ecosystems and energy chapter 3. chapter 3 primary themes 1.distinguish ecological levels 2.define...
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Ecosystems and Energy
Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Primary Themes
1.Distinguish ecological levels2.Define and explain energy3.Laws of thermodynamics4.Reactions for photosynthesis & respiration5.Explain pyramids & webs in terms of energy,
biomass, and relationships6.Describe life in terms of GDP and NPP
What is Ecology?
Ecology –
study of the interactions among organisms (biotic) and their abiotic environment.
Level of organization – Ecology in a System: Ecosystem
Spheres of Organization
Landscape Ecology –
encompasses larger area and several ecosystems
Biosphere –
the whole earth
Energy Drives Life
What types of energy are there?
The Energy of Life
Potential vs. Kinetic Energy
All energy forms summed into two forms
Types of Energy1. Chemical - energy stored in bonds2. Radiant - wave energy: electromagnetic3. Thermal - energy flow from high heat to low4. Mechanical - the energy of motion5. Nuclear - atomic nuclei6. Electrical - flow of charged particles
The Energy of LifeThermodynamics – the study of energy
and its transformations.
The Energy of Life1st Law of Thermodynamics –
energy can change forms, but is not created or destroyed
2nd Law of Thermodynamics –
“Entropy Rules!” amount of usable energy decreases as energy changes forms
1st Law deals with quantity of energy
2nd Law with quality of energy
The Energy of Life
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + radiant energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
The Energy of Life
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
The Energy of Life
Case-in-Point: Life Without the Sun
Hydrothermal Vents or Black Smokers • Chemosynthesis• Tube Worms
See You Tube - black smokers
Chemosynthesis
An extremophile is any microbe that thrives in extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, salinity, or concentrations of hostile chemicals.
Extremophiles commonly belong to the kingdom Archaebacteria.
Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis 6{CO2}+6{H2O}+3{H2S} → C6H12O6+3{H2SO4}
The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers
The Path of Energy Flow
Food Chains –
Food Webs –
The Path of Energy Flow
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Biomass
The Path of Energy Flow
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Energy
The Path of Energy Flow
Example: Thermodynamics in Action
Desert: Primary producers = 100 g / m2
Temperate forest: Primary producers = 1,500 g / m2
Food webs very simple, very few tertiary consumers
Food webs very complex, more tertiary consumers, some quaternary.
Primary Production
Desert Biomass Pyramid
Primary producers = 100 g / m2
Primary consumers = 10 g / m2
Secondary consumers = 1.0 g / m2
Tertiary consumers = 0.1 g / m2
Tertiary consumers must range over large areas to obtain enough energy to subsist.
such as . . .13.5 kg coyote must range ~12 ha to subsist (30 acres).
Primary Production
Temperate Forest Biomass Pyramid
Primary producers = 1,500 g / m2
Primary consumers = 150 g / m2
Secondary consumers = 15 g / m2
Tertiary consumers = 1.5 g / m2
13.5 kg coyote only needs ~1 ha to subsist (2.5 acres).
Also, possibility of quaternary consumers, like bears.
NOTE: just relative examples, not accurate
The Path of Energy Flow
Ecosystem Productivity
Net Primary Productivity
Gross Primary Productivity
Plant cellular respiration=
The Path of Energy Flow
Ecosystem Productivity