ecosystem final.ppt

8/18/2019 ecosystem final.ppt

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Ecosystems:

Fundamental Characteristics

• Str$ct$re% & 'iving (biotic)

& *onliving (abiotic)

• +rocess% & Energy flow

& Cycling of matter


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#,OT,C com!onents

'iving things (!lants animals bacteria)

• +rod$cers ( +lants)

• Cons$mers (Animals)

• .ecom!osers ( Micro-organisms)


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Abiotic Com!onents

Abiotoic /actors incl$de

• *on living things (air water soil climate

0)


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How does an ecosystem work ?

• +lants $se s$nlight water and n$trients

from the soil to !rod$ce their own food

(!rod$cers)

• The animals feed on the !lants or each

other (cons$mer)

• /$ngi and #acteria feed on dead waste

material and ma1e things brea1 down and

rot" (decom!osers)


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A$totro!hs2+rod$cers

• A gro$!s of organisms that can $se the energyin s$nlight to convert water and carbon dio3ideinto 4l$cose (food)

• A$totro!hs are also called Producers beca$sethey !rod$ce all of the food that heterotro!hs$se

• Witho$t a$totro!hs there wo$ld be no life on

this !lanet• E3" +lants and Algae


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A$totro!hs2+rod$cers


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5eterotro!hs2Cons$mers

• Organisms that do not ma1e their own food

• Another term for 5eterotro!h is consumer

beca$se they cons$me other organisms in orderto live

• E3" 6abbits .eer M$shrooms


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TY+ES O/ CO*S7ME6S

& Primary Consumers & eat a$totro!hs (!rod$cers)

& Secondary Consumers & eat the !rimary cons$mers

& Tertiary Consumers & eat the secondary cons$mers

& Decomposers & bacteria and f$ngi that brea1 downdead organisms and recycle the material bac1 into

the environment


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5eterotro!hs2Cons$mers

• Primary Consumers

8" 5erbivores & eat O*'Y !lants

• E3" & Cows Ele!hants 4iraffes


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5eterotro!hs

• Secondary Consumers

2" Carnivores & eat O*'Y meat• E3" & 'ions Tigers Shar1s


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5eterotro!hs

• Tertiary Consumers

9" mnivores & Eat #OT5 !lants and animals

• E3" & #ears and 5$mans


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5eterotro!hs

• Consumers

:" Decomposers & absorb any dead material and

brea1 it down into sim!le n$trients or fertili;ers

• E3" & #acteria and M$shrooms


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/7*CT,O* O/ A*

ECOSYSTEM• Energy < Material flow

• /ood chains

• /ood webs• /ood !yramids


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/'OW O/ E*E64Y ,* A*

ECOSYSTEM


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Transfer of Energy

• When a ;ebra eats the grass it does not obtain

all of the energy the grass has (m$ch of it is not

eaten)

• When a lion eats a ;ebra it does not get all of

the energy from the ;ebra (m$ch of it is lost as

heat)


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Tro!hic 'evels

• A tro!hic level is the !osition occ$!ied by an organism ina food chain"

• Tro!hic levels can be analy;ed on an energy !yramid"

• Producers are fo$nd at the base of the !yramid and

com!romise the !irst trophic level"• Primary consumers ma1e $! the second trophic

level"

• Secondary consumers ma1e $! the third trophic

level"• /inally tertiary consumers ma1e $! the top trophic

level"


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ECO'O4,CA' S7CCESS,O*

• +rogressive re!lacement of one

comm$nity by another till the develo!ment

of stable comm$nity

TY+ES

• +rimary

• Secondary


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/ood Chains

• The energy flow from one tro!hic level to the

other is 1now as a food chain


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E3am!le of a /ood Chain


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/ood Webs•

The interloc1ing !attern of vario$s food chains in an ecosystem"


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Marine /ood Webs


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ECO'O4,CA' +Y6AM,.

• 4ra!hical re!resentation of str$ct$re <

f$nction of tro!ic levels of an ecosystem

TY+ES• +yramid of n$mbers

• +yramid of energy

• +yramid of biomass


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Tro!hic 'evels /o$nd on an

Energy +yramid• The greatest amo$nt of energy is fo$nd at the base of

the !yramid"

• The least amo$nt of energy is fo$nd at to! of the

!yramid"


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+yramid of n$mbers

• *$mber of individ$als !er s!ecies


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#iomass

• Energy is sometimes considered in terms of

biomass the mass of all the organisms and

organic material in an area"

• There is more biomass at the tro!hic level ofproducers and !ewer at the tro!hic level of

tertiary consumers" (There are more !lants on

Earth than there are animals")

• %io&li!e 'ass&wei$ht

• %io ( 'ass & )ei$ht o! livin$ thin$s within an

ecosystem"


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+yramid of #iomass


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•Express tropic structure as energy transfer

•Energy pyramids can never be inverted

ecosystem final.ppt

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