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TRANSCRIPT
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Economy Under Bri3sh Rule 1760 to 1867
• Bri3sh took over the French land in North America
• There was no more New France – it was now called the Province of Quebec and was centered around the St. Lawrence Valley
• There was no more French immigra3on – only immigra3on from the Bri3sh Isles
• It was ruled by the Bri3sh monarchy
Main elements of Con3nuity and Change
Con$nuity: • Fur con3nued to be the main resource • The Bri3sh had a similar policy to mercan3lism (in the early years
Change: • New Bri3sh merchants and entrepreneurs arrived
• All exports now went to Britain • Fur trading companies in the colony were Bri3sh
Exam Ques3on What was an element of con3nuity aVer the Conquest?
The Fur Trade con3nued to be very important
• Even though the empire had changed – the fur trade con3nued to expand
• It was s3ll our biggest export in the beginning of Bri3sh Rule
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Economic effects of the expansion of the fur trade to
the northwest
1. The founding of the Northwest Company
2. Establishment of more trading posts 3. Exhaus3on of the fur resources
The importance of The fur trade (in the beginning of BR)
The 2 main trading companies at this 3me were run by Bri$sh merchants (no longer French ones). Both companies focused their efforts on ge\ng fur from the Hudson’s Bay and the Great Lakes regions 1. The Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) – around the Hudson’s Bay – Established in 1670
2. The Northwest Company (NWC) – Established in 1783 by English, Sco\sh and Canadiens merchants. Established to compete with the HBC
– S3ll hired Canadiens voyageurs to go get the fur (because they had a knowledge of the land and resources already)
Why was the NWC founded? Why did the NWC hire Canadiens as voyageurs?
Document 60, page 177 1. Which territories were the most coveted (wanted) by
the HBC and NWC?
2. What on this map shows the rivalry between these two companies?
The Decline of the fur trade Factors that contributed to the decline
• Increasingly remote (far away) trading territories – Had to go farther to get the fur
• Increased opera$ng costs – Had to pay more to run the
business
Effects of the decline on the colony’s economy
• The HBC took over the NWC because it was doing poorly
• Montreal was no longer the main place for expor$ng fur. It became Hudson’s Bay.
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!!
Re-‐orienta3on of the fur trade
Use the documents on the last slide
What was an effect of the decline of the fur trade on the economy of the colony?
The Start of the Timber Trade
What is one of the ways the Conquest benefibed the new mother country?
Canada had huge forests, which now belonged to England. England would cut down trees from them, turn them into 3mber and then use or sell this 3mber. They made profit ($)
The Start of the Timber Trade
• TIMBER became Canada’s 3rd economic staple! • In Lower Canada, in around 1810, $mber replaced furs as the main export
• Most of our 3mber was exported to Britain 1. There was a con$nental blockade by Napoleon
(emperor of France) and Britain couldn’t get 3mber from anywhere else in Europe
2. Britain needed lots of 3mber to build their naval warships to fight with France
3. Great Britain had preferen$al tariffs – this meant that places in the Bri3sh empire could only import items from within the Bri3sh empire rather than from somewhere else.
How did Napoleon’s blockade benefit our economy?
Part 2: Economy & DevelopmentDocument File
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The Montreal dockworkers’ strike
European fishermen drying cod onNewfoundland Island
New sectors of the economy
The French state followed a strict economic policy (...), the goal of which was enrich the mother country. The colonieswere supposed to provide raw materials, which would be used to make manufactured goods in France.
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History and Citizenship Education -587-404 Document File
1
SHEET 3
Chris
toph
e H
orgu
elin
et a
l., P
anor
amas
: Hist
ory a
nd C
itize
nshi
p Ed
ucat
ion,
Sec
onda
ry C
ycle
Two,
Year
2
(Mon
trea
l: G
rafic
or, 2
008)
Vol
. 1, p
. 152
.
Christophe Horguelin et al., Panoramas: History and Citizenship Education, Secondary Cycle Two, Year 1 (Montreal: Graficor, 2008) Vol. 1, p.87.
Alain Dalongeville, ed., Présences 2: une histoire thématique du Québec (Anjou: CEC, 2008), Vol. 1, 106. Translation
Christophe Horguelin et al., Panoramas: History and Citizenship Education, Secondary Cycle Two, Year 2 (Montreal: Graficor, 2008) Vol. 2.
3 Jean Talon visiting a shipyard
At the beginning of the French regime, Father Jérôme Lalemant, a Jesuit missionary, described the commercial activities of some Aboriginal communities and their effects on their way of life.
“They seem to have as many abodes as the year has seasons – in the Spring a part of them remain for fishing where they consider it the best; a part go away to trade with tribes which gather on the shore of the North icy sea . . . In summer, they al gather together . . . on the border of a large lake . . . . About the middle of Autumn, they begin to approach our Hurons, upon whose lands they generally spend the winter, but before reaching them, they catch as many fish as possible, which they dry. This is the ordinary money with which they buy their main stock of corn, although they are supplied with other goods. . . They cultivate a small patch of land near their Summer dwelling; but it is more for pleasure and that they may have fresh food to eat. . .
Jérôme Lalemant, 1641.
Sector Type of Production
Pulp and Paper News paper, cardboard, etc.
Mines Iron, steel, aluminum, etc.
Chemical products Dyes, preservatives, etc.
Oil automobiles, plastics, etc.
Funding the Timber Trade • Since this was a new
industry, it meant that new money had to come into the colony to get it set up
• This capital originally came from merchants and the government in Britain
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Funding the Timber Trade
Eventually, merchants were able to facilitate their financial opera$ons and their access to capital because Canada’s first banks were founded and then they started to issue paper money. Now the money to do business was in the colony – not coming from ppl in Britain
Why did the colony need capital for the 3mber trade to work?
Working in the 3mber trade • The workforce was composed
mainly of French Canadians and Irish immigrants
• A few of the trades/jobs of workers included being a lumberjack, log driver, or sawyer
• The products made here were large squared pine or oak beams, staves (planks), and construc$on lumber
• Most of these products were exported to Great Britain
Compare the types of workers
Fur Trade Timber Trade Shipbuilding
A Canadian classic from 1979…and no, I wasn’t born yet either
hbp://www.nk.ca/film/log_drivers_waltz/
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In the early 19th century, the majority of 3mber exports passed through the Port of Québec. Quebec City therefore became a
financial center with many large shipyards.
Effects of the development of the Timber trade
On social groups • Increased number of workers and ar3sans • Increased influence of the business class On the development of new regions • Mauricie and Saguenay (these were previously forrested areas) – Link to popula3on -‐ Remember how these were opened up for
coloniza3on due to overcrowding on seigneuries On the popula$on • Some workers migrated to regions newly opened up to forestry
• Forestry work provided farmers with extra income
What was an effect of the Timber Trade on the territory?
Agriculture… yes, we’re s3ll talking about it
Crops and markets • The crops were similar to before (Wheat, oats, potatoes)
• They were sold in local markets and some surplus was sent to Britain to be sold there
The decline of wheat produc$on in Lower Canada • Remember that in the 1830’s there was overpopula$on on agricultural land
• Ppl used the land so much that it ran out of nutrients and wouldn’t produce as much
• Therefore, because of this soil exhaus$on Lower Canada didn’t produce as much wheat any more
• Many farmers le/ for new areas of coloniza4on, moved to ci4es, or the US – Remember back to when we talked about French emigra3on
The Development of new systems of transporta3on
Canals: First canal was built in Mtl in 1825 – the Lachine Canal Railways: First Canadian railroad was built in 1836: linked St. Jean and Laprairie 1852: the Grand Trunk Railway which made Montreal the hub of the Canadian railway network by lining the city to the Great Lakes region and the port of Portland Advantages: Quick travel, Increased amount of goods being transported
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Economic Policies by the end of Bri3sh Rule
Protec$onism
A policy designed to protect the na$onal economy against foreign compe$$on • You can only buy from your
own empire or na3on OTHERWISE you’ll have to pay huge taxes to your government if you import from somewhere else.
Free Trade
A policy designed to have free circula$on of merchandise/goods across borders • You wouldn’t have to pay taxes when you import something from somewhere else
Protec3onism: Economic policy
Protec3onism • A policy designed to protect the na3onal economy against foreign compe33on – You can only buy from your own empire or na3on OTHERWISE you’ll have to pay huge taxes to your government if you import from somewhere else.
• Effects of protec3onism on our economy: – Increase in $mber exports to Great Britain because they can only buy within their empire
– Increase in port ac$vi$es because we are expor$ng to other Bri$sh colonies
Pros and Cons of Protec3onism
Pros Cons
Protec3onism to Free Trade Free trade was adopted as of 1866 Free circula3on of merchandise – no customs barriers to trade Effects of free trade on our economy: • reduced exports to Great Britain – Britain can get products from anywhere
• Canada now has to search for new markets to sell their products to
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Pros and Cons of Free Trade
Pros Cons
How does Free Trade affect Canada becoming a country of its own?
How does Free Trade affect Canada becoming a country of its own?
• Bri3sh North American colonies now needed to find a new market for their products so they decided to join together. This would give allow them to trade with each other (Ontario, QC, NB, NS).
• Canada has moved out, but s3ll has an emo3onal/cultural abachment to Britain/”Mummy”