ecosystem restoration integrated feasibility appendix f...

Los Angeles River Ecosystem Restoration Integrated Feasibility Study

Appendix F Air Quality

Appendix F‐1: Clean Air Act Applicability Analysis Appendix F‐2: Air Quality Calculations Methodology and Data

Appendix F‐1 Clean Air Act Applicability Analysis

1 Introduction The General Conformity Rule at Section 176(c) of the Clean Air Act (CAA) ensures that federal actions comply with the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). In order to conform with the rule, a federal agency must demonstrate that an action it undertakes, approves, permits, or supports will conform to the appropriate state implementation plan (SIP). The conformity evaluation ensures that projects using federal funds or requiring federal approval not:

cause or contribute to any new violation of a NAAQS, increase the frequency or severity of any existing violation, or delay the timely attainment of any standard, interim emission reduction, or other milestone.

A conformity determination is required for each criteria pollutant or precursor where the total of direct and indirect emissions of the criteria pollutant or precursor in a nonattainment or maintenance area caused by the Federal action would equal or exceed any of the rates listed in Table 2-1. Direct emissions means those emissions of a criteria pollutant or its precursors that are caused or initiated by the Federal action and originate in a nonattainment or maintenance area and occur at the same time and place as the action and are reasonably foreseeable. 40 CFR 93.152. Indirect emissions means those emissions of a criteria pollutant or its precursors:

1. That are caused or initiated by the Federal action and originate in the same nonattainment or maintenance area but occur at a different time or place as the action;

2. That are reasonably foreseeable; 3. That the agency can practically control; and 4. For which the agency has continuing program responsibility.

For the purposes of this definition, even if a Federal licensing, rulemaking or other approving action is a required initial step for a subsequent activity that causes emissions, such initial steps do not mean that a Federal agency can practically control any resulting emissions (40 CFR 93.152). Total of direct and indirect emissions means the sum of direct and indirect emissions increases and decreases caused by the Federal action; i.e., the “net” emissions considering all direct and indirect emissions. The portion of emissions which are exempt or presumed to conform under § 93.153 (c), (d), (e), or (f) are not included in the “total of direct and indirect emissions.” The “total of direct and indirect emissions” includes emissions of criteria pollutants and emissions of precursors of criteria pollutants (40 CFR 93.152). Direct emissions include construction emissions and indirect emissions include operational emissions from maintenance activities. Maintenance activities are considered exempt under 40 CFR 93.153(c)(2)(iv), and are therefore not included in the total of direct and indirect emissions evaluated in this analysis. Emissions from increased visitation by the public as a result of construction of the project cannot be practically controlled by the USACE and are therefore not considered indirect emissions caused by the Federal action. Thus, this analysis is limited to construction emissions. Because all build alternatives would convert the existing LATC site to restored habitat, a functionally equivalent facility is anticipated to be constructed elsewhere in the Los Angeles Basin. Emissions from

replacement of site functions elsewhere in the basin cannot be practically controlled by the Corps, and the Corps does not have continuing program responsibility; therefore, such emissions are not considered indirect emissions caused by the Federal action in the applicability analysis. Construction of replacement site functions would result in temporary increases in emissions. Operation of replacement site functions may increase localized emissions in and around the replacement site. However, the replacement of the site functions within the Los Angeles Air Basin would not transfer the operational impacts of the site functions to a different air basin. The CEQA lead sponsor will conduct a detailed CEQA analysis in analyzing the replacement of LATC site functions, including air emissions. 2 Applicability An applicability analysis is the process of determining if a Federal action must be supported by a conformity determination (40 CFR 93.152). In this instance, the applicability analysis is applied to Alternative 13v, the National Ecosystem Restoration Plan and Alternative 20, the Recommended Plan. Federal regulation at 40 CFR 93.153 prescribes rates for criteria pollutants based on area attainment status as presented in Table 2-1.

Table 2‐1. General Conformity Rates

Pollutant Federal Attainment Designation Rates (Tons/Year) Ozone (precursors: VOC or NOx)

a Serious nonattainment 50 Severe nonattainment 25 Extreme nonattainment 10 Other areas outside of an ozone transport region 100 CO, SO2, and NO2 All nonattainment and maintenance areas 100 PM10 Serious nonattainment 70 Moderate nonattainment and maintenance 100 PM2.5 All nonattainment and maintenance areas 100 Pb (Lead) All nonattainment and maintenance 25

Source: 40 CFR 93.153 a

Ozone precursors (NOx and VOCs): Gasoline and diesel engines do not directly emit ozone. Ozone is a product of NOx and VOCs reacting in the presence of sunlight. Since engines directly emit NOx and VOCs, their values function as surrogates for ozone emissions.

The federal action will occur in the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB), which is currently in extreme nonattainment for ozone (precursors: VOC or NOx); nonattainment for PM2.5; maintenance for PM10; maintenance for NO2; attainment for SO2; and maintenance for CO; partial nonattainment for lead. Based on the present NAAQS attainment designation for the SCAB, implementation of Alternative 13v or Alternative 20 would conform to the SIP if annual emissions for ozone precursors (VOC or NOx), NO2, PM2.5, PM10, CO, and lead remain below the rates listed in Table 2-2.

Table 2‐2. Federal Attainment Designations for the South Coast Air Basin and Applicable Rates

Air Pollutants SCAB Federal Attainment Designation Rates (Tons/Year)

Ozone (precursors: VOC or NOx) Extreme Nonattainment 10

PM2.5 Nonattainment 100

PM10 Maintenance 100

NO2 Maintenance 100

CO Attainment/Maintenance 100

SO2 Attainment 100

Pb (Lead) Nonattainment (Partial)a

25

Source: USEPA, Green Book Nonattainment Areas (Accessed at http://www.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/ on March 6, 2015)

a U.S. EPA designated the Los Angeles County portion of the SCAB (excluding the high desert areas, and San Clemente and Santa

Catalina Islands) as nonattainment for the recently revised (2008) federal lead standard (0.15 μg/m3, rolling 3-month average). South Coast Air Quality Management District, 2012 Air Quality Management Plan, p. 2-10. Since the project is located within Los Angeles County, lead is Nonattainment for the purpose of this analysis.

Air quality analysis methodology and results for Alternative 13v and Alternative 20 are found in Appendix F – Methodology and Data Tables. Annual construction emissions for Alternative 13v and Alternative 20 are shown in Tables 3-1 through 3-2, respectively.

Table 3‐1. Alternative 13v Estimated Direct Annual Emissions (Construction)

Pollutants

General Conformity

Rates (tons/yr)

2017 Estimated Emissions (tons/year)











Ozone (VOC) 10 0.007 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.09 0.05Ozone (NOX) 10 0.08 1.32 0.78 1.09 1.18 0.98 0.44 0.80 0.08 0.21 0.14

NO2 100 0.08 1.32 0.78 1.09 1.18 0.98 0.44 0.80 0.08 0.21 0.14CO 100 0.03 0.75 0.50 0.78 0.91 0.78 0.45 0.78 0.54 0.83 0.48

PM10 100 0.005 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.03PM2.5 100 <0.005 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02

Table 3‐2. Alternative 20 Estimated Direct Annual Emissions (Construction)

Estimates of lead emissions were not calculated for construction and operational phases. Lead emissions from mobile sources in California have significantly decreased due to the near elimination of lead in fuels. Thus, CalEEMod, the South Coast Air Quality Management District-approved emission modeling software, does not provide estimated emissions for lead. Little to no quantifiable and foreseeable lead emissions would be generated by the alternatives. Based on the above, total direct and indirect emissions of ozone precursors (VOC or NOx), NO2, PM2.5, PM10, CO, and lead caused by the Federal action do not equal or exceed the emission levels listed in Table 2-2.

3 Conclusion

The applicability analysis shows that direct and indirect emissions for Alternative 13v, the NER Plan, and Alternative 20, the Locally Preferred Plan and Recommended Plan, would not equal or exceed the prescribed emission levels. Neither alternative would cause or contribute to any new violation of a NAAQS, increase the frequency or severity of any existing violation, or delay the timely attainment of any standard, interim emission reduction, or other milestones. Thus, a general conformity determination is not required.

Pollutants

General Conformity

Rates (tons/yr)
















Ozone (VOC) 10 <0.005 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.21 0.24 0.10 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.07 0.08 0.14Ozone (NOX) 10 <0.005 1.38 1.17 1.14 2.14 1.92 2.16 0.83 0.50 0.51 0.71 1.14 0.27 0.32 0.56

NO2 100 <0.005 1.38 1.17 1.14 2.14 1.92 2.16 0.83 0.50 0.51 0.71 1.14 0.27 0.32 0.56CO 100 <0.005 0.85 0.80 0.84 1.77 1.82 2.12 0.92 0.66 0.64 0.82 1.21 0.64 0.54 0.87

PM10 100 <0.005 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.03PM2.5 100 <0.005 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02

Appendix F‐2 Air Quality Calculations Methodology and Data

Following public review, further analysis was performed that included a more detailed cost analysis using Mii software, real estate cost updates, and further modified contingencies based upon a full cost risk summary analysis. This analysis identified a more cost effective variation on Alternative 13 [referred to throughout the Integrated Feasibility Report (IFR) and Appendices as “Alternative 13v”] that is identical to Alternative 13 except for Reach 7, where it includes the reach plan included in Alternative 20 that provides 10 acres of marsh and a connection to the Los Angeles State Historic Park. As described in the IFR, the previously identified NER plan has been modified to include the substitution of the Reach 7 plan on the basis of the analysis referenced above; Alternative 13v is the NER plan. Because the analysis in this Appendix included analysis of all of the components of Alt 13v, no separate or additional analysis is necessary. For the assessment of Alternative 13v for Reaches 1-6 and 8, see the Alternative 13 analysis included in this Appendix. For the assessment of Alternative 13v for Reach 7, see the Alternative 20 analysis included in this Appendix.

Alternative 20 is the Recommended Plan in the IFR.

Modeling Software

Air pollutant emissions associated with each alternative were estimated using CalEEMod Version 13.2.2 software. The air emissions modeling software developed by the Southern California Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) in collaboration with other air districts in California to estimate criteria air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions from various land use development projects. The emission modeling software is used by air districts within California.

Model Assumptions:

The “cascade defaults” option in CalEEMod was deselected for all data entry and report outputs.

Project Characteristics: The project location is within the South Coast Air Basin with the following defaults within CalEEMod: 2.2 m/s wind speed, 31 days precipitation frequency, Climate Zone 9, and urban land use setting. No utility company was selected since construction and operational phases of the project are not expected to utilize electrical power on a long-term basis.

Land Use: The land use type is Recreational (user-defined recreational) with 100 acre project area.

Construction Emissions

For construction emissions an equipment inventory was developed for specific tasks required to implement management measures listed in Section 4.4.5 of the Integrated Feasibility Report (See Attachment 1). Equipment information included off-road and on-road equipment types, quantity of equipment, hours of off-road equipment operation, and on-road transportation distances. For each alternative, a general multi-year construction schedule (Attachment 2) and detailed construction phasing for each management measure (Attachment 9 of the Cost Appendix) were entered into CalEEMod. Each measure entered into CalEEMod was correlated with information from the equipment inventory.

Maximum daily and annual emissions were estimated for each construction year for all alternatives. Results were compared to applicable regulatory thresholds in Chapter 5 of the Integrated Feasibility Report.

Operational Emissions (Maintenance)

Maintenance activities would likely entail annual vegetation maintenance activities over a 30 day period. Required equipment would include approximately five medium duty pickup trucks, two backhoes, two loaders, one excavator, two chippers, and two dump trucks. In so far as all build alternatives share many common restoration features, the scope, nature, and duration of maintenance activities are not expected to be notably different. As a result, operational emissions for all build alternatives are not expected to be substantially different. Furthermore, operational emissions are not expected to substantially change from year to year. As a result, maximum daily and annual emissions estimates were limited to one year.

Operational Emissions (Increased Visitations)

An increase of approximately 572 average daily visitors is projected with implementation of any build alternatives (See Recreational Analysis Appendix, Tables 3 and 4). It was not feasible to use CalEEMod to estimate emissions for vehicle trips not associated with recognized land uses and associated square footages. Emissions were estimated in Microsoft Excel using SCAQMD emissions factors for passenger vehicles (model years 1982-2026). Daily and annual CO2e emissions were calculated using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s CO2e calculator at http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html#results.

Lead (Pb) Emissions

Estimates of lead emissions were not calculated for construction and operational phases. Lead emissions from mobile sources in California have significantly decreased due to the near elimination of lead in fuels. Thus, CalEEMod does not provide estimated emissions for lead. Little to no quantifiable and foreseeable lead emissions would be generated by the alternatives.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

The SCAQMD adopted a quantitative significance threshold of 10,000 metric tons (MT) per year for industrial (stationary source) projects. In the absence of applicable greenhouse gas (GHG) thresholds for ecosystem restoration projects, the 10,000 metric ton threshold for GHG is adopted for use in this analysis. GHG emissions are reported as CO2 equivalents (CO2e).

All three sources of GHG emissions were included: construction, maintenance, and increased visitation. Maintenance and increased are considered operational emissions. The SCAQMD recommends that the total construction emissions be amortized over the lifetime of the project and then added to annual operational emissions. If the lifetime of a project is not known, then a 30-year lifetime is assumed. Construction related GHG emissions were amortized over a 30 year period by summing the annual GHG emissions over the duration of construction and dividing by 30. The amortized values were added to operational GHG emissions. Unlike construction emissions, operational GHG emissions were assumed to remain the same from year to year.

General and Detailed Schedules

General schedules for each alternative are found in Attachment 2. Detailed construction schedules for Alternative 20 and 10 were developed (see Attachment 9 of the Cost Appendix). Detailed construction

schedules for Alternative 16 and 10 were not. However, Alternative 16 is a truncated variation of Alternative 20. Likewise, Alternative 10 is a truncated variation of Alternative 13. As a result, appropriate construction phases entered into CalEEMod for Alternative 20 were deleted to estimate emissions for Alternative 16. Likewise, appropriate construction phases entered into CalEEMod for Alternative 13 were deleted to estimate emissions for Alternative 10. Deleted construction phases for Alternative 13 and 16 are shown below:

Alternative 10 (model derivations from ALT 13 multi-year schedule):

1. The construction duration is a 10-year period between March 16, 2017 and December 25, 2026.

REACH 7 only includes daylighting of 3 storm drains: Removed measure 21 – lower channel banks and provide setback levees or berms Removed measure 17 – habitat corridors/riparian planting on banks

2. REACH 6 includes primary riparian corridor planting in Taylor Yard and concrete removal on left bank.

Removed measure 16 – bioengineering channel walls Removed measure 17 – habitat corridors/riparian planting on banks

3. REACH 3 only includes modification of 1 storm drain, and riparian planting along Zoo Drive.

Removed measure 3/5 – create geomorphology and planting Removed measure 10 – divert tributary and river flow into side channel Moved mobilization and preparatory work (40 days) from February 2024 to February 2025. NO construction takes place in 2024

Alternative 16 (model derivations from ALT 20 multi-year schedule):

1. The construction duration is a 15-year period between October 21, 2018 and February 16, 2032.

2. Removed the following measures from Reach 7:

Measure 8 – creation of wetland flood control basin (corn field) Measure 27 – tributary channels/widen channel (Arroyo Seco) Measure 26 – terrace banks

3. Reach 7: Added Measure 21 – Lower channel banks and provide setback levees or berms

4. Removed the following measures from Reach 2:

Measure 27 – modify trapezoidal channel to vertical sides Measure 16 – bioengineer channel walls Reduced mobilization/prep from 30 days to 12 days.

Off Road On RoadEquipment QuantityHrs./Day Equipment Trips/Day Mile/Trip

Aggregate Base & Asphalt Loader 1 8 Haul: 15-cy trucks 6 30Grader 1 8 crew 6 14.7Roller 1 8

Backfill & Compacted Fill Loader 2 8 Haul: 1 8Dozer 1 8 Crew: 6 14.7Roller 1 8

Chain link Fence Backhoe 1 8 Haul: flatbed trucks 1 6crew 3 14.7

Clearing & Grubbing Rubber-tired dozer 1 8 Haul: 15-cy trucks 6 30crew 3 14.7

Cofferdam Installation Crane 1 8 Haul: flatbed trucks 1 15Excavator 1 1 crew 4 14.7

Concrete Planters Forklift 1 8 Haul: flatbed trucks 4 30Demolition concrete/riprap Excavator 1 8 Haul: 15-cy trucks 4 30

Rubber-tired loaders 2 8 crew 5 14.7Demolition storm drain excavator 1 8 Haul: flatbed trucks 1 20Erosion Control Backhoe 1 8 Haul: 0

Crane 1 8 crew 4Excavate Embankments Scraper 1 8 Haul: 15-cy trucks 6 30

Loader 1 8 Crew 5 14.7Excavate, Grade Control Excavator 1 8 Haul: 15-cy trucks 1 10

Grader 1 8 Crew: 3Install storm drain Fork lift 1 8 Haul: concrete truck 1 72Impermeable Layer Fork lift 1 8 Haul: flatbed trucks 1 25

Crane 1 8 Crew: 5Irrigation Ditch Digger 1 8 Haul 0 0

Crew: 2Mobilization Haul: flatbed trucks 1 30

crew 3 14.7Planting Backhoe 1 8 Haul: 1 12

Crew: 3Restrooms Fork lift 1 8 Haul: 1 17

crane 1 8 Crew: 4Riprap Placement Loader 1 8 Haul: 15-cy trucks 6 30

Excavator 1 8 Crew 5Sheet Pile & Asphalt Demolition Excavator 1 8 Haul: 15-cy trucks 4 30Stone placement & tie-in Excavator 1 8 Haul: 15-cy trucks 1 17

Loader 1 8 Crew: 3Topsoil Grader 1 8 Haul: 1 15

Loader 1 8 Crew: 5 14.7Dozer 1 8

Trail, viewpoints, parking lots Roller 1 8 Haul: 15-cy trucks 1 10Grader 1 8 Crew: 8dozer 1 8Loader 1 8

Utility Towers Crane 1 8 Haul: concrete truck 1 20Haul: flatbed trucks 2 20Crew: 6

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Attachment 1: Equipment List

Alternative 10LERRDS, Plans & Specs, Procurement Actual Construction

Reach NameTOTAL #YRS

Reach 8 0Reach 7 0Reach 6 0Reach 5 0Reach 4 0Reach 3 0Reach 2 0Reach 1 0

Assumptions:1. Prep time (P&S, procurement) is shown immediately preceeding construction




2025 2026

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

2020 2021 2022 2023 20242015 2016 2017 2018 2019

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Attachment 2: General Multi-Year Schedule

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Alternative 13VLERRDS, Plans & Specs, Procurement Actual Construction


Reach 6 4Reach 5 1.9Reach 4 3.4Reach 3 3.7Reach 2 2Reach 1 2.4Reach 8 3.7Reach 7 4

2025 2026 202720242016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023


TOTAL #YRS

Reach 6 5Reach 5 6Reach 4 3.4Reach 7 4.7Reach 3 ‐ 6Reach 2 2Reach 1 2.4Reach 8 7


TOTAL #YRS


2031 20322026 2027 2028 2029 20302021 2022 2023 2024 20252016 2017 2018 2019 2020

20272016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032

Table 5‐5: Alternative 10 Estimated Annual Emissions

Pollutants

General Conformity

Rates (tons/yr)











Ozone (VOC) 10 0.12 0.12 0.06 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.06Ozone (NOX) 10 1.38 1.21 0.62 1.20 0.49 0.66 0.64 0.00 0.50 0.51

NO2 100 1.38 1.21 0.62 1.20 0.49 0.66 0.64 0.00 0.50 0.51CO 100 0.81 0.80 0.41 0.77 0.36 0.62 0.63 0.00 0.60 0.57

PM10 100 0.07 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.03PM2.5 100 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.02CO2e 10000 130 104 57 138 51 105 106 0.00 94 89

Table 5‐6: Alternative 10 Estimated Daily Emissions

Pollutants

Regional Sigfinicant

Rates (lbs/day)

Local Significant

Rates (lbs/day)

2017 Estimated Emissions (lbs/day)










VOC 75 n/a 2.90 5.97 5.69 2.53 4.14 2.50 1.74 0.00 1.72 1.87NOX 100 46 32.47 63.55 58.21 26.89 41.99 23.89 16.69 0.00 14.95 16.90CO 550 231 18.95 40.57 38.50 18.09 31.16 23.16 16.23 0.00 16.40 17.60SO2 150 n/a <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.00 <0.005 <0.005

PM10 150 4 1.67 3.53 3.07 1.46 2.19 1.26 0.88 0.00 0.81 0.93PM2.5 55 3 1.46 3.05 2.65 1.25 1.89 1.05 0.75 0.00 0.66 0.76CO2e n/a n/a 3474 5909 5807 2844 4835 4153 3867 0.00 2995 3217

Table 5-7: OPERATIONS ANNUAL: MAINTENANCE AND VISITATIONS COMBINED (ALL ALTERNATIVES)

Pollutants

General Conformity

Rates (tons/yr)

Estimated Emissions (tons/year)


Maintenance VisitationsOzone (VOC) 10 0.03 6.14Ozone (NOX) 10 0.40 0.51

NO2 100 0.40 0.51CO 100 0.28 0.78

PM10 100 0.02 0.18PM2.5 100 0.02 0.11CO2e 10000.00 48.00 2079.00

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Attachment 3: CalEEMod Data Tables (Annual and Daily) for Construction and Maintenance Emissions & Calculations for Visitation Emissions

Table 5-8: OPERATIONS DAILY: MAINTENANCE AND VISITATIONS COMBINED (ALL ALTERNATIVES)

Pollutants


Rates (lbs/day)

Local Significant

Rates (lbs/day)

Estimated Emissions (lbs/day)


Maintenance VisitationsVOC 55 n/a 2.40 4.80NOX 55 46.00 26.60 3.10CO 550 231.00 18.90 37.60SO2 150 n/a 0.03 0.12

PM10 150 4.00 1.35 1.10PM2.5 55 3.00 1.19 0.73CO2e n/a n/a 3563.00 12720.00

Table 5-9: Alt 10 GHG

Annual CO2e Emissions Sources

SCAQMD GHG Rates

(MT/yr)

Annual Estimated Emissions (MT/year)

Construction n/a 29Maintenance n/a 48

Visitations n/a 2079Total CO2e 10,000 2156


Pollutants

General Conformity

Rates (tons/yr)











Ozone (VOC) 10 0 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.06Ozone (NOX) 10 1 2.28 1.69 1.20 1.02 0.66 0.64 0.87 0.50 0.51

NO2 100 1 2.28 1.69 1.20 1.02 0.66 0.64 0.87 0.50 0.51CO 100 1 1.45 1.09 0.77 0.75 0.62 0.63 0.85 0.60 0.57

PM10 100 0 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03PM2.5 100 0 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02CO2e 10000 130 226 188 138 114 105 106 178 94 89


Pollutants


Rates (lbs/day)

Local Significant

Rates (lbs/day)











VOC 75 n/a 2.90 7.45 5.68 2.53 4.57 2.50 1.74 3.31 1.72 1.87NOX 100 46 32.47 77.96 58.18 26.89 45.97 23.89 16.69 30.75 14.95 16.90CO 550 231 18.95 46.59 38.35 18.09 35.52 23.16 16.23 28.81 16.40 17.60SO2 150 n/a 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.03

PM10 150 4 1.67 4.28 3.04 1.46 2.49 1.26 0.88 1.48 0.81 0.93PM2.5 55 3 1.46 3.74 2.64 1.25 2.14 1.05 0.75 1.20 0.66 0.76CO2e n/a n/a 3474 8142 5772 2844 5420 4153 3867 6841 2995 3217

Table 5-12: Alt 13 GHG


SCAQMD GHG Rates

(MT/yr)




Table 5‐13: Alternative 13 V Estimated Annual Emissions

Pollutants

General Conformity

Rates (tons/yr)












Ozone (VOC) 10 0.007 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.09 0.05Ozone (NOX) 10 0.08 1.32 0.78 1.09 1.18 0.98 0.44 0.80 0.08 0.21 0.14

NO2 100 0.08 1.32 0.78 1.09 1.18 0.98 0.44 0.80 0.08 0.21 0.14CO 100 0.03 0.75 0.50 0.78 0.91 0.78 0.45 0.78 0.54 0.83 0.48

PM10 100 0.005 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.03PM2.5 100 <0.005 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.02CO2e 10000 7 130 100 123 151 155 76 113 122 148 90

Table 5‐14: Alternative 13 V Estimated Daily Emissions

Pollutants


Rates (lbs/day)

Local Significant

Rates (lbs/day)












VOC 75 n/a 0.67 1.56 1.04 2.27 2.26 1.58 1.47 3.80 0.09 2.34 1.44NOX 100 46 7.75 19.22 11.15 23.56 22.88 16.21 14.65 36.33 8.15 20.93 12.76CO 550 231 3.10 10.60 8.70 16.36 17.93 11.77 11.35 34.00 6.95 20.09 13.09SO2 150 n/a 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.02

PM10 150 4 0.44 0.89 0.55 1.22 1.23 0.74 0.67 1.90 0.36 1.05 0.68PM2.5 55 3 0.34 0.77 0.48 1.06 1.05 0.64 0.58 1.60 0.30 0.80 0.56CO2e n/a n/a 1296 2187 1168 2449 2744 2312 2312 5141 2115 4529 2399

Table 5-15: Alt 13v GHG


SCAQMD GHG Rates

(MT/yr)





Pollutants

General Conformity

Rates (tons/yr)

















NO2 100 <0.005 1.38 1.17 1.14 2.14 1.92 0.92 0.83 0.50 0.51 0.46 0.88 0.27 0.32 0.56CO 100 <0.005 0.85 0.80 0.84 1.77 1.82 0.90 0.92 0.66 0.64 0.50 0.96 0.64 0.54 0.87

PM10 100 <0.005 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.03PM2.5 100 <0.005 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.02CO2e 10000 1 148 117 159 357 347 175 197 126 121 80 210 144 175 289


Pollutants


Rates (lbs/day)

Local Significant

Rates (lbs/day)
















VOC 75 n/a 0.01 3.83 8.21 3.59 5.00 5.05 3.25 2.98 2.53 4.36 3.67 2.91 1.70 2.07 4.22NOX 100 46 0.04 38.52 83.67 36.56 47.71 48.36 30.24 25.50 19.95 38.54 32.95 25.72 7.81 8.86 17.39CO 550 231 0.17 25.37 59.37 29.02 41.55 45.42 28.35 27.16 26.24 39.56 35.77 26.40 14.73 18.47 31.22SO2 150 n/a <0.005 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.10

PM10 150 4 0.04 2.13 4.61 1.76 2.31 2.51 1.60 1.27 1.05 2.08 1.87 1.38 0.35 0.46 0.97PM2.5 55 3 0.01 1.82 3.99 1.44 1.88 2.15 1.35 1.01 0.82 1.72 1.54 1.15 0.25 0.36 0.74CO2e n/a n/a 40 3970 9043 6545 9775 10471 4824 6837 5752 7224 6132 5167 3897 4706 9631

Table 5-18: Alt 16 SPL GHG


SCAQMD GHG Rates

(MT/yr)





Pollutants

General Conformity

Rates (tons/yr)

















NO2 100 <0.005 1.38 1.17 1.14 2.14 1.92 2.16 0.83 0.50 0.51 0.71 1.14 0.27 0.32 0.56CO 100 <0.005 0.85 0.80 0.84 1.77 1.82 2.12 0.92 0.66 0.64 0.82 1.21 0.64 0.54 0.87

PM10 100 <0.005 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.03PM2.5 100 <0.005 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.02CO2e 10000 1 148 117 159 357 347 412 197 126 121 153 254 144 175 289


Pollutants


Rates (lbs/day)

Local Significant

Rates (lbs/day)
















VOC 75 n/a 0.01 3.83 8.21 3.59 5.00 5.05 6.77 2.98 2.53 4.36 1.99 3.80 1.70 2.07 4.22NOX 100 46 0.04 38.52 83.67 36.56 47.71 48.36 59.25 25.50 19.95 38.54 18.02 32.50 7.81 8.86 17.39CO 550 231 0.17 25.37 59.37 29.02 41.55 45.42 62.11 27.16 26.24 39.56 18.91 34.54 14.73 18.47 31.22SO2 150 n/a <0.005 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.04 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.10

PM10 150 4 0.04 2.13 4.61 1.76 2.31 2.51 3.19 1.27 1.05 2.08 1.00 1.78 0.35 0.46 0.97PM2.5 55 3 0.01 1.82 3.99 1.44 1.88 2.15 2.53 1.01 0.82 1.72 0.80 1.41 0.25 0.36 0.74CO2e n/a n/a 40 3970 9043 6545 9775 10471 13602 6837 5752 7224 3941 7928 3897 4706 9631

Table 5-21:Alt 20 GHG


SCAQMD GHG Rates

(MT/yr)




MAINTENANCE ANNUAL

Pollutants

General Conformity

Rates (tons/yr)


ROG 10 0.03NOX 10 0.40CO 100 0.28

PM10 100 0.02PM2.5 100 0.02CO2e 10000 48

MAINTENANCE DAILY

Pollutants


Rates (lbs/day)

Local Significant

Rates (lbs/day)


VOC 55 n/a 2.4NOX 55 46 26.6CO 550 231 18.9SO2 150 n/a 0.03

PM10 150 4 1.35PM2.5 55 3 1.19CO2e n/a n/a 3563

DAILY VISITATION

Pollutants Emissions factors

average miles per car

number of cars per day

pounds per day

Metric tons per year

CO2e Daily (lbs/day)

CO2e Annual

CO 0.00328779 20 572 37.61232 6.141837NOx 0.00027141 20 572 3.104927 0.507014

ROG 0.00042052 20 572 4.810804 0.785572SOx 0.00001076 20 572 0.123075 0.020097

PM10 0.00009687 20 572 1.108248 0.180969PM2.5 0.00006415 20 572 0.733871 0.119836

CO2 1.11105829 20 572 12710.51 2075.54CH4 0.00003518 20 572 0.402427 0.065714

CO2e 12,720 2079metric tons per year = lbs/day * 360 days * 0.00045359237 metric tons/lbAnnual CO2e calculated with EPA CO2e calculator at http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html#results gasses used are CO2 (2075 metric tons) and CH4 (0.065 metric tons)emissions factors from SCAQMD on-road factors for passenger vehicles; all model years from 1982-2026Daily CO2e = (12710+0.402) = 12720 lbs per EPA CO2e calculator

ecosystem restoration integrated feasibility appendix f...

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