall
framepass_thrus
member
polyhedron
panelwall panel geom: C1: well-formed polyhedron
WALL FRAME PANEL
A PANEL WALL :
DOOR
WALL FRAME
PANEL
PANEL
PANEL
DOOR
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…to database
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…to detailed building representations
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International Alliance for Interoperability
http://www.iai-international.org
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IFCs
ISO-10303-21;HEADER;FILE_DESCRIPTION (('ArchiCAD 8.10 Release 1 generated IFC file.', 'Build Number of the Ifc 2x2 interface: 35270 (31-03-2004)\X\0D\X\0A'), '2;1');FILE_NAME ('test-ifc.ifc', '2004-10-27T10:44:38', ('Architect'), ('Building Designer Office'), 'PreProc -Ifc Step Toolbox Version 2X2 (7. May 2003)', 'Windows System', 'The authorising person.');FILE_SCHEMA (('IFC2X2_FINAL'));ENDSEC;DATA;#1 = IFCORGANIZATION ('GS', 'Graphisoft', 'Graphisoft', $, $);#3 = IFCPERSON ($, 'Undefined', $, $, $, $, $, $);#4 = IFCORGANIZATION ($, 'OrganizationName', $, $, $);#5 = IFCPERSONANDORGANIZATION (#3, #4, $);#7 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .LENGTHUNIT., .MILLI., .METRE.);#8 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .AREAUNIT., $, .SQUARE_METRE.);#9 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .VOLUMEUNIT., $, .CUBIC_METRE.);#10 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .PLANEANGLEUNIT., $, .RADIAN.);#11 = IFCMEASUREWITHUNIT (IFCPLANEANGLEMEASURE (0.0174532925199433), #10);#12 = IFCDIMENSIONALEXPONENTS (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);#13 = IFCCONVERSIONBASEDUNIT (#12, .PLANEANGLEUNIT., 'DEGREE', #11);#14 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .SOLIDANGLEUNIT., $, .STERADIAN.);#15 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .MASSUNIT., $, .GRAM.);#16 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .TIMEUNIT., $, .SECOND.);#17 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .THERMODYNAMICTEMPERATUREUNIT., $, .DEGREE_CELSIUS.);#18 = IFCSIUNIT (*, .LUMINOUSINTENSITYUNIT., $, .LUMEN.);#19 = IFCUNITASSIGNMENT ((#7, #8, #9, #13, #14, #15, #16, #17, #18));#25 = IFCDIRECTION ((6.123031769111886E-017, 1.));#6 = IFCOWNERHISTORY (#5, #2, $, .NOCHANGE., $, $, $, 1098870277);#2 = IFCAPPLICATION (#1, '8.0', 'ArchiCAD 8.0', 'ArchiCAD');#35 = IFCMATERIAL ('Masonry Block');#36 = IFCMATERIALLAYER (#35, 190., $);#37 = IFCMATERIALLAYERSET ((#36), 'Masonry Block');#38 = IFCMATERIALLAYERSETUSAGE (#37, .AXIS2., .POSITIVE., 0.);#39 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((0., 0.));#40 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((14100.60786950733, 0.));#41 = IFCPOLYLINE ((#39, #40));#42 = IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION (#26, 'Axis', 'Curve2D', (#41));#43 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((0., 0.));#44 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((14100.60786950733, 0.));#45 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((13910.60786950733, 190.));#46 = IFCCARTESIANPOINT ((0., 190.));#47 = IFCPOLYLINE ((#43, #44, #45, #46, #43));#48 = IFCARBITRARYCLOSEDPROFILEDEF (.AREA., $, #47);#49 = IFCAXIS2PLACEMENT3D (#23, #22, #20);#50 = IFCEXTRUDEDAREASOLID (#48, #49, #22, 2700.);#51 = IFCSHAPEREPRESENTATION (#26, 'Body', 'SweptSolid', (#50));#52 = IFCBOUNDINGBOX (#23, 14100.60786950733, 190., 2700.);#53 = IFCDIRECTION ((6.123031769111886E-017, 1.));
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Kinetic architecture
Fox (2000)“a building with variable location or mobility and/or variable geometry or movement.”
Kas Oosterhuis (2003)“a building that [is] controlled by sensors-actuators system to be able to respond according to the data received in form of movement.”
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Generative systems for kinetic mechanisms
6
32
1
GraphInterpretation
P5
4
R
RRR R
R
21
4 5
3
6
(5, 7) Planar graph Labeled graph
GraphInterpretation
R
P R
R
RR
R6
5
4
3
2
1
(5, 7) Planar graph Labeled graph
2
4
6
3
1
5
U. Cambridge, Deployable Structures Laboratory http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/dsl/
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Deployable structures
U. Cambridge, Deployable Structures Laboratory http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/dsl/Dept. of Engineering Science, Oxford University
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Dynamic modelling
U. Cambridge, Deployable Structures Laboratory http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/dsl/
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Calatrava
Milwaukee art museum
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Hoberman arch
http://www.hoberman.com/fold/olympics/arch.html
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Biomimetics
D. Dollens, www.tumbletruss.com
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Summary: Economies of scale
Generative design toolsCreation of a Variety of design alternatives
ParametricsClasses of designs
Modular, reconfigurable, adaptable designsDesign Re-use