ecosystem approach reef fisheries management model in ternate … · 2020-01-20 · the policy...

AACL Bioflux, 2020, Volume 13, Issue 1.

http://www.bioflux.com.ro/aacl 86

Ecosystem approach reef fisheries management

model in Ternate Island, North Maluku, Indonesia 1,2Aditiyawan Ahmad, 3,4Achmad Fahrudin, 4Mennofatria Boer, 4Mohammad M. Kamal, 3,4,5Yusli Wardiatno

1 Coastal and Marine Resources Management Program, Post-graduate School of IPB

University, Bogor, Indonesia; 2 Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Khairun University,

Ternate, Indonesia; 3 Center for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies, IPB University,

Bogor, Indonesia; 4 Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries

and Marine Science, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia; 5 Environmental Research Center,

IPB University, Indonesia. Corresponding author: A. Ahmad, [email protected]

Abstract. The policy determination for an ecosystem approach to the reef fisheries management was based on static and dynamic models to address the problem of the utilization rate and sustainability status of reef fisheries on Ternate Island. There were identified 6 dimensions related to the: coral reef ecosystems, reef fish resources, reef fishing techniques, social aspects of theof fishing communities, economic aspectsof the fishing communities, and the involved government institutions. The results showed that the utilization of reef fisheries on Ternate Island was classified as moderate with an average utilization rate of 11.62%. The simulation scenario output fitting the best to the reef fisheries management plan was generated for a level of the fishing effort at 180 trip year-1 and a capacity of the fishing fleet of 750 boats, with a catch of 2,139.28 tons for the dynamic model and 2,843.83 tons in the static model. The utilization rate of reef fisheries is <50% of the carrying capacity of reef fishes, namely 28.63% for the dynamic models and 38.02% for the static models. The sustainability status of reef fisheries is classified as good with an average value of 73.65, but some policies have to focus on the indicators related to the dimensions of the coral reef ecosystem. The reef management policy can be determined from the models scenarios results, based on the sustainability status behavior under the fishing capacity and effort variation, in order to make environmentally friendly Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD), and to improve the condition of the coral reefs. Key Words: carrying capacity, catch, coral reef ecosystem, dynamic model, static model.

Introduction. The reef fisheries management has been focused on the target species

catch and on the fishing gear, without taking into account the ecosystem factors. The

principles to be considered in the implementation of the ecosystem approach to the

management of coral fisheries included: (1) fisheries must be managed at a boundary

that prevents any damaging impacts on the ecosystem; (2) ecological interactions

between fish resources and their ecosystems must be maintained; (3) management tools

should be compatible with the whole fish resource distribution; (4) the precautionary

principle applies to the fisheries management and decision-making processes; (5)

fisheries governance includes the interests of the ecological systems and human systems

(Charles 2001; Garcia et al 2003; FAO 2003).

Reef fishing activities on Ternate Island have been running since before the

kingdom of Ternate existed, which is evidenced by the discovery of fossil shells in the

former settlement in the middle of the mountain the fishing gear used being the spears

and the salapa (woven from coconut leaves shaped like a net). The targeted species were

of the type of: reef fish, mollusks, gastropods, and crustaceans. The process of arrest

used to be carried out at low tide. Nowadays, coral fishing continues to experience

progress in both the fleet and fishing gear. The economically important targeted reef fish

belong to the following families: Haemulidae, Mullidae, Carangidae, Lethrinidae,

Lutjanidae, Priacanthidae, Scaridae and Serranidae.



The utilization of reef fish in the last 5 years on the island of Ternate has

increased by 5.7% (Marine and Fisheries Official of Ternate City 2018), along with the

increase in populations demand for fish. Most of the catches of reef fish meet the needs

of households consumption, the quantitiesi in excess being sold on the market for reef

fish on Ternate Island. The fishing gear used is the handline, which is environmentally

friendly and selective, and the navigation to the fishing waters is realized the most often

with a fleet of motorized boats <5 GT.

Reef fishing activities are carried out every day, therefore in addition to the reef

fish resources the most important factor that must be considered is the sustainability of

the coral reef ecosystems. In order to support sustainable fishing activities it is necessary

to establish a reef fisheries management policy with an ecosystem approach involving all

stakeholders, including the government, private sector, non-governmental organizations,

universities and the community. This research was conducted to support the reef

fisheries management by determining the appropriate policies based on the utilization

rate and sustainability status.

Material and Method

Description of the study sites. This study was conducted in Ternate Island, North

Maluku, at 13 research locations spread in the southern, central and northern parts of the

Ternate Island, over a research period between November 2017 and November 2018

(Figure 1).

Figure 1. Map of the study site at Ternate Island, North Maluku, Indonesia.

Management model. Data collection was carried out in accordance with the research

needs including supporting data related to the assessment of the reef fish utilization rate

and an assessment of the status of the coral reef sustainability. The assessment of the

utilization rate was based on the carrying capacity of the coral reef ecosystems, related

to the fish biomass volume per surface area and limiting the fishing intensity of the

catches. The sustainability status assessment of the reef fisheries used 35 indicators on

the 6-dimensions (Table 1). The method approach used is a survey and interview



technique (Table 1). In order to determine the appropriate policies for an ecosystem

approach to the reef fisheries management, the assessments of the utilization rate and

sustainability status were necessary.

Table 1

The methods of survey and interview technique

Dimensions Indicators Method Reference

Coral reef

ecosystem

Water quality

Line Intercept

Transect (LIT),

Underwater Photo

Transect (UPT)

Rogers et al (1983),

English et al (1997),

Clua et al (2006),

Giyanto et al

(2014), Mukhtasor

et al (2015), Facon

et al (2016)

Percent cover

Coral diversity

Coral reef area

Rugosity

Species abundance

Frequency of coral size

Coral recruitment

Coral:algae ratio

Coral mortality

Reef fish

resources

Utilization rate Survey & analysis,

Visual census, Belt

transect,

Underwater video

transect,

Underwater photo

transect, Interview

Kulbicki (1998),

Tessier et al (2005),

English et al (1997),

Pelletier et al

(2011), Pink &

Fulton (2015)

Species composition

Range collapse

ETP species

Reef fish biomass

Fish size

Juvenile proportions

Reef fishing

techniques

Fishing method

Interview FAO (2003)

Fishing capacity & effort

Fishing selectivity

Suitability of function and

size

Ship crew certification

Modification of fishing gear

Social

Stakeholder participation

Interview FAO (2003) Fisheries conflict

Utilization local knowledge

Economic

Asset ownership

Interview FAO (2003) Income

Saving ratio

Government

institutions

Stakeholder capacity

Interview FAO (2003)

Policy synergy

Fisheries management plan

Decision making mechanism

Rules of the game

Compliance with fisheries

principles

A dynamic model was used for the reef fisheries management policy determination, based

on a utilization rate, considering the catch and the carrying capacity of the coral reef

ecosystems (Figure 2). The utilization rate model used the modified formula from Yeeting

et al (2001):

n21 ht...hthtfHT

nn2211 αβ...αβαβfDD

100%xαβ...αβαβf

nht...2

ht1

htfTP

nn2211



Where:

1..n is reef fish biomass (ton.ha-1)

a1..n is the area of coral reefs in each study location (ha)

ht1..n is the catch of each study location (ton)

HT is a total catch (ton)

DD is the total carrying capacity (ton),

TP is the utilization rate of reef fish (%)

Growth Recruitment

Area of coral reef

Fishing boat

Catch

Carrying capacity

Reef fish stock

Reef fish biomass

Effort

Figure 2. The dynamic model of ecosystem approach reef fisheries management based on

utilization rates.

The analytical method applied to the strategies for reef fisheries management policy

determination, based on the sustainability status, is the multi-dimensional scaling (MDS),

using rapfish. Considering the MDS results, further analysis was performed with a

dynamic model in order to produce strategy scenarios future projections for reef fisheries

policying, with probability values for each indicator (Figure 3).

Figure 3. The dynamic model of ecosystem approach reef fisheries management based on

sustainability status.



Results. Utilization of reef fisheries on Ternate Island was classified as moderate,

meaning that efforts to catch reef fish could be increased, as evidenced by the reef fish

stock use rate of less than 30% at the 13 research sites of the study, with an average

utilization rate of 11.62% (Table 2).

Table 2

The utilization rates of reef fisheries at Ternate Island

Site number Location HT (tons) DD (tons)

1 Rua 93.94 395.66

2 Kastela 92.90 1,306.34

3 Gambesi 47.43 2,185.17

4 Fitu 78.57 1,038.93

5 Ngade 34.92 299.78

6 Kalumata 209.52 858.50

7 Falajawa 7.56 150.51

8 Gamalama 21.42 117.51

9 Daulasi 82.80 99.79

10 Tobololo 26.46 414.38

11 Sulamadaha 91.08 192.38

12 Talaga Nita 20.70 152.29

13 Jikomalamo 62.10 269.34

Total 869.40 7,480.58

Utilization rates 11.62% HT – total catch; DD - the total carrying capacity.

Based on the fishing area, the utilization rates of reef fish were also classified as

moderate with a value of 9.23% in the southern zone and of 25.10% in the northern

zone (Table 3).

Table 3

The utilization rates of reef fisheries is based on the fishing ground at Ternate Island

Fishing ground Utilization rate (%) Category

South zone 9.23 Moderate

North zone 25.10 Moderate

Reef fisheries management based on utilization rate. The utilization rate of reef fish

was used as a comparison referencefor determining reef fisheries policies, based on the

probability value of the catch and the carrying capacity as a limiting factor. Management

of reef fisheries at Ternate Island was determined based on static and dynamic models.

The total catch of reef fish in 2018 was 869.40 tons and the carrying capacity was

7,480.58 tons (Figure 4a). The low reef fish catch rate at Ternate Island was due to the

small number of fishing boats, the average fishing effort being of 10 trips per month per

boat, with 239 boats available. Static and dynamic models used scenario simulations with

an increase of the number of capture attempts from 120 trips year-1 or 10 trips month-1

to 180 trips year-1 or 15 trips month-1. For each scenario, the number of fishing boats

was different, ranging from 239 to 750. This simulation was conducted to evaluate the

possibility to progressively increase the utilization rate of the reef fish from the previously

found level of 11.62%. The simulation was carried out with the assumption that the

carrying capacity, growth rate, recruitment, and natural mortality of the reef fish are

fixed (Figure 4).



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Figure 4. Dynamic and static simulation models of catches, carrying

capacity, and utilization rates of reef fisheries; (a) 120 trip year-1

with 239 units; (b) 180 trip year-1 with 360 units; (c) 180 trip year-1

with 478 units; (d) 180 trip year-1 with 500 units; (e) 180 trip year-1

with 600 units; (f) 180 trip year-1 with 700 units; (g) 180 trip year-1

with 750 units.



Dynamic and static model simulation results suggested the catch rate could be increased

(Tables 4 and 5) in the management plan for reef fisheries at Ternate Island, up to a

number of 180 fishing trips year-1 with a number of 750 fishing boats and a catch of

2,139.28 tons for the dynamic model and 2,843.83 tons in the static model. The scenario

in Figure 4 was preferred, with utilization rates of reef fisheries <50% and an average of

28.63% for the dynamic model and 38.02% of the carrying capacity of the reef fish for

the static model.

Table 4

Results of dynamic model simulations

Figure Effort (trip

year-1)

Fishing boat

(unit)

Catch

(ton)

Increased catch

(%)

Utilization rate

(%)

4a 120 239 869.40 0 11.62

4b 180 360 1,089.45 20.20 14.58

4c 180 478 1,389.68 37.44 18.60

4d 180 500 1,395.26 37.69 18.67

4e 180 600 1,661.65 47.68 22.24

4f 180 700 1,965.34 55.76 26.30

4g 180 750 2,139.28 59.36 28.63

Table 5

Results of static model simulations

Figure Effort (trip

year-1)

Fishing boat

(unit)

Catch

(ton)

Increased catch

(%)

Utilization rate

(%)

4a 120 239 869.40 0 11.62

4b 180 360 1,365.04 36.31 18.25

4c 180 478 1,812.47 52.03 24.23

4d 180 500 1,895.89 54.14 25.34

4e 180 600 2,275.06 61.79 30.41

4f 180 700 2,654.24 67.24 35.48

4g 180 750 2,843.83 69.43 38.02

The results of the analysis and simulation can determine a policy for the Ternate Island

reef fisheries management with the following utilization rate approach:

1) Increased fishing effort from 120 trips year-1 or 10 trips month-1 to 180 trips year-1 or

15 trips month-1;

2) Increasing the number of a fishing boat from 239 units to 750 units.

Reef fisheries management based on the sustainability status. The sustainability

status of the reef fisheries at the research sites on Ternate Island was classified as good

with an average value of 73.65 (Table 6). Based on the fishing ground, the sustainability

status of reef fisheries was also classified as good, with a value of 72.42 in the southern

zone and 75.61 in the northern zone (Table 7).



Table 6

Sustainability status of reef fisheries at Ternate Island

Site number Location Value Category

1 Rua 72.75 Good

2 Kastela 72.59 Good

3 Gambesi 70.91 Good

4 Fitu 76.33 Good

5 Ngade 70.54 Good

6 Kalumata 71.44 Good

7 Falajawa 72.40 Good

8 Gamalama 72.43 Good

9 Daulasi 73.46 Good

10 Tobololo 74.34 Good

11 Sulamadaha 79.47 Good

12 Talaga Nita 76.30 Good

13 Jikomalamo 74.50 Good

Average 73.65 Good

Table 7

Sustainability status of reef fisheries by fishing ground at Ternate Island

Fishing ground Value Category

South zone 72.42 Good

North zone 75.61 Good

In general, the sustainability status of reef fisheries at Ternate Island was classified as

good. However, issues might occur if the indicators of each dimension are not properly

addressed, with impacts on the reef fisheries management. Based on the sustainability

analysis, the most at risk indicators were related to the coral reef ecosystem dimension,

the reef fish resources dimension being in a medium category and the governance

dimension being in a very good category. The social and economic dimensions of the

fishing community had also a good sustainability ranking (Figure 5).

58.57

65.69

79.12

78.74

70.18

89.76

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ekosistem terumbu karang

Sumberdaya ikan karang

Teknik Penangkapan ikan

Sosial Masyarakat Nelayan

Ekonomi Masyarakat Nelayan

Kelembagaan

Very good Good Medium

Government

Economy

Social

Fishing techniques

Reef fish resources

Coral reef ecosystem 58.57

65.69

79.12

78.74

70.18

89.76

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ekosistem terumbu karang

Sumberdaya ikan karang

Teknik Penangkapan ikan

Sosial Masyarakat Nelayan

Ekonomi Masyarakat Nelayan

Kelembagaan

Very good Good Medium

Government

Economy

Social

Fishing techniques

Reef fish resources

Coral reef ecosystem

Figure 5. Value of the sustainability status of reef fisheries.

The policy determination for the reef fisheries management, based on their sustainability

status, was carried out through a dynamic model approach considering the analysis of

the indicators of each of the interrelated dimensions. The initial step taken was to

analyze the current reef fisheries management policy without any treatment on the

dimensions; the results were used as a comparison reference (Figure 6). In the strategy

determination for an ecosystem approach to the reef fisheries management, all the

indicators of the coral reef ecosystems sustainability dimensions had to be considered.



2.13

2.10

2.82

3.21

3.52

1.80

3.96

2.45

2.61

2.62

4.13

2.50

2.44

2.35

0.92

2.29

2.27

2.25

2.20

1.35

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50

Kelimpahan Spesies

Tutupan Karang

Rugosity

Keanekaragaman Karang

Frekuensi Ukuran Karang

Rekruitmen Karang

Luas Area Terumbu Karang

Kualitas Perairan

Rasio Karang:Alga

Mortalitas Karang

Tingkat Pemanfaatan

Ukuran Ikan

Proporsi Juvenil Ikan

Komposisi Spesies

Range Collapse

Spesies ETP

Biomassa Ikan Karang

Metode Penangkapan Ikan

Modifikasi Alat Penangkapan

Fishing Capacity & Effort

Leverage of Attributes

Fishing capacity & effort

Modification of fishing gear

Fishing methods

Reef fish biomass

ETP species

Range collapse

Species composition

Juvenile proportions

Fish size

Utilization rate

Coral mortality

Coral:Algae ratio

Water quality

Area of coral reef

Coral recruitment

Frequency of coral size

Coral diversity

Rugosity

Percent cover

Species abundance

Figure 6. Indicators that must be considered in the strategy of an ecosystem approach to

the reef fisheries management.

The current Ternate Island governance reached a good performance for the reef fisheries

social-economic management, with a sustainability value of 73.65, but supplementary

environmental policies needed to be developed by considering several indicators related

to the coral reef ecosystem dimensions, synthesizing the ecosystem health. From the

results of the analysis, there could be determined strategy scenarios for an ecosystem

approach to the reef fisheries management at Ternate Island:

1) Scenario 1: sustainability status in the current strategy of reef fisheries management.

This scenario is based on the results of a study from 2018 about the sustainability

status of the policy implementation of reef fisheries management at Ternate Island,

simulating the coral reef ecosystems resilience for 10 years, without any treatment,

evaluating the influence of the reef fish resources dimensions: fishing techniques,

social, economy and ecological governance.

2) Scenario 2: increasing the fishing capacity and effort.

This scenario is correlated with the scenario 3 and they are mutually dependent, both

scenarios being indicators of the fishing techniques dimensions and candidates for

determining the sustainability status of the policy implementation at the Ternate

Island reef fisheries over 10 years. The scenario is carried out for fishing ratio value >=1.

3) Scenario 3: modifying the fishing gear and size of the fishing boat.

In this scenario the fishing gear and size of the fishing boat are modified with the aim

to increase the fishing capacity and catch, in such a way that the size of the target

reef fish is at most 25% inferior to the maturity size (Lm), in order to secure fish

breeding and growing up, while maintaining the stocks and sustaining the utilization

activities for the next 10 years.

4) Scenario 4: preventing increasingly difficult types of target catches and fishing

ground.



This scenario is related to the range collapse indicator on the reef fish resources

dimensions, a potential issue at the Ternate Island reef fisheries: the results of the

MDS analysis in Figure 6 show the low value of the range collapse. The scenario has

been carried out over the next 10 years by increasing the value of a relatively fixed

range of collapse, for simplicity.

5) Scenario 5: increasing the value of coral recruitment, percent cover, and species

abundance.

This scenario is related to coral recruitment indicators, percent cover, and species

abundance in the coral reef ecosystems dimensions. The scenario is done by

increasing the recruitment value from 2-3 recruits m-2 to >3 recruits m-2, increasing

the cover percentage from 25-75% to >75%, and increasing the value of species

abundance from 10-50 species 100m-2 to >50 species 100m-2, for the next 10 years.

Increasing the value of the 3 indicators can affect other indicators and the

sustainability status of the reef fisheries in the coral reef ecosystem.

The scenario results of the dynamic model can be seen in Figure 7 for scenario 1

and Figure 8 for scenarios 2 to 5. From the scenario results a reef fisheries management

strategy is determined based on its sustainability status.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Fish resource 1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Fishing techniques 1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Social

1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Economy 1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Government 1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Reef fisheries

Figure 7. Results of scenario 1; (a) fish resources to the coral reef ecosystems; (b)

fishing techniques to the coral reef ecosystems; (c) social community to the coral reef

ecosystems; (d) economy community to the coral reef ecosystems; (e) governance to

the coral reef ecosystems; (f) reef fisheries management to the coral reef ecosystems.

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Fish resource 1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Fishing techniques 1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Social

1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Economy 1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Government 1: Coral reef ecosystem 2: Reef fisheries

Figure 8. Results of scenario 2 to 5; (a) fish resources to the coral reef ecosystems; (b)

fishing techniques to the coral reef ecosystems; (c) social community to the coral reef

ecosystems; (d) economy community to the coral reef ecosystems; (e) governanceto the

coral reef ecosystems; (f) reef fisheries management to the coral reef ecosystems.



In scenario 1 the sustainability status category is good, but the value of the coral reef

ecosystem dimension and fish resource dimension are in the moderate category. The

results of scenarios 2 to 5 show a good sustainability status category, with increasing

dimension values for the coral reef ecosystem and fish resources (Figure 9).

Coral reef ecosystem

Government

Economy community

Social community

Fishing techniques

Fish resource

Figure 9. Results of the sustainability status scenario of reef fisheries on Ternate Island.

From the scenario results, a reef fisheries management policy can be determined based

on the sustainability status, in order to increase the fishing capacity and effort, making

environmentally friendly Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs), and to improve the condition

of the coral reefs.

Discussion. The utilization rate and sustainability status are indicator for the assessment

of an ecosystem approach to the reef fisheries management, enabling the fish catches

targets adjustment to the coral reef ecosystems carrying capacity.

Reef fisheries management based on the utilization rate. The low utilization rate of

reef fish on Ternate Island is caused by several factors including the effort level, the

fishermen population, the fishing techniques and yield, the fishing boats availability. The

effort to catch reef fish is relatively low due to the low frequency of the fishing sessions,

at an average of 10 times per month, with a number of only 239 active fishermen and a

low capacity of the boats, 30% of which were lacking of engines. Boats without engines

are used for the households consumption, only the quantities in excess being marketed.

The parameters used for a static and dynamic models approach to the

management of Ternate Island reef fisheries are the catch biomass and carrying capacity,

where the catch is determined based on the effort and fishing boats. The model is

simulated by increasing the number of effort and fishing boats, aiming to obtain the

optimal catch for a given carrying capacity. The model results are used as a reference in

determining the fisheries management strategy. The static and dynamic models

parameters are: the reef fish utilization rate as a comparison value, the probability value

of the catch yield and the carrying capacity as a limiting factor.

The outputsof the dynamic and static simulation models show that the policy for

the reef fisheries management should adjust the utilization rate according to the carrying

capacity of the coral reef ecosystem, by supporting the increase of the reef fish catch

yield.based on. The optimal management strategy would be to increase the effort and the

number of fishing boats. This simulation shows that increasing the effort from 120 trips

year-1 to 180 trips year-1 and increasing the number of fishing boats from 239 units to

750 units can increase the catch volumes. Simulations results are of 2,843.83 tons for



static models with an increase of 69.43% and 2,139.28 tons for dynamic models with an

increase of 59.36%. The utilization rate of the reef fish is 38.02% for the static model

and 28.63% for the dynamic model. The above mentioned strategy can be applied to the

sustainable management of reef fisheries on Ternate Island, due to a reef fish utilization

rate <50% of the carrying capacity.

Reef fisheries management based on the sustainability status. Simulation results

in scenarios 2 to 5 (Figure 8) show an increasing effect on the dimensions of coral reef

ecosystems and reef fish resources. Based on the sustainability status of an ecosystem

approach to the reef fisheries management, the results of the simulation can be applied

on Ternate Island. Each dimension has a positive influence on the the coral reef

ecosystem dimension.

Fish resources to coral reef ecosystems. The results of scenario 1 in Figure 7a show

that there is no influence of the fish resources dimensions on coral reef ecosystems, inthe

sustainability status determination forthe implementation of the current reef fisheries 10

years management strategy. This is evidenced by an increase in the utilization of reef

fish resources followed by a permanent optimization of the condition of the coral reef

ecosystems, avoiding significant fluctuations. The results of scenario 4 in Figure 8a show

an improvement in the condition of coral reef ecosystems by increasing the value of

range collapse in the dimensions of reef fish resources, under the pressure of a reef fish

species catching process which is increasingly easier and potentially less disturbing for

the ecosystem. This is an issue affecting the permanent reef fishing areasThe values of

parameters like the coral recruitment, the percent cover and the abundance of the coral

species could affect the existence of reef fish resources.

Fishing techniques to coral reef ecosystems. The process of catching reef fish with

the current fishing techniques as well as the dimensions of fish resources does not have

an effect on coral reef ecosystems in the sustainability status computation for the

implementation of reef fisheries management strategies over the next 10 years (Figure

7b). For the results of scenarios 2 and 3 in Figure 8b show an improvement in the

condition of coral reef ecosystems in the first year by modifying the catch in such a way

that the size of the target reef fish is at most 25% inferior to the length at first maturity

(Lm), which causes an improvement of the fishing capacity and effort and the condition

of ecosystems. Another explanatory factor for the above mentioned improvement is the

increase in the values of coral recruitment, percent cover, and an abundance of coral

species that could affect the existence of reef fish resources.

A social community of fishermen towards the coral reef ecosystem. The social

condition of fishing communities in evaluating the status of reef fisheries sustainability is

influenced by the stakeholders participation, fisheries conflicts and the use of knowledge

in the management of fish resources, including traditional ecological knowledge (TEK).

The influence of the social conditions of the fishing community on the coral reef

ecosystem did not change in scenario 1 (Figure 7c) or scenarios 2 to 5 with 6 treatments

(Figure 8c) over the next 10 years, which shows that the fishing community is very

supportive of the implemented strategy conservation in order to maintain the condition of

the coral reef ecosystems, which suggest that the current social conditions of the fishing

communities can be included into the reef fisheries management policies.

The economy community of fishermen towards the coral reef ecosystems. The

effect of the economic conditions of the fishing community on the coral reef ecosystems

did not change in scenario 1 (Figure 7d) nor in scenarios 2 to 5 with 6 treatments (Figure

8d) over the next 10 years, which shows that the economic conditions of the community

did not cause a decline in the quality of the coral reef ecosystem, in the context of the

utilization of reef fish resources, the fishermen income from catches being satisfactory,

as evidenced by a saving rate higher than the interest on credit loans or by the

reinvested residual profit, an indicator of the increase in the assets ownership. The



current economic condition of the fishing community can be maintained for the reef

fisheries management policies modeling.

Governance of the coral reef ecosystems. The current governance conditions can be

maintained for the reef fisheries management policies for the next 10 years, due to the

acceptable results of scenario 1 (Figure 7e), but scenarios 2 to 5 with 6 treatments

(Figure 8e) might significantly improve the condition of the coral reef ecosystems. Any

law infringement could be found in the process of reef fish resource use and the decision-

making mechanism was performant, due to an effective communication between

institutions, in accordance with their respectiveprerogatives.

Reef fisheries management to coral reef ecosystems. The reef fisheries

management is determined by fish resources, fishing techniques, social community,

economic community and governance, and it is intended to maintain the sustainability of

coral reef ecosystems under the pressure of the exploiting activities. The scenario scores

show a good sustainability status of the reef fisheries and an increased sustainability

status value in scenario 1 (Figure 7f) and scenarios 2 to 5 (Figure 8f), which suggest that

the 6 treatments applied in the scenario can be used for the Ternate Island reef fisheries

management for the next 10 years.

Conclusions. The policy required for an ecosystem approach to the reef fisheries

management based on the utilization rate and sustainability status on Ternate Island

should focus on: (1) Increasing fishing capacity and catches by rising the effort from 120

trips year-1 to 180 trips year-1, modifying fishing equipment and increasing the number of

fishing boats from 239 units to 750 units based on the carrying capacity of the coral reef

ecosystem; (2) Making environmentally friendly FADs as reef fishing areas; (3)

Improving the condition of coral reefs by providing coral planulae growing media.

Acknowledgements. We are grateful for the diving team from Lembaga Kajian

Ekosistem Pesisir (M-JIKO Pesisir) for their participation along the research.

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Received: 23 September 2019. Accepted: 03 January 2020. Published online: 20 January 2020. Authors: Aditiyawan Ahmad, Khairun University, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Jl. Kampus Unkhair Gambesi, Ternate Selatan, 97719 Kota Ternate, North Maluku, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] Achmad Fahrudin, IPB University, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Agatis Street, Lingkar Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] Mennofatria Boer, IPB University, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Agatis Street, Lingkar Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] Mohammad Mukhlis Kamal, IPB University, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Agatis Street, Lingkar Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] Yusli Wardiatno, IPB University, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Department of Aquatic Resource

Management, Kampus IPB Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, e-mail: [email protected] This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. How to cite this article: Ahmad A., Fahrudin A., Boer M., Kamal M. M., Wardiatno Y., 2020 Ecosystem approach reef fisheries management model in Ternate Island, North Maluku, Indonesia. AACL Bioflux 13(1):86-99.

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