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DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 382 765 CE 068 210
TITLE General Framework for Employment. Tableau de Bord.(Synoptic Table). Second Edition.
INSTITUTION Commission of the European Communities, Brussels(Belgium). Directorate-General for Employment,Industrial Relations and Social Affairs.
PUB DATE 7 Nov 94NOTE 203p.
PUB TYPE Reference Materials Directories/Catalogs (132)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS Adult Basic Education; Developed Nations; Educational
Improvement; Education Work Relationship; *EmploymentPatterns; *Employment Practices; Equal Opportunities(Jobs); Foreign Countries; *Human Resources; JobTraining; *Policy Formation; *Public Policy;Unemployment; *Youth Employment
IDENTIFIERS Belgium; Denmark; *European Community; France;Germany; Greece; Ireland; Italy; Luxembourg;Netherlands; Portugal; Spain; United Kingdom
ABSTRACTThis synoptic table provides an overview and
comparison of employment trends and policy measures for each memberstate of the European Community. Information on the followingcountries is presented in eight chapters: Belgium, Denmark, Germany,Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,Portugal, and United Kingdom. Chapter 0 presents data on globalindicators: population, increase in working age population, consumerprices, employment rate, and unemployment rate. Chapter 1 coversimproving education and training systems, including policydevelopment, promotion of lifelong learning, and adapting to change.Chapters 2/3 contain data on the following: external flexibility,flexibility of working hours, leave and career breaks, income policy,geographic mobility, and equal opportunities. Recent measures andmeasures being prepared are summarized. Chapter 4 on targetedreductions in indirect labor costs provides synopses of measures,recent measures, and measures being prepared. Chapter 5 on moreactive policy covers three areas: active, passive, and placementmeasures; recent measures; and measures being prepared. Chapter 6 onyoung people provides information on the following: basic educationand transition to working life, promotion of young employment; recentmeasures; and measures being prepared. Chapter 7 summarizes measures,recent measures, and measures being prepared on new requirements.(Contains 58 references.) (YLB)
************************************************************************ Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.***********************************************************************
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w-u
p to
the
'Whi
te P
aper
on
Gro
wth
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petit
iven
ess
and
Em
ploy
men
t'.
The
obj
ect o
f pr
esen
ting
this
info
rmat
ion
in th
e fo
rm o
f a
syno
ptic
tabl
eis
to p
erm
it an
ove
rvie
w a
nd a
n ea
sy c
ompa
riso
n of
the
mea
sure
s ta
ken
in e
ach
Mem
ber
Stat
e. T
he in
divi
dual
sec
tions
als
o fo
llow
the
head
ings
of th
e ge
nera
l fra
mew
ork
for
empl
oym
ent a
s pr
esen
ted
in th
e Pr
esid
ency
Con
clus
ions
of
the
Bru
ssel
s E
urop
ean
Cou
ncil
on 1
0 an
d 11
Dec
embe
r 19
93.
Eve
ry e
ffor
t has
bee
n m
ade
to e
nsur
e th
e re
liabi
lity
of th
e in
form
atio
n,w
ithin
the
limita
tions
of
the
very
syn
thet
ic s
truc
ture
of
such
a ta
ble,
The
bas
ic in
form
atio
n ha
s be
en g
athe
red
from
man
y of
the
obse
rvat
ory
netw
orks
run
by
the
Com
mis
sion
, suc
h as
the
Em
ploy
men
t Obs
erva
tory
(MIS
EP
and
SYSD
EM
) on
em
ploy
men
t pol
icie
s, th
e M
ISSO
Cne
twor
k on
soc
ial p
rote
ctio
n an
d th
e E
UR
I ne
twor
k on
indu
stri
alre
latio
ns. A
cert
ain
amou
nt o
f th
e in
form
atio
n al
so c
omes
fro
m r
epor
ts p
rodu
ced
by th
e C
omm
igsi
on, s
uch
as th
e 'E
mpl
oym
ent i
n E
urop
e' a
nd th
e'S
ocia
l
Prot
ectio
n in
Eur
ope'
rep
orts
as
wel
l as
from
dif
fere
nt s
ervi
ces
with
inth
e C
omm
issi
on, a
nd in
par
ticul
ar D
GII
and
the
Tas
k Fo
rce
for
'Pre
leve
men
t Obl
igat
oire
s'. C
hapt
er 1
on
educ
atio
n an
d tr
aini
ng s
yste
ms
and
Cha
pter
6.1
on
basi
c ed
ucat
ion
and
tran
sitio
n to
wor
king
life
wer
e
prep
ared
by
the
Tas
k Fo
rce
for
Hum
an R
esou
rces
in c
onsu
ltatio
nw
ith th
e D
irec
tors
-Gen
eral
with
res
pons
ibili
ty f
or v
ocat
iona
ltr
aini
ng in
the
Mem
ber
Stat
es. T
he s
ourc
e of
mos
t of
the
quan
titat
ive
data
is E
uros
tat
publ
icat
ions
. In
orde
r to
giv
e m
ore
mea
ning
ful c
ompa
riso
ns p
refe
renc
eha
s be
en g
iven
to C
omm
unity
and
inte
rnat
iona
l sou
rces
, eve
n if
dat
aex
ist a
t nat
iona
l lev
el.
The
clo
se c
o-op
erat
ion
esta
blis
hed
with
Mem
ber
Stat
es, i
npa
rtic
ular
the
adm
inis
trat
ions
with
res
pons
ibili
ty f
or e
mpl
oym
ent,
soci
alaf
fair
s an
d
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g, w
as o
f gr
eat i
mpo
rtan
ce to
the
prep
arat
ion
of th
is ta
ble,
How
ever
, Dir
ecto
rate
-Gen
eral
V o
f th
e C
omm
issi
on r
emai
ns
entir
ely
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
info
rmat
ion
as p
rese
nted
.
.
Thi
s sy
nopt
ic ta
ble
was
ach
ieve
d in
par
alle
l with
the
com
pute
risa
tion
of th
e ne
twor
ks o
f th
e ob
serv
ator
ies,
whi
ch w
ill in
the
futu
re a
llow
acc
ess
to m
ore
deta
iled
and
regu
larl
y up
date
d in
form
atio
n on
the
diff
eren
t mea
sure
s pr
esen
ted
in th
is ta
ble.
A C
D-R
OM
con
tain
ing
all o
f th
e da
ta o
fth
ese
obse
rvat
orie
s in
a s
ingl
e da
taba
se, c
alle
d 'S
ocib
ase'
, is
alre
ady
avai
labl
e. T
his
med
ium
is in
tend
ed to
com
plem
ent t
he in
form
atio
n w
hich
will
con
tinue
to b
e pr
ovid
ed th
roug
h th
e re
gula
r pu
blic
atio
ns o
f th
e E
mpl
oym
ent O
bser
vato
ry, a
s w
ell a
s M
ISSO
C.
Thi
s sy
nopt
ic ta
ble
will
req
uire
con
tinua
l wor
k of
an
esse
ntia
lly f
actu
al n
atur
e an
d it
is h
oped
that
it w
ill le
ad to
an
impr
ovem
ent i
n th
e mut
ual
exch
ange
of
info
rmat
ion
on e
mpl
oym
ent p
olic
ies.
It is
aim
ed in
par
ticul
ar a
t fac
ilita
ting
and
enco
urag
ing
anal
ytic
al a
nd e
valu
atio
n w
ork
atC
omm
unity
leve
l, an
d w
ithin
nat
iona
l fra
mew
orks
, on
syst
ems
and
empl
oym
ent p
olic
ies
as th
ey a
dapt
to e
mer
ging
nee
ds in
ord
er to
com
bat
effe
ctiv
ely
unem
ploy
men
t with
in th
e U
nion
.
Bru
ssel
s, 7
Nov
embe
r 19
94
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0.G
loba
l ind
icat
ors
6
1.Im
prov
ing
educ
atio
n an
d tr
aini
ng s
yste
ms
8
1.1.
Dev
elop
men
t of
polic
ies
8
1.2.
Prom
otio
n of
life
-lon
g le
arni
ng14
1.3.
Ada
ptin
g to
cha
nge
16
2-3.
Gre
ater
inte
rnal
and
ext
erna
l fle
xibi
lity
- R
eorg
anis
atio
n of
em
ploy
men
t20
2.1.
Ext
erna
l fle
xibi
lity
22
Rec
ent m
easu
res
28
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
30
2.2.
Flex
ibili
ty o
f w
orki
ng h
ours
32
Rec
ent m
easu
res
38
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
42
2.3.
Lea
ve a
nd c
aree
r br
eaks
44
Rec
ent m
easu
res
46
2.4.
Inco
mes
pol
icy
48
Rec
ent m
easu
res
50
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
52
2 5.
Geo
grap
hic
mob
ility
54
Rec
ent m
easu
res
54
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
54
89
2.6.
Equ
al o
ppor
tuni
ties
56
Rec
ent m
easu
res
58
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
58
4.T
arge
ted
redu
ctio
ns in
indi
rect
labo
ur c
osts
60
Mea
sure
s60
Rec
ent m
easu
res
62
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
64
5.M
ore
activ
e po
licy
66
5.1.
Act
ive
mea
sure
s68
5.2.
Pass
ive
mea
sure
s72
5.3.
Plac
emen
t ser
vice
s74
Rec
ent m
easu
res
76
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
80
You
ng p
eopl
e82
6.1.
Bas
ic e
duca
tion
and
tran
sitio
n to
wor
king
life
82
6.2.
Prom
otio
n of
you
ng e
mpl
oym
ent
86
Rec
ent m
easu
res
88
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
90
7.N
ew r
equi
rem
ents
92
Mea
sure
s92
Rec
ent m
easu
res
94
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
96
Sour
ces
98
EM
PLO
YM
EN
T O
BS
ER
VA
TO
RY
1 2
13
6
BE
LG
IUM
9192
9394
DE
NM
AR
K91
'.9
293
94
GE
RM
AN
Y91
9293
.94
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
9192
9394
9192
9394
0.G
loba
l ind
icat
ors
1.Po
pula
tion
: med
ian
age
1990
(20
10)
2.In
crea
se in
the
wor
king
-age
pop
ulat
ion
(bet
wee
n 19
85 a
nd 1
990)
36.3
(41.
6)
Neg
ativ
e
37.2
(42.
5)
Ave
rage
38.4
(44.
8)
Neg
ativ
e
36.1
Hig
h
(40.
9)33
.1(3
9.3)
Ave
rage
3.D
epen
denc
y ra
tio o
f T
he e
lder
ly19
90 (
2010
)20
(24)
20(2
4)20
(27)
1918
(21)
4.SM
Es'
(<
100
em
ploy
ees)
con
trib
utio
n to
tota
l em
ploy
men
t (19
88)
5259
4480
66
5.T
otal
em
ploy
men
tan
nual
% c
hang
e0.
1-0
.4-1
.4-0
.8-1
.6-0
.1-0
.50.
9-1
.7-1
.91.
4-1
.31.
9-0
.80
0.5
-1.2
-4.3
1.2
6.G
DP
annu
al %
cha
nge
1.8
1.4
-1.3
1.3
1.0
1.2
1.1
3.8
2.1
-1.2
133.
36.
9-0
.20.
72.
20.
81,
01.
1
7.C
onsu
mer
pri
ces
annu
al %
cha
nge
2.5
2.1
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.1
1.7
2.0
4.8
4.0
3.0
18.5
14.6
13.7
10,2
6,3
6.4
5,1
4.8
8.E
mpl
oym
ent r
ate
48.5
49.6
67.1
68.1
56.7
58.7
47.4
48.6
47,2
48.1
9.Fe
mal
e em
ploy
men
t rat
e37
.538
.961
.162
.444
.447
.932
.634
.231
.933
.4
10.
Une
mpl
oym
ent r
ate
7.5
8.2
9.4
10.3
8.9
9.5
10.4
9.9
5.8
6.8
8.1
9.3
7.2
7.5
8.6
8.9
16.4
18.2
21.5
23,3
11.
Fem
ale
unem
ploy
men
t rat
e11
.412
.213
.710
.210
.811
.37.
08.
38.
912
.823
.825
.528
.2
12.
Perc
enta
ge o
f pe
rson
s be
low
the
pove
rty
line
9.4
4.3
11.9
20.5
17.7
(in
1988
)R
ecen
t ado
ptio
n of
a s
erie
s of
mea
sure
s re
latin
gG
loba
l pla
nL
abou
r m
arke
t ref
orm
Am
endm
ent o
f th
e E
mpl
oym
ent
Dur
ing
the
first
hal
f of 1
993
the
to e
mpl
oym
ent p
olic
yU
nder
the
Glo
bal P
lan
for
empl
oym
ent,
com
petit
iven
ess
and
soci
al s
ecur
ity, a
dopt
ed o
n 17
Nov
embe
r 19
93, a
ser
ies
ofm
easu
res
conc
erni
ng th
e la
bour
mar
ket w
ere
take
n.
A la
bour
mar
ket r
efor
m w
asin
trod
uced
in m
id-9
3 w
hich
invo
lves
the
"act
ivat
ion"
and
dece
ntra
lisat
ion
of la
bour
mar
ket
polic
y an
d th
e re
dist
ribut
ion
of
empl
oym
ent t
hrou
gh c
aree
rbr
eaks
.
Prom
otio
n L
awT
he E
mpl
oym
ent P
rom
otio
n La
ww
as a
men
ded
in A
pril
1994
as
are
sult
of c
hang
es in
the
econ
omic
and
budg
etar
y si
tuat
ion.
Thi
sfo
llow
s on
from
mea
sure
s ad
opte
din
Jan
uary
94.
gove
rnm
ent p
rese
nted
a s
erie
s of
prop
osal
s co
ncer
ning
labo
urm
arke
t ref
orm
. In
1994
law
s on
labo
ur m
arke
t ref
orm
s w
ere
adop
ted:
Law
10/
1994
of 1
9 M
ay
on e
mpl
oym
ent p
rom
otio
n (in
forc
e si
nce
Dec
embe
r 19
93
thro
ugh
urge
ncy
proc
edur
e); L
aw11
/199
4 of
19
May
am
endi
ngce
rtai
n ar
ticle
s of
the
Wor
kers
'S
tatu
te; L
aw 1
4/19
94 o
f I J
une
regu
latin
g te
mpo
raly
em
ploy
men
tfir
ms.
1415
'11
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
191
92
D
9394
91ITA
LY
9293
IRE
LA
N94
191
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94i
9192
9394
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
34.8
(39.
6)ik
igh
27.6
(32.
8)
Hig
h
36.4
(42.
3)
Ave
nge
37.1
(43.
8)
Ave
nge
34.9
Ave
rage
(42.
8)32
.7(3
8.4)
.
Ave
rage
35.8
(40,
7)
Ave
nge
h19
(23)
15(1
8)20
(27)
19(2
3)17
(22)
1821
(23)
5365
7152
5464
47
0-0
.5-1
.3-0
.6-0
0,4
0.7
1,7
0.8
-0.9
-2,8
-1.2
4.2
1.8
1.7
1.0
1.5
0.8
-0.2
-0,6
0.9
-0.6
-2.3
-1.4
-3.1
-2.2
-1.2
0.8
0.7
1.4
-0.7
1,6
2.6
4.8
2,5
4,2
1.2
0.7
-0.7
1.5
3.1
1.9
0.3
1.6
2.1
1.4
0.3
1.3
2.1
1.1
-1.2
1.1
-2.3
-0,5
1.9
2.5
32,
32.
21,
82.
32.
62.
02,
86.
95.
24.
83,
92.
92.
83.
62.
93.
43
2.1
2.3
11.1
.9.
86.
85.
67.
44.
83.
53.
5
54.5
55.5
51.9
52.6
49,9
48.8
51.2
53.6
56.9
! 8
59.5
59.4
61.8
62.2
46.2
47.3
35.1
36.8
35.5
34.5
35.5
39.1
44.3
46.1
49.1
49.5
51.6
52.1
9.5
1010
.811
.516
.217
.818
.417
,810
.110
.311
.112
1.6
1.9
2.6
3.0
7.1
7.2
8.8
10.2
43.
95
6.5
8.9
10.2
10.5
9.9
12.1
12.5
13.0
17.3
19.4
20.1
15.6
13.7
16.9
2.3
2.8
3.6
9.8
9.7
11.7
5.7
4.8
6.0
7.6
7.8
8.1
16.5
19.4
22.0
11.5
4.8
25.1
15.3
Ado
ptio
n by
Par
liam
ent o
n 20
Dec
embe
r 19
93 o
f a
five
-yea
r la
won
labo
ur, e
mpl
oym
ent a
ndvo
catio
nal t
rain
ing.
Pri
or to
the
adop
tion
of th
is la
w, a
ser
ies
ofem
erge
ncy
mea
sure
s w
ere
take
n in
July
199
3.
Ado
ptio
n of
a n
ew th
ree-
year
Prog
ram
me
for
Com
petit
iven
ess
and
Wor
k. A
dopt
ion
of s
erie
s of
mea
sure
s/re
com
men
datio
ns a
risi
ngou
t of
revi
ew o
f in
dust
rial
pol
icy
and
task
for
ce r
epor
t on
smal
lbu
sine
ss. R
educ
tions
mad
e in
Bud
get 1
994
rela
ting
to s
ocia
lse
curi
ty/ta
x bu
rden
s on
low
pai
dw
ork.
An
agre
emen
t bet
wee
n th
e so
cial
part
ners
ado
pted
on
23 J
uly
1993
subs
tant
ially
am
ende
d ce
rtai
npr
actic
es.
It is
exp
ecte
d th
at th
ene
w g
over
nmen
t will
pro
ceed
with
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
this
agre
emen
t.
On
8/3/
94 th
e go
vern
men
tco
nven
ed th
e tr
ipar
tite
coor
dina
tion
com
mitt
ee to
exam
ine
the
conc
lusi
ons
of th
eB
russ
els
Cou
ncil.
A s
erie
s of
mea
sure
s ha
ve b
een
prop
osed
and
adop
ted
by th
e C
ham
ber
ofD
eput
ies.
Thr
ee w
orki
ng g
roup
s co
mpr
isin
gre
pres
enta
tives
of
seve
ral
depa
rtm
ents
hav
e be
en s
et u
p to
exam
ine
the
mea
sure
s su
gges
ted
by th
e B
russ
els
Eur
opea
n C
ounc
il.In
Dec
embe
r 19
93 (
Port
aria
1324
/93)
a s
et o
f m
easu
res
(act
ive
empl
oym
ent p
olic
y an
dpr
even
tion
of a
nd f
ight
aga
inst
unem
ploy
men
t wer
e ad
opte
d.
Maj
or n
ew p
rogr
amm
e of
Com
mun
ity E
mpl
oym
ent
prov
idin
g te
mpo
rary
em
ploy
men
top
port
uniti
es, c
ombi
ned
with
mod
ules
of
pers
onal
and
ski
llsde
velo
pmen
t, ha
s be
en e
mba
rked
upon
.
The
se r
elat
e in
par
ticul
ar to
long
-te
rm u
nem
ploy
men
t.
167
8
IBE
LG
IUM
9192
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9394
1.9I
92
DE
NM
AR
KI
GE
RM
AN
YI
GR
EE
CE
1.Im
prov
ing
educ
atio
n an
d tr
aini
ng s
yste
ms
SPA
IN
9491
9293
94
13.
14.
15.
Perc
enta
ge e
nrol
men
t fro
m 1
5-18
yea
rs
Perc
enta
ge e
nrol
men
t fro
m 1
9-22
yea
rs
Perc
enta
ge e
nrol
men
t fro
m 2
3 -2
4. y
ears
95 53 17
75 24 14
75 25 17
82 39 16
78 40 21
16.
Kno
wle
dge
of d
ata
proc
essi
ng (
% p
op. 1
5.24
year
s)47
6945
1928
17.
Post
-com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n %
act
ive
pop.
(>
25
year
s)
54.1
71.1
75.6
40.8
29
18.
Post
-com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n %
act
ive
pop.
(25
-34)
61.0
80.6
79.3
612
44
1.1.
Dev
elop
men
t of
polic
ies
Stra
tegi
c O
bjec
tives
The
pri
ncip
le o
bjec
tive
of th
eN
atio
nal T
rain
ing
Plan
(Fi
P) f
or19
93-9
6 is
to b
ring
toge
ther
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g po
licy
and
the
need
s of
pro
duct
ion
syst
ems,
by
putti
ng in
pla
ce a
nat
iona
l sys
tem
of q
ualif
icat
ions
bas
ed o
nvo
catio
nal d
iplo
mas
and
cert
ific
ates
.
Dec
entr
alis
atio
nR
espo
nsib
ility
for
the
cont
ent o
fPo
licy
fram
ewor
k an
d ai
ms
Initi
al v
ocat
iona
l tra
inin
g is
Voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
polic
yR
espo
nsib
ility
for
trai
ning
pol
icy
educ
atio
n an
d vo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
esta
blis
hed
at n
atio
nal a
nd s
ecto
ral
divi
ded
betw
een
two
trai
ning
dete
rmin
ed a
t nat
iona
l lev
el.
in th
e fr
amew
ork
of th
e FI
P re
sts
rest
s w
ith th
e co
mm
uniti
es; t
hele
vel t
hrou
gh tr
ade
com
mitt
ees;
agen
cies
(du
al s
yste
m):
ent
erpr
ise
Tra
inin
g de
liver
y ca
rrie
d ou
t by
with
the
natio
nal g
over
nmen
t.de
liver
y is
man
aged
by
regi
onal
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g co
llege
s an
dan
d vo
catio
nal s
choo
l for
initi
alna
tiona
l pub
lic a
utho
ritie
s;T
he r
egio
ns a
rc c
onsu
lted
on th
e
orga
niza
tions
.th
eir
loca
l tra
inin
g co
mm
ittee
str
aini
ng in
com
pani
es f
eder
al la
wed
ucat
ion
inst
itutio
ns a
nd p
riva
teFI
P an
d th
e au
tono
mou
s re
gion
sha
ve r
espo
nsib
ility
for
the
plan
ning
and
del
iver
y of
trai
ning
.is
in f
orce
. The
Und
er a
rere
spon
sibl
e fo
r sc
hool
s. T
he s
tate
reco
gnis
ed o
ccup
atio
ns (
at p
rese
nt
com
pani
es.
have
res
pons
ibili
ty f
or th
em
anag
emen
t of
initi
al tr
aini
ngan
d tr
aini
ng f
or th
e un
empl
oyed
.37
3) a
re d
efin
ed a
ccor
ding
tola
bour
mar
ket n
eeds
in c
lose
co-
oper
atio
n of
fed
eral
and
Lin
der
gove
rnm
ents
and
soc
ial p
artn
ers.
ICS
19
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
I91
9293
9491
9293
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
941
9192
93
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SI
POR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
72 46 14 5850 45
.3
58.3
7874
8683
6763
1340
3735
4215
321
1614
196
30 35.6
45.0
69 26.0
27.3
64 65.2
70.8
19 15.4
23.0
69 35.8
45.1
The
obj
ectiv
e w
as s
et in
198
9,th
at 8
0% o
f peo
ple
shou
ld b
eed
ucat
ed to
bac
cala
urea
te le
vel
and
100
!' to
cra
ft le
vel (
CA
F.
The
lega
l fra
me%
Yor
k is
set
by
the
stat
e w
hich
, alo
ng w
ith th
ere
gion
al c
ounc
ils, f
inan
ces
publ
ictr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es P
riont
ics
for
trai
ning
var
y fr
om r
egio
n to
reg
ion
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith n
eeds
. The
re is
a di
vers
e ra
nge
of o
rgan
izat
ions
invo
lved
in tr
aini
ng d
eliv
ery,
, priv
ate
trai
ning
bod
ies;
pub
licau
thor
ities
, and
em
ploy
ers
To
secu
re 9
0% p
artic
ipat
ion
in th
eE
duca
tiona
l Sen
ior
Cyc
le b
y ye
ar20
00 a
nd to
bro
aden
the
curr
icul
ar c
onte
nt a
nd v
ocat
iona
lor
ient
atio
n of
that
cyc
le.
To
deve
lop
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
nan
d tr
aini
ng s
chem
es a
s w
illen
sure
that
ski
ll ne
eds
for
com
petit
ive
busi
ness
are
ava
ilabl
ein
the
labo
ur fo
rce.
To
impl
emen
t tra
inin
g an
dem
ploy
men
t pro
gram
mes
(invo
lvin
g a
capa
city
exp
ansi
on o
f47
5% b
y 19
97)
aim
ed a
ten
hanc
ing
the
oppo
rtun
ities
for
the
unem
ploy
ed to
(re
)inte
grat
ein
to th
e ac
tive
labo
ur fo
rce.
Voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
polic
y an
dim
plem
enta
tion
is th
ere
spon
sibi
lity
of th
e na
tiona
lem
ploy
men
t and
trai
ning
aut
horit
yF
AS
. Sep
arat
e na
tiona
l aut
horit
ies
- (m
aan
d T
EA
CiA
SC
hav
ere
spon
sibi
lity
for
trai
ning
into
uris
m a
nd a
gric
ultu
re.
2 0
The
trai
ning
pol
icy
fram
ewor
k is
set a
t nat
iona
l lev
el w
hich
outli
nes
guid
ing
prin
cipl
es, s
ets
spec
ific
prio
rity
area
s, r
egul
ates
the
prof
essi
ons
and
unde
rtak
esre
sear
ch. T
he r
egio
ns a
rere
spon
sibl
e fo
r pr
omot
ing
and
finan
cing
trai
ning
act
ions
cove
ring
empl
oyed
and
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e.
Ref
eren
ce p
oint
s ar
e se
t for
trai
ning
pol
icy
incl
udin
g th
e tim
eto
be
devo
ted
to tr
aini
ng; a
nd th
ede
finiti
on o
f key
qua
lific
atio
ns.
Voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
polic
y (in
ital
& c
ontin
uing
) is
the
resp
onsi
bilit
yof
the
natio
nal M
inis
try
ofE
duca
tion.
Con
tinui
ng tr
aini
ngpo
licy
is d
evel
oped
by
the
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e fo
r th
eD
evel
opm
ent o
f Con
tinui
ngT
rain
ing.
Voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
can
also
he
orga
nize
d by
the
prof
essi
onal
cha
mbe
rs, a
nd b
ym
unic
ipal
ities
; and
priv
ate
orga
niza
tions
aut
horiz
ed b
y th
eM
inis
ter
of n
atio
nal E
duca
tion.
Str
ateg
ic o
bjec
tives
are
toin
crea
se: t
he p
artic
ipat
ion
of lo
w-
qual
ified
wor
kers
in tr
aini
ng; t
hepa
rtic
ipat
ion
of w
orke
rs in
Sh1
E's
in tr
aini
ng; t
he tr
ansp
aren
cy o
f the
trai
ning
mar
ket.
Res
pons
ibili
ty fo
r vo
catio
nal
trai
ning
pol
icy
is s
hare
d at
natio
nal l
evel
by
gove
rnm
ent,
and
the
cent
ral f
eder
atio
ns o
fem
ploy
ers
and
empl
oyee
s. T
heR
egio
nal E
mpl
oym
ent B
oard
sha
ve r
espo
nsib
ility
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
trai
ning
pol
icy
and
trai
ning
pro
visi
on.
Str
ateg
ic o
bjec
tives
are
inpa
rtic
ular
: the
gra
dual
incr
ease
of
acce
ss to
initi
al tr
aini
ng, a
t lea
ston
e ye
ar, l
eadi
ng to
aqu
alifi
catio
n fo
r al
l you
ng p
eorie
ente
ring
the
labo
ur m
arke
t(in
clud
ing
mea
sure
s in
the
cont
ext
of th
e ed
ucat
ion
syst
em a
s w
ell a
svo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
linke
d to
the
labo
ur m
arke
t); t
he d
evel
opm
ent
of c
ontin
uing
trai
ning
, and
ara
isin
g of
the
qual
ifica
tion
leve
lsof
the
wor
kfor
ce, i
n pa
rtic
ular
, the
low
ly q
ualif
ied;
wor
kers
in S
ME
s;w
orke
rs in
sec
tors
in d
eclin
e;w
orke
rs a
ffect
ed b
y in
dust
rial
rest
ruct
urin
g (v
ocat
iona
lco
nver
sion
).
Res
pons
ibili
ty fo
r vo
catio
nal
trai
ning
pol
icy
rest
s w
ith c
entr
algo
vern
men
t and
is im
plem
ente
dth
roug
h a
publ
ic n
atio
nal a
genc
y.T
he r
egio
ns a
re c
onsu
lted
ontr
aini
ng p
olic
y th
roug
h re
gion
alco
nsul
tativ
e co
unci
ls.
Nat
iona
l tar
gets
for
trai
ning
and
educ
atio
n at
tain
men
t hav
e be
endr
awn
up b
y em
ploy
ers
and
endo
rsed
by
gove
rnm
ent.
The
yar
e m
easu
rabl
e ta
rget
s ou
tlini
ngm
inim
um q
ualif
icat
ion
leve
ls fo
ryo
ung
peop
le a
nd a
dult
wor
kers
.
The
fram
ewor
k of
voc
atio
nal
trai
ning
pol
icy
is s
et a
t nat
iona
lle
vel a
nd im
plem
ente
d th
roug
hlo
cally
bas
ed T
rain
ing
and
Ent
erpr
ise
Cou
ncils
(T
EC
s) in
Eng
land
and
Wal
es a
nd L
ocal
Ent
erpr
ise
Cou
ncils
(LE
Cs)
inS
cotla
nd. T
here
is a
lso
a w
ide
rang
e of
priv
ate
sect
or p
rovi
sion
,in
add
ition
to th
e ex
tens
ive
netw
ork
of p
ublic
ly fu
nded
Col
lege
s of
furt
her
educ
atio
n,ea
ch o
f whi
ch is
now
inde
pend
antly
man
aged
.
21
lit
Soci
al p
artn
ers
Priv
ate
sect
or
22,
1
BE
LG
IUM
9192
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DE
NM
AR
KI
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
E
94If
91
9293
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SPA
IN
9192
9394
The
rol
e of
the
soci
al p
artn
ers
intr
aini
ng is
inst
itutio
naliz
ed a
t the
fede
ral,
regi
onal
, sec
tora
l and
the
ente
rpris
e le
vel.
The
ir fu
nctio
ns a
tal
l lev
els
are
to s
et o
bjec
tives
,pl
an fi
nanc
ing
and
to im
plem
ent
and
mon
itor
trai
ning
pol
icie
s
The
priv
ate
sect
or is
a p
rovi
der
of: i
nitia
l tra
inin
g in
an
alte
man
ce-b
ased
sys
tem
;co
ntin
uing
trai
ning
for
empl
oyee
s; a
nd -
with
sup
port
from
pub
lic fu
nds
- tu
tors
and
faci
litie
s fo
r ad
ult e
duca
tion
and
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e.
The
rol
e of
the
soci
al p
artn
ers
isin
stitu
tiona
lized
at t
he n
atio
nal,
sect
oral
and
loca
l lev
els
as w
ell a
sin
the
firm
s th
emse
lves
. The
y ar
ein
volv
ed in
the
plan
ning
, qua
lity
and
prac
tical
con
tent
of t
rain
ing
asw
ell a
s ap
pren
tices
hip
exam
s an
dqu
alifi
catio
n ne
eds.
Som
e so
cial
part
ner
orga
niza
tions
als
o de
liver
educ
atio
n an
d tr
aini
ng c
ours
es.
The
priv
ate
sect
or is
a p
rovi
der
ofin
itial
and
con
tinui
ng tr
aini
ng in
an a
ltem
ance
-bas
ed s
yste
m fo
r
empl
oyee
s, y
oung
and
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e.
The
soc
ial p
artn
ers'
rol
e in
trai
ning
pol
icy
is in
stitu
tiona
lized
thro
ugh
com
mitt
ee p
artic
ipat
ion
atfe
dera
l, !ti
nder
and
reg
iona
l lev
el;
wor
ks c
ounc
ils; i
n fir
ms
and
thro
ugh
sect
oral
col
lect
ive
agre
emen
ts. T
heir
func
tions
at a
llle
vels
incl
ude
advi
sing
on
the
prep
arat
ion
and
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
qua
lity
requ
irem
ents
; con
tent
and
dura
tion
of M
iinin
g fo
roc
cupa
tions
; org
anis
atio
n of
cour
ses;
and
exa
m r
equi
rem
ents
.S
ome
trad
e as
soci
atio
ns a
nd tr
ade
unio
ns a
re a
lso
trai
ning
pro
vide
rs.
The
priv
ate
sect
or p
rovi
des
initi
altr
aini
ng fo
r yo
ung
peop
le th
roug
hth
e al
tern
ate
base
d du
al s
yste
m.
Con
tinui
ng v
ocat
iona
l tra
inin
g is
carr
ied
out i
n an
ope
n sy
stem
with
man
y su
pplie
rs (
ente
rpris
es,
asso
ciat
ions
, sch
ools
).
23
The
soc
ial p
artn
ers
part
icip
ate
inna
tiona
l adv
isor
y co
unci
ls o
nvo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
polic
y an
dre
sear
ch r
elat
ing
to v
ocat
iona
ltr
aini
ng. T
hey
also
par
ticip
ate
inth
e ce
rtifi
catio
n co
mm
ittee
. The
yha
ve a
lso
been
invo
lved
in th
ese
tting
up
and
the
impl
emen
tatio
nof
the
trai
ning
and
gui
danc
e in
prog
ram
mes
whe
n
-tr
aini
ng a
ctiv
ities
are
inno
vativ
e;co
-ope
ratio
n am
ong
orga
nisa
tions
at n
atio
nal o
rtr
ansn
atio
nal l
evel
ism
anda
tory
;pa
rric
ir-et
s in
volv
ed in
trai
ning
act
iviti
es m
ake
afin
anci
al c
ontr
ibut
ion.
The
priv
ate
sect
or p
rovi
des
trai
ning
for:
you
ng p
eopl
eth
roug
h an
alte
man
ce-b
ased
initi
al tr
aini
ng d
ual s
yste
m; a
ndtr
aini
ng fo
r em
ploy
ees,
whi
ch c
anbe
sup
port
ed th
roug
h pu
blic
fund
s. It
als
o pa
rtic
ipat
es in
the
area
of r
esea
rch
and
pilo
t pro
ject
s
The
soc
ial p
artn
er o
rgan
isat
ions
at
natio
nal l
evel
are
con
sulte
d on
trai
ning
pol
icy
as m
embe
rs o
f the
natio
nal G
ener
al C
ounc
il fo
rV
ocat
iona
l Tra
inin
g. T
hey
also
have
an
impo
rtan
t rol
e in
the
deve
lopm
ent a
nd a
ppro
val o
ftr
aini
ng p
lans
for
wor
kers
inen
terp
rises
. The
se p
lans
are
supp
orte
d by
pub
lic fu
nds,
but
man
aged
by
the
soci
al p
artn
ers.
The
FiP
invo
lves
the
priv
ate
sect
or a
s pa
rt o
f the
aim
of
linki
ng v
ocat
iona
l tra
inin
g po
licy
to p
rodu
ctio
n ne
eds.
Priv
ate
sect
or e
nter
pris
es a
re a
lso
invo
lved
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
qual
ifica
tions
for
initi
al a
ndco
ntin
uing
trai
ning
. Tra
inin
gpl
ans
of th
e pu
blic
aut
horit
ies,
also
incl
ude
coop
erat
ion
with
the
priv
ate
sect
or in
the
prep
arat
ion,
deve
lopm
ent a
nd im
plem
enta
tion
of tr
aini
ng a
ctio
ns.
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
Y
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
93
The
soc
ial p
artn
ers
are
invo
lved
inth
e de
velo
pmen
t of
voca
tiona
ltr
aini
ng p
olic
y at
the
natio
nal,
sect
oral
and
fir
m le
vels
. The
yco
ntri
bute
tow
ards
dec
isio
ns o
nth
e pl
anni
ng, f
inan
cing
and
man
agem
ent o
f tr
aini
ng a
t var
ious
leve
ls, f
or e
xam
ple
thro
ugh
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
.
The
pri
vate
sec
tor
prov
ides
trai
ning
pla
ces
for:
you
ng p
eopl
eun
derg
oing
initi
al tr
aini
ngsy
stem
s; a
nd e
mpl
oyee
s.
The
soc
ial p
artn
ers
are
invo
lved
in th
e st
rate
gic
dire
ctio
n of
trai
ning
pol
icy
thro
ugh
repr
esen
tatio
n on
the
boar
ds o
fna
tiona
l em
ploy
men
t and
trai
ning
auth
oriti
es; a
nd o
n in
dust
rial
trai
ning
com
mitt
ees
whi
ch d
irec
tna
tiona
l pol
icy
at in
dust
rial
sec
tor
leve
l.
The
pri
vate
sec
tor
prov
ides
initi
altr
aini
ng f
or y
oung
em
ploy
ees
thro
ugh
an a
ltem
ance
-bas
edap
pren
tices
hip
syst
em a
ndco
ntin
uing
trai
ning
for
thei
rem
ploy
ees.
24
9419
192
9394
191
9293
9419
192
9394
9192
9394
Soci
al p
artn
ers
invo
lvem
ent i
sin
stitu
tiona
lized
thro
ugh
part
icip
atio
n in
pol
icy
com
mitt
ees
at n
atio
nal a
nd r
egio
nal l
evel
.T
hey
are
invo
lved
in p
olic
y -
mak
ing
for
trai
ning
qua
lity
and
the
rele
vanc
e of
trai
ning
prov
isio
n in
mee
ting
busi
ness
need
s. S
ome
soci
al p
artn
eror
gani
zatio
ns a
re a
lso
trai
ning
prov
ider
s.
The
pri
vate
sec
tor
prom
otes
and
fina
nces
trai
ning
act
iviti
es f
or it
sow
n em
ploy
ees.
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
The
invo
lvem
ent o
f th
e so
cial
part
ners
is e
nsur
ed th
roug
h th
eel
ecte
d pr
ofes
sion
al c
ham
bers
.T
he c
ham
bers
par
ticip
ate
in th
edr
aftin
g of
trai
ning
pol
icy
and
inits
impl
emen
tatio
n.
The
pri
vate
sec
tor
part
icip
ate
in th
etr
aini
ng o
f: y
oung
peo
ple
thro
ugh
an a
ltem
ance
-bas
ed in
itial
trai
ning
syst
em; a
nd to
em
ploy
ees.
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
The
soc
ial p
artn
ers
are
activ
ely
invo
lved
in d
efin
ing/
mai
ntai
ning
the
natio
nal q
ualif
icat
ion
stru
ctur
ein
acc
orda
nce
with
rep
res
,tativ
es
of th
e ed
ucat
iona
l fie
ld, t
hrou
ghse
ctor
al b
odie
s in
volv
emen
t of
soci
al p
artn
ers
with
voc
atio
nal
educ
atio
n is
fur
ther
mor
e re
flec
ted
in c
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
, and
issu
es li
ke in
itial
and
con
tinui
ngtr
aini
ng a
nd tr
aini
ng-l
eave
.
The
pri
vate
sec
tor
is a
pro
vide
r of
trai
ning
for
: you
ng p
eopl
e in
an
alte
ma,
tce
-bas
ed in
itial
trai
ning
syst
em, a
nd f
or e
mpl
oyee
s.
The
soc
ial p
artn
ers
shar
e w
ith th
ego
vern
men
t the
res
pons
ibili
ty f
orim
plem
entin
g th
e co
nstu
tiona
lri
ght t
o vo
catio
nal t
rain
ing.
The
irro
le is
inst
itutio
naliz
ed th
roug
hre
pres
enta
tion
at n
atio
nal l
evel
on
the
econ
omic
and
soc
ial
com
mitt
ee a
nd th
e ad
min
istr
ativ
eco
unci
l of
the
inst
itute
for
empl
oym
ent a
nd v
ocat
iona
ltr
aini
ng. T
hey
also
dev
elop
thei
row
n in
itial
and
con
tinui
ngtr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es f
or w
orke
rsan
d em
ploy
ers.
The
pri
vate
sec
tor
prov
ides
initi
altr
aini
ng f
or y
oung
peo
ple
thro
ugh
an a
ltem
ance
bas
ed a
ppre
ntic
eshi
psy
stem
, voc
atio
nal s
choo
ls,
tech
nolo
gica
l and
oth
er ty
pes
ofsc
hool
s. T
hey
also
pro
vide
cont
inui
ng tr
aini
ng f
or w
orke
rs.
Priv
ate
sect
or e
mpl
oyer
s ta
ke th
ele
ad in
impl
emen
ting
trai
ning
polic
y. E
mpl
oyer
s ha
ve ta
ken
the
lead
in s
ettin
g na
tiona
l tar
gets
.T
EC
s / L
EC
s ar
e al
so le
d by
priv
ate
sect
or e
mpl
oyer
s at
the
loca
l lev
el a
nd a
t the
sec
tora
lle
vel e
mpl
oyer
s ta
ke th
e le
adth
roug
h st
anda
rd s
ettin
g in
dust
ryle
ad b
odie
s an
d in
dust
ry tr
aini
ngor
gani
zatio
ns. T
he p
riva
te s
ecto
ris
als
o th
e pr
inci
pal t
rain
ing
prov
ider
for
: you
ng p
eopl
eth
roug
h an
alte
man
ce-b
ased
yout
h tr
aini
ng s
chem
e; th
eir
empl
oyee
s; a
nd in
pro
vidi
ngso
me
trai
ning
and
wor
kex
peri
ence
for
une
mpl
oyed
peop
le th
roug
h pu
blic
ly f
unde
dpr
ogra
mm
es.
25II
12
Qua
lity
26
BE
LG
I ..;
DE
NM
AR
K
9192
9394
9192
93
A r
ange
of m
easu
res
are
used
tom
aint
ain
qual
ity in
clud
ing:
incr
ease
s in
ski
ll le
vels
;un
empl
oyed
peo
ple
findi
ng w
ork
afte
r tr
aini
ng; q
ualit
y ce
rtifi
cate
sfo
r tr
aini
ng p
rovi
ders
; and
educ
atio
n in
spec
tors
.
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
E
9491
9293
9491
9293
SPA
941
9192
9394
Pro
ject
s by
a n
atio
nal e
valu
atio
nce
ntre
exa
min
e di
ffere
nt a
spec
ts o
fed
ucat
ion
and
trai
ning
qua
lity,
incl
udin
g : o
bjec
tive
fact
ors
(e.g
.pa
ss r
ates
); o
rgan
isat
ion
and
deliv
ery;
and
use
r ev
alua
tion.
Oth
er m
easu
res
incl
ude
qual
ityce
rtifi
catio
n fo
r tr
aini
ng p
rovi
ders
.
In th
e du
al s
yste
m a
ppre
ntic
es a
retr
aine
d fo
r st
ater
ecog
nise
doc
cupa
tions
. Con
tent
s of
initi
altr
aini
ng a
nd le
vel o
f req
uire
men
tsar
e de
fined
as
min
imum
stan
dard
s. N
ew n
eeds
aris
ing
from
econ
omic
and
tech
nolo
gica
lde
velo
pmen
ts a
re ta
ken
into
acco
unt i
n in
itial
trai
ning
thro
ugh
mod
erni
satio
n of
con
tent
s an
dst
anda
rds
of in
itial
voc
atio
nal
trai
ning
and
test
ing
in m
odel
proj
ects
; the
qua
lific
atio
ns o
ftr
aini
ng p
erso
nnel
; the
deve
lopm
ent o
f dua
l ini
tial
trai
ning
mod
els
in th
e te
rtia
ryse
ctor
in c
onne
ctio
n w
ith o
rou
tsid
e un
iver
sitie
s; th
ede
velo
pmen
t of p
rofe
ssio
nal
care
ers
in m
iddl
e/hi
gher
pos
ts b
ylin
king
the
cont
ent a
nd ti
min
g of
initi
al tr
g., a
dditi
onal
qual
ifica
tions
and
con
tinui
ng tr
g.;
the
intr
oduc
tion
of la
ngua
getr
aini
ng in
voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing.
App
licat
ions
from
priv
ate
ente
rpris
es fo
r tr
aini
ngpr
ogra
mm
e su
bsid
es a
nev
alua
ted
on a
set
of c
rite
ria,
incl
udin
g: th
e re
leva
nce
of th
etr
aini
ng to
the
obje
ctiv
es o
f the
ente
rpris
e; th
e tr
aini
ng m
ater
ials
,m
etho
d, c
onte
nt a
nd d
urat
ion;
and
the
avai
labi
lity
ofin
stru
ctor
s. Q
ualit
y w
ill b
ein
crea
sed
thro
ugh
cert
ifica
tion
ofpr
ogra
mm
es b
y au
thor
ised
orga
nisa
tions
min
imum
sta
ndar
dsfo
r tr
aini
ng p
rovi
ders
hav
e al
sobe
en e
sb.a
lishe
d.
Qua
lity
will
be
assu
red
by: t
hecr
eatio
n of
an
Inte
nnin
iste
rial
Uni
t for
Voc
atio
nal Q
ualif
icat
ions
to u
pdat
e qu
alifi
catio
ns; t
hene
twor
k of
Nat
iona
l Cen
tres
for
Voc
atio
nal T
rain
ing
whi
ch is
resp
onsi
ble
for
inno
vatio
n an
d th
ede
velo
pmen
t of t
rain
ing
cour
ses
for
trai
ners
; the
cre
atio
n of
Cen
tres
for
Tra
inin
g, In
nova
tion
and
Dev
elop
men
t of V
ocat
iona
lT
rain
ing,
to a
naly
se c
onte
nt,
deve
lop
curr
icul
a an
d or
gani
seth
e tr
aini
ng o
f tea
cher
s; m
inim
umst
anda
rds
for
trai
ning
pro
vide
rs;
prog
ram
mes
of v
ocat
iona
lgu
idan
ce; a
nd p
erio
dic
eval
uatio
nof
the
trai
ning
sys
tem
.
27
FRA
NC
E
9192
93
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
9491
9293
9491
9293
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9419
192
93
Qua
lity
cont
rol s
yste
ms
are
bein
gde
velo
ped
with
a v
iew
toes
tabl
ishi
ng c
lear
term
inol
ogy
oftr
aini
ng p
rovi
sion
; ana
lysi
ng th
e,L
rele
vanc
e of
trai
ning
pro
visi
on;
clar
ifyi
ng'ins
the
natu
re o
f tr
aini
ngse
rvic
es. A
lso
min
imum
sta
ndar
dsfo
r tr
aini
ng p
rovi
ders
are
bei
ngin
trod
uced
.
A T
rain
ing
Prog
ram
me
spec
ific
atio
n st
anda
rd a
ssur
esqu
ality
in tr
aini
ng d
esig
n an
dco
vets
: obj
ectiv
es; i
nstr
uctio
nm
etho
ds a
nd m
ater
ials
; and
asse
ssm
ent s
yste
ms.
A n
atio
nal
Stan
dard
s C
omm
ittee
ove
rsee
squ
ality
man
agem
ent a
nd p
olic
y.T
here
is a
lso
som
e in
spec
tion
and
cert
ific
atio
n fo
r ex
tern
al tr
aini
ngpr
oced
ures
.
Eva
luat
ion
of tr
aini
ngpr
ogra
mm
es -
in p
artic
ular
thos
esu
ppor
ted
by th
e E
urop
ean
Soci
alFu
nd -
is b
eing
car
ried
out
Anu
mbe
r of
eva
luat
ion
initi
ativ
esha
ve b
een
laun
ched
to d
evel
opan
d co
mpa
re e
valu
atio
n m
odel
s.
94I
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M91
9293
9491
9293
94I
9192
9394
"Tot
al q
ualit
y" is
bei
ng d
evel
oped
in th
e co
ntex
t of
trai
ning
and
ISO
stan
dard
s ar
e ap
plie
d to
som
etr
aini
ng c
ours
es. O
ther
eva
latio
nm
etho
ds a
re b
eing
exa
min
ed.
Leg
al r
egul
atio
ns a
nd g
uide
lines
are
set c
over
ing
the
qual
ity a
ndor
gani
satio
n of
Um
, ing
. In
addi
tion
to th
e tr
aditi
onal
insp
ecto
rate
, vis
its b
y "o
utsi
depe
ers"
are
enc
oura
ged
to a
sses
sth
e qu
ality
man
agem
ent b
y th
ein
stitu
tes
them
selv
es, a
cces
s to
the
job
of tr
aine
r is
trad
ition
ally
bas
edon
a s
et o
f qu
alif
icat
ions
unila
tera
lly d
efin
ed b
y th
eM
inis
ter
of e
duca
tion.
The
sequ
alif
icat
ion
requ
irem
ents
are
tobe
dev
elop
ed f
rom
pro
fess
ion
prof
iles
by r
epre
sent
ativ
es f
rom
the
educ
atio
n fi
eld
qual
ity c
ontr
olis
dec
entr
aliz
ed to
the
leve
l of
inst
itute
s, w
ithin
the
fram
ewor
k of
lega
l reg
ulat
ions
/gui
delin
es.
Qua
lity
is m
aint
aine
d th
roug
hle
gal p
rovi
sion
s an
d gu
idel
ines
setti
ng m
inim
ums
in p
artic
ular
for
initi
al tr
aini
ng th
ere
are
refe
renc
efr
amew
orks
to e
nsur
e qu
ality
,w
ork
has
been
sta
rted
on
esta
blis
hing
cur
rent
nee
ds to
regu
late
the
trai
ning
mar
ket,
with
a vi
ew to
intr
oduc
ing
ace
rtif
icat
ion
syst
em f
or v
ocat
iona
ltr
aini
ng.
Prov
ider
s of
trai
ning
for
gove
rnm
ent p
rogr
amm
es h
ave
tobe
app
rove
d; o
ther
trai
ning
ism
easu
red
thro
ugh
the
outp
uts
inte
rms
of n
atio
nal v
ocat
iona
lqu
alif
icat
ions
ach
ieve
d by
part
icip
ants
.
13
14
BE
LG
IUM
9192
9394
DE
NM
AR
ICG
ER
MA
NY
IG
RE
EC
E91
9293
9491
9293
94ij
9192
93
SPA
IN
9192
9394
1.2.
Pro
mot
ion
of li
fe-l
ong
lear
ning
Prov
isio
n
Prom
otin
g A
cces
s
j 0
Bas
ic a
nd in
itial
edu
catio
npr
ogra
mm
es fo
r ad
ults
; adu
lted
ucat
ion
for
pers
onal
deve
lopm
ent;
educ
atio
n fo
r so
cial
adva
ncem
ent (
even
ing
and
wee
k-en
d co
urse
s in
gen
eral
and
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
n); t
rain
ing
prog
ram
mes
for
empl
oyee
s an
dun
empl
oyed
peo
ple
and
for
self-
empl
oym
ent;
supp
ort f
or tr
aini
ngin
SM
E's
.
Pai
d st
udy
leav
e fo
r ap
prov
edge
nera
l or
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
nfo
r w
orke
rs. E
mpl
oyer
s co
sts
are
(ful
ly o
r pa
rtly
) co
vere
d by
pub
licfu
nds.
Tax
rel
ief f
or in
divi
dual
sfo
r tr
aini
ng e
xpen
ses;
pay
men
tsan
d bo
nuse
s fo
r un
empl
oyed
peop
le w
hils
t tra
inin
g. M
easu
res
to p
rom
ote
trai
ning
for
"ris
kgr
oups
" -
peop
le w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s;w
orke
rs u
nder
thre
at o
fun
empl
oym
ent;
long
-te
rra
unem
ploy
ed; o
lder
wor
kers
.R
educ
ed s
ocia
l sec
urity
cont
ribut
ion
for
empl
oyee
sre
crui
ting
wor
kers
to tr
ain.
Tra
inin
g le
vy o
n em
ploy
ers
of0.
15 %
of w
age
hill
(199
3.94
).
Bas
ic o
r ad
vanc
ed e
duca
tion
and
trai
ning
for
adul
ts o
pen
educ
atio
nco
urse
s (p
art t
ime
furt
her
gene
ral
and
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
n); p
ublic
trai
ning
pro
visi
on fo
r sk
illed
and
sem
i-ski
lled
wor
ker.
, ent
erpr
ise
-or
ient
ed c
ours
es to
mee
t spe
cific
busi
ness
nee
ds; t
rain
ing
"offe
rs"
toun
empl
oyed
peo
ple;
sel
f-em
ploy
men
t sup
port
pro
gram
mes
.
Fre
e ac
cess
to m
any
cont
inui
ngtr
aini
ng c
ours
es a
nd p
rogr
amm
es;
up to
1 y
ear's
leav
e on
app
rove
dad
ult e
duca
tion
or v
ocat
iona
ltr
aini
ng c
ours
es, t
rain
ees
rece
ive
unem
ploy
men
t ben
efits
(w
hich
can
be s
uppl
emen
ted
by th
eem
ploy
er);
adu
lt em
ploy
ees
with
low
edu
catio
nal a
ttain
men
t can
take
par
t in
gene
ral a
nd v
ocat
iona
led
ucat
ion
cour
ses
durin
g w
orki
ngho
urs.
Tra
inin
g fo
r "r
isk
grou
ps"-
peop
le w
ith d
isab
ilitie
s, e
thni
cm
inor
ities
. Pay
men
t for
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e w
hils
t
trai
ning
.
Con
tinui
ng tr
aini
ng a
nd g
ener
aled
ucat
ion
mea
sure
s fo
r ad
ults
with
few
qua
lific
atio
ns; i
n-sc
hool
cont
inui
ng tr
aini
ng fo
r tr
ade
and
tech
nica
l spe
cial
ism
s; a
dvan
ced
and
furt
her
trai
ning
for
empl
oyee
s; tr
aini
ng m
easu
res
for
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e; a
nd s
uppo
rtfo
r tr
aini
ng in
SM
E's
.
Nin
e Li
nder
hav
e ed
ucat
iona
lle
ave
law
s im
plem
ente
d th
roug
hco
llect
ive
agre
emen
ts. M
ost
prov
ide
3 da
ys p
er y
ear.
Fed
eral
and
Lind
er g
rant
s ar
e av
aila
ble
for
inve
stm
ents
in tr
aini
ngfa
cilit
ies
and
for
indi
vidu
als.
Spe
cial
"ta
rget
gro
ups"
for
trai
ning
sup
port
are
: the
long
-ter
mun
empl
oyed
; old
er w
orke
rs;
youn
ger
wor
kers
; and
wor
kers
inS
ME
's. P
aym
ent f
or u
nem
ploy
edpe
ople
whi
lst t
rain
ing.
31
Adu
lt fu
rthe
r ed
ucat
ion
and
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g pr
ogra
mm
esfo
r: e
mpl
oyee
s to
impr
ove
care
erpr
ospe
cts;
low
qua
lifie
d w
orke
rs;
and
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e.
Acc
ess
to tr
aini
ng is
a m
atte
rde
term
ined
by
agre
emen
tsbe
twee
n em
ploy
er a
nd e
mpl
oyee
s.
Fre
e ac
cess
to m
any
voca
tiona
ltr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es a
nd th
epa
ymen
t of g
rant
s to
trai
nees
.S
peci
al ta
rget
gro
ups
for
trai
ning
incl
ude:
peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties,
ethn
ic m
inor
ities
and
the
low
-qu
alifi
ed .
Incr
ease
of t
radi
tiona
lpr
ofes
sion
s (h
andi
craf
t,si
lver
smith
ery
etc.
) tr
aini
ng in
spec
ialit
ies
lead
ing
toem
ploy
men
t. T
ax e
xem
ptio
ns fo
rtr
aini
ng fo
r ce
rtai
n qu
alifi
catio
ns.
Tra
inin
g le
vy o
n em
ploy
ers
of 0
,2%
(19
93)
of th
e w
ages
bill
,re
fund
ed o
n th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of a
ppro
ved
trai
ning
pro
gram
mes
.F
urth
er c
o-op
erat
ion
with
the
soci
al p
artn
ers
is d
evel
opin
gac
cess
to c
ontin
uing
trai
ning
thro
ugho
ut w
orki
ng li
fe.
Initi
al tr
aini
ng is
con
cent
rate
d in
educ
atio
n ce
ntre
s si
tuat
edth
roug
hout
the
coun
try.
Con
tinui
ng tr
aini
ng c
an a
lso
bepr
ovid
ed a
t the
se c
entr
es.
Acc
ess
to in
itial
trai
ning
isas
sure
d th
roug
h th
e pr
ovis
ion
ofin
form
atio
n to
thos
e se
ekin
gtr
aini
ng a
nd th
roug
h th
e gr
owin
gnu
mbe
r of
trai
ning
cen
tres
. The
maj
ority
of s
econ
dary
edu
catio
nin
stitu
tes
also
pro
vide
voc
atio
nal
trai
ning
. Acc
ess
to c
ontin
uing
trai
ning
is a
ssur
ed th
roug
hco
llect
ive
agre
emen
ts. T
opr
omot
e an
d st
imul
ate
thes
eag
reem
ents
, the
Nat
iona
lA
gree
men
t on
Con
tinui
ngT
rain
ing,
sig
ned
in 1
992,
prov
ides
for
part
fina
ncin
g by
publ
ic fu
nds
of th
e co
sts
oftr
aini
ng p
lans
in e
nter
pris
es o
rjo
int t
rain
ing
plan
s (in
volv
ing
seve
ral S
ME
s) fo
r S
ME
s w
ithle
ss th
an 2
00 p
eopl
e. T
he li
nkbe
twee
n in
itial
and
con
tinui
ngtr
aini
ng is
ens
ured
by
the
conn
ectio
n be
twee
n th
e di
plom
asfo
r in
itial
trai
ning
and
the
cert
ifica
tes
for
adul
ts p
artic
ipat
ing
in tr
aini
ng a
t diff
eren
t sta
ges
thro
ugho
ut th
eir
wor
king
life
.W
orke
rs a
lso
have
a r
ight
totr
aini
ng le
ave
for
voca
tiona
led
ucat
ion.
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRE
LA
ND
I IT
AL
Y
9192
9394
If
9192
93
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
9419
192
9394
9192
93
1 PO
RT
UG
AL
9491
9293
94
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
Voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
prog
ram
mes
for
empl
oyee
s an
d un
empl
oyed
peop
le; b
asic
edu
catio
n an
d'tr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es f
or lo
w-
qual
ifie
d ad
ults
; edu
catio
n fo
rso
cial
and
cul
tura
l adv
ance
men
t;su
ppor
t for
trai
ning
wor
kers
in' S
ME
s.
Rig
hts
to tr
aini
ng a
nd a
reco
gniz
ed q
ualif
icat
ion
and
topa
id le
ave
for
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
nan
d tr
aini
ng a
ctiv
ities
incl
uded
inth
e en
terp
rise
trai
ning
pla
ns.
Dur
atio
n an
d te
rms
subj
ect t
oag
reem
ent b
etw
een
empl
oyer
and
empl
oyee
. Tra
inin
g cr
edits
for
trai
ning
leav
e ar
e be
ing
deve
lope
d.Pr
iori
ty p
ublic
trai
ning
pro
visi
onfo
r: lo
ng te
rm u
nem
ploy
ed p
eopl
ean
d ol
der
wor
kers
.B
usin
ess
trai
ning
pla
ns m
ust
indi
cate
the
prio
ritie
s fo
r tr
aini
ngan
d ci
te a
ctiv
ities
for
trai
ning
for
low
-qua
lifie
d w
orke
rs;
man
agem
ent o
f w
orki
ng ti
me
and
trai
ning
; and
fin
anci
ng. T
ax r
elie
ffo
r bu
sine
ss a
nd in
divi
dual
s on
cert
ain
type
s of
trai
ning
expe
nditu
re. P
aym
ents
for
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e w
hils
ttr
aini
ng.
Tra
inin
g m
easu
res
for
basi
c ad
ult
educ
atio
n; tr
aini
ng o
f em
ploy
ees
-in
par
ticul
ar, t
hose
aff
ecte
d by
indu
stri
al c
hang
e; lo
w-q
ualif
ied
empl
oyee
s; w
orke
rs in
SM
E's
,em
ploy
ees
in n
ew in
dust
ries
loca
ting
in I
rela
nd; a
nd m
anag
ers.
Furt
her
trai
ning
mea
sure
s fo
run
empl
oyed
peo
ple
and
for
trai
ning
for
sel
f-em
ploy
men
t.
Tra
inin
g gr
ants
to f
irm
ssu
bmitt
ing
satis
fact
ory
trai
ning
plan
s. L
evy-
gran
t sys
tem
with
rate
s va
ryin
g by
indu
stri
al s
ecto
rra
ngin
g fr
om 0
,25
% to
1,2
5 %
(199
2). R
efun
ds p
rovi
ded
in th
eba
sis
of a
sat
isfa
ctor
y te
stim
onia
lof
trai
ning
car
ried
out
fro
m th
eC
hief
Exe
cutiv
e of
the
ente
rpri
se.
Prio
rity
gro
ups
for
publ
icly
fund
ed p
rogr
amm
es a
re lo
ng-t
erm
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e an
d pe
ople
with
dis
abili
ties.
Pay
men
ts f
orun
empl
oyed
peo
ple
whi
lst
trai
ning
.
Eva
luat
ion
of tr
aini
ngpr
ogra
mm
es -
in T
rain
ing
prog
ram
mes
for
une
mpl
oyed
peop
le a
nd w
orke
rs a
ffec
ted
byin
dust
rial
cha
nge
indi
sadv
anta
ged
area
s w
here
ther
eis
a s
erio
us im
bala
nce
betw
een
labo
ur s
uppl
y an
d de
man
d. I
nco
mpa
ny a
nd f
urth
er v
ocat
iona
ltr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es f
orem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e in
oth
er c
ases
whe
re th
ere
is a
n Im
bala
nce
betw
een
labo
ur s
uppl
y an
dde
man
d..
Leg
al f
ram
ewor
k pr
ovid
es f
or a
righ
t to
cont
inui
ng tr
aini
ng.
Agr
eem
ents
bet
wee
n so
cial
part
ners
at n
atio
nal,
regi
onal
and
com
pany
-lev
el p
rovi
de s
truc
ture
sto
pro
mot
e ac
cess
incl
udin
gsp
ecia
l lea
ve f
or p
rofe
ssio
nal
trai
ning
dur
ing
wor
king
hou
rs.
Red
uctio
n in
em
ploy
men
t cos
tsfo
r yo
ung
peop
le u
nder
goin
gtr
aini
ng. P
aym
ents
for
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e w
hils
ttr
aini
ng.
Tra
inin
g pr
ogra
mm
es f
or: b
asic
educ
atio
n fo
r ad
ults
, lon
g-te
rmun
empl
oyed
peo
ple
with
no
prof
essi
onal
qua
lific
atio
ns; j
ob-
seek
ers
wis
hing
to r
etur
n to
the
labo
ur m
arke
t or.
chan
ge jo
bs; j
obse
eker
s w
ith p
rofe
ssio
nal
qual
ific
atio
n w
ho h
ave
diff
icul
ties
in f
indi
ng a
job
in li
ne w
ith th
eir
skill
s an
d ex
pect
atio
ns.
Som
e se
ctor
al c
olle
ctiv
eag
reem
ents
pro
vide
for
pai
dsp
ecia
l lea
ve f
or tr
aini
ng to
furt
her
the
inte
rest
s of
the
ente
rpri
se. N
egot
iatio
ns a
reun
derw
ay a
t nat
iona
l lev
el o
nre
gula
ting
acce
ss to
and
exer
cisi
ng th
e ri
ght t
o tr
aini
ng.
Prio
rity
gro
ups
for
publ
ic tr
aini
ngm
easu
res
incl
ude
the
long
-ter
mun
empl
oyed
, peo
ple
with
disa
bilit
ies,
wor
kers
aff
ecte
d bi
indu
stri
al c
hang
e. P
aym
ents
for
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e w
hils
ttr
aini
ng.
The
pro
visi
on o
f ad
ult e
duca
tion
isco
mbi
ned
betw
een
publ
icly
fun
ded
and
com
mer
cial
edu
catio
nal
serv
ices
. Dis
tinct
ion
is m
ade
betw
een
"sec
ond
chan
ce e
duca
tion
and
trai
ning
" (d
isad
vant
aged
targ
etgr
oups
), s
choo
ling
of th
e (l
ong
term
) un
empl
oyed
, sch
oolin
g of
activ
e la
bour
for
ce a
nd "
adul
ted
ucat
ion
for
pers
onal
cons
umpt
ion"
. Gov
ernm
ent p
olic
yis
dir
ecte
d at
stim
ulat
ing
tran
spar
ency
of
the
mar
ket o
f(p
ublic
ly/p
riva
tely
fun
ded)
educ
atio
nal s
ervi
ces
for
adul
ts.
Tra
inin
g le
ave
is im
plem
ente
dth
roug
h co
llect
ive
agre
emen
ts. O
nav
erag
e on
e to
thre
e da
ys p
er y
ear
are
gran
ted,
but
in e
xcep
tiona
lca
ses
leav
e ca
n be
for
bet
wee
nei
ght a
nd te
n da
ys. P
rior
ity g
roup
sfo
r pu
blic
ly f
unde
d tr
aini
ngm
easu
res
are
low
ski
lled
wor
kers
;lo
ng-t
erm
une
mpl
oyed
peo
ple;
ethn
ic m
inor
ities
; peo
ple
with
disa
bilit
ies
and
wor
kers
in s
mal
lan
d m
ediu
m-s
ized
ent
erpr
ises
.G
rant
s ar
e av
aila
ble
for
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e w
hils
ttr
aini
ng.
Bas
ic a
nd, s
econ
dary
edu
catio
n fo
rad
ults
; tra
inin
g co
urse
s fo
r:em
ploy
ed a
nd u
nem
ploy
edpe
ople
; man
agem
ent t
rain
ing
for
smal
l and
med
ium
-siz
eden
terp
rise
s an
d co
-ope
rativ
es.
Acc
ess
to v
ocat
iona
l tra
inin
g is
aco
nstit
utio
nal r
ight
. Fin
anci
alsu
ppor
t for
trai
ning
can
be
prov
ided
for
une
mpl
oyed
peo
ple
and
unpa
id tr
aini
ng le
ave
for
thos
e at
ris
k of
losi
ng th
eir
jobs
.Sp
ecia
l tra
inin
g m
easu
res
have
been
impl
emen
ted
for
the
long
-te
rm u
nem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e w
ithdi
sabi
litie
s; e
thni
c m
inor
ities
; and
wor
kers
aff
ecte
d by
indu
stri
alch
ange
.
Em
ploy
ers
are
enco
urag
ed o
n a
volu
ntar
y ba
sis
to d
evel
op th
eir
empl
oyee
s. T
he I
nves
tors
inPe
ople
sta
ndar
d se
ts a
benc
hmar
k. T
here
is e
xten
sive
prov
isio
n fo
r tr
aini
ng a
ndvo
catio
nal e
duca
tion
for
youn
gpe
ople
and
adu
lts, i
nclu
ding
the
unem
ploy
e, a
nd c
over
ing
voca
tiona
l ski
lls, e
nter
pris
etr
aini
ng, a
nd b
asic
ski
l'sde
liver
ed v
ia tr
aditi
onal
cou
rses
and
by o
pen
and
flex
ible
lear
ning
.
Acc
ess
to tr
aini
ng a
nd to
pai
dtr
aini
ng le
ave
are
mat
ters
for
agre
emen
t bet
wee
n em
ploy
ers
and
empl
oyee
s. T
ax r
elie
f an
dsu
bsid
ed lo
am a
re a
vaila
ble
toin
divi
dual
s pa
ying
for
trai
ning
lead
ing
to n
atio
nal v
ocat
iona
lqu
alif
icat
ion.
"In
vest
ors
inPe
ople
" in
itiat
ive
prom
otes
the
inte
grat
ion
of tr
aini
ng in
toco
mpa
ny p
lans
and
obj
ectiv
es.
Allo
wan
ces
paid
to u
nem
ploy
edpe
ople
whi
lst t
rain
ing.
Tho
seel
igib
le f
or p
ublic
trai
ning
prog
ram
mes
incl
ude:
peo
ple
with
disa
bilit
ies;
eth
nic
min
oriti
es;
peop
le in
larg
e sc
ale
redu
ndan
cies
; and
labo
ur m
arke
tre
turn
ers.
3315
Equ
al O
ppor
tuni
ties
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
9192
9394
9192
9394
191
9293
9491
9293
94
SPA
IN
9192
9394
Equ
al o
ppor
tuni
ties
are
prom
oted
thro
ugh
posi
tive
actio
ns f
orw
omen
incl
udin
g in
form
atio
n an
dad
vice
; tra
inin
g in
non
-tra
ditio
nal
occu
patio
ns; a
nd s
uppo
rt f
orw
omen
with
chi
ldre
n.
Mea
sure
s to
pro
mot
e eq
ual
oppo
rtun
ities
incl
ude
a on
e ye
arvo
catio
nal e
duca
tion
and
trai
ning
prog
ram
me
for
wom
en.
Equ
al o
ppor
tuni
ties
mea
sure
sin
clud
e su
ppor
t for
wom
en w
ithfe
w q
ualif
icat
ions
and
adv
ice
and
guid
ance
to r
e-in
tegr
ate
into
wor
king
life
aft
er a
n ab
senc
e fr
omth
e la
bour
mar
ket.
Equ
al o
ppor
tuni
ties
are
prom
oted
thro
ugh
incr
easi
ng s
uppo
rt f
orw
omen
with
chi
ldre
n or
oth
erre
spon
sibi
litie
s. T
rain
ing
for
peop
le w
ith s
peci
al n
eeds
.
In th
e Fi
P Pr
iori
ty is
giv
en to
wom
en r
etur
ning
to th
e la
bour
mar
ket a
fter
a lo
ng a
bsen
ce. T
hey
are
also
giv
en p
rior
ity in
the
"Pla
n fo
r T
rain
ing
and
Occ
upat
iona
l Int
egra
tion"
whi
chfo
cuse
s up
on th
e un
empl
oyed
.T
his
plan
app
lies
the
prin
cipl
e of
equa
lity
in th
e se
lect
ion
oftr
aine
es.
Skill
nee
dsSk
ill n
eeds
res
earc
h un
dert
aken
Tra
de a
nd ~
ranc
h co
mm
ittee
sSk
ill n
eeds
and
ass
essm
ents
are
Skill
nee
ds a
re a
sses
sed
byA
sys
tem
of
skill
nee
ds a
naly
sis
by th
e C
omm
uniti
es in
clud
es:
stud
y tr
aini
ng a
nd q
ualif
icat
ion
carr
ied
out b
y th
e Fe
dera
ltr
ipar
tite
com
mitt
ee in
eac
hha
s be
en in
trod
uced
whi
ch
vaca
ncy
anal
ysis
; ana
lysi
s of
need
s th
roug
h qu
alif
icat
ion
Gov
ernm
ent a
nd th
e tr
aini
ngpr
efec
ture
, whi
ch is
org
anis
ed b
yin
clud
es s
ecto
ral s
tudi
es to
prog
ram
me
take
-up;
labo
uran
alys
is a
nd c
lose
con
tact
with
auth
ority
ana
lysi
ng tr
aini
ngO
EE
K.
exam
ine
the
char
acte
rist
ics
of
mar
ket /
edu
catio
n st
udy
grou
psco
mpa
nies
on
trai
ning
and
ski
llbe
havi
our,
qua
lific
atio
n pr
ofile
sSk
ill n
eeds
res
earc
h is
car
ried
out
prod
uctio
n pr
oces
ses
and
the
on s
peci
fic
issu
es.
need
s.an
d la
bour
con
ditio
ns. O
ther
fore
cast
s ar
e co
mm
issi
oned
exam
inin
g th
e de
mog
raph
icch
ange
s an
d la
bour
nee
ds.
by O
EE
K in
the
fiel
d of
the
EC
prog
ram
me
FOR
CE
.
chan
ges
in o
ccup
atio
ns. O
n th
eba
sis
of th
ese
stud
ies
trai
ning
prov
isio
n is
rev
ised
. The
trai
ning
need
s of
jobs
eeke
rs a
re a
lso
eval
uate
d in
the
light
of
trai
ning
priis
ion,
in o
rder
to ta
rget
prev
isio
n m
ore
effe
ctiv
ely.
3435
1
FRA
NC
E
9192
93
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
9491
9293
941
9192
9394
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9192
93
Bus
ines
s tr
aini
ng p
lans
mus
tin
dica
te a
ctio
n be
ing
take
n to
prom
ote
equa
lity
of o
ppor
tuni
ty.
Mod
ular
trai
ning
pro
visi
on f
or' w
omen
ret
urni
ng to
the
labo
urm
arke
t Pilo
t pro
ject
s ar
e be
ing
unde
rtak
en e
xam
inin
gdi
vers
ific
atio
n of
voc
atio
nal
' pro
gram
mes
for
wom
en.
Posi
tive
actio
n m
easu
res
inpa
rtic
ular
adv
ice
and
re-t
rain
ing
prov
isio
n to
hel
p w
omen
re-
inte
grat
e in
to th
e la
bour
mar
ket
afte
r a
peri
od o
f ab
senc
e.
The
lega
l fra
mew
ork
prov
ides
for
posi
tive
actio
ns in
the
fiel
d of
equa
l opp
ortu
nitie
s an
d se
eks
topr
omot
e: im
prov
ed p
artic
ipat
ion
of w
omen
in tr
aini
ng; i
nteg
ratio
nof
wom
en in
occ
upat
ions
whe
reth
ey a
re u
nder
-rep
rese
nted
;re
orga
nisa
tion
and
mor
e fl
exib
lew
orki
ng a
rran
gem
ents
.
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SI
POR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
9491
9293
9491
9293
94I9
1.:
9293
94
Publ
icly
fun
ded
trai
ning
mea
sure
sto
hel
p w
omen
who
wis
h to
retu
rn to
the
labo
ur m
arke
t aft
era
peri
od o
f ab
senc
e.
Nex
t to
segr
egat
ed s
ervi
ces
dire
cted
at q
ualif
ying
wom
en f
orth
e la
bour
mar
ket,
educ
atio
nal
polic
y al
so a
ims
at e
qual
oppo
rtun
ities
with
in th
e in
itial
educ
atio
n an
d tr
aini
ng s
yste
m.
Polic
y on
equ
al o
ppor
tuni
ties
isno
t res
tric
ted
to g
ende
r is
sues
, but
is a
lso
dire
cted
at o
ppor
tuni
ties
ofdi
sadv
anta
ged
targ
et g
roup
s lik
em
igra
nts,
han
dica
pped
and
peo
ple
with
insu
ffic
ient
qua
lific
atio
ns.
Tra
inin
g m
easu
res
targ
et y
oung
and
adul
t wom
en to
ass
ist t
heir
pers
onal
and
voc
atio
nal
deve
lopm
ent.
Act
iviti
es in
clud
e :
basi
c vo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
and
educ
atio
n; tr
aini
ng in
man
agem
ent
and
new
em
ploy
men
t fie
lds;
and
in n
on-t
radi
tiona
l pro
fess
ions
.
Tra
inin
g pr
ovis
ion
seek
s to
be
flex
ible
to r
econ
cile
dom
estic
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
and
fac
ilita
tes
part
-tim
. par
ticip
atio
n an
dpr
ovid
es ..
mpp
ort f
or c
hild
car
eco
sts.
Tho
se e
ligib
le f
or p
ublic
lyfu
nded
trai
ning
pro
visi
on is
giv
ento
labo
ur m
arke
t ret
urne
rs a
ndlo
ne p
aren
ts. T
rain
ing
prov
isio
nin
clud
es: c
onfi
denc
e bu
ildin
g; jo
bse
arch
tech
niqu
es; t
rain
ing
cour
ses
incl
udin
g in
man
agem
ent
and
non-
trad
ition
al o
ccup
atio
ns.
Stud
ies
of s
kill
need
s ar
eun
dert
aken
in s
ecto
rs id
entif
ied
inco
nsul
tatio
n w
ith th
e so
cial
part
ners
. The
se f
ocus
upo
n fu
ture
econ
omic
dev
elop
men
ts a
nd th
eir
impa
ct u
pon
qual
ific
atio
n ne
eds.
Ane
twor
k of
reg
iona
l em
ploy
men
tan
d tr
aini
ng o
bser
vato
ries
als
opr
ovid
e st
atis
tical
info
rmat
ion
ontr
aini
ng a
ctiv
ity a
nd u
nder
take
stud
ies
into
tra;
ning
and
qual
ific
atio
ns n
eeds
.
Futu
re s
kill
need
s ar
e as
sess
edth
roug
h th
e oc
cupa
tiona
lm
anpo
wer
for
ecas
ting
mod
el. T
his
curr
ently
pro
vide
s fo
reca
sts
for
the
peri
od 1
991-
96 a
nd e
xam
ines
dem
ogra
phic
tren
ds, s
ecto
ral
com
posi
tion
of e
mpl
oym
ent,
chan
ging
qua
lific
atio
n ne
eds,
labo
ur d
eman
d an
d oc
cupa
tiona
lpr
ofile
s. O
ther
stu
dies
of
skill
shor
tage
s ba
sed
on v
acan
cyan
alys
is a
re c
arri
ed o
ut. S
ecto
ral
man
pow
er s
tudi
es a
im to
iden
tify
man
pow
er a
nd tr
aini
ng n
eeds
ove
ra
5-10
yea
r pe
riod
.
3
Som
e re
gion
s ha
ve f
orec
astin
gm
odel
s fo
r sk
ill n
eeds
. An
agre
emen
t with
the
soci
alpa
rtne
rs f
ores
ees
the
deve
lopm
ent
of b
ilate
ral o
rgan
izat
ions
dea
ling
with
res
earc
h on
trai
ning
requ
irem
ents
and
fut
ure
desi
gn o
ftr
aini
ng s
tand
ards
.
The
Nat
iona
l Ins
titut
e fo
r th
eD
evel
opm
ent o
f C
ontin
uing
Tra
inin
g un
dert
akes
, tog
ethe
r w
ithth
e pr
ofes
sion
al c
ham
bers
,an
alys
es o
f tr
aini
ng a
ctiv
ities
and
met
hodo
logi
es o
f co
ntin
uing
trai
ning
.
Thr
ough
act
ive
invo
lvem
ent o
fse
ctor
al s
ocia
l par
tner
s in
def
inin
gst
anda
rds
for
qual
ific
atio
ns, t
hena
tiona
l voc
atio
nal q
ualif
icat
ion
stru
ctur
e is
upd
ated
to a
dapt
toqu
alita
tive
chan
ges
in s
kill
need
s.
An
anal
ysis
of
the
qual
ific
atio
nne
eds
has
been
dev
elop
ed a
tna
tiona
l lev
el f
or th
e m
ediu
m a
ndlo
ng-t
erm
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt;
prof
essi
onal
gro
upin
gs, l
abou
rfo
reca
sts
in d
iffe
rent
sec
tors
; and
abov
e al
l new
voc
atio
nal p
rofi
les.
Shor
t -te
rm s
kill
and
trai
ning
need
s of
bus
ines
ses
is e
stab
lishe
dth
roug
h da
ta c
olle
cted
fro
mco
mpa
nies
(th
e la
test
info
rmat
ion
rela
tes
to 1
993-
95).
An
annu
al a
naly
sis
of la
bour
mar
ket s
kill
tren
d.. i
s un
dert
aken
base
d on
cha
ngin
g oc
cupa
tiona
lst
ruct
ures
with
in s
ecto
rs; t
here
isre
gula
r an
alys
is o
f sk
ill n
eeds
at
sect
or le
vel t
o fe
ed in
toco
mpe
tenc
e ba
sed
qual
ific
atio
nst
anda
rds;
loca
l lab
our
mar
ket
rese
arch
is c
arri
ed o
ut b
y T
EC
s /
LE
Cs
and
shar
ed w
ith c
olle
ges
ofFu
rthe
r E
duca
tion;
and
som
e sk
illne
eds
anal
ysis
is u
nder
take
n by
empl
oyer
s.
37
17
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K91
9293
9491
9293
I G
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
9491
9293
.94
9192
934.
App
licat
ion
of n
ew te
cnol
ogie
s to
trai
ning
Indu
stri
al C
hang
eW
orke
rs e
ffect
ed b
y in
dust
rial
chan
ge a
re a
n "a
t ris
k" g
roup
and
a pr
iorit
y fo
r re
-tra
inin
g th
roug
hpu
blic
ly fu
nded
man
ures
and
prog
ram
mes
.
Com
pute
r-ba
sed
trai
ning
and
inte
r-ac
tive
vide
o m
ater
ials
use
d by
som
e em
ploy
ers
and
trai
ning
prov
ider
s in
the
publ
ic s
ecto
r. In
the
publ
ic s
ecto
r ne
w le
arni
ngfo
rms
and
met
hods
are
und
erde
velo
pmen
t.
Wor
kers
affe
cted
by
indu
stria
lch
ange
are
a p
riorit
y gr
oup
for
re-
trai
ning
thro
ugh
publ
icly
fund
edm
easu
res
and
prog
ram
mes
.
Dis
tanc
e le
arni
ng m
ater
ials
are
bein
g de
velo
ped,
incl
udin
g m
ulti-
med
ia le
arni
ng p
rogr
amm
es a
ndin
tera
ctiv
e sy
stem
s. T
echn
olog
ical
chan
ges
are
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt in
the
revi
sion
of t
rain
ing
cont
ent
and
qual
ifica
tions
.
Pub
licly
fund
ed m
easu
res
prov
ided
to r
etra
in w
orke
rsaf
fect
ed b
y in
dust
rial c
hang
e w
hoar
e a
prio
rity
grou
p. A
n ac
tion
plan
for
retr
aini
ng a
nd w
orke
rsha
s be
en im
plem
ente
d in
the
new
Und
er.
Dur
ing
the
last
yea
r th
e us
e an
dth
e ap
plic
atio
n of
new
tech
nolo
gyis
an
inte
gral
par
t of t
hese
cond
ary
educ
atio
n.A
dis
tanc
e tr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
e is
bein
g de
velo
ped
by O
EE
K,
linki
ng th
ree
I.V.T
.s.
Wor
kers
affe
cted
by
indu
stria
lch
ange
are
a p
riorit
y gr
oup
for
supp
ort f
rom
pub
licly
fund
edtr
aini
ng m
easu
res.
SPA
IN
9192
9394
Tra
inin
g co
urse
s in
corp
orat
e bo
thth
e th
eory
and
the
use
new
tech
nolo
gy. N
ew tr
aini
ngte
chni
ques
usi
ng n
ev..
tech
nolo
gyar
e te
sted
in s
peci
al c
entr
es,
befo
re b
eing
dis
sem
inat
ed a
ndap
plie
d m
ore
gene
rally
.
The
FiP
take
s in
to a
ccou
ntw
orke
rs w
ho a
re th
reat
ened
by
indu
stria
l cha
nge.
The
Nat
iona
lA
gree
men
t on
Con
tinui
ngT
rain
ing
prov
ides
fina
ncia
lsu
ppor
t to
requ
alify
wor
kers
thre
aten
ed b
y un
empl
oym
ent.
3839
I91
9293
94
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
Y
evel
opm
ents
in n
ew te
chno
logy
--za
km in
to a
ccou
nt in
rea
sses
sin
qual
ifica
tions
. A r
esea
rch
cent
re a
t.1
1e u
se o
f new
tech
nolo
gy in
educ
atio
n is
bei
ng e
stab
lishe
d.
Wor
kers
thre
aten
ed b
y in
dust
rial
chan
ge a
re a
prio
rity
grou
p fo
rpu
blic
ly fu
nded
re-
trai
ning
prog
ram
mes
.
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
.91
9293
9419
192
9394
191
9293
9419
192
9394
191
92-9
394
Wor
kers
affe
cted
by
indu
stria
lch
ange
are
a p
riorit
y gr
oup
for
publ
icly
fund
ed tr
aini
ng p
rovi
sion
.
40
Wor
kers
affe
cted
by
indu
stria
lch
ange
are
a p
riorit
y gr
oup
for
publ
icity
fund
ed r
e-tr
aini
ngm
easu
res.
The
Pub
lic R
esea
rch
Cen
tre
stim
ulat
es a
nd u
nder
take
sre
sear
ch a
nd d
evel
opm
ent
activ
ities
and
car
ries
out a
ctiv
ities
orga
nizi
ng te
chno
logy
tran
sfer
betw
een
publ
ic a
nd p
rivat
ese
ctor
s. It
als
o ad
vise
s co
mpa
nies
on th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of n
ewte
chno
logi
es a
nd th
edi
ssem
inat
ion
of in
form
atio
n as
wel
l as
prov
idin
g so
me
trai
ning
cour
ses
for
exec
utin
g to
upd
ate
thei
r kn
owle
dge
of n
ewte
chno
logi
es.
Wor
kers
affe
cted
by
indu
stria
lch
ange
are
a p
riorit
y gr
oup
for
publ
icly
-fun
ded
trai
ning
mea
sure
s.
A G
over
nmen
t ini
tiate
dpr
ogra
mm
e ca
lled
PR
ES
TO
1994
) ha
s in
crea
sed
the
appl
icat
ion
of n
ew te
chno
logi
es in
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g co
nsid
erab
ly.
Link
s w
ith a
ssoc
iate
d eu
rope
anac
tions
hav
e be
en e
stab
lishe
d, to
be c
ontin
ued
from
199
5 on
war
dsin
syn
ergy
bet
wee
nLE
ON
AR
DO
/Com
mun
ityIn
itiat
ives
/R&
D-
Pro
gram
mes
of
the
EU
them
es li
nked
with
new
oppo
rtun
ities
of t
elem
atic
s (li
keac
cess
of e
duca
tiona
l ins
titut
es to
elec
tron
ic h
ighw
ay)
are
curr
ently
prio
ritiz
ed.
Pol
icy
rega
rdin
g in
nova
tion
ofvo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
is m
ovin
gto
war
ds a
n in
tegr
al p
olic
y fo
rfu
rthe
r de
velo
pmen
t of t
hena
tiona
l "kn
owle
dge
infr
astr
uctu
re"
is a
n in
tern
atio
nal
pers
pect
ive.
A p
riorit
y is
sue
is"t
rans
fere
nce"
of R
&D
-Res
ults
toth
e la
bour
forc
e th
roug
h in
itial
and
cont
inui
ng tr
aini
ng. F
urth
erm
ore
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f "ke
yqu
alifi
catio
ns"
is b
eing
incr
easi
ngly
str
esse
d in
vie
w o
fth
e ne
ed fo
r lif
elon
g le
arni
ng.
Par
ticul
ar im
port
ance
is g
iven
toth
e in
tegr
atio
n of
new
tech
nolo
gyin
to e
duca
tion
and
trai
ning
prog
ram
mes
, as
wel
l as
to s
peci
fic
trai
ning
in n
ew te
chno
logy
.
Wor
kers
affe
cted
by
indu
stria
lch
ange
are
a p
riorit
y gr
oup
for
supp
ort f
rom
pub
licly
fund
edtr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
es.
New
tech
nolo
gy h
as b
een
used
to.d
evel
op a
n in
fras
truc
ture
for
open
and
flexi
ble
lear
ning
. Act
iviti
esin
clud
e th
e pr
oduc
tion
ofm
ater
ials
suc
h as
text
s, a
udio
and
vide
o ta
pes
and
tech
nolo
gy b
ased
trai
ning
pro
duct
s; c
onsu
ltanc
yan
d tr
aini
ng n
eeds
ana
lysi
s fo
rco
mpa
nies
dev
elop
ing
cust
omed
lear
ning
mat
eria
ls a
nd s
yste
ms.
Bro
adca
stin
g an
d op
en le
arni
ngm
etho
ds a
re u
sed
thro
ugh
the
Ope
n U
nive
rsity
, Ope
nP
olyt
echn
ic a
nd O
pen
Col
lege
.H
ighe
r ed
ucat
ion
busi
ness
part
ners
hips
sup
port
ed to
faci
litat
e te
chno
logy
tran
sfer
,fu
rthe
r tr
aini
ng a
nd e
xcha
nges
betw
een
the
scie
nce
base
and
indu
stry
.C
onsu
ltanc
y an
d ad
vice
isav
aila
ble
to c
ompa
nies
unde
rgoi
ng in
dust
rial c
hang
e.W
orke
rs in
larg
e-sc
ale
redu
ndan
cies
can
rec
eive
imm
edia
te a
cces
s to
pub
licly
fund
ed tr
aini
ng c
ours
es.
19
20
9192
9394
11
9192
9394
9192
9394
91.
9293
:94
9192
93 ,
94
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
2 -
3.G
reat
er in
tern
al a
nd e
xter
nal f
lexi
bilit
y -
Reo
rgan
isat
ion
of e
mpl
oym
ent
Situ
atio
ni9
.T
empo
rary
em
ploy
men
t(%
of t
otal
em
ploy
men
t)
20.
Self
-em
ploy
men
t (%
of to
tal e
mpl
oym
ent)
21.
Und
ecla
red
empl
oym
ent v
ofO
UP
(19
88)
22.
Prod
uctiv
ity (
000
Ecu
)
23.
Ear
ly r
etir
emen
t (%
of e
mpl
oyee
s ov
er 4
9 ye
ars
of a
ge)
24.
Len
gth
of s
ervi
ce a
vera
ge,
med
ian
25.
Ave
rage
wee
kly
wor
king
hou
rs
26.
Part
-tim
e em
ploy
men
t (%
of to
tal e
mpl
oym
ent)
27.
Invo
lunt
ary
part
-tim
e em
ploy
men
t (i,
of a
ctiv
e
popu
latio
n)
28.
Hou
rly
wag
e co
sts
in E
cu
29.
Ann
ual w
age
vari
atio
n
30.
Prop
ortio
n of
wor
kers
ear
ning
less
than
66%
of th
e m
edia
n w
age
31.
Rat
e of
trad
e un
ion
mem
bert
hip
Sepa
ratio
n of
legi
slat
ion/
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
and
stat
e in
terv
entio
n
Coo
rdin
atio
n be
twee
n co
llect
ive
agre
emen
t lev
els
Mai
n co
llect
ive
agre
emen
t lev
el 42
5.1
14,9
15.1
5-10
42.1
345
.05
47.6
150
.68
1.93
3838
11,8
12.4
2.9
18.7
8
8.0
5.8
4.8
3.3
5 (1
988)
67.5
Clo
se o
verla
p of
legi
slat
ion
and
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
; sta
tein
volv
emen
t dep
endi
ng o
n th
ena
ture
of t
he p
robl
em.
The
mul
ti-in
dust
ry a
gree
men
tof
fers
a m
inim
um b
asis
;ad
ditio
nal b
enef
its g
rant
ed b
y th
eco
mpa
ny o
r th
e se
ctor
Mul
ti-in
dust
ry a
nd s
ecto
ral.
11.9
98.
8
<5
41.5
243
.45
46.1
348
.34
0.35
35.1
35.4
23.1
22.5
3,4
17.7
2
4.7
2.8
2.4
2.4
90.5
Aut
onom
y of
soc
ial p
artn
ers,
but
subs
tant
ial s
tate
inte
rven
tion
inin
com
es p
olic
y.
The
mul
ti-in
dust
ry a
gree
men
ten
com
pass
es s
ecto
ral a
gree
men
ts
Sec
tora
l.
9.5
9.2
8.6
<5 37
.67
41.8
245
.67
48.1
9
1.39
10,4
yea
rs7,
5 ye
ars
3838
.2
15.5
14.5
0,3
22.8
9
5.8
104.
32.
2
13 (
1986
)
41.8
38.5
Law
on
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
;pr
inci
ple
of n
o st
ate
invo
lvem
ent
Coo
rdin
atio
n be
twee
n se
ctor
al a
ndco
mpa
ny a
gree
men
ts
Sec
tora
l.
43
14.7
35.2
35.4
>10 15
.65
16.3
117
.10
17.8
6
0.30
43.8
44
3.8
4.8
2.5
7.33
15.6
8.3
11.7
11.2
36.7
(19
85)
Soc
ial p
artn
ers
clos
ely
asso
ciat
edw
ith th
e pa
tties
; alm
ost
excl
usiv
ely
stat
e re
gula
ted.
Sec
tora
l.
32.2
20.4
21.3
>10 32
,49
34.2
132
,85
33.0
8
0.64
9,8
year
s6,
3 ye
ars
41.1
40.9
4.7
5.8
1.1
12.9
5
8.2
8.5
7.2
4.6
19 15.1
17.8
Aut
onom
y of
soc
ial p
artn
ers;
Sta
tepa
rtic
ipat
ion
in tr
ipar
tite
agre
emen
ts.
Inte
rlock
ing:
the
mul
ti- in
dust
ryag
reem
ent e
ncom
pass
es th
e
sect
oral
agr
eem
ent,
whi
chen
com
pass
es th
e co
mpa
ny
agre
emen
t.
Sec
tora
l
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
D
9192
9394
9192
93
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9491
9293
941
9192
93
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
1 U
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
10.1
12.6
12.5
5-10
43.0
345
.66
48.5
530
.54
1.07
10,1
yea
rs7,
5 ye
ars
39.1
38.8
12.1
12.7
0.3
4.4
3.6
2.7
2.1
14 10.6
Legi
slat
ion
impo
rtan
t; ce
ntra
lised
syst
em; i
ncre
asin
g au
tono
my
ofso
cial
par
tner
s (A
urou
x la
ws)
.
Atte
mpt
to c
lear
ly s
epar
ate
the
leve
ls (
via
the
Aur
oux
law
s).
Sec
tora
l
8.3
21.5
22.4
5.10
32.1
034
.17
34.1
636
.49
0.12
42.4
41.9
8.4
9.1
2.7
12.4
4
4.7
5.5
5.8
4.0
18 49.5
(19
88)
Vol
unta
ry c
olle
ctiv
e na
tiona
lag
reem
ents
und
er S
tate
aus
pice
s.
The
muh
i-sec
tora
l agr
eem
ent
enco
mpa
sses
the
sect
oral
agre
emen
t sup
plem
ente
d by
aco
mpa
ny a
gree
men
t.
Prim
arily
nat
iona
l in
rece
nt y
ears
.
44
3.4
24.3
25.6
>10
39.6
540
.31
37.4
639
.32
0.19
39.8
39.6
5.5
5.9
2.1
8.7
5.7
3.6
3.5
14,5
65.7
Law
sup
port
ing
colle
ctiv
eba
rgai
ning
; inc
reas
ing
Sta
tein
volv
emen
t.
Atte
mpt
to a
chie
ve g
enui
neco
mpl
emen
tarit
y be
twee
n se
ctor
alan
d co
mpa
ny a
gree
men
ts.
Sec
tora
l
2.7
9.2
9.1
<5 38.3
740
.72
42.2
344
.44
39.9
39.8
7.4
6.9
0.3
4.3
5.8
4.7
4.8
46.1
(198
9)
Clo
se o
verla
p of
legi
slat
ion
and
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
Sec
tora
l and
com
pany
.
7.7
9.8
10.2
<5 44
.42
46.5
149
.70
51.7
2
3.11
7 ye
ars
3.1
year
s
32.8
33.1
32.7
34.3
7
19.2
2
4.3
4.6
3.1
2.4
11 (
1988
)
27.1
28.6
Ove
rlap
of le
gisl
atio
n an
dco
llect
ive
agre
emen
ts; r
ecen
tde
crea
se in
Sta
te's
rol
e.
A m
ulti-
indu
stry
agr
eem
ent i
sin
crea
sing
ly le
ss li
kely
toen
com
pass
a s
ecto
ral a
gree
men
t
Sec
tors
! and
com
pany
.
13.7
26.4
23.9
>10 14
.19
17.4
517
.65
18.1
9
0.09
42.4
42.6
77.
3
1.5
4.64
17.2
13.9
7.7
6.2
12 (
1985
)
49 (
1987
)
Prin
cipl
e of
aut
onom
y of
par
tner
s;S
tate
's r
ole
still
impo
rtan
t.
Sec
tora
l
5.3
13.1
12.6
<5
31.6
932
.01
32.2
934
.55
0.19
7.9
year
s4.
4 ye
ars
38.6
38.1
22.2
23.5
2.2
13.2
1
8.1
5.9
4.2
3.3
20 (
1989
)
43.1
Legi
slat
ion
play
s a
min
or r
ole,
but i
ndiv
idua
l agr
eem
ents
ver
yim
port
ant;
no S
tate
invo
lvem
ent;
prin
cipl
e of
bip
artit
e ag
reem
ents
.
Sec
tora
l and
occ
upat
iona
lca
tego
ry, i
ncre
asin
gly
at lo
cal l
ad.
4:3
21
22
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K
ql92
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
191
9293
9491
9293
94G
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
2.1.
Ext
erna
l fle
xibi
lity
Prob
atio
nary
per
iod
Peri
od o
f no
tice
32.
Ave
rage
red
unda
ncy
pay
Col
lect
ive
dism
issa
l
33.
Fixe
d-te
rm c
ontr
acts
regu
latio
nre
stric
tions
max
. dur
atio
nre
new
able
allo
wan
ce o
n te
rmin
atio
n of
con
trac
tpo
ssib
ility
of f
ixed
-ter
m c
ontr
act
46
Blu
e-co
llar
wor
kers
: 14
days
;W
hite
-col
lar
wor
kers
: 6 m
onth
s; if
pay
> F
B 1
.005
.000
: 12
mon
ths.
Blu
e-co
llar
wor
kers
: 7 d
ays
afte
r6
mon
ths'
ser
vice
; 28
days
afte
r20
yea
rs' s
ervi
ce; 5
6 da
ys a
fter
over
20
year
s' s
ervi
ce;
Whi
te-c
olla
r w
orke
rs: s
tatu
tory
perio
d of
3 m
onth
s fo
r ea
chpe
riod
of 5
yea
rs' s
ervi
ce, s
ubje
ctto
a m
inim
um o
f 3 m
onth
s. T
hepe
riod
may
be
exte
nded
by
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent.
22 w
eeks
' pay
(em
ploy
ees)
Sub
ject
to th
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
heE
urop
ean
Dire
ctiv
e; c
ase
law
and
the
Nat
iona
l Lab
our
Cou
ncil
play
sign
ifica
nt r
ole.
Impo
rtan
ce o
f col
lect
ive
barg
aini
ng w
ithin
com
pani
es: t
his
ofte
n m
akes
it p
ossi
ble
to a
war
dad
ditio
nal c
ompe
nsat
ion
in e
xces
s
of th
e st
atut
ory
min
ima
and
the
wid
espr
ead
use
of e
arly
ret
irem
ent
as a
mea
ns o
f sof
teni
ng th
e bl
ow.
yes
no no no no yes
Whi
te-c
olla
r w
orke
rs: 3
mon
ths
-14
day
s' n
otic
e re
quire
d.
Blu
e-co
llar
wor
kers
; no
stat
utor
ype
riod,
but
gen
eral
ly in
clud
ed in
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
;W
hite
-col
lar
wor
kers
: min
. 1m
onth
for
6 m
onth
s' s
ervi
ce o
rle
ss; m
ax. 6
mon
ths
for
wor
kers
with
mor
e th
an 9
yea
rs' s
ervi
ce.
up to
13
wee
ks' p
ay.
(Sub
ject
to c
erta
in c
ondi
tions
)
Sub
ject
to th
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
heE
urop
ean
Dire
ctiv
e.
no no no yes
no no
Not
laid
dow
n by
law
; not
norm
ally
long
er th
an 6
mon
ths.
Min
imum
per
iod
of 4
wee
ks; f
orno
tice
give
n by
em
ploy
er:
1 m
onth
afte
r 2
year
s' s
ervi
ce,
2 m
onth
s af
ter
5 ye
ars,
3 m
onth
s af
ter
8 ye
ars,
4 m
onth
s af
ter
10 y
ears
,S
mon
ths
afte
r 12
yea
rs,
6 m
onth
s af
ter
15 y
ears
,7
mon
ths
afte
r 20
yea
rs. P
erio
dm
ay b
e ex
tend
ed o
r sh
orte
ned
byco
llect
ive
agre
emen
ts o
r ex
tend
ed
by in
divi
dual
agr
eem
ents
.
13 w
eeks
' pay
(es
timat
e).
Sub
ject
to th
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
heE
urop
ean
Dire
ctiv
e, im
port
ant
prov
isio
ns in
clud
e th
e pa
rt 3
of
the
Pro
tect
ion
agai
nst D
ism
issa
lA
ct a
nd th
e pr
ovis
ions
on
chan
ges
in th
e en
terp
rise
in th
eC
onst
itutio
n of
Ent
erpr
ises
Act
.S
ocia
l mea
sure
s ar
e ta
ken
at
com
pany
leve
l, in
clud
ing
inpa
rtic
ular
com
pens
atio
n fo
r th
ew
orke
rs c
once
rned
.
yes
yet
18 m
onth
sye
s (o
n ob
ject
ive
grou
nds)
no no
472
mon
ths
Blu
e-co
llar
wor
kers
: no
stat
utor
ype
riod
of n
otic
e; w
hite
-col
lar
wor
kers
: fro
m 3
0 da
ys a
fter
2m
onth
s' s
ervi
ce to
a m
axim
um o
f24
mon
ths
afte
r 28
yea
rs' s
ervi
ce.
29 w
eeks
' pay
.
Man
ager
ial s
taff:
9 m
onth
s;T
echn
ical
sta
ff: 6
mon
ths;
Oth
er w
orke
rs: 2
mon
ths.
30 d
ays.
43 w
eeks
' pay
Sub
ject
to th
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
heIs
alig
ned
on th
e 19
75 E
urop
ean
Eur
opea
n D
irect
ive,
yes
yes
no twic
eno ye
s
Dire
ctiv
e.
yes
yes
36 m
onth
sye
s
yes
yes
91
92
93
94
91
92
93
94
91
92
93
FRANCE
IRELAND
ITALY
94
191
92
93
94
191
92
93
94
I91
92
93
94
191
92
93
94
LUXEMBOURG
NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
UNITED KINGDOM
Whi
te-c
olla
r w
orke
rs: 3
mon
ths;
Oth
ers:
2 w
eeks
or
1 m
onth
depe
ndin
g on
the
leng
th o
fco
ntra
ct, c
usto
mar
y pr
actic
es o
r'a
gree
men
ts (
colle
ctiv
e or
indi
vidu
al).
1 m
onth
aft
er 6
mon
ths-
2 ye
ars
serv
ice;
2 m
onth
s af
ter
mor
e th
an2
year
s' s
ervi
ce.
17 w
eeks
' pay
Subj
ect t
o th
e pr
ovis
ions
Of
the
Eur
opea
n D
irec
tive;
nee
d fo
r a
redu
ndan
cy p
rogr
amm
e an
dm
onito
ring
of
the
prog
ram
me.
The
gov
ernm
ent p
ays
grea
tat
tent
ion
to th
e co
nten
t of
redu
ndan
cy p
lans
pro
pose
d by
sem
i-pu
blic
und
erta
king
s
yes
yes
18 m
onth
stw
ice
yes
yes
No
stat
utor
y pr
ovis
ions
, tho
ugh
ape
riod
of
6 m
onth
s is
oft
en u
sed
as a
bas
ic c
rite
ria.
I w
eek
afte
r 13
wee
ks' s
ervi
ce to
8 w
eeks
aft
er 1
5 or
mor
e ye
ars'
serv
ice.
8 w
eeks
' pay
Subj
ect t
o th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Eur
opea
n D
irec
tive.
At l
east
30
days
' not
ice
mus
t be
give
n to
the
Min
iste
r fo
rE
mpl
oym
ent a
nd E
nter
pris
e an
dth
e in
dust
rial
rep
rese
ntat
ives
if 2
0or
mor
e pe
ople
are
em
ploy
ed.
no no no yes
no no
48
Stat
utor
y pr
ovis
ion:
6 m
onth
s.
No
stat
utor
y pr
ovis
ions
conc
erni
ng p
erio
d of
not
ice.
Det
erm
ined
by
colle
ctiv
eag
reem
ents
.
45 w
eeks
' pay
.O
ne m
onth
per
yea
r of
ser
vice
.
Mul
ti-in
dust
ry a
gree
men
t of
1965
: gro
unds
for
red
unda
ncy
coul
d be
tech
nica
l dev
elop
men
t,th
e ec
onom
ic c
risi
s, r
estr
uctu
ring
;no
ref
eren
ce w
as m
ade
to th
enu
mbe
r of
red
unda
ncie
s. S
ince
1991
mor
e sp
ecif
ic r
ules
auth
oris
ing
redu
ndan
cies
inas
soci
atio
n w
ith th
e E
urop
ean
Dir
ectiv
e.
yes
(Pro
posa
l in
July
199
4)ye
s6
mon
ths
no yes
yes
Bet
wee
n 2
wee
ks a
nd 6
mon
ths.
2 m
onth
sE
xcep
tions
: mus
t not
exc
eed
thre
em
onth
s fo
r lo
w-s
kille
d w
orke
rsan
d 12
mon
ths
for
empl
oyee
sw
hose
gro
ss m
onth
ly e
arni
ngs
reac
h a
cert
ain
leve
l.
2 m
onth
s af
ter
up to
5 y
ears
'se
rvic
e, 4
mon
ths
afte
r 5-
10 y
ears
'se
rvic
e, 6
mon
ths
afte
r 10
yea
rs'
serv
ice
and
abov
e.
Ave
rage
pay
: 1-3
mon
ths'
pay
for
blue
-col
lar
wor
kers
and
1-1
2m
onth
s' p
ay f
or w
hite
-col
lar
wor
kers
aft
er 5
yea
rs' c
ontin
uous
serv
ice
with
the
sam
e em
ploy
er.
The
199
2 E
urop
ean
Dir
ectiv
e w
astr
ansp
osed
into
nat
iona
l law
in19
93. C
olle
ctiv
e di
smis
sal i
sde
fine
d as
the
dism
issa
l of
7w
orke
rs w
ithin
a p
erio
d of
30
days
or
15 w
orke
rs w
ithin
ape
riod
of
90 d
ays.
yes
yes
24 m
onth
stw
ice
no yes
For
wor
kers
pai
d on
a w
eekl
yba
sis,
one
wee
k; f
or w
orke
rs p
aid
on a
mon
thly
bas
is, o
ne m
onth
.T
his
min
imum
per
iod
is e
xten
ded
to 3
wee
ks f
or w
orke
rs a
ged
over
50 a
fter
at l
east
I y
ear's
ser
vice
.A
dditi
onal
per
iod:
1 w
eek
per
year
of
serv
ice
exce
edin
g 21
year
s' s
ervi
ce +
I w
eek
per
year
of s
ervi
ce e
xcee
ding
45
year
s'se
rvic
e. (
Am
endm
ents
pro
pose
d).
I I
wee
ks' p
ay
Subj
ect t
o th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Eur
opea
n D
irec
tive.
yes
yes
no once
no no
Dom
estic
sta
ff: 2
mon
ths;
hig
hly
skill
ed s
taff
: 6 m
onth
s; O
ther
s: 1
5da
ys.
60 d
ays
in c
ases
of
colle
ctiv
ere
dund
anci
es a
nd r
edun
danc
ies
due
to a
bolit
ion
of jo
b or
fai
lure
to a
dapt
10 w
eeks
' pay
One
mon
th's
pay
per
yea
r of
serv
ice.
Min
imum
dur
atio
n: 3
mon
ths.
Subj
ect t
o th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Eur
opea
n D
irec
tive.
yes
yes
36 m
onth
stw
ice
yes
yes
stat
utor
y pr
ovis
ions
.
I w
eek
afte
r 1
mon
th's
to 2
yea
rs'
serv
ice;
1 w
eek
per
full
year
(max
. 12
wee
ks)
afte
r 2-
12 y
ears
'se
rvic
e.A
ll em
ploy
ees
acqu
ire
the
righ
t to
a st
atut
ory
redu
ndan
cy p
aym
ent
afte
r a
qual
ifyi
ng le
ngth
of
serv
ice
with
the
empl
oyer
,ge
nera
lly tw
o ye
ars.
21 w
eeks
' pay
Subj
ect t
o th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Eur
opea
n D
irec
tive.
no no no yes
no yes
49
23
34.
Tem
pora
ry e
mpl
oym
ent c
ontr
act
regu
latio
n
regu
latio
n of
tem
pora
ry e
mpl
oym
ent a
genc
ies
rest
rict
ions
max
. dur
atio
nre
new
able
allo
wan
ce o
n te
rmin
atio
n of
con
trac
t
Oth
er ty
pes
of r
egul
ated
con
trac
t
Ear
ly r
etir
emen
t
24b.
0
1
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KIG
ER
MA
NY
9192
9394
91:
9293
9419
192
93
yes
+ c
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
yes
yes
3 m
onth
son
ceno -
for
a sp
ecif
ic jo
b-
repl
acem
ent (
max
. 2 y
ears
)-
trai
ning
(m
ax. I
yea
r, 9
0% p
ay)
-ap
pren
tices
hip.
Con
trac
tual
bri
dgin
g pe
nsio
nPo
ssib
ility
of
earl
y re
tirem
ent a
tth
e ag
e of
58
(57
in s
ome
case
s)if
rep
lace
d by
a w
holly
unem
ploy
ed p
erso
n, w
ithpa
ymen
t of
unem
ploy
men
t ben
efit
and
a su
pple
men
tary
am
ount
pai
dby
the
empl
oyer
.In
the
case
of
ente
rpri
ses
indi
ffic
ulty
or
bein
g re
stru
ctur
ed,
the
cond
ition
s re
latin
g to
age
,no
tice
and
repl
acem
ent m
ay h
ech
ange
d.
no yes
yes
3 m
onth
sye
sno -
appr
entic
eshi
p
Ear
ly r
etir
emen
t pen
sion
Pens
ion
for
pers
ons
aged
ove
r 50
for
soci
al a
nd h
ealth
rea
sons
.V
olun
tary
ear
ly r
etir
emen
tal
low
ance
pla
n (V
ER
PS)
Ena
bles
wor
kers
and
une
mpl
oyed
peop
le a
ged
betw
een
60 a
nd 6
7w
ho h
ave
paid
con
trib
utio
ns in
toan
une
mpl
oym
ent i
nsur
ance
fun
dto
ben
efit
from
vol
unta
ry e
arly
retir
emen
t. E
mpl
oyer
s an
d th
est
ate
also
con
trib
ute
toun
empl
oym
ent i
nsur
ance
fun
ds.
Tem
pora
ry a
llow
ance
Poss
ibili
ty f
or th
e lo
ng-t
erm
unem
ploy
ed a
ged
betw
een
55 a
nd60
to w
ithdr
aw p
artia
lly o
r w
holly
from
the
labo
ur m
arke
t.
yes
yes
6 m
onth
sye
sno
94
GR
EE
CE
9192
9394
SPA
IN
9192
,9
94
- fo
r ca
sual
or
inte
rmitt
ent w
ork
- ap
pren
tices
hip
Ear
ly r
etir
emen
t pen
sion
Men
and
wom
en w
ho h
ave
reac
hed
the
age
of 6
3 (o
r 60
inth
e ca
se o
f in
valid
ity)
and
have
paid
insu
ranc
e co
ntri
butio
ns f
or35
yea
rs, o
r w
ho h
ave
reac
hed
the
age
of 6
0 an
d ha
ve p
aid
180
mon
ths'
con
trib
utio
ns p
rovi
ded
that
they
hav
e be
en u
nem
ploy
edfo
r on
e ye
ar d
urin
g th
e pa
st 1
8m
onth
s an
d ha
ve p
aid
com
puls
ory
cont
ribu
tions
for
8 o
f th
e pa
st 1
0ye
ars.
For
wom
en a
ged
60 w
hoha
ve p
aid
cont
ribu
tions
for
180
mon
ths
and
have
pai
d co
mpu
lsor
yco
ntri
butio
ns f
or m
ore
than
!O
year
s af
ter
the
age
of 4
0.
Tem
pora
ry e
mpl
oym
ent a
genc
ies
are
proh
ibite
d
- ap
pren
tices
hip
Ear
ly r
etir
ense
nt p
ensi
onFr
om 1
.1.9
3: f
or in
sure
d pe
rson
sag
ed 6
0 in
dif
ficu
lt or
unh
ealth
yem
ploy
men
t; fo
r pe
rson
s ag
ed 6
0w
ith a
red
uctio
n of
1/2
00 f
or e
ach
mon
th u
p to
the
age
of 6
5; f
orw
omen
age
d 50
if th
ey h
ave
paid
cont
ribu
tions
for
20
year
s an
dha
ve c
hild
ren,
with
or
with
out
redu
ctio
n ac
cord
ing
to a
ge a
ndth
e nu
mbe
r of
chi
ldre
n.
Tem
pora
ry e
mpl
oym
ent a
genc
ies
have
bee
n re
gula
ted
by L
aw14
/199
4 of
1 J
une
(see
'rec
ent
mea
sure
s").
for
wor
kers
car
ryin
g ou
t cas
ual
or in
term
itten
t wor
k,ap
pren
tices
hip
and
trai
ning
cont
ract
s;jo
b ta
keov
er c
ontr
acts
with
publ
ic a
dmin
istr
atio
n fo
rse
rvic
es o
f so
cial
impo
rtan
ce;
conv
ersi
on o
f ap
pren
tices
hip
and
trai
ning
con
trac
ts in
toop
en-e
nded
con
trac
ts;
open
-end
ed c
ontr
acts
for
cer
tain
grou
ps (
youn
g, d
isab
led,
wom
en in
occ
upat
ions
whe
reth
ey a
re u
nder
-rep
rese
ente
d,w
oker
s ov
er th
e ag
e of
45)
.
Ear
ly r
etir
emen
tA
t the
age
of
64 w
ith 1
00%
of
pens
ion
righ
ts.
Ear
ly r
etir
emen
tires
trud
urin
gPu
rsua
nt to
the
law
on
indu
stria
lre
stru
ctur
ing,
pos
sibi
lity
of e
arly
retir
emen
t fun
ded
by r
estr
uctu
ring
plan
s.
FR.1
NC
E
9192
9394
Yes no yes
18 m
onth
stw
ice
yes em
ploy
men
t- s
olid
arity
;fu
rthe
r tr
aini
ng a
nd tr
aini
ngap
pren
tices
hips
;pa
rt-t
ime.
Ear
ly r
etire
men
tC
osts
met
by
the
Sta
te fr
om 5
6ye
ars
and
2 m
onth
s (e
xcep
tion
55
year
s), s
ubje
ct to
cer
tain
cond
ition
s, in
par
ticul
ar le
ngth
of
paym
ent o
f soc
ial s
ecur
ityco
ntrib
utio
ns.
IRE
LA
ND
9192
9394
no yes
no no yes
no - ap
pren
tices
hip.
Ear
ly r
etire
men
tA
spe
cial
mea
ns-t
este
d al
low
ance
is p
ayab
le to
the
long
term
unem
ploy
ed in
55-
66 a
ge
cate
gory
.
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
91n
9394
191
9293
Tem
pora
ry e
mpl
oym
ent a
genc
ies
wer
e rih
ibite
d un
til th
eim
plem
enta
tion
of th
e so
cial
pac
tin
Jul
y 19
93. T
his
type
of
cont
ract
is b
eing
exa
min
ed b
y
parli
amen
t
- so
lidar
ity,
- ap
pren
tices
hip.
Ear
ly r
etire
men
tW
orke
rs in
sec
tors
of t
he
econ
omy
in c
risis
may
req
uest
early
ret
irem
ent 5
yea
rs b
efor
eth
e us
ual a
ge (
10 y
ears
in th
est
eel i
ndus
try)
.
yes
94
no no 2x if
<24
mth
s +
inte
rval
bet
wee
n
no - ap
pren
tices
hip
Ear
ly r
etire
men
tE
arly
ret
irem
ent p
ensi
on e
nabl
ing
com
pani
es to
sol
ve th
e pr
oble
mof
str
uctu
ral o
vers
taffi
ng a
nd to
bala
nce
the
age
stru
ctur
e of
sta
ffw
ithin
the
com
pany
. The
pen
sion
is p
aid
by e
mpl
oyer
spa
rtly
reim
burs
ed b
y th
e em
ploy
men
tfu
nd.
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
9192
9394
yes
no 6 m
onth
s or
100
hou
rs
Yes no
appr
entic
eshi
pex
iste
nce
of o
ther
"gr
ey"
type
s as
soci
ated
with
flex
ible
wor
king
con
ditio
ns
Ear
ly r
etire
men
tP
ossi
bilit
y of
ear
ly r
etire
men
t in
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
of
occu
patio
nal s
ecto
rs.
POR
TU
GA
L
9192
9394
yes
yes
Yes 12
mon
ths
no yes
-ap
pren
tices
hip,
-w
ork
on c
omm
issi
on-
hom
ewor
king
-do
mes
tic w
ork
Ear
ly r
etire
men
tR
etire
men
t of u
nem
ploy
ed p
eopl
eag
ed 6
0. If
the
unem
ploy
ed a
reag
ed 5
5 or
mor
e w
hen
the
unem
ploy
men
t ben
efit
is g
rant
ed,
it is
pai
d up
to th
e ag
e of
60.
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
J3
no yes
(but
bei
ng a
bolis
hed
- se
e
"der
egul
ator
y m
easu
res"
)
no no yes
no (The
diff
eren
t typ
es o
f con
trac
ts
are
not r
egul
ated
by
stat
ute)
-ap
pren
tices
hip
-co
mm
unity
pro
gram
mes
-ze
ro h
ours
con
trac
ts, w
here
the
wor
ker
atte
nds
as a
nd w
hen
the
empl
oyer
wis
hes.
Ear
ly r
etire
men
tM
inim
um a
ges
only
app
ly to
entit
lem
ent t
o th
e st
ate
pens
ion
(see
ret
irem
ent)
. The
age
whe
nth
e em
ploy
ee s
tops
wor
k is
aco
ntra
ctua
l mat
ter
for
empl
oyer
s
and
empl
oyee
s to
agr
ee, p
rovi
ded
they
do
not d
iscr
imin
ate
unla
wfu
lly, f
or e
xam
ple
on th
egr
ound
s of
sex
, rac
e or
for
trad
eun
ion
reas
ons.
25
BE
LG
IUM
9192
93I
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
94I
9192
9394
9192
9394
#91
929
94
SPA
IN
91n
93:
94
35.
Ret
irem
ent
min
imum
age
full
pens
ion
(sin
gle
pers
on)
as %
of
earn
ings
min
imum
pen
sion
as
% o
f ea
rnin
gscu
mul
atio
n w
ith e
arni
ngs
Shor
t-tim
e w
orki
ng d
ue to
eco
nom
ic o
run
fore
seen
cir
cum
stan
ces
betw
een
60 a
nd 6
573 47 su
bjec
t to
cert
ain
cond
ition
s
Tem
pora
ry J
ay -
offs
Day
s or
hal
f-da
ys d
urin
g w
hich
the
cont
ract
is s
uspe
nded
. 60-
55%
of p
ayLa
y-of
fs d
ue to
bad
wea
ther
inth
e co
nstr
uctio
n in
dust
rySu
pple
men
tary
ass
ista
nce
on th
eba
sis
of a
n ag
reem
ent a
nd a
join
tfu
nd in
the
cons
truc
tion
indu
stry
.
67 60 52 subj
ect t
o ce
rtai
n co
nditi
ons
Sho
rt-t
ime
wor
king
No
spec
ific
def
initi
on in
pra
ctic
e;m
inim
um 7
.4 h
ours
' red
uctio
n pe
rw
eek
Lay-
offs
due
to b
ad w
eath
er o
r a
shor
tage
of r
aw m
ater
ials
Wor
kers
who
are
mem
bers
of
anun
empl
oym
ent i
nsur
ance
fun
d ar
een
title
d to
dai
ly a
llow
ance
s.
65 in
pri
ncip
le77 39 po
ssib
le
Shor
t-tim
e w
orki
ng(K
urza
rbei
terg
eld)
. An
allo
wan
ceis
pai
d to
wor
kers
who
are
oblig
ed to
red
uce
thei
r ac
tivity
for
econ
omic
rea
sons
or
unfo
rese
eabl
e ci
rcum
stan
ces,
subj
ect t
o ce
rtai
n co
nditi
ons
(1/3
of w
orke
rs a
ffec
ted,
10%
redu
ctio
n in
wor
king
hou
rs, e
tc.)
.T
his
mea
sure
has
bee
n w
idel
yus
ed in
the
new
Und
er.
Pro
mot
ion
of e
mpl
oym
ent i
n th
eco
nstr
uctio
n in
dust
ry a
nd b
adw
eath
er a
llow
ance
sSu
bsid
ies
for
wor
kers
so
that
they
can
keep
thei
r jo
bs in
win
ter.
Bad
wea
ther
allo
wan
ce f
orw
orke
rs w
ho s
uffe
r lo
ss o
f w
ork
(till
end
of
1996
).
65 107
8 redu
ced
pens
ion
Sub
sidy
for
hote
lsT
o m
aint
ain
empl
oym
ent i
nw
inte
r, s
ubje
ct to
cer
tain
cond
ition
s.
Spe
cial
lay-
off a
llow
ance
To
incr
ease
the
earn
ings
of
seas
onal
wor
kers
, tho
se a
ffec
ted
by b
ad w
eath
er o
r un
fore
seen
circ
umst
ance
s.
65 100
32 no Situ
atio
n in
whi
ch d
aily
wor
king
hour
s or
the
num
ber
of w
orki
ngda
ys a
re r
educ
ed b
y at
leas
t 1/3
inre
latio
n to
hou
rs n
orm
ally
wor
ked,
with
a p
ropo
rtio
nal
redu
ctio
n in
eam
ings
.Ben
efit
isre
duce
d in
pro
port
ion
to th
ere
duct
ion
in w
orki
ng ti
me.
5426
JJ
FRANCE
9192
9394
9192
93
IRELAND
94
[IT
AL
Y
9192
60 88 46 ' Red
uctio
n in
the
num
ber
of h
ours
norm
ally
wor
ked
to b
elow
the
stat
utor
y lim
it fo
r ec
onom
ic,
unfo
rese
eabl
e or
tech
nica
lre
ason
s.
65 42 35 no Shor
t-tim
e w
orki
ng: t
he n
umbe
rof
day
s w
orke
d du
ring
a w
eekl
ype
riod
of
wor
k is
tem
pora
rily
less
than
nor
mal
for
the
job
conc
erne
d.
LUXEMBOURG
NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
UNITED KINGDOM
93
94
1.91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94L
91.
92:9
394
so(m
yss(
m)
+5
in 1
0 ye
ars
89 19 unde
r ce
rtai
n co
nditi
ons
(the
entir
e so
cial
sec
urity
pol
icy
isbe
ing
revi
ewed
).
a) b)
Supp
lem
enta
ry p
aym
ent i
nth
e ev
ent o
f a
redu
ctio
n or
inte
rrup
tion
of th
e co
mpa
ny's
activ
ities
ow
ing
to r
easo
nssp
ecif
ic to
the
com
pany
or
for
tem
pora
ry d
iffi
culti
es(o
rdin
ary
supp
lem
ent)
.Su
pple
men
tary
pay
men
t in
the
even
t of
an e
cono
mic
,se
ctor
al o
r lo
cal c
risi
s,re
orga
nisa
tion
or r
estr
uctu
ring
of th
e co
mpa
ny(e
xtra
ordi
nary
sup
plem
ent)
.
65 78 46 poss
ible
Red
uctio
n in
nor
mal
wor
king
hour
s or
in th
e nu
mbe
r of
day
s in
the
norm
al w
orki
ng w
eek.
65 49 49 poss
ible
sub
ject
to c
erta
inco
nditi
ons
No
spec
ific
def
initi
on.
65 (
men
) 62
(w
omen
)94 30 po
ssib
le
Non
e.
65 (
men
) 60
(w
omen
)44 31 po
ssib
le
Any
day
on
whi
ch n
o ac
tivity
isca
rrie
d ou
t and
whi
ch w
ould
hav
ebe
en a
wor
king
day
und
er n
orm
alci
rcum
stan
ces.
Ju57
27
28
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
'91.
: :93
9419
1`92
9394
9192
9394
.
GR
EE
CE
9192
SPA
IN
9192
9394
Rec
ent m
easu
res
Fixe
d-te
rm c
ontr
acts
(L
aw o
f 30
Dis
mis
sal
Shor
t-tim
e w
orki
ngT
empo
rary
wor
k
Mar
ch 1
994)
New
tim
e lim
its f
or n
otic
eT
he e
mpl
oyer
is r
espo
nsib
le f
orL
aw 1
4/19
94 o
f 1
June
reg
ulat
es
Gre
ater
fle
xibi
lity
of f
ixed
term
rega
rdin
g di
smis
sal (
prol
onge
dth
e so
cial
cha
rges
rel
atin
g to
the
activ
ities
of
tem
pora
ry
cont
ract
s: p
ossi
bilit
y of
suc
cess
ive
cont
ract
s (m
axim
um o
f fo
urdu
ring
a p
erio
d of
2 y
ears
max
.an
d 3
year
s fo
r co
ntra
cts
of a
t
from
30
to 7
7 da
ys).
shor
t-tim
e w
orki
ng a
llow
ance
sfr
om th
e fi
rst d
ay o
nwar
ds.
Bad
wea
ther
allo
wan
ces
No
allo
wan
ce w
ill b
e pa
yabl
e fo
r'
empl
oym
ent f
irm
s. I
ts a
im is
toes
tabl
ish
the
lega
l req
uire
men
tsfo
r su
ch f
arm
s an
d en
sure
that
wor
kers
' rig
hts
and
soci
al
.le
ast 6
mon
ths)
.th
e fi
rst h
our
of a
day
on
whi
chpr
otec
tion
are
mai
ntai
ned.
The
Con
trat
d'e
mpl
oi-t
rem
plin
(ass
ertio
n co
ntra
cts)
Peri
od o
f no
tice
of o
ne m
onth
for
new
ly e
mpl
oyed
per
sons
und
er 3
0in
stea
d of
the
stat
utor
y m
inim
um.
no w
ork
is d
one
The
soc
ial
char
ges
will
be
the
empl
oyer
'sre
spon
sibi
lity.
Bad
wea
ther
allo
wan
ces
will
be
paya
ble
for
the
last
tim
e fo
r th
e pe
riod
up
to
-L
aw la
ys d
own
the
cond
ition
sun
der
whi
ch u
sers
fin
s m
ay h
ave
reco
urse
to th
e se
rvic
es o
fte
mpo
rary
em
ploy
men
t fir
ms.
Col
lect
ive
redu
ndan
cies
Peri
od o
f no
tice
for
whi
te-c
olla
r31
.12.
1995
.R
efor
m in
trod
uced
by
Law
11/
94:
wor
kers
who
se a
nnua
l sal
ary
>FD
1.7
28.0
00, e
x an
te d
efin
ition
of p
erio
ds o
f no
tice.
-
Fixe
d-te
rm c
ontr
act
Prol
onga
tion
of f
ixed
-ter
mem
ploy
men
t up
to th
e ye
ar 2
000.
- A
ccep
tabl
e gr
ound
s ar
e ex
tend
edto
incl
ude
orga
nisa
tiona
l and
prod
uctio
n as
pect
s (i
n ad
ditio
n to
econ
omic
and
tech
nolo
gica
lre
ason
s).
- A
llow
ance
: 20
days
' wag
e pe
rye
ar o
f se
rvic
e, u
p to
a m
axim
umof
12
mon
ths.
Min
imum
thre
shol
d is
fix
ed o
nth
e ba
sis
of th
e nu
mbe
r of
wor
kers
aff
ecte
d ov
er a
90-
day
peri
od:
- 10
% in
lim
n w
ith f
ewer
than
100
wor
kers
;-
10%
in f
irm
s w
ith 1
0030
0w
orke
rs;
- 30
% in
fir
ms
with
mor
e th
an30
0 w
orke
rs.
- A
utho
risa
tion
is s
till r
equi
red,
but t
he p
roce
dure
is m
ore
flex
ible
so a
s to
red
uce
the
time
need
edfo
r co
nsul
tatio
ns a
nd n
egot
iatio
ns.
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRE
LA
ND
9192
9394
ITA
LY
9192
9394
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9192
9394
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
9192
9394
POR
TU
GA
L
9192
9394
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
91 ;:
92,9
3z
94
Res
tric
tion
of c
umul
atio
n of
empl
oym
ent a
nd r
etir
emen
tPe
nsio
nE
xist
ing
regu
latio
ns r
estr
ictin
g th
ecu
mul
atio
n of
a r
etire
men
tpe
nsio
n an
d a
job
will
rem
ain
info
rce
until
31/
12/9
8.
Wri
tten
cont
rad
The
Ter
ms
of E
mpl
oym
ent
(Inf
orm
atio
n) A
ct 1
994,
giv
ing
effe
ct to
the
EU
Dire
ctiv
eob
ligin
g th
e pr
ovis
ion
of a
deta
iled
writ
ten
cont
ract
for
all
wor
kers
cam
e in
to e
ffect
from
16
May
199
4. T
he A
ct w
ill o
blig
eem
ploy
ers
to p
rovi
de a
writ
ten
stat
emen
t of p
artic
ular
s of
term
sof
em
ploy
men
t with
in tw
o m
onth
sof
the
date
of c
omm
ence
men
t of
empl
oym
ent
Smal
l bus
ines
s an
d se
rvic
esA
ser
ies
of r
ecom
men
datio
nsco
ncer
ning
som
e re
gula
tions
whi
ch u
nnec
essa
rily
inhi
.it
ente
rpris
e ar
e be
ing
stud
ied
by a
new
uni
t for
the
prom
otio
n of
smal
l bus
ines
s an
d se
rvic
es.
Tem
pora
ry E
mpl
oym
ent
Con
trac
tsP
erso
ns w
orki
ng fo
r te
mpo
rary
empl
oym
ent b
usin
ess
have
bee
nac
cord
ed th
e sa
me
prot
ectio
n as
empl
oyee
s un
der
the
Unf
air
Dis
mis
sals
Act
199
3, th
e T
erm
sof
Em
ploy
men
t (In
form
atio
n) A
ct19
91.
Fixe
d T
erm
Con
trac
tsT
he U
nfai
r D
ism
issa
ls(A
men
dmen
t) A
ct 1
993
prov
ides
that
the
adju
dica
tive
auth
oriti
esm
ay e
xam
ine
any
seco
nd o
rsu
bseq
uent
fixe
d-te
rm c
ontr
act t
oas
cert
ain
whe
ther
the
fixed
nat
ure
of th
e co
ntra
ct w
as in
tend
ed to
avoi
d lia
bilit
y un
der
unfa
irdi
smis
sals
legi
slat
ion.
In s
uch
cric
umst
ance
s a
clai
m fo
r un
fair
dism
issa
l may
be
hear
d by
the
adju
dica
tive
auth
oriti
es. 0
Fixe
d-te
rm m
itred
(Mt 2
3 of
Law
56/
87)
Per
mitt
ed in
col
lect
ive
agre
emen
ts s
igne
d w
ith th
e tr
ade
unio
n or
gani
satio
ns m
ost
repr
esen
tativ
e at
nat
iona
l lev
el.
The
per
cent
age
of w
orke
rs w
hom
ay b
e em
ploy
ed o
n su
chco
ntra
cts
com
pare
d w
ith w
orke
rson
ope
n-en
ded
cont
ract
s is
fixe
d.
Part
-lim
e co
ntra
ct(M
t 5 o
f Law
1863
/87)
Reg
ulat
ed b
y na
tiona
l col
lect
ive
agre
emen
ts, m
ay b
e co
nver
ted
into
full-
time
cont
ract
at
empl
oyer
's r
eque
st
Tem
pora
ry w
ork
Reg
ulat
ion
of te
mpo
rary
wor
k an
dte
mpo
rary
hiri
ng o
f lab
our.
Dis
mis
sal
Abo
litio
n of
the
rule
ena
blin
gco
mpa
nies
to d
ism
iss
olde
rw
orke
rs fi
rst
Min
imum
red
rem
ent a
geF
rom
1/1
/94
grad
ual i
ncre
ase
inre
tirem
ent a
ge fo
r w
omen
to 6
5.
Tra
de U
nion
Ref
orm
Act
The
Tra
de U
nion
Ref
orm
and
Em
ploy
men
t Rig
hts
Act
199
3ga
ve in
divi
dual
em
ploy
ees:
impr
oved
rig
hts
to a
writ
ten
stat
emen
t of e
mpl
oym
ent
part
icul
ars
and
to a
n in
tem
ised
pay
stat
emen
t;im
prov
ed r
ight
s to
mat
erni
tyle
ave
and
prot
ectio
n ag
ains
tdi
smis
sal f
or a
mat
erni
tyre
late
d re
ason
;
prot
ectio
n ag
ains
t vic
timis
atio
nfo
r ta
king
cer
tain
spe
cific
type
sof
act
ion
on h
ealth
and
saf
ety
grou
nds;
- pr
otec
tion
agai
nst d
ism
issa
l for
asse
rtin
g a
stat
utor
yem
ploy
men
t rig
htT
he A
ct m
ade
clea
r th
at it
isla
wfu
l for
an
empl
oyer
to o
ffer
his
empl
oyee
s fin
anci
alin
duce
men
ts to
enc
oura
ge th
em to
chan
ge th
eir
nego
tiatin
gar
rang
emen
ts -
for
exam
ple
toch
ange
from
col
lect
ive
barg
aini
ngar
rang
emen
ts to
a s
yste
m b
ased
on p
erso
nal c
ontr
acts
.T
he A
ct a
lso
abol
ishe
d th
ere
mai
ning
Wag
e C
ounc
ils.
6129
10
191
9293
941
91"
9293
9491
9293
941
9192
93:
44 .:
,.91
9;-
93,
94
SPA
INB
EL
GIU
MD
EN
MA
RK
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
E
Obj
ectiv
eea
V11
1411
1Cie
l
- C
over
wor
kers
mad
e re
dund
ant
indi
vidu
ally
on
econ
omic
or
tech
nolo
gica
l gro
unds
(or
ifth
resh
olds
for
col
lect
ive
.re
dund
anci
es n
ot r
each
ed).
- A
llow
ance
: 20
days
'wag
e pe
rye
ar, u
p to
a m
axim
um o
f 12
mon
ths.
- Pe
riod
of
notic
e: 3
0 da
ys.
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
Ear
ly r
etire
men
t (D
elef
terle
n)Im
plem
entin
g re
gula
tion
onFr
om 1
/1/9
5, p
eopl
e ag
e..`
,--6
6te
mpo
rary
em
ploy
men
t fir
ms
and
will
be
able
to ta
ke p
artia
l ear
lyre
tirem
ent.
Wor
king
tim
e m
ust
be r
educ
ed b
y at
leas
t one
qua
rter
and
cons
titut
e a
min
imum
of
12ho
urs
per
wee
k. T
he p
artia
l ear
lyre
tirem
ent a
llow
ance
for
eac
hho
ur o
f w
ork
cut o
ut a
mou
nts
to a
flat
-rat
e su
m o
f D
KR
56.
35, i
.e.
tem
pora
ry e
mpl
oym
ent c
ondi
tions
.
82%
of
1/37
th o
f th
e w
eekl
yam
ount
of
the
high
est
unem
ploy
men
t ben
efits
.
6263
I
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M91
9293
9491
9293
94.
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
91.
9293
94
Col
lect
ive
dism
isss
alU
nder
the
curr
ent t
ripa
rtite
agre
emen
t, th
e Pr
ogra
mm
e fo
rC
ompe
titiv
enes
s an
d W
ork
(PC
W),
mea
sure
s ex
ist u
nder
the
Em
ploy
men
t Pro
tect
ion
sect
ion.
I.Fi
nns
with
dif
ficu
lties
will
be
enco
urag
ed to
con
tact
the
Com
petit
iven
ess
and
Em
ploy
men
t Pro
tect
ion
Uni
t,w
hich
, whi
le n
ot p
rovi
ding
subs
idie
s, w
ill o
ffer
the
full
supp
ort a
nd a
dvic
e av
aila
ble
unde
r a
who
le r
ange
of
stat
epr
ogra
mm
es f
or in
dust
ry a
ndbu
sine
ss.
2.A
com
mitm
ent t
o am
end
in19
94 th
e pr
ovis
ions
of
the
Prot
ectio
n of
Em
ploy
men
tA
ct, 1
977,
ari
sing
fro
m th
eE
U C
ounc
il D
irec
tive.
Fixe
d te
rm c
ontr
act
July
199
4: g
over
nmen
t pro
posa
lto
incr
ease
fle
xibi
lity
in f
ixed
-ter
nco
ntra
cts
(no
rest
rict
ions
for
12
mon
ths)
. The
new
dra
ft la
wen
cour
ages
suc
h co
ntra
cts
bym
akin
g A
rt. 2
3 le
ss s
tric
t. It
may
also
be
used
on
the
basi
s of
fir
ms'
spec
ific
nee
ds (
espe
cial
ly S
ME
s)in
ord
er to
cre
ate
new
jobs
.Pa
rt-t
ime
cont
ract
The
new
dra
ft la
w 7
81/9
4 (n
otye
t con
vert
ed)
allo
ws
over
time
tobe
wor
ked
with
in p
re-f
ixed
lim
its.
New
con
trac
ts u
nder
dra
ft la
w78
1
- (r
e)in
tegr
atio
n tr
aini
ng c
ontr
act:
prov
ides
pra
ctic
al e
xper
ienc
e an
dsk
ill tr
aini
ng f
or p
erso
ns o
ver
32.
Max
imum
dur
atio
n: 1
8 m
onth
s.-
trai
ning
con
trac
t: al
low
s yo
ung
grad
uate
s to
acq
uire
job
expe
rien
ce a
nd th
ough
it d
oes
not
impl
y an
em
ploy
men
t rel
atio
nshi
pa
cert
ain
rem
uner
atio
n is
pai
d.D
urat
ion:
3-1
2 m
onth
s.
Dis
mis
sal
Abo
litio
n of
adm
inis
trat
ive
auth
oris
atio
n.D
ereg
ulat
ion
The
gov
ernm
ent w
ill p
ropo
se:
- re
visi
on o
f le
gisl
atio
n on
redu
ndan
cies
;-
canc
ella
tion
of e
xist
ing
licen
ces
for
tem
pora
ry e
mpl
oym
ent
agen
cies
;-
dele
tion
of b
indi
ng w
age
clau
ses
in c
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
.
Ret
irem
ent
The
gov
ernm
ent i
nten
ds to
equa
lise
stat
e pe
nsio
n ag
es f
orm
en a
nd w
omen
at 6
5 by
201
0.
6431
BE
LG
IUM
9192
9394
DE
NM
AR
K
9192
9394
GE
RM
AN
Y
9192
93.9
4
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
9192
9394
9192
9394
2.2.
Fle
xibi
lity
of w
orki
ng h
ours
Wor
king
hou
rs
Stat
utor
y lim
it40
hou
rs p
er w
eek
No
legi
slat
ion
conc
erni
ng th
enu
mbe
r of
hou
rs p
er w
eek.
48 h
ours
per
wee
k5-
day,
40-
hour
wee
k40
hou
rs p
er w
eek
Ove
rtim
e65
hou
rs' o
vert
ime
per
quar
ter
toO
vert
ime
is r
egul
ated
by
2 ho
urs
over
time
per
day
for
a3
hour
s' o
vert
ime
per
day
or 1
880
hou
rs' o
vert
ime
per
year
.
be r
ecov
ered
bef
ore
the
end
ofth
e qu
arte
r. N
on-r
ecov
ery
ofov
ertim
e (m
ax. 6
5h.)
sub
ject
to a
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent,
with
mai
nten
ance
of
enha
nced
rat
e of
pay
for
this
ove
rtim
e.
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent.
peri
od o
f 6
mon
ths
or 2
4 w
eeks
,if
the
aver
age
daily
wor
king
tim
edo
es n
ot e
xcee
d 8
hour
s.
hour
s' o
vert
ime
per
wee
k or
150
hour
s' o
vert
ime
per
year
(pr
ivat
ese
ctor
) 48
hou
rs p
er w
eek.
632
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
YL
UX
EM
BO
UR
GN
ET
HE
RL
AN
DS
POR
TU
GA
L
191
9293
94I
9192
9394
9192
9394
191
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
91. .
;92
9394
39 h
ours
per
wee
k48
hou
rs p
er w
eek
48 h
ours
. The
nat
iona
l bra
nch
40 h
ours
per
wee
k48
hou
rs p
er w
eek
and
36.4
044
hou
rs p
er w
eek.
No
gene
ral l
egis
latio
n de
fini
ngT
here
are
som
e di
ffer
ence
s fo
rco
llect
ive
agre
emen
ts u
sual
lyho
urs
by c
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent.
Poss
ibili
ty o
f de
fini
ng a
vera
gew
orki
ng h
ours
whi
ch a
re a
mat
ter
cert
ain
sect
ors,
sho
ps, r
etai
l and
hote
ls e
tc. a
nd a
lso
for
youn
gpe
ople
.
prov
ide
for
40 h
ours
in in
dust
ryan
d 36
in p
ublic
ser
vice
s.w
orki
ng h
ours
by
colle
ctiv
eag
reem
ent T
his
poss
ibili
ty h
asbe
en w
idel
y us
ed a
t sec
tors
l lev
el,
coor
dina
ting
redu
ctio
n an
dor
gani
satio
n of
wor
king
tim
e.
for
cont
ract
ural
agr
eem
ent.
9 ho
urs'
ove
rtim
e pe
r w
eek
or 1
302
hour
s' o
vert
ime
per
day
or 1
2D
efus
ed b
y se
ctor
al c
olle
ctiv
e2
hour
s' o
vert
ime
per
day.
Dai
ly2
hour
s' o
vert
ime
per
day
or 2
00N
o le
gisl
atio
nho
urs'
ove
rtim
e pe
r ye
ar o
r m
ore
if a
utho
rise
d or
pro
vide
d fo
r by
agre
emen
t.
hour
s' o
vert
ime
per
wee
k or
240
hour
s' o
vert
ime
per
year
.ag
reem
ent
wor
king
hou
rs m
ust n
ot e
xcee
d10
hou
rs, e
xcep
t in
emer
genc
ies
(e.g
. acc
iden
ts, f
orce
maj
eure
).
hour
s' o
vert
ime
per
year
..
6869
33
Mea
sure
s to
incr
ease
fle
xibi
lity
Part
-tim
e em
ploy
men
t con
trac
t
70
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
.93
941
S9P1
9293
.94
Sta
gger
ing
of r
ecov
ery
ofov
ertim
e ov
er 1
yea
r (c
olle
ctiv
eag
reem
ent r
equi
red)
.P
ossi
bilit
y of
intr
oduc
ing
afle
xibl
e w
orki
ng w
eek
(+5h
, -5h
varia
tion
in r
elat
ion
to th
e no
rmal
dura
tion)
with
out s
uppl
emen
tary
paym
ent f
or th
e nu
mbe
r of
hou
rsex
ceed
ing
40, w
hile
res
pect
ing
norm
al w
orki
ng h
ours
on
anan
nual
bas
is. C
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent
requ
ired
to in
trod
uce
the
syst
em.
Pos
sibi
lity
of e
xten
ding
wor
king
wee
k (m
ax. 1
2h. p
er d
ay)
and
intr
oduc
ing
wee
kend
wor
k,su
bjec
t to
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent
(com
pani
es w
ith tr
ade
unio
nre
pres
enta
tion)
or
mod
ifica
tion
ofw
ork
rule
s (S
ME
s).
App
licat
ions
:O
ne o
r m
ore
form
s of
this
type
of
flexi
bilit
y ha
ve b
een
intr
oduc
ed in
seve
ral s
ecto
rs (
met
al, f
oods
tuffs
,cl
othi
ng, t
extil
es, w
hite
-col
lar
wor
kers
, dis
trib
utio
n, im
port
atio
n,po
rts)
. The
num
ber
ofag
reem
ents
on
flexi
bilit
y w
ithin
com
pani
es is
est
imat
ed to
be
150,
eith
er b
y an
nual
isat
ion
or th
roug
hw
eeke
nd w
ork
(par
ticul
arly
inin
dust
rial s
ecto
rs).
No
spec
ific
defin
ition
; sam
ele
gisl
atio
n w
ith r
egar
d to
min
imum
per
iod
of n
otic
e,re
dund
ancy
pay
, etc
. as
for
full-
time
wor
kers
.T
he la
w im
pose
s a
min
imum
num
ber
of h
ours
of p
art-
time
empl
oym
ent:
min
imum
1/3
full-
time
empl
oym
ent (
appr
oxim
atel
y13
hou
rs p
er w
eek
on a
vera
ge).
Als
o m
inim
um d
urat
ion
of e
ach
perio
d of
wor
k: 3
hou
rs p
er d
ay.
Nig
ht a
nd S
unda
y w
ork
is n
otpr
ohib
ited.
No
spec
ific
defin
ition
; sam
ele
gisl
atio
n w
ith r
egar
d to
min
imum
per
iod
of n
otic
e,re
dund
ancy
pay
, etc
. as
for
full-
time
wor
kers
.
Num
erou
s co
llect
ive
agre
emen
ts(m
etal
wor
king
) 36
and
35
hour
sw
ith p
ossi
bilit
y of
flex
ibili
ty (
e.g.
grou
p of
per
man
ent w
orke
rs o
n40
hou
rs).
New
agr
eem
ents
prov
ide
for
a re
duct
ion
inw
orki
ng h
ours
to m
aint
ain
empl
oym
ent (
sim
ilar
toV
olks
wag
en).
Spe
cific
lega
l def
initi
on in
Em
ploy
men
t Pro
mot
ion
Law
198
5(e
.g. d
efin
ition
of p
rinci
ple
ofeq
ual t
reat
men
t). T
he g
ener
alla
bour
law
pro
visi
ons
are
appl
icab
le.
71
No
spec
ific
defin
ition
; sam
ele
gisl
atio
n w
ith r
egar
d to
min
imum
per
iod
of n
otic
e,re
dund
ancy
pay
, etc
. as
for
full-
time
wor
kers
.
Wor
king
day
Law
11/
94 k
eeps
the
max
imum
wor
king
wee
k an
d da
y at
40
hour
s an
d 9
hour
s re
spec
tivel
y,w
ith 1
2 ho
urs
rest
bet
wee
n da
ys.
Fle
xibi
lity
base
d on
col
lect
ive
barg
aini
ng is
per
mitt
ed r
egar
ding
annu
alis
atio
n of
wor
king
tim
e,irr
egul
ar d
istr
ibut
ion
of th
ew
orki
ng d
ay, a
nd th
e po
ssib
ility
of e
xcee
ding
9 h
ours
per
day
.O
vert
ime
The
min
imum
sup
plem
ent o
f 75%
of th
e ho
urly
rat
e is
abo
lishe
d. In
the
abse
nce
of a
n ag
reem
ent
rem
uner
atio
n of
ove
rtim
e is
repl
aced
by
time
off i
n lie
u.W
eekl
y re
stin
g tim
e m
ay b
eca
lcul
ated
on
a fo
rtni
ghtly
bas
is.
Spe
cific
lega
l def
initi
on in
the
Wor
kers
' Sta
tute
: Num
ber
ofho
urs
wor
ked
per
day,
wee
k,m
onth
of y
ear
less
than
the
norm
al n
umbe
r of
hou
rs w
orke
din
the
activ
ity in
que
stio
n. S
ame
legi
slat
ion
with
reg
ard
tom
inim
um p
erio
d of
not
ice,
redu
ndan
cy p
ay, e
tc. a
s fo
r fu
ll-tim
e w
orke
rs.
Soc
ial s
ecur
ity c
ontr
ibut
ions
base
d on
wor
king
tim
e. R
educ
edso
cial
pro
tect
ion
right
s w
here
wor
king
tim
e le
ss th
an 1
2 ho
urs
per
wee
k or
48
hour
s pe
r m
onth
.
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
D
9192
9394
9192
93
Spe
cific
lega
l def
initi
on in
the
Labo
ur C
ode
(num
ber
of h
ours
at
leas
t one
-fift
h le
ss th
an th
e
stat
utor
y w
orki
ng ti
me)
, sam
ele
gisl
atio
n w
ith r
egar
d to
min
imum
per
iod
of n
otic
e,
redu
ndan
cy p
as. e
tsas
for
run-
time
wor
kers
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
INE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SIP
OR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
9192
9394
191
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
941
9192
.93
94
No
spec
ific
defin
ition
; leg
isla
tion
conc
erni
ng th
e pe
riod
of n
otic
e,re
dund
ancy
. etc
. is
appl
icab
le
only
to p
erso
ns w
orki
ng m
ore
than
18
hour
s pe
r w
eek,
if th
eyha
ve 1
3 w
eeks
' con
tinuo
usse
rvic
e
No
spec
ific
defin
ition
; sam
ele
gisl
atio
n w
ith r
egar
d to
min
imum
per
iod
of n
otic
e,re
dund
ancy
pay
, etc
. as
for
full-
time
wor
kers
.
No
spec
ific
defin
ition
; sam
ele
gisl
atio
n w
ith r
egar
d to
min
imum
per
iod
of n
otic
e,re
dund
ancy
pay
, etc
. as
for
full-
time
wor
kers
.
No
spec
ific
defin
ition
;in
volv
es w
orki
ng s
hort
er h
ours
than
the
norm
al fu
ll-tim
e w
orki
ngH
ours
No
spec
ific
defin
ition
; sam
ele
gisl
atio
n w
ith r
egar
d to
min
imum
per
iod
of n
otic
e,re
dund
ancy
pay
, etc
as
for
full-
time
wor
kers
.
73
Ann
ualis
atio
nT
he s
yste
m o
f ann
ualis
atio
n of
wor
king
hou
rs h
as b
een
adop
ted
for
1.5
mill
ion
wor
kers
.
No
spec
ific
defin
ition
,
35
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K91
9293
94I
9192
36.
Impa
ct o
f a
5-ye
ar p
erio
d of
par
t-tim
eem
ploy
men
t on
pens
ions
Shor
t-tim
e w
orki
ng
Part
ial r
etir
emen
t
10%
Part
ial e
arly
ret
irem
ent p
ensi
on -
Agr
eem
ent N
o 55
and
Roy
alD
ecre
e of
30
July
199
4A
imed
at i
ntro
duci
ng a
par
tial
earl
y re
tirem
ent p
ensi
on b
ym
eans
of
a su
pple
men
tary
allo
wan
ce s
chem
e ap
plic
able
toce
rtai
n ol
der
wor
kers
, cre
atin
gad
ditio
nal e
mpl
oym
ent (
min
imum
55 y
ears
of
age)
.
2-3%
GERMANY
93 93
94
9192
9394
10-1
5%
Old
-age
pen
sion
s m
ay b
e cl
aim
edin
ful
l (fu
ll pe
nsio
ns)
or in
par
t,eq
uiva
lent
to a
thir
d, a
hal
f or
two
thir
ds o
f th
e fu
ll pe
nsio
n. I
nad
ditio
n to
a p
artia
l pen
sion
it is
poss
ible
to r
ecei
ve a
n ad
ditio
nal
inco
me
in li
ne w
ith th
e in
com
epr
evio
usly
insu
red.
GR
EE
CE
91.9
2.:9
No-
exce
pt in
cer
tain
cas
es (
>10
%)
SPA
IN
9/92
93.
94
no Wor
kers
ove
r 62
ele
igib
le f
or a
pens
ion
(exc
ept f
or th
eir
age(
may
redu
ce th
eir
wor
king
tim
e an
dw
age
by 5
0% s
ubje
ct to
an
agre
emen
t with
thei
r fi
rm, w
hich
unde
rtak
es to
off
er a
job
take
over
cont
ract
to a
n un
empl
oyed
per
son
who
will
wor
k fo
r th
e ba
lanc
e of
the
wor
king
tim
e un
til th
e w
orke
rta
king
par
tial r
etir
emen
t ret
ches
the
age
of f
ull r
etir
emen
t
74
if)
75
,1
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
YL
UX
EM
BO
UR
GN
ET
HE
RL
AN
DS
POR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
I 91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
very
littl
e
Syst
em o
f re
duce
d ai
d
Gra
dual
ear
ly r
etir
emen
tG
radu
al e
arly
ret
irem
ent,
whi
chw
as r
efor
med
in D
ecem
ber
1992
,is
exp
andi
ng c
onsi
dera
bly.
It
allo
ws
empl
oyee
s ag
ed o
ver
55 to
wor
k ha
lf-t
ime
or 4
0% o
f th
eir
prev
ious
wor
king
hou
rs in
exch
ange
for
add
ition
al p
ayeq
uiva
lent
to 3
0% o
f th
eir
prev
ious
gro
ss p
ay, f
unde
d by
the
Stat
e (w
ith p
artic
ipat
ion
ofem
ploy
ers)
. A g
radu
al e
arly
retir
emen
t agr
eem
ent e
ither
crea
tes
addi
tiona
l em
ploy
men
t, in
part
icul
ar f
or th
ose
grou
pssp
ecif
ical
ly ta
rget
ed b
yem
ploy
men
t pol
icy,
or
serv
es a
san
alte
rnat
ive
to r
edun
danc
y.
nom
ore
than
10%
Cas
sa in
tegr
azio
ne g
uada
gni
(CO
I) a
nd s
olid
arity
con
trac
ts
Law
223
/199
1 in
trod
uces
this
poss
ibili
ty.
just
ove
r 10
%ju
st o
ver
15 %
nole
ss th
an 5
%
7 6
37
38
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K
9192
9394
9192
9394
.
IGE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
9192
9394
91'
92.
:94;
::.91
9293
:94
Rec
ent m
easu
res
78
Invo
lunt
ary
shor
t-tim
eSi
nce
1/6/
93 n
o su
pple
men
tary
allo
wan
ces
duri
ng p
art-
time
empl
oym
ent,
but i
n so
me
circ
umst
ance
s (r
egis
trat
ion
as a
full-
time
job
seek
er,
rem
uner
atio
ns, e
tc.)
it is
pos
sibl
eto
rec
eive
a g
uara
ntee
d in
com
eal
low
ance
.C
ompa
ny w
ork
redi
stri
butio
nsc
hem
es (
Plan
Glo
bal)
8 ty
pes
of jo
b-sh
arin
g, a
llin
volv
ing
addi
tiona
l rec
ruitm
ent,
are
prov
ided
for
by
Roy
al D
ecre
eof
24/
12/9
3 un
der
the
Glo
bal
Plan
: par
t-tim
e em
ploy
men
t,re
duct
ion
in w
orki
ng ti
me,
over
time
rest
rict
ions
, car
eer
brea
ks s
chem
e, p
artia
l ear
lyre
tirem
ent,
team
wor
k, f
lexi
ble
empl
oym
ent,
4-da
y w
eek.
Oth
erso
lutio
ns m
ore
suite
d to
the
need
sof
the
com
pany
and
its
wor
kers
rem
ain
poss
ible
. Em
ploy
ers
gene
ratin
g ad
ditio
nal n
etem
ploy
men
t on
the
basi
s of
an
appr
oved
com
pany
pla
n of
won
.re
dist
ribu
tion
are
entit
led
to a
111
4-ra
te r
educ
tion
in e
mpl
oyer
cont
ribu
tions
to th
e so
cial
insu
ranc
e of
FB
25
000
per
quar
ter.
The
Roy
al D
ecre
epr
ohib
its r
educ
tions
in w
orki
ngtim
e w
ith f
ull p
ay (
cons
ider
ed a
san
obs
tacl
e to
wag
e fr
eeze
s). A
tth
e pr
esen
t tim
e, a
ppro
x. 2
0se
ctor
s ha
ve c
oncl
uded
afr
amew
ork
agre
emen
t; th
ese
agre
emen
ts m
ainl
y pr
ovid
e fo
rin
form
atio
n at
sec
tora
l lev
el o
nco
mpa
ny p
lans
. App
roxi
mat
ely
25 c
ompa
ny p
lans
hav
e be
enco
nclu
ded
at c
ompa
ny le
vel.
(See
rem
arks
on
Lea
ve S
chem
eun
der
"Lea
ve a
nd C
aree
r B
reak
s -
rece
nt m
easu
res"
).
Wor
king
tim
e in
pub
lic s
ervi
ceW
orki
ng ti
me
in th
e pu
blic
serv
ice
has
been
incr
ease
d by
one
hour
in s
ome
of th
e fe
dera
l sta
tes;
the
stat
us o
f pa
rt-t
ime
wor
k ha
sbe
en r
aise
d by
law
(al
so f
orpu
blic
ser
vant
s w
ith s
uper
viso
ryre
spon
sibi
litie
s).
New
wor
king
tim
e la
wO
n 1
July
199
4 a
new
Law
on
wor
king
tim
e in
trod
uced
mor
efl
exib
le w
orki
ng ti
me
patte
rns.
Sund
ay w
orki
ng is
stil
l for
bidd
en,
with
som
e ex
cept
ions
.N
ew a
gree
men
t in
met
al s
ecto
rT
his
agre
emen
t end
s th
eth
reat
ened
str
ike
actio
n in
the
met
al s
ecto
r by
set
tling
a z
ero
wag
e in
crea
se (
afte
r po
sitiv
e an
dne
gativ
e co
mpe
nsat
ions
) in
exch
ange
for
new
opp
ortu
nitie
s to
shar
e an
d di
stri
bute
wor
k. T
hepr
evio
usly
agr
eed
wor
king
tim
ere
duct
ion
from
38
to 3
3 ho
urs
will
be
enfo
rced
on
1st O
ctob
er.
Exe
mpt
ion
from
soc
ial i
nsur
ance
ccnt
ribu
tions
for
min
orre
mun
erat
ed a
ctiv
ities
Paid
em
ploy
men
t of
less
than
15
hour
s a
wee
k, f
or w
hich
the
wag
era
te is
bel
ow a
cer
tain
leve
l(D
M56
0 pe
r m
onth
in o
ld a
ndD
M46
0 pe
r m
onth
in n
ewL
inde
r), i
s ex
empt
fro
mco
mpu
lsor
y so
cial
insu
ranc
eco
ntri
butio
ns.
Part
-tim
e w
ork
Incr
ease
d pu
blic
ity b
y go
vern
men
tan
d so
cial
par
tner
s to
pro
mot
epa
rt-t
ime
empl
oym
ent (
e.g.
adv
ice
on p
art-
time
optio
ns f
orco
mpa
nies
, esp
ecia
lly S
ME
s).
Ove
rt:h
reO
vert
ime
will
not
be
reco
gnis
edan
d co
mpe
nsat
ed f
or in
the
publ
ican
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
s du
ring
the
firs
tha
lf o
f 19
94, f
ollo
win
g a
deci
sion
by th
e M
inis
ter
of L
abou
r.
Part
-tim
e w
ork
(Law
10/
94 o
f 19
May
)N
ew d
efin
ition
: wor
k pe
rfor
med
for
a nu
mbe
r of
hou
rs w
hich
isle
ss th
an th
e no
rm f
or th
e ac
tivity
in q
uest
ion.
The
bas
is f
or s
ocia
l sec
urity
cont
ribu
tions
is th
e re
mun
erat
ion
actu
ally
rec
eive
d fo
r th
e ho
urs
wor
ked.
In th
e ca
se o
f ac
tiviti
es a
mou
ntin
gto
less
than
12
hour
s pe
r w
eek
or48
hou
rs p
er m
onth
, whi
chth
eref
ore
do n
ot p
rovi
de a
livi
ng,
soci
al p
rote
ctio
n ri
ghts
incl
ude
indu
stri
al a
ccid
ent a
ndoc
cupa
tiona
l dis
ease
cov
er,
med
ical
ass
ista
nce
and
com
pany
bank
rupt
cy.
Job
take
over
con
trac
tC
ontr
act c
oncl
uded
with
a w
orke
rto
rep
lace
ano
ther
wor
ker
who
has
deci
ded
to ta
ke p
artia
l ret
irem
ent.
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
D
; 91
9293
9491
9293
ITA
LY
9491
9293
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9419
192
9394
I
NE
DPG
UD
GD
91
ET
H
92
S
94I
91
OR
TU 92
AL
9394
I91
NIT
E K
INO
M
9293
94
Org
anis
atio
n of
wor
king
tim
eT
he f
ive-
year
law
pro
vide
s fo
r a
num
ber
of m
easu
res
rela
ting
toth
e or
gani
satio
n of
wor
king
tim
e,su
ch a
s:-
annu
alis
atio
n of
wor
king
hou
rsfo
r pa
rt-t
ime
wor
k;-
paym
ent o
f a
subs
idy
toco
mpa
nies
whi
ch r
educ
e to
tal
wor
king
hou
rs b
y at
leas
t 15,
com
bine
d w
ith a
red
uctio
n in
pay
,an
d re
crui
t at l
east
10%
of
thei
rst
aff;
- 30
% r
educ
tion
in e
mpl
oyer
s'so
cial
sec
urity
con
trib
utio
ns f
orta
king
on
part
-tim
e w
orke
rs (
16-
32 h
ours
per
wee
k) o
r fo
rsw
itchi
ng to
par
t-tim
eem
ploy
men
t (re
tain
ing
the
full
rate
for
cal
cula
tion
of th
ere
tirem
ent p
ensi
on f
or 5
yea
rs)
inor
der
to a
void
col
lect
ive
dism
issa
lon
eco
nom
ic g
roun
ds;
- sh
ort-
time
wor
king
com
pens
ated
ove
r a
long
per
iod,
in th
e ev
ent o
f a
prol
onge
d pe
riod
of s
hort
-tim
e w
orki
ng (
18m
onth
s-2
year
s) o
r in
the
cont
ext
of a
red
unda
ncy
plan
impl
emen
ted
as a
mea
ns o
fre
duci
ng w
orki
ng h
ours
in o
rder
to a
void
red
unda
ncie
s fo
rec
onom
ic r
easo
ns. C
ompe
nsat
ion
for
shor
t-tim
e w
orki
ng o
ver
alo
ng p
erio
d is
the
subj
ect o
f an
agre
emen
t bet
wee
n th
e so
cial
part
ners
rel
atin
g to
une
mpl
oym
ent
insu
ranc
e, p
rovi
ding
for
aco
ntri
butio
n by
the
latte
r of
EC
U1.
5 pe
r ho
ur c
ompe
nsat
ed p
erw
orke
r, in
add
ition
to th
e 70
0ho
urs
of s
hort
-tim
e w
orki
ngfu
nded
by
the
Stat
e an
d by
com
pani
es, u
p to
a li
mit
of 1
200
hour
s. T
here
are
a n
umbe
r of
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
0
Clre
aska
l ind
usby
The
new
che
mic
al in
dust
ryag
reem
ent (
Mar
ch 1
994)
and
the
unio
n pl
atfo
rms
of o
ther
bra
nche
spr
ovid
e fo
r 38
hou
rs, t
hrou
gh th
eco
mpa
ny m
anag
emen
t of
year
lyre
st d
ays.
Eve
ry c
olle
ctiv
eag
reem
ent i
nclu
des
a m
axim
umth
resh
old
of y
earl
y, w
eekl
y an
dda
ily o
vert
ime.
Sol
idar
ity c
ontr
act:
In o
rder
to m
aint
ain
empl
oym
ent
solid
arity
con
trac
ts a
re to
be
impl
emen
ted
mor
e in
tens
ivel
yth
an b
efor
e. T
hey
have
bee
nm
ade
mor
e fl
exib
le b
y al
low
ing
wor
king
tim
e to
be
redu
ced
not
only
on
a da
ily b
ut a
lso
on a
wee
kly,
mon
thly
and
ann
ual
basi
s. T
he h
ours
not
wor
ked
are
subs
idis
ed b
y th
e ca
ssa
inte
graz
ione
.L
aw 2
99/1
994
incl
udes
mea
sure
sto
enc
oura
ge th
e us
e of
par
t-tim
ew
ork
and
flex
ible
wor
king
hou
rs.
Org
anis
atio
n of
wor
kU
nder
the
trip
artit
e ag
reem
ent o
f8.
3.94
on
mai
ntai
ning
empl
oym
ent,
pric
e st
abili
ty a
ndco
mpe
titiv
enes
s of
ent
erpr
ises
, the
soci
al p
artn
ers
decl
ared
that
cont
ract
ual p
olic
y w
ould
dea
lw
ith m
etho
ds o
f or
gani
sing
wor
klik
ely
to m
aint
ain
or e
ven
crea
teem
ploy
men
t.L
egis
latio
n on
ove
rtim
e an
dad
ditio
nal a
ctiv
ities
is to
be
appl
ied
rigo
rous
ly.
Par
tial r
edre
nsen
tA
new
trai
ning
/em
ploy
men
tm
easu
re e
nabl
es u
nem
ploy
edpe
ople
to b
e ta
ken
on a
long
side
wor
kers
who
are
fou
r ye
ars
away
from
ret
irem
ent,
in o
rder
to c
reat
eem
ploy
men
t and
to tr
ansf
erkn
owle
dge.
81
Der
egul
ator
y m
easu
res
In J
anua
ry 1
994
the
Gov
ernm
ent
intr
oduc
ed a
Bill
to P
arlia
men
t to
faci
litat
e fu
rthe
r de
regu
lato
rym
easu
res.
It i
nclu
des
a ge
nera
lpo
wer
to r
emov
e or
am
end
legi
slat
ion
impo
sing
bur
dens
on
busi
ness
, dub
ject
to s
tric
tPa
rlia
men
tary
saf
egua
rds
toen
sure
that
nec
essa
ry p
rote
ctio
nfo
r th
e pu
blic
is r
etai
ned.
It a
lso
incl
udes
two
spec
ific
pro
posa
ls to
sim
plif
y em
ploy
men
t leg
isla
tion.
The
fes
t pro
posa
l con
cern
s th
ere
quir
emen
ts e
mpl
oyer
s fa
cew
hen
sele
ctin
g em
ploy
ees
for
redu
ndan
cy; t
he s
econ
d is
toab
olis
h lic
ensi
ng r
equi
rem
ents
for
priv
ate
empl
oym
ent a
genc
ies.
39
40
BE
LG
IUM
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
I91
9293
9491
9293
.9#
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
S283
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRE
LA
ND
9192
9394
ITA
LY
9192
9394
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9192
9394
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
9192
9394
POR
TU
GA
L
9192
9394
Exa
mpl
es o
f pa
y 4u
:twin
s an
dw
ork
- sha
ring
72 c
ompa
ny a
gree
men
ts o
r qu
asi-
agre
emen
ts d
ealin
g w
ith p
ayad
just
men
ts o
r w
ork-
shar
ing
wer
eco
nclu
ded
betw
een
sum
mer
199
2an
d D
ecem
ber
1993
. The
aim
was
to m
aint
ain
empl
oym
ent b
y
redu
cing
the
wag
e bi
ll or
by
adju
stin
g em
ploy
men
t to
ade
crea
se in
act
ivity
. The
Min
istr
yof
Em
ploy
men
t not
es th
ree
logi
cal
prin
cipl
es in
thes
e ag
reem
ents
:no
n-ne
gotia
ted
redu
ctio
n in
pay
;an
atte
mpt
by
the
unio
ns to
lim
itth
e co
nseq
uenc
es o
f res
truc
turin
g,an
d jo
int r
egul
atio
n of
the
wag
ebi
ll to
sur
vive
a d
iffic
ult p
erio
d.T
he n
umbe
r of
inno
vativ
eel
emen
ts in
the
nego
tiatin
gpr
oced
ures
is n
ot th
e sa
me
in a
llth
ree
case
s, n
or is
the
impa
ct o
n
empl
oym
ent.
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
931
94
8441
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
.93
9449
192
9394
191
9293
946
Part
-tim
ePo
ssib
ility
for
SM
Es
with
no
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent t
o de
viat
efr
om th
e m
inim
um 1
/3 f
ull-
time
empl
oym
ent r
ule.
Ann
ualis
afio
n of
wor
king
tim
ean
d fl
exib
le u
wek
Poss
ibili
ty o
f in
trod
ucin
g th
ese
flex
ible
wor
king
tim
e sy
stem
sin
to S
ME
s m
ore
easi
ly (
no n
eed
for
a co
llect
ive
agre
emen
t).
Opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r ni
ght w
ork
for
wom
enM
ultis
ecto
ral s
ocia
l par
tner
s ar
epr
opos
ing
to s
ecto
rs th
epo
ssib
ility
of
nigh
t wor
k in
cert
ain
type
s of
em
ploy
men
t (da
tapr
oces
sing
, che
mis
ts, e
tc.)
.T
empo
rary
wor
k (C
olle
ctiv
eA
gree
men
t n 3
8 +
Roy
al D
ecre
eof
23/
09/9
4W
ithin
the
join
t com
mis
sion
on
tem
pora
ry w
ork
the
soci
alpa
rtne
rs h
ave
mad
e an
agr
eem
ent
to f
acili
tate
tem
pora
ry w
ork,
The
agre
emen
t stip
ulat
es a
prol
onga
tion
of th
e tim
e lim
it (6
mon
ths
inst
ead
of 3
) du
ring
whi
chth
e te
mpo
rary
wor
kers
can
be
empl
oyed
, rep
laci
ng w
orke
rsw
hose
con
trac
ts h
ave
ende
dT
empo
rary
wor
k w
ill a
lso
bepo
ssib
le in
the
publ
ic s
ecto
r.Jo
b sh
arin
g (F
lem
ish
Gov
ernm
ent D
ecre
e of
2/3
/94)
The
Fle
mis
h go
vern
men
t will
awar
d a
prem
ium
to f
ull-
time
wor
kers
who
sw
itch
from
ful
l-tim
e to
par
t-tim
e w
ork
(max
. 80%
of f
ull-
time)
und
er a
job-
shar
ing
sche
me
adop
ted
in th
e co
ntex
t of
a co
mpa
ny p
lan.
Part
-tim
e W
ork
In o
rder
to e
ncou
rage
par
t-tim
ew
ork,
any
wor
ker
mad
eun
empl
oyed
aft
er a
cha
nge
from
full
to p
art-
time
wor
k is
ent
itled
to u
nem
ploy
men
t ben
efit
at th
efu
ll-tim
e ra
te f
or a
per
iod
of 3
year
s.
87
FRANCE
IRELAND
91
92
93
94
91
92
93
94
ITALY
LUXEMBOURG
91
92
93
94
191
92
93
94
I
NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
UNITED KINGDOM
91
92
93
94
91
92
93
94
91
92
93
94
Wor
king
tim
eIn
con
junc
tion
with
the
EU
Wor
king
Tim
e D
irec
tive
(48
hour
s), w
ork
is in
pro
gres
s to
refo
rm th
e co
mpl
ete
area
of
wor
king
tim
e fo
r al
l sec
tors
, as
atth
e m
omen
t reg
ulat
ions
are
eith
erva
gue
and
outd
ated
or
do n
otex
ist T
he a
im th
us, o
f th
eD
epar
tmen
t of
Ent
erpr
ise
and
Em
ploy
men
t wou
ld b
e to
hav
e th
eva
riou
s co
nditi
ons
of th
is E
UD
irec
tive
impl
emen
ted
in g
ood
time.
Prop
osal
for
ref
orm
of
wor
king
time
regu
latio
nIn
Jan
uary
199
4 th
e M
inis
ter
ofL
abou
r pr
esen
ted
a pr
opos
al f
orre
form
of
the
pres
ent l
aws
regu
latin
g w
orki
ng ti
me
alon
gth
ese
lines
:am
endm
ent o
f th
e ol
d ru
les
(48-
hour
wor
king
wee
k);
rend
erin
g ne
w o
nes
com
patib
lew
ith c
olle
ctiv
e ba
rgai
ning
tren
ds (
38-4
0-ho
ur w
orki
ngw
eek)
;m
easu
res
for
prom
otin
gre
duct
ion
in p
lant
wor
king
hour
s an
d jo
b-sh
arin
g;sp
ecia
l tra
inin
g le
ave;
-lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s' r
atio
nalis
atio
nof
ser
vice
s, o
peni
ng h
ours
and
sum
mer
hol
iday
s.Pr
opos
al f
or r
efor
m p
rese
nted
inJu
ly 1
994
to e
ncou
rage
wor
king
time
flex
ibili
ty.
Org
anis
atio
nof
wor
king
tim
eT
rans
posa
l of
Dir
ectiv
e 93
/104
conc
erni
ng c
erta
in a
spec
ts o
f th
eor
gani
satio
n of
wor
king
tim
e.
Wor
king
tim
ePr
opos
al p
rese
nted
to P
arlia
men
t(1
6/3/
94)
with
the
aim
of
amen
ding
the
exis
ting
rule
s:A
vera
ge w
orki
ng h
ours
: 40
hour
spe
r w
eek
or 5
20 h
ours
ove
r 13
wee
ks.
Aut
hori
sed
limit:
9 h
ours
per
day
and
45 h
ours
per
wee
k.A
men
dmen
t pos
sibl
e as
a r
esul
tof
a c
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent,
but
rest
rict
ing
the
limit
to 1
0 ho
urs
per
day
with
a m
axim
um o
f 20
0ho
urs
over
4 w
eeks
and
585
hou
rsov
er 1
3 w
eeks
. Com
puls
ory
rest
peri
od o
f 11
hou
rs p
er d
ay. T
his
plan
giv
es w
ider
sco
pe to
cont
ract
ual r
elat
ions
.Po
ssib
ility
of m
ore
flex
ible
wor
king
hou
rs(n
ight
wor
k, w
eeke
nd w
ork,
etc
.).
It a
lso
offe
rs w
orke
rs p
rote
ctio
nby
set
ting
min
imum
sta
ndar
ds(s
afet
y, h
ealth
, etc
.).
8889
4 3
I B
EL
GIU
MD
EN
MA
RK
IG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293.
9491
9293.
94
2.3.
Lea
ve a
nd c
aree
r br
eaks
Car
eer
brea
ks
37.
Mat
erni
ty le
ave
Car
eer
brea
ksT
o en
able
the
unem
ploy
ed to
repl
ace
wor
kers
in th
e pu
blic
and
priv
ate
sect
ors
who
sto
p w
orki
ngco
mpl
etel
y (f
or 6
-12
mon
ths)
or
part
ially
(6.
60 m
onth
s) a
nd a
reen
title
d to
an
allo
wan
ce.
Job-
sha
ring
Any
mem
ber
of a
n un
empl
oym
ent
insu
ranc
e fu
nd w
ho ta
kes
part
in a
job-
shar
ing
sche
me
is e
ntitl
ed to
(add
ition
al)
redu
ced
allo
wan
ces
subj
ect t
o ce
rtai
n co
nditi
ons
(col
lect
ive
agre
emen
t, m
inim
um 2
full
days
per
wee
k, e
tc.)
.
Dur
atio
n (w
eeks
)15
2814
1816
Vo
net a
vera
ge e
arni
ngs
110/
117
7310
010
075
38.
Impa
ct o
f a
care
er b
reak
on
pens
ions
:on
acc
ount
of
illne
ss (
5 ye
ars)
nono
usua
lly lo
wno
-exc
ept i
n ce
rtai
n ca
ses
(>10
%)
no-e
xcep
t in
cert
ain
case
s(>
10%
)
on a
ccou
nt o
f un
empl
oym
ent (
5 ye
ars)
nono
usua
lly lo
wno
-exc
ept i
n ce
rtai
n ca
ses
(>10
%)
no-e
xcep
t in
cert
ain
case
s(>
5%)
to b
ang
up c
hild
ren
(10
year
s)10
%no
reco
gniti
on o
f pe
riod
s sp
ent
rais
ing
child
ren:
pri
or to
199
2:no
-exc
ept i
n ce
rtai
n ca
ses
(>10
%)
no
one
year
of
cont
ribu
tions
; fro
m19
92: t
hree
yea
rs o
f co
ntri
butio
ns
Lea
ve20
day
s' s
tatu
tory
leav
e10
publ
ic h
olid
ays
30 d
ays
18 d
ays'
sta
tuto
ry le
ave;
5-6
wee
ks b
y co
llect
ive
agre
emen
t.24
day
s' s
tatu
tory
leav
e.30
day
s' s
tatu
tory
leav
e
(fro
m 1
/1/9
5 24
wor
king
day
s in
4 w
eeks
)
9114
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
YL
UX
EM
BO
UR
GN
ET
HE
RL
AN
DS
POR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
1 91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
Wel
les
tabl
ishe
d in
pub
lic s
ecto
r.N
o ge
nera
l pol
icy,
alth
ough
som
e
larg
e em
ploy
ers
(not
ably
ban
ks,
insu
ranc
e co
mpa
nies
) ha
vees
tabl
ishe
d po
licie
s.
,....
16 (
26 f
n,rn
the
thir
d ch
ild)
1420
1616
1314
/18
113
9386
111
100
124
25/9
1 (d
urin
g th
e fi
rst s
ix w
eeks
)
nono
no-e
xcep
t in
cert
ain
case
s (>
10%
)no
nole
ss th
an 1
0%no
nono
10%
10%
10 °
/ino
-exc
ept i
n ce
rtai
n ca
ses
(=30
%)
no
very
littl
eno
-exc
ept i
n ce
rtai
n ca
ses
(>5%
)20
%5
%ju
st o
ver
20%
nono
30 d
ays'
sta
tuto
ry le
ave
3 w
eeks
' sta
tuto
ry le
ave;
4 w
eeks
No
spec
ific
num
ber
of s
tatu
tory
25 d
ays'
sta
tuto
ry le
ave;
26-
284
wee
ks' s
tatu
tory
leav
e; 5
-622
day
s' s
tatu
tory
leav
e.N
o le
gisl
atio
n bu
t 20-
27 d
ays'
on th
e ba
sis
of a
col
lect
ive
agre
emen
t.
days
' lea
ve; 4
-6 w
eeks
on
the
basi
s of
a c
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent.
days
by
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent
wee
ks b
y co
llect
ive
agre
emen
t.le
ave
by c
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent
9r)
53
45
BE
LG
IUM
I D
EN
MA
RK
9192
9394
9192
93
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
9491
9293
9491
9293
941
9192
9394
Rec
ent m
easu
res
Car
eer
brea
ks -
Col
lect
ive
agre
emen
t No
56G
rant
ing
of a
lim
ited
righ
t to
aca
reer
bre
ak f
or p
riva
te-s
ecto
rw
orke
rs (
this
rig
ht a
lrea
dy e
xist
edin
the
publ
ic s
ecto
r).
Thi
s w
ill e
nter
into
for
ce o
n 1
Janu
ary
1994
and
will
ena
ble
mor
e. w
orke
rs to
leav
e th
e la
bour
mar
ket t
empo
rari
ly; i
t is
anim
port
ant m
eans
of
redi
stri
butin
gav
aila
ble
empl
oym
ent,
give
n th
atth
e em
ploy
er is
obl
iged
to r
epla
cew
orke
rs ta
king
car
eer
brea
ks w
ithun
empl
oyed
peo
ple.
Lea
ve s
chem
eD
ue to
the
new
leav
e sc
hem
eth
ree
form
s of
leav
e ar
e al
low
ed:
- pa
rent
al le
ave
open
to b
oth
pare
nts
(26+
26 w
eeks
with
am
axim
um o
f 80
% o
f th
eun
empl
oym
ent b
enef
it)-
trai
ning
leav
e (o
ne y
ear
with
100%
of
the
unem
ploy
men
tbe
nefi
t aft
er 1
/4/9
5 80
%)
- sa
bbat
ical
leav
e (p
ilot p
roje
ctfo
r on
e ye
ar w
ith a
max
imum
of 8
0% o
f th
e un
empl
oym
ent
bene
fit)
Rem
arks
:T
he s
abba
tical
leav
e m
ay b
ede
velo
ped
into
a jo
b-sh
arin
gsc
hem
e. I
f, f
or e
xam
ple,
thre
epe
rson
s de
cide
to ta
ke a
sab
batic
alle
ave
for
one
wee
k ev
ery
mon
th it
is p
ossi
ble
to e
mpl
oy a
fou
rth
pers
on w
ho a
lso
wor
ks f
or th
ree
wee
ks p
er m
onth
. Dur
ing
the
wee
kly
sabb
atic
al le
ave
per
mon
thal
l fou
r pe
rson
s ge
t a m
axim
umof
80%
of
the
unem
ploy
men
tbe
nefi
t. T
his
syst
em is
cal
led
"dus
tmen
sch
eme"
bec
ause
agr
oup
of "
dust
men
" go
t the
idea
.In
itial
fig
ures
sho
w th
at th
em
easu
re is
hav
ing
a re
al im
pact
,pa
rtic
ular
ly in
the
case
of
pare
ntal
leav
e, w
hich
will
rep
rese
nt 5
% o
fem
ploy
men
t if
the
tren
dco
ntin
ues.
The
se le
ave
sche
mes
are
fund
ed b
y co
ntri
butio
ns p
aid
by e
mpl
oyee
s (l
ater
als
o by
empl
oyer
s) to
the
thre
e "L
abou
rm
arke
t fun
ds"
crea
ted
in a
utum
n19
93.
9495
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
( 91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
:' .
92.
93':
.
94
Mat
erni
ty le
ave
All
empl
oyee
s ha
ve th
e ri
ght t
o14
wee
ks' s
tatu
tory
leav
e, f
rom
Oct
ober
199
4, a
nd u
p to
18
wee
ks' s
tatu
tory
ben
efit
if a
bsen
tfr
om w
ork
subj
ect t
o ce
rtai
nqu
alif
ying
con
ditio
ns. T
hose
with
2 ye
ars'
ser
vice
hav
e th
e ri
ght t
oa
long
er p
erio
d of
mat
erni
tyab
senc
e of
up
to a
roun
d 40
wee
ksin
tota
l.
9")
9647
.18
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K91
9293
94I
91:
9293
94
GE
RM
AN
Y
9192
9394
.
GR
EE
CE
9192
SPA
IN
93.
941
9192
93.
94
2.4.
Inc
omes
pol
icy
Min
imum
wag
e
Wag
e ne
gotia
tion
Solid
arity
mea
sure
s
Agr
eed
min
imum
wag
e de
fined
on a
mul
tisec
tora
l bas
is w
ith a
nin
dexi
ng m
echa
nism
.
Sin
ce 1
989
a st
anda
rd o
fco
mpe
titiv
enes
s in
corp
orat
ing
anu
mbe
r of
feat
ures
has
exi
sted
. If
this
is n
ot a
dher
ed to
, the
soc
ial
part
ners
or
the
gove
rnm
ent m
ayin
terv
ene
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
labo
ur c
osts
or
take
oth
erm
easu
res
rela
ting
to la
bour
cos
ts.
In v
iew
of t
he s
ubst
antia
l am
ount
of lo
ng-t
erm
une
mpl
oym
ent,
mul
tisec
tora
l agr
eem
ents
hav
e fo
rse
vera
l yea
rs a
lloca
ted
apr
opor
tion
of th
e in
crea
se in
the
wag
e bi
ll to
trai
ning
and
empl
oym
ent p
rogr
amm
es th
roug
hin
crea
ses
in s
ocia
l con
trib
utio
ns(s
ee a
lso
poin
t 5)
No
stat
utor
y m
inim
um w
age,
but
min
imum
wag
e ne
gotia
ted
inso
me
sect
or>
. Rat
her
low
min
imum
wag
e.
Laba
ur la
w le
gisl
atio
n pl
ays
aco
mpa
rativ
ely
mod
est r
ole,
inst
ead
ther
e is
an
exte
nsiv
esy
stem
bas
ed u
pon
colle
ctiv
eag
reem
ents
, whi
ch a
re c
oncl
uded
betw
een
empl
oyee
org
anis
atio
nsan
d em
ploy
er o
rgan
isat
ions
or
indi
vidu
al e
mpl
oyer
s.
No
stat
utor
y m
inim
um w
age.
The
mai
n fu
nctio
n of
col
lect
ive
agre
emen
ts is
to s
et m
inim
umst
anda
rds.
No
inde
x-lin
king
.
The
par
tner
s to
col
lect
ive
agre
emen
ts n
egot
iate
wag
es a
ndsa
larie
s ta
king
acc
ount
of t
hesp
ecia
l asp
ects
of e
ach
sect
or a
ndre
gion
.The
re m
ay b
e so
me
"spi
ll-ov
er"
betw
een
the
regi
ons
and
the
sect
ors.
Thi
s pr
oced
ure
may
lead
to in
flatio
nary
pre
ssur
es a
s a
resu
lt of
wag
e in
crea
ses
in h
ighl
ypr
oduc
tive
sect
ors
bein
gtr
ansf
erre
d to
less
pro
duct
ive
sect
ors.
In v
iew
of t
he p
robl
ems
on th
ela
bour
mar
ket t
he p
artn
ers
toco
llect
ive
agre
emen
ts h
ave
rece
ntly
beg
un to
focu
s m
ore
onjo
b se
curit
y. A
s a
resu
lt th
eag
reem
ents
pro
vide
for
wag
ere
stra
int a
nd o
pera
tiona
l opt
ions
such
as
mor
e fle
xibl
e w
orki
ngtim
es. S
peci
al s
tart
ing
wag
es a
ndsa
larie
s ha
ve b
een
agre
ed in
the
chem
ical
and
pap
er in
dust
ries.
Agr
eed
mul
tisec
tora
l min
imum
wag
es, i
ndex
-link
ed.
The
gov
ernm
ent p
rese
nted
its
pay
polic
y fo
r th
e pu
blic
sec
tor
in19
93, w
hich
incl
uded
a p
ayin
crea
se o
f 4%
, im
plyi
ng a
dro
pin
rea
l wag
es.
Exi
sten
ce o
f a m
ultis
ecto
ral
stat
utor
y m
inim
um w
age,
rev
iew
eran
nual
ly. T
his
is lo
wer
for
wor
ker
unde
r th
e ag
e of
18.
Col
lect
ive
barg
aini
ng h
as a
som
ewha
t hyb
rid s
truc
ture
, sin
ce i
take
s pl
ace
at b
oth
natio
nal a
ndde
cent
ralis
ed le
vel.
99
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
Y
9192
9394
91..
9293
94:
9192
93
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
9491
9293
9491
92:9
394
9192
9394
9t:,
92:
Acc
ordi
ng to
a s
tudy
car
ried
out
by
the
Min
istr
y of
Em
ploy
men
t, th
esl
ow-d
own
in th
e gr
owth
of
wag
esw
hich
beg
an in
199
1 co
ntin
ued
in19
93.
No
stat
utor
y na
tiona
l min
imum
wag
e. I
n lim
ited
rang
e of
sec
tors
whe
re c
olle
ctiv
e ba
rgai
ning
arra
ngem
erns
are
wea
k, a
sta
tuto
rym
inim
um w
age
regi
me
appl
ies,
affe
ctin
g ap
prox
. 10.
12%
of
priv
ate
sect
or n
on-a
gric
ultu
ral e
mpl
oym
ent
Vol
unta
ry c
olle
ctiv
e ba
rgai
ning
regi
me
whi
ch c
an o
pera
te a
tna
tiona
l or
loca
l lev
el. C
entr
alis
edtr
ienn
ial a
gree
men
ts h
ave
oper
ated
sinc
e 19
88 a
nd h
ave
crea
ted
a w
age
rest
aint
env
iron
men
t. N
ewag
reem
ent,
Prog
ram
me
for
Com
petit
iven
ess
and
Wor
k co
vers
peri
od f
rom
199
4-19
97.
Min
imum
wag
es a
re s
et b
yco
llect
ive
agre
emen
ts in
eac
hse
ctor
.
The
situ
atio
n ha
s ch
ange
dco
nsid
erab
ly s
ince
Jul
y 19
92 w
ithth
e in
trod
uctio
n of
a h
isto
ric
agre
emen
t end
ing
the
slid
ing-
scal
em
echa
nism
(au
tom
atic
inde
xatio
nof
wag
es).
In f
utur
e, a
nd a
s a
repl
acem
ent f
orth
e sl
idin
g-sc
ale
mec
hani
sm, a
dua
lsy
stem
of
agre
emen
ts a
t sec
tors
(an
d co
mpa
ny le
vel i
s pr
ovid
ed f
orin
an
agre
emen
t of
3/7/
93 w
hich
lays
the
foun
datio
ns f
or a
new
indu
stri
al r
elat
ions
sys
tem
(leg
isla
tive
mea
sure
s w
ill r
atif
y th
isag
reem
ent)
.
Exi
sten
ce o
f a
mul
tisec
tora
lst
atut
ory
min
imum
wag
e, w
hich
the
gove
rnm
ent r
ecen
tly in
dexe
dby
4.2
%.
Aut
omat
ic a
djus
tmen
t of
wag
es to
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f th
e co
nsum
erpr
ice
inde
x.T
he a
men
dmen
t of
the
stru
ctur
e an
d th
e w
eigh
ting
ofth
e lis
t of
refe
renc
e ite
ms
is to
be
the
subj
ect o
f a
Gra
nd-D
ucal
regu
latio
n.
Exi
sten
ce o
f an
inde
xed
mul
tisec
tora
l sta
tuto
ry m
inim
umw
age.
Mul
tisec
tora
l wag
e ag
reem
ents
will
be
repl
aced
by
sect
oral
and
com
pany
agr
eem
ents
, as
wag
ere
stra
int c
onst
itute
s an
impo
rtan
tto
ol.
Exi
sten
ce o
f a
mul
tisec
tora
lst
atut
ory
min
imum
wag
e in
dexe
don
the
expe
cted
rat
e of
infl
atio
nan
d re
gula
ted
by c
olle
ctiv
eag
reem
ents
.M
inis
teri
al d
ecre
es m
ay e
xten
dth
e sc
ope
of a
gree
men
ts to
non
-si
gnat
ory
part
ies.
Ann
ual n
egot
iatio
ns a
t Eco
nom
ican
d So
cial
Cou
ncil
leve
l. N
oag
reem
ent f
or 1
994.
Sec
tora
l or
com
pany
neg
otia
tions
may
lead
tohi
gher
fig
ures
than
thos
e aw
arde
dw
ithin
the
ESC
.
The
Wag
es C
ounc
ils, w
hich
set
min
imum
wag
es in
cer
tain
sect
ors,
wer
e ab
olis
hed
in 1
993.
Stat
utor
y m
inim
um w
ages
rat
esan
d ot
her
cond
ition
s of
empl
oym
ent f
or a
gric
ultu
ral
wor
kers
are
set
by
the
Agr
icul
tura
l Wag
es B
oard
and
the
Min
istr
y of
Agr
icul
ture
Fis
heri
esan
d Fo
od is
res
pons
ible
for
the
enfo
rcem
ent o
f A
gric
ultu
ral
Wag
es O
rder
s.
The
gov
ernm
ent a
nnou
nced
on
14/9
/94
that
any
incr
ease
s in
publ
ic s
ecto
r pa
y fo
r 19
94/9
5w
ould
nee
d to
be
offs
et b
ypr
oduc
tivity
incr
ease
s to
ens
ure
that
they
do
not a
dd to
pub
licsp
endi
ng. S
ince
then
a f
urth
er 3
-ye
ar c
onst
rain
t on
the
runn
ing
cost
s of
gov
ernm
ent d
epar
tmen
tsfr
om 1
994-
95 w
as a
nnou
nced
.D
ecen
tral
isat
ion/
Perf
orm
ance
Pay
The
gov
ernm
ent i
s en
cour
agin
gde
cent
ralis
ed w
age-
fixi
ngm
echa
nism
s, a
nd th
e ex
tens
ion
ofpe
rfor
man
ce p
ay a
gree
men
ts a
tlo
cal l
evel
.
101
49
S( I
Rec
ent m
easu
res
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
Wag
e an
d ot
her
inco
me
fete
(Glo
bal P
lan)
(R
oyal
Dec
ree
of24
/12/
93 a
nd L
aw o
f 30/
3/94
)fo
r 19
94, 1
995
and
1996
, and
intr
oduc
tion
of a
n ag
reed
inde
x(s
o-ca
lled
heal
th in
dex)
to w
hich
wag
es w
ill b
e lin
ked.
Wag
e tr
end
Con
clus
ion
of jo
int a
gree
men
tsw
ith lo
w w
age
incr
ease
s in
exch
ange
for
grea
ter
redi
strib
utio
nof
wor
king
tim
e.
Inco
mes
pol
icy
The
r.in
iste
r fo
r th
e na
tiona
lec
onom
yth
ego
vern
men
t's in
com
es p
olic
y fo
r19
94; 5
incr
ease
in e
arni
ngs
with
effe
ct fr
om 1
/1/9
4, a
dditi
onal
5% in
crea
se w
ith e
ffect
from
1/7/
94 a
nd p
ossi
bilit
y of
aco
mpe
nsat
ory
incr
ease
at t
hebe
ginn
ing
of 1
995
if in
flatio
nex
ceed
s th
e ra
te o
f 9.5
% p
redi
cted
for
1994
.
Wag
e po
licy
Law
11/
94 o
f 19
May
. The
ref
orm
of th
e W
orke
rs' S
tatu
te m
oves
intw
o di
rect
ions
. It e
ncou
rage
sco
llect
ive
barg
aini
ng, s
een
as a
basi
c to
ol o
f sec
tora
l and
com
pany
adap
tabi
lity,
and
targ
ets
aspe
cts
rela
ting
to m
ore
flexi
ble
man
agem
ent o
f hum
an r
esou
rces
ina
com
pany
(w
ages
, etc
.).T
his
refo
rm m
eans
that
col
lect
ive
barg
aini
ng h
as a
n im
port
ant r
ole
inde
term
inin
g w
age
stru
ctur
e.C
ontr
ary
to th
e tr
ends
of t
he la
stfe
w y
ears
, the
mos
t rec
ent w
age
incr
ease
s aw
arde
d un
der
colle
ctiv
eag
reem
ents
hav
e be
en v
ery
mod
erat
e.C
olle
ctiv
e ba
rgai
ning
The
ref
orm
aim
s to
enc
oura
geco
llect
ive
barg
aini
ng b
y fa
cilit
atin
g,th
roug
h ne
gotia
ting
com
mitt
ees,
adop
tion
of a
gree
men
ts b
y du
lyau
thor
ised
neg
otia
tors
. It a
lso
perm
its m
ore
flexi
bilit
y in
the
cont
ent o
f col
lect
ive
agre
emen
ts s
oth
at th
ey c
an b
e ta
ilore
d to
thei
rfie
ld o
f app
licat
ion
and
the
prev
ailin
g co
nditi
ons.
100
103
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRELAND
ITALY
91.
92.
9394
.91
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
93';
9419
192
9394
NETHERLANDS
9192
93
Wag
e tr
end
In th
e pr
ogra
mm
e fo
rco
mpe
titiv
enes
s an
d w
ork
- ve
rym
odes
t inc
reas
es -
a to
tal o
f 8%
over
thre
e ye
ars
1994
-199
6.
Wag
e re
stra
int
Und
er th
e tr
ipar
tite
agre
emen
t of
8.3.
94, t
he u
nion
s w
ill ta
ke in
toac
coun
t the
nee
d fo
r a
polic
yba
sed
on w
age
rest
rain
t in
com
pani
es in
dif
ficu
lty.
Em
ploy
ers
will
take
into
acc
ount
the
need
to m
aint
ain
and
to c
reat
eem
ploy
men
t.
9491
9293
94I
1
Wag
e re
stra
int
Cen
tral
agr
eem
ent b
etw
een
the
soci
al p
artn
ers
in N
ovem
ber
1993
on w
age
rest
rain
tR
educ
tion
in s
ocia
l cha
rges
fro
m11
7/94
(se
e se
ctio
n 4)
.
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
91.
92.
.93:
.!:.-
'. 94
104
103
51
BE
LG
tD
EN
MA
RK
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
52
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
108
107
91FRA
NC
E 9293
9491
9293
94.
9192
9394
1 91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
Ori
enta
tions
for
199
5G
iven
the
antic
ipat
ed m
ediu
m-
term
incr
ease
in u
nem
ploy
men
t,w
age
rest
rain
t will
be
anim
port
ant f
acto
r in
pro
mot
ing
the
crea
tion
of e
mpl
oym
ent.
Une
mpl
oym
ent a
nd in
activ
ity a
reco
ncen
trat
ed in
par
ticul
ar in
the
low
er e
nd o
f th
e la
bour
mar
ket.
Prom
otin
g em
ploy
men
t in
this
sect
or w
ill n
eces
sita
te a
dec
reas
ein
labo
ur c
osts
. But
it is
als
oim
port
ant t
o pr
ovid
e gr
eate
rin
cent
ives
by
incr
easi
ng th
e ga
pbe
twee
n pa
y an
d be
nefi
t in
the
low
er s
ecto
r. I
n th
is w
ay, t
hefi
ght a
gain
st u
nem
ploy
men
t tak
espl
ace
on th
e de
man
d si
de a
s w
ell
as o
n th
e su
pply
sid
e.
94I
9192
93.
94
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
Wag
e re
stra
int
The
gov
ernm
ent h
as p
ropo
sed
toth
e E
cono
mic
and
Soc
ial C
ounc
ilth
at a
long
-ter
m w
age
agre
emen
tbe
con
clud
ed (
1995
-9)
as p
art o
f a
set o
f ob
ject
ives
(fl
exib
ility
,tr
aini
ng, c
ompe
titiv
enes
s, lo
cal
deve
lopm
ent,
soci
al s
ecur
ity).
109
108
53
1
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
9192
9394
I91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
SPA
IN
9192
9394
54
2.5.
Geo
grap
hic
mob
ility
Mea
sure
sR
eset
tlem
ent g
rant
for
the
unem
ploy
edA
ssis
tanc
e fo
r un
empl
oyed
peo
ple
indu
ced
to c
hang
e re
side
nce
inor
der
to ta
ke u
p a
new
job.
Mea
sure
s to
pro
mot
e m
obili
tyPa
ymen
t of
trav
ellin
g ex
pens
esan
d a
settl
emen
t allo
wan
ce to
prom
ote
the
empl
oym
ent o
fjo
bsee
kers
and
wor
kers
like
ly to
be m
ade
redu
ndan
t.
Prom
otin
g th
e in
tegr
atio
n of
fore
ign
wor
kers
Lan
guag
e co
urse
s an
d m
easu
res
to p
repa
re f
or w
orki
ng li
fe f
orw
orke
rs, i
n pa
rtic
ular
wor
kers
and
trai
nees
fro
m th
e fo
rmer
cou
ntri
esof
rec
ruitm
ent.
Rei
nteg
ratio
n of
for
eign
ers
retu
rnin
g to
thei
r co
untr
yPr
ovis
ion
of a
ssis
tanc
e on
thei
rre
turn
.E
mpl
oym
ent i
ncen
tives
Fina
ncia
l ass
ista
nce
tow
ards
geog
raph
ic m
obili
ty.
Em
igra
nts
retu
rnin
g to
the
coun
try
Edu
catio
nal m
easu
res
for
emig
rant
s re
turn
ing
to G
reec
e.L
angu
age
and
trai
ning
cou
rses
for
ethn
ic G
reek
imm
igra
nts
from
the
the
form
er U
SSR
.
Rec
ent m
easu
res
Eur
opea
n gu
idan
ce c
entr
esIn
trod
uctio
n of
sev
eral
mea
sure
sto
pro
mot
e m
obili
ty a
t Eur
opea
nle
vel (
12 c
entr
es, e
lect
roni
c m
ail
and
trai
ning
of
coun
sello
rs).
Res
tric
tion
of th
e nu
mbe
r of
fore
ign
wor
kers
Res
tric
tion
in th
e co
nstr
uctio
nin
dust
ry o
n th
e nu
mbe
r of
for
eign
wor
kers
dep
endi
ng o
n co
mpa
nysi
ze.
Law
111
1994
am
ends
cer
tain
prov
isio
ns o
f th
e W
orke
rs' S
tatu
tere
latin
g to
geo
grap
hica
l mob
ility
and
func
tiona
l fle
xibi
lity.
The
refo
rm in
trod
uces
new
for
ms
ofvo
catio
nal c
lass
ific
atio
n an
den
cour
ages
mob
ility
bet
wee
neq
uiva
lent
cat
egor
ies.
Tra
nsfe
r of
wor
kers
nec
essi
tatin
ga
chan
ge o
f re
side
nce
is ju
stif
ied
on e
cono
mic
, tec
hnic
al,
orga
nisa
tiona
l or
prod
uctio
ngr
ound
s if
it le
ads
to a
nim
prov
emen
t in
the
allo
catio
n of
the
finn
s's
reso
urce
s.Pe
riod
of
notic
e: 3
0 da
ys. F
ollo
win
gno
tific
atio
n, th
e m
ay e
ither
acc
ept
the
tran
sfer
(w
ith c
ompe
nsat
ion)
or r
esig
n (r
ight
to a
n al
low
ance
).C
olle
ctiv
e tr
ansf
ers
mus
t be
nego
tiate
d w
ith th
e w
orke
rs'
repr
esen
tativ
es. P
rior
inte
rven
tion
by th
e au
thor
ities
has
bee
nre
plac
ed b
y su
bseq
uent
lega
lch
ecks
.
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
FRA
NC
E
I91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94I 9
192
9394
I91
9293
94
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
9192
9394
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
Geo
grap
hic
mob
ility
ince
ntiv
esar
e pl
anne
d ba
sed
on th
ere
spec
tive
stat
utor
y or
regl
emen
tary
pro
visi
ons.
The
sear
e ai
med
at p
erso
ns u
p to
the
age
of 4
5 w
ho a
re r
ecei
ving
ben
efit
and
:lave
bee
n un
empl
oyed
for
up
to 9
.non
ths.
Inc
entiv
es m
ay b
eex
tend
ed to
per
sons
age
d 46
or
Oye
r.
Fore
ign
com
pani
esE
mpl
oym
ent o
f fo
reig
n w
orke
rsN
ew la
w o
n th
e em
ploy
men
t of
Fren
ch s
ocia
l leg
isla
tion
will
inPr
ovis
ions
rel
atin
g to
the
fore
igne
rsfu
ture
be
appl
ied
to e
mpl
oyee
s of
empl
oym
ent o
f fo
reig
n w
orke
rsT
he m
ain
purp
ose
of th
e la
w is
tofo
reig
n cO
mpa
nies
pro
vidi
ng(t
ripa
rtite
agr
eem
ent o
f 8.
3.94
).re
stri
ct a
utho
risa
tion
for
wor
kse
rvic
es in
Fra
nce
Aid
for
geo
grap
hic
mob
ility
perm
its.
The
res
tric
tion
rest
sE
mpl
oym
ent a
broa
d:(p
ursu
ant t
o tr
ipar
tite
agre
emen
t)w
ith th
e em
ploy
er. I
f pr
iori
tyen
cour
agin
g yo
ung
peop
leC
ompa
nies
em
ploy
ing
youn
gFr
ench
peo
ple
aged
und
er 2
6ab
road
will
ben
efit
from
tem
pora
ry e
xem
ptio
n fr
om s
ocia
lse
curi
ty p
aym
ents
, whi
ch w
ill b
efu
nded
by
the
Cai
sse
des
Fran
cais
de V
Etr
ange
r.
Incl
udes
allo
wan
ces
for
rem
oval
,tr
avel
and
dou
ble
resi
denc
e.la
bour
is a
vaila
ble
(Dut
chna
tiona
ls, f
orei
gner
s la
wfu
llyre
side
nt in
the
Net
herl
ands
, EC
and
EFT
A c
itize
ns),
a w
ork
perm
it is
ref
used
.
Leg
isla
tion
curr
ently
bei
ngre
vise
d.--
.11
211
355
56
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K
9192
9394
9192
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GE
RM
AN
Y
9192
9394
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
9192
9394
9192
9394
2.6.
Equ
al o
noor
tuni
ties
Mea
sure
sR
oyal
Dec
ree
(198
7) in
trod
ucin
gm
easu
res
to p
rom
ote
equa
lop
port
uniti
es b
etw
een
men
and
wom
en in
the
priv
ate
sect
or.
Mul
tisec
tora
l agr
eem
ent (
1988
)pr
ovid
ing
for
the
crea
tion
of a
Posi
tive
Act
ion
unit
to h
elp
the
soci
al p
artn
ers
draw
up
posi
tive
- C
hild
care
for
all
child
ren
bypu
blic
inst
itutio
ns-
18 w
eeks
' mat
erni
ty le
ave
and
10 w
eeks
' par
enta
l lea
ve(p
ossi
bly
divi
ded
betw
een
mot
hers
and
fat
hers
)-
5 di
ffer
ent e
qual
ity a
cts
toen
sure
equ
al tr
eatm
ent i
n
1980
: Law
on
Equ
al T
reat
men
t of
men
and
wom
en a
t wor
k(t
rans
posi
tion
of E
C la
w).
Cor
efe
atur
es o
f th
e L
aw a
re:
- pr
ohib
ition
of
sexu
aldi
scri
min
atio
n-
empl
oyer
obl
iged
to p
ayda
mag
es if
dis
crim
inat
ion
is
The
Sec
ond
Equ
al O
ppor
tuni
ties
Act
ion
Plan
(19
93-1
995)
appr
oved
in J
an. 1
993
incl
udes
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f eq
ual
oppo
rtun
ities
in la
bour
mar
ket a
nddo
mes
tic r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s(i
nfor
mat
ion,
trai
ning
and
guid
ance
of
wom
en in
sea
rch
of
actio
n pl
ans.
appo
intm
ents
, edu
catio
n, a
ndpr
oved
empl
oym
ent,
enco
urag
emen
t of
Roy
al D
ecre
e (1
990)
intr
oduc
ing
wor
king
con
ditio
nsre
vers
al o
f bu
rden
of
proo
fdi
vers
ific
atio
n in
pro
fess
iona
l
mea
sure
s to
pro
mot
e eq
ual
- 19
76 r
emun
erat
ion
act e
nsur
es-
oblig
atio
n to
use
neu
tral
term
sca
reer
s, e
cono
mic
ince
ntiv
es f
or
oppo
rtun
ities
in th
e pu
blic
equa
l pay
for
wor
k of
equ
alto
des
crib
e jo
bsst
able
con
trac
ts, a
ssis
tanc
e to
sel
f-
serv
ices
, whi
ch o
blig
es a
ll pu
blic
valu
e-
equa
l pay
for
equ
al w
ork
empl
oyed
wom
en, r
eeva
luat
ion
of
serv
ices
to im
plem
ent a
pos
itive
-19
86 r
ever
sal o
f bu
rden
of
- pr
ohib
ition
of
repr
iman
d fo
rw
omen
's s
kills
, enc
oura
gem
ent o
f
actio
n po
licy.
proo
f in
cas
e of
inco
rrec
tas
sert
ing
righ
ts.
men
in s
hari
ng d
omes
tic
Ren
ounc
emen
t in
1992
of
ILO
dism
issa
l due
to p
regn
ancy
and
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
impr
ovem
ent o
f
Con
vent
ion
No
89 o
n th
em
ater
nity
leav
e an
d un
equa
lch
ildca
re f
acili
ties,
enc
oura
ging
proh
ibiti
on o
f ni
ght w
ork
for
wom
en e
mpl
oyed
in in
dust
ry a
ndra
tific
atio
n of
Con
vent
ion
No
171
on n
ight
wor
k.
pay.
pare
ntal
leav
e, e
tc).
114
115
9192
9394
191
9293
941
9192
9394
I 91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
1983
: Law
on
prof
essi
onal
equa
lity
with
in c
ompa
nies
(a
com
puls
ory
annu
al r
epor
t on
equa
lity
for
wom
en fo
r em
ploy
ers
of m
ore
than
50
pers
ons,
1977
: Em
ploy
men
t Equ
ality
Act
esta
blis
hed
the
Em
ploy
men
tE
qual
ity A
genc
y w
hich
see
ks to
prom
ote
equa
lity
betw
een
men
and
wom
en in
opp
ortu
nity
in
1991
: Law
125
intr
oduc
edpo
sitiv
e ac
tions
and
intr
oduc
edth
ree
inno
vato
ry fi
elds
of e
qual
ityfo
r w
omen
and
men
in th
e la
bour
mar
ket:
Exp
ansi
on o
f chi
ldca
re fa
cilit
ies
by 6
8% in
two
year
s (1
992-
1994
)In
trod
uctio
n of
rii.
subs
idy
sche
me
(in O
ctob
er 1
992)
for
com
pani
esde
velo
ping
inno
vativ
e ac
tions
for
1979
: Spe
cific
law
on
equa
lity
ofop
port
uniti
es in
wor
k an
dem
ploy
men
t It i
nclu
des
fisca
lin
cent
ives
to e
mpl
oyer
s of
wom
enin
non
-tra
ditio
nal f
emal
e jo
bs a
nd
1970
: Equ
al P
ay A
ct19
75: S
ex D
iscr
imin
atio
n A
ct19
78: E
mpl
oym
ent P
rote
ctio
n (C
)A
ct a
s am
ende
d by
TU
BE
R A
ct19
93 (
14 w
eeks
' sta
tuto
ry
poss
ibili
ty o
f neg
otia
ting
actio
nem
ploy
men
t It a
lso
revi
ews
the
-al
low
s fo
r in
dire
ctth
e pr
omot
ion
of w
omen
's w
ork
cont
ribut
ion
by e
mpl
oyer
s to
the
mat
erni
ty le
ave
for
all p
regn
ant
plan
s su
bsid
ised
by
publ
ic fu
nds,
finan
cial
sup
port
for
mea
sure
s
oper
atio
n of
the
Ant
i-D
iscr
imin
atio
n (P
ay)
Act
197
4
disc
rimin
atio
n an
d re
vers
esth
e bu
rden
of p
roof
(par
ticip
atio
n, jo
b qu
ality
,vo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
etc.
).
cost
of c
hild
care
and
voc
atio
nal
trai
ning
;
empl
oyee
s. W
omen
with
2 y
ears
'se
rvic
e co
ntin
ue to
qua
lify
for
up
,imed
at e
qual
opp
ortu
nitie
san
d th
e E
mpl
oym
ent E
qual
ity A
ct-
requ
ires
empl
oyer
s to
dis
clos
e19
91: A
gree
men
t on
Voc
atio
nal
to a
roun
d 40
wee
ks' m
ater
nity
intr
oduc
ed b
y em
ploy
ers
of le
ss(s
ee r
ecen
t mea
sure
s)de
taile
d in
form
atio
n on
the
Tra
inin
g po
licy
incl
udes
the
abse
nce
in to
tal).
than
200
per
sons
, etc
.). 1
990:
wag
es a
nd c
aree
r pr
ogre
ssio
npr
inci
ple
of e
qual
ity fo
r w
omen
1983
: Equ
al P
ay (
Am
endm
ent)
Nat
iona
l pro
gram
me
for
for
wom
en a
nd m
enan
d m
en in
bot
h in
itial
and
adu
ltA
ct (
equa
l val
ue a
men
dmen
t)
com
batin
g fe
mal
e un
empl
oym
ent
(voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
for
sing
lew
omen
, reg
iona
l act
ion
plan
s,et
c.)
-pr
ovid
es fi
nanc
ial i
ncen
tives
for
firm
s un
dert
akin
g po
sitiv
eac
tions
-re
defin
es th
e ro
le o
f "eq
ualit
yof
ficer
" at
the
loca
lgo
vern
men
t lev
el in
the
enco
urag
emen
t of p
ositi
veac
tion
prog
ram
mes
at l
ocal
leve
l.
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g.19
86: S
ex D
iscr
imin
atio
n A
ct(a
bolis
hed
rest
rictio
ns o
n w
orki
ngtim
e)19
91: O
ppor
tuni
ty 2
000
-vo
lunt
ary
polic
y fo
r fir
ms
to a
imto
war
ds a
hig
her
shar
e of
wom
enin
hig
her
leve
l job
s by
the
year
2000
.
116
Sti
BE
LG
IUM
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NM
AR
K
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RM
AN
Y
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GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
9192
9394
9192
9394
Rec
ent m
easu
res
Pare
ntal
leav
e as
par
t of
leav
esc
hem
es in
trod
uced
in J
an. 1
994
(see
rec
ent m
easu
res
in le
ave
sche
mes
abo
ve).
1994
: Law
to im
plem
ent e
qual
trea
tmen
t of
wom
en a
nd m
en(2
nd E
qual
Tre
atm
ent L
aw).
Cor
efe
atur
es a
re:
- cr
eatio
n of
a le
gal b
asis
for
posi
tive
actio
n in
fed
eral
adm
inis
trat
ion
- im
prov
emen
t of
civi
l ser
vice
rule
s on
par
t-tim
e w
ork
and
long
er le
ave
for
fam
ily r
easo
ns-
tight
enin
g of
rul
es o
n eq
ual
trea
tmen
t at w
ork
- m
ore
effe
ctiv
e sa
nctio
ns to
com
bat d
iscr
imin
atio
n
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
116
119
FRA
NC
E
II91
9293
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9491
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9419
192
9394
9192
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IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
9192
9394
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
New
Em
anci
patio
n Po
licy
Cou
ncil
Res
olut
ion
No
32/9
4 of
1993
: Mod
em a
ppre
ntic
eshi
ps -
a
Prog
ram
mes
("W
ith 1
995
in17
May
199
4 de
fine
s as
mai
nne
w in
itiat
ive
for
youn
g pe
ople
-
view
").
One
of
the
thre
e ba
sic
prio
ritie
s in
itiat
ives
and
mea
sure
sw
ill b
e eq
ually
ope
n to
you
ng
targ
ets
is to
red
istr
ibut
e un
paid
with
the
follo
win
g ob
ject
ives
:w
omen
and
you
ng m
en.
labo
ur b
etw
een
wom
en a
nd m
en-
prom
otio
n of
voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
1994
: Mat
erni
ty le
ave
of 1
4
and
in th
is r
espe
ct to
incr
ease
for
wom
en a
nd c
ompa
nyw
eeks
for
all
empl
oyee
s. W
omen
men
's c
are
resp
onsi
bilit
ies.
Thi
sin
itiat
ives
in th
is f
ield
, esp
ecia
llyar
e pr
otec
ted
from
dis
mis
sal f
or a
targ
et m
oves
the
emph
asis
fro
min
the
cont
ext o
f C
omm
unity
mat
erni
ty r
elat
ed r
easo
n
"ful
l tim
e jo
bs f
or w
omen
just
prom
otio
n pl
anne
d fo
r th
e pe
riod
thro
ugho
ut th
e pe
riod
of
the
like
men
" to
"m
ore
cari
ng19
94/9
9;pr
egna
ncy
and
mat
erni
ty le
ave.
resp
onsi
bilit
ies
for
men
just
like
- de
velo
pmen
t of
voca
tiona
l19
94: F
air
Play
for
Wom
en -
a
wom
en".
guid
ance
sch
emes
for
long
-ter
mun
empl
oyed
wom
en o
r w
omen
wis
hing
to r
etur
n to
wor
k;re
orga
nisa
tion
of w
orki
ng ti
me
so th
at b
oth
spou
ses
can
reco
ncile
wor
k an
d fa
mily
life
;-
deve
lopm
ent o
f st
ruct
ures
and
alte
rnat
ive
met
hods
of
cari
ng f
orth
e ch
ildre
n of
wor
king
par
ents
.
regi
onal
initi
ativ
e ai
med
at
boos
ting
oppo
rtun
ities
for
wom
enth
roug
h th
e cr
eatio
n of
10
regi
onal
par
tner
ship
s of
TE
Cs,
loca
l aut
hori
ties,
maj
or lo
cal
empl
oyer
s et
c. T
he p
artn
ersh
ips
will
initi
ate
and
deve
lop
loca
lpr
ojec
ts to
hel
p w
omen
part
icip
ate
mor
e fu
lly in
reg
iona
lec
onom
ies.
An
Equ
al S
tatu
s B
ill is
und
erpr
epar
atio
n in
ord
er to
out
law
disc
rim
inat
ion
on g
roun
ds o
f se
x(a
mon
g ot
hers
). I
t will
cov
er th
ew
orkp
lace
, edu
catio
n, th
epr
ovis
ion
of g
oods
, fac
ilitie
s an
dse
rvic
es, e
nter
tain
men
t,ac
com
mod
atio
n, tr
ansp
ort a
ndre
crea
tiona
l and
pro
fess
iona
lse
rvic
es.
.
Syst
em o
f bu
sine
ss s
tart
-up
ince
ntiv
es f
or w
omen
.
Prop
osed
Mat
erni
ty P
rote
ctio
nB
ill w
ill f
acili
tate
com
bini
ng w
ork
and
fam
ily r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s an
dw
ill in
clud
e pr
ovis
ion
to g
ive
effe
ct to
em
ploy
men
t rig
hts
aspe
cts
of E
t' Pr
egna
nt W
orke
rsD
irec
tive.
o
121
59
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
::YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
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9192
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.T
arge
ted
redu
ctio
ns in
indi
rect
labo
ur c
osts
Situ
atio
n39
.In
dire
ct ta
xes
(% o
f G
DP)
40.
Dir
ect t
axes
(%
of
GD
P)
41.
Soci
al s
ecur
ity c
ontr
ibut
ions
l'%
of
GD
P)
42.
Tot
al s
tatu
tory
con
trib
utio
ns a
nd c
harg
es (
%of
GD
P)
12.3
12.4
1716
.9
15.9
16.4
45.2
45.7
17.4
17.2
29.2
30.1
1.4
1.5
4848
.8
12.9
12.9
12.5
12.2
16,4
17.4
41.8
42.5
18.5
20.8
928.
2
10.6
12.1
383
41.1
10,8
11.2
12.2
12.6
12,4
13
35.4
36.8
43.
Stat
utor
y ta
xatio
n on
ene
rgy
(% o
f G
DP)
1.46
1.69
1.82
1.46
1.87
44.
Cos
t Str
UC
ture
(%
of
tota
l cos
t)
45.
Dir
ect w
age
cost
s in
%71
.596
.680
75.5
46.
-of
whi
ch d
irec
t wag
es51
.883
.456
.160
55.5
47.
Indi
rect
of
wag
e co
sts
in %
28.5
3.4
2024
.5
48.
-of
whi
ch s
ocia
l sec
urity
con
trib
utio
ns27
.12.
919
24.3
49.
Em
ploy
ees'
con
trib
utio
ns (
v.of
wag
e co
st)
(198
8)9.
31.
713
.711
.94.
6
50.
Tax
on
earn
ed in
com
e (%
of
wag
e co
st)
13.9
34.7
96.
33.
7
51.
Inco
me
tax
Prog
ress
ive
Prop
ortio
nal (
loca
l) a
ndpr
ogre
ssiv
e (s
tate
)Pr
ogre
ssiv
ePr
ogre
ssiv
ePr
ogre
ssiv
e
52.
Soci
al s
ecur
ity c
ontr
ibut
ions
whe
re e
arni
ngs
Prop
ortio
nal
Reg
ress
ive
Prop
ortio
nal
Prop
ortio
nal
Prop
ortio
nal
< a
vera
ge e
arni
ngs
53.
Soci
al s
ecur
ity c
ontr
ibut
ions
whe
re e
arni
ngs
Prop
ortio
nal
Reg
ress
ive
Reg
ress
ive
Reg
ress
ive
Reg
ress
ive
> a
vera
ge e
arni
ngs
Mea
sure
sT
empo
rary
red
uctio
n fo
r th
ere
crui
tmen
t of
cert
ain
wor
kers
Exe
mpt
ion
from
em
ploy
ers'
cont
ribut
ions
at t
he m
inim
umw
age
leve
l for
2 y
ears
, for
the
recr
uitm
ent o
f one
wor
ker,
an
Tax
ref
orm
As
of 1
/119
4,a
tax
refo
rm w
ill b
ein
trod
uced
gra
dual
ly u
p to
199
8.It
incl
udes
a r
educ
tion
inm
argi
nal t
ax r
ates
com
pens
ated
by:
addi
tiona
l wor
ker
or c
erta
inre
plac
emen
ts.
- an
incr
ease
in s
ocia
lco
ntrib
utio
ns (
8.6%
for
wor
kers
Dis
adva
ntag
ed y
oung
peo
ple
Exe
mpt
ion
from
em
ploy
ers'
Lont
rihut
ions
.D
ecre
ase
in s
ocia
l cos
ts f
or
(5%
in 1
994)
and
0.6
% fo
rem
ploy
ers
calc
ulat
ed o
n gr
oss
inco
me)
,-
a br
oade
r ta
x ba
se;
SAIE
s-
eco-
taxe
s.P
ropo
rtio
nal a
nd fl
at-r
ate
redu
ctio
n.T
his
refo
rm w
ill b
ring
the
stru
ctur
e of
sta
tuto
ry c
ontr
ibut
ions
and
char
ges
in li
ne w
ith th
ose
ofot
her
Mem
ber
Sta
tes.
ti12
3
1
FRA
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E
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IRE
LA
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ER
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ND
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RT
UG
AL
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
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14.7
14.6
9.9
9.6
19.5
19.5
44.1
43.7
1.84
17.1
16.3
14.6
15
5.8
5.8
37.5
37.1
2.15
11.8
11.8
1
14.6
16.7
13.2
13.4
39.6
41.9
2.91
17.7
18.7
16.6
15.7
14.2
14.8
48.5
49.2
3.18
12.7
13.2
17.1
16.1
17.9
18.5
47.7
47.8
' 2.2
6
1615
.2
9.7
10.7
10.4
9.8
36.1
35.7
2.18
13.9
14.5
14.2
13.1
6.8
6.7
34,9
34.3
1.91
8274
.474
.187
.4
7155
.455
.984
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1825
.625
.912
.6
14.8
2221
.311
11.6
6.3
5.9
10.3
208.
47.
7
016
.610
1.7
5.5
4.4
13.6
Prog
ress
ive
Prog
ress
ive
Prog
ress
ive
,Pr
ogre
ssiv
ePr
ogre
ssiv
ePr
ogre
ssiv
ePr
ogre
ssiv
e
Prop
ortio
nal
Prop
ortio
nal
Prop
ortio
nal
Prop
ortio
nal
Prop
ortio
nal
Prop
ortio
nal
Prog
ress
ive
Reg
ress
ive
Reg
ress
ive
Reg
ress
ive
Reg
ress
ive
Reg
ress
ive
Prop
ortio
nal
Prog
ress
ive
(if <
£ 43
0)
Fam
ily a
llow
ance
cont
ribut
ions
The
se c
ontr
ibut
ions
are
no
long
erpa
yabl
e fo
r w
ages
less
than
II
times
the
SMIC
. and
onk
halt'
the
amou
nt is
pay
able
for
wag
esbe
twee
n I
I and
I.:.
time,
the
S N
I IC
Red
uctio
nin
soc
ial s
ecur
io.
cont
ribut
ions
for
empl
oyer
s of
low
wag
e-ea
rner
sT
he la
st b
udge
t red
uced
empl
oyer
s' c
ontr
ibut
ions
to th
ena
tiona
l ins
uran
ce s
chem
e ch
iefl
yfo
r lo
w w
age-
earn
ers,
add
ing
upto
a to
tal o
f ap
prox
imat
ely
L 0
.8bi
llion
nex
t yea
rIt
. inc
reas
e in
the
prin
cipa
l rat
eof
em
ploy
ees'
con
trib
utio
ns.
.In
crea
se in
the
low
er a
nd u
pper
Inco
me
limit
(L57
and
£43
0 pe
rw
eek)
124
BE
ST
CO
PY
AV
AIL
AB
LE
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
9192
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192
9394
SPA
IN
Rec
ent m
easu
res
nz
Incr
ease
in th
e M
AR
IBE
Lre
duct
ion
As
of 1
/1/9
4, th
e M
AR
IBE
Lam
ount
s ar
e as
fol
low
s:-
in s
ecto
rs e
xpos
ed to
inte
rnat
iona
l com
petit
ion:
- ba
sic
amou
nt: F
B 8
437
pPc
quar
ter
and
per
man
ual
wor
ker;
- fo
r th
e fi
rst 5
blu
e-co
llar
wor
kers
in c
ompa
nies
with
less
than
an
aver
age
of 2
0w
orke
rs: F
B 9
300
per
quar
ter.
-in
the
othe
r se
ctor
s el
igib
leun
der
oper
atio
n M
AR
IBE
L:
- ba
sic
amou
nt: F
B 1
875
per
quar
ter
and
per
man
ual
wor
ker;
for
the
firs
t 5 b
lue-
colla
rw
orke
rs in
com
pani
es w
ithle
ss th
an a
n av
erag
e of
20
wor
kers
: FB
3 0
00 F
B p
erqu
arte
r.T
he p
rice
of
petr
ol h
as b
een
incr
ease
d in
ord
er to
fin
ance
the
addi
tiona
l MA
RIB
EL
ben
efits
.R
ecru
itmen
t pla
n fo
r yo
ung
peop
leE
mpl
oyer
s w
ho ta
ke o
n yo
ung
peop
le a
ged
unde
r 26
who
hav
ebe
en u
nem
ploy
ed f
or 6
mon
ths
are
exem
pted
fro
m s
ocia
l sec
urity
cont
ribu
tions
: 1st
yea
r: 1
00%
, 2nd
year
: 75%
, 3rd
yea
r: 5
0% I
f th
eyo
ung
pers
on h
as b
een
unem
ploy
ed f
or m
ore
than
9m
onth
s, e
mpl
oyer
s ar
c al
soex
empt
ed f
rom
soc
ial s
ecur
ityco
ntri
butio
ns (
13.0
7%)
for
Iye
ar.
126
12'7
Incr
ease
in s
ocia
l sec
urity
cont
ribu
tions
Soci
al s
ecur
ity c
ontr
ibut
ions
wer
ein
crea
sed
by 2
.75%
dur
ing
1994
.
Rec
ruitm
ent s
ubsi
dies
Com
pani
es w
hich
con
clud
ete
mpo
rary
con
trac
ts (
1-3
year
s)w
ith u
nem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e ag
ed 4
5or
ove
r or
with
dis
able
d pe
ople
will
be
entit
led
to a
75%
exem
ptio
n fr
om p
aym
ent o
f so
cial
secu
rity
con
trib
utio
ns. I
f th
eco
mpa
ny h
as le
ss th
an 2
5em
ploy
ees
and
recr
uits
long
-ter
mun
empl
oyed
peo
ple
unde
r 45
, it
will
be
entit
led
to a
50%
redu
ctio
n.Se
lf-e
mpl
oyed
per
sons
who
recr
uit t
heir
fir
st e
mpl
oyee
age
dov
er 4
5 w
ill n
ot p
ay s
ocia
lse
curi
ty c
ontr
ibut
ions
, whe
reas
ifth
e w
orke
r is
you
nger
, the
y w
illbe
ent
itled
to a
75%
red
uctio
n.T
he tr
ansf
urm
atio
n of
tem
pora
ryco
ntra
cts
into
ope
n-en
ded
cont
ract
s w
ill e
ntitl
e em
ploy
ers
toa
subs
idy
of P
TA
400
000
if th
ew
orke
r is
und
er 2
5 an
d PT
A50
0 00
0 if
the
wor
ker
is o
ver
45.
I94
191
9293
9491
9293
94191
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911
9293
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'
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
YL
UX
EM
BO
UR
GN
ET
HE
RL
AN
DS
POR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
Red
udic
n in
soc
ial s
ecur
ityco
ntri
butio
nsB
udge
ting
for
fam
ily a
llow
ance
cont
ribu
tions
(5.
4%),
whi
ch b
egan
on 1
Jul
y 93
with
the
tota
lex
empt
ion
on w
ages
up
to 1
.1tim
es th
e SM
IC, a
nd p
aym
ent o
fha
lf th
e am
ount
for
wag
esbe
twee
n 1.
1 et
1.2
tim
es th
eSM
IC, w
ill c
ontin
ue u
ntil
1988
on
the
basi
s of
a 1
0% a
nnua
lin
crea
se in
the
wag
es c
once
rned
.O
nIM
1195
, the
nex
tstag
ew
ill b
eth
e to
tal e
xem
ptio
n fo
r w
ages
up
to 1
.2 ti
mes
the
SMIC
and
50%
exem
ptio
n fo
r w
ages
bet
wee
n 1.
2an
d 1.
3 tim
es th
e SM
IC.
In 1
988
this
aff
ecte
d al
mos
t 7m
illio
n w
orke
rs, i
.e. o
ver
50%
of
the
tota
l em
ploy
ed in
the
com
mer
cial
sec
tor.
Red
uced
con
trib
utio
ns f
or lo
ww
age
earn
ers
The
"B
udge
t Act
" of
199
4pr
ovid
es f
or a
red
uctio
n in
soc
ial
secu
rity
con
trib
utio
ns (
-3.2
% f
orem
ploy
ers
and
-2.2
5% f
orem
ploy
ees)
for
wag
e:, o
f le
ss th
an9
000.
The
Tem
pora
ryE
mpl
oym
ent L
evy
of 1
% f
or a
llem
ploy
ees
was
end
ed.
In a
dditi
on, a
ser
ies
of ta
xm
easu
res
have
bee
n ta
ken
targ
eted
mai
nly
at S
ME
s.E
xem
ptio
a fr
om s
ocia
l sec
urity
cont
ribu
tion
The
Soc
ial W
elfa
re A
ct 1
994
prov
ides
for
an
exem
ptio
n fo
r up
to 2
yea
rs f
rom
the
Em
ploy
ers'
Soci
al S
ecur
ity c
ontr
ibut
ion
inre
spec
t of
each
new
em
ploy
eere
crui
ted
to a
new
(ad
ditio
nal)
job
and
who
was
for
mer
ly r
egis
tere
dun
empl
oyed
for
at l
east
13
wee
ks.
128
Low
er s
ocia
l sec
urity
cont
ribu
tions
(L
aw 2
23/9
1) a
ndta
x cr
edits
as
"hir
ing
prem
ium
s"to
fffm
s w
hich
hir
e ad
ditio
nal
wor
kers
fro
m "
wea
k" c
ateg
orie
s(D
ecre
e 35
7/94
) co
nver
ted
inA
ugus
t 199
4).
Tax
reb
ates
for
new
ent
repr
eneu
rs(D
ecre
e 35
7).
Low
er s
ocia
l sec
urity
cont
ribu
tions
for
fir
ms
oper
atin
gin
Sou
ther
n It
aly
revi
sed
byD
ecre
e of
5 A
ugus
t 199
4 to
conf
orm
with
EC
dir
ectiv
es.
1.4%
red
uctio
n in
une
mpl
oym
ent
insu
ranc
e al
low
ance
fro
m 1
/7/9
4.
129
63
1
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K
I
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
Red
uctio
n in
em
ploy
erco
ntrib
utio
ns fo
r lo
w -
wag
eea
rner
sE
mpl
oyer
s w
ill h
ave
to p
ay o
nly
50 c
ontr
ibut
ions
for
thos
eea
rnin
g le
ss th
an F
R 4
1 04
0 an
d
degr
essi
ve c
ontr
ibut
ions
(50
-10%
redu
ctio
n) fo
r th
ose
earn
ing
FB
41 0
40 -
50
760.
The
mea
sure
take
s ef
fect
from
1 A
pril
1994
.P
lan
"Plu
s on
e" (
Glo
bal P
lan)
Gre
ater
red
uctio
n in
em
ploy
ers'
soci
al s
ecur
ity c
ontr
ibut
ions
for
the
recr
uitm
ent o
f one
wor
ker
(100
% w
ith n
o m
axim
um li
mit,
then
deg
ress
ivel
y do
wn
to 5
0%fo
r 3
year
s).
Tax
atio
nV
ario
us ta
xes
have
bee
n in
crea
sed
in o
rder
to b
alan
ce th
e so
cial
secu
rity
budg
et a
nd fi
nanc
em
easu
res
unde
r th
e G
loba
l Pla
n
(VA
T, e
xcis
e du
ties,
rea
l est
ate
and
mov
able
cap
ital i
ncom
e) a
nda
spec
ial c
ontr
ibut
ion
for
priv
ate
indi
vidu
als
has
been
intr
oduc
ed.
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
Soc
ial s
ecur
ityIt
is a
ntic
ipat
ed th
at th
e so
cial
secu
rity
budg
et w
ill b
e ba
lanc
edby
the
end
of 1
996.
It is
pla
nned
to r
efor
m th
e st
ruct
ure
of th
eso
cial
sec
urity
sys
tem
in fu
ture
toes
tabl
ish
a cl
eare
r di
stin
ctio
nbe
twee
n th
e se
ctor
s as
soci
ated
with
em
ploy
men
t (an
dco
ntrib
utio
ns)
and
the
othe
rs.
FCE
ITL
MG
NE
ED
PGU
D K
ING
DO
M
J91
RA
N
9293
94I
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9293
9491
AL
Y
9293
9491
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E
92
BO
UR 93
94I
91
TH
92RLA
N93
S
94I
91
OR
TU 92
AL
9394
91N
ITE
9293
.94
Red
uctio
n in
indi
rect
labo
urco
sts
Mea
sure
s de
cide
d un
der
the
trip
artit
e ag
reem
ent c
once
rnin
crea
sing
em
ploy
men
t,co
ntro
lling
infla
tion,
and
com
petit
iven
ess,
with
an
emph
asis
on r
educ
tion
of n
on-w
age
cost
s,ra
isin
g of
the
solid
arity
tax
levi
edon
the
com
mun
es, i
ncre
asin
gem
ploy
men
t fun
d re
sour
ces
byin
trod
ucin
g a
soci
al le
vy o
n fu
els,
and
neut
ralis
atio
n of
the
leve
l of
paym
ent i
ndex
atio
n. A
ntic
ipat
edre
duct
ion
in in
dire
ct la
bour
cos
tsby
a 1
.7"o
dec
reas
e in
em
ploy
ers'
soci
al s
ecur
ity c
ontr
ibut
ions
(con
trib
utio
ns. f
lintil
y al
low
ance
s)(e
ntry
into
forc
e 1.
7.19
94).
Red
uctio
n in
indi
rect
labo
urco
sts
The
eco
nom
ic a
nd s
ocia
l cou
'icil
wis
hes
prio
rity
to h
e gi
ven
tom
easu
res
lead
ing
to a
sub
stan
tial
redu
ctio
n in
the
diffe
renc
e (1
1FL
15 b
illio
n) b
etw
een
tota
l wag
eco
sts
and
net w
ages
, par
ticul
arly
in th
e lo
wer
sec
tor
of th
e la
bour
mar
ket.
The
gov
ernm
ent w
illpr
opos
e a
redu
ctio
n in
em
ploy
ers'
cont
ribut
ions
(0.
4% o
f GD
P)
and
anot
her
0.4°
. red
uctio
n of
GD
Pfo
r th
e in
itial
em
ploy
ee ta
xbr
acke
ts.
Red
uctio
n in
indi
rect
labo
urco
sts
Bas
ic s
tudi
es a
re b
eing
car
ried
out,
the
outc
ome
of w
hich
may
he
a pl
an to
red
uce
soci
al c
harg
es.
Thi
s to
pic
is in
clud
ed in
a d
raft
econ
omic
and
soc
ial a
gree
men
tfo
r 19
94-9
9 pr
esen
ted
by th
ego
vern
men
t to
the
soci
al p
artn
ers.
132
3(S
c
9192
9394
I91
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9293
94I
9192
93
BE
LG
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DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
94I
9192
9394
SPA
IN
5.M
ore
activ
e po
licy
Situ
atio
n.
54. E
mpl
oym
ent p
olic
y (%
of
GD
P)3.
874.
136.
126.
533.
461,
221.
173.
533.
64
Adm
inis
trat
ion
and
empl
oym
ent s
ervi
ces
(% G
DP)
0.19
0.11
0.24
0.07
0.11
Voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
(% G
DP)
0.14
0.4
0.59
0.18
0.08
Mea
sure
s in
fav
our
of y
oung
peo
ple
(% G
DP)
n/a.
0.26
0.06
0,03
0.06
Mea
sure
s to
pro
mot
e re
crui
tmen
t (%
GD
P)0.
740.
390.
520.
090.
32
Mea
sure
s in
fav
our
of d
isab
led
peop
le (
% G
DP)
0.15
0.4
0.24
0.01
n/a
Tot
al a
ctiv
e m
easu
res
(% G
DP)
1.23
1.56
1.65
0.38
0.57
Une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
it (%
GD
P)2.
173.
691.
390.
793.
07
Ear
ly r
etir
emen
t ass
ocia
ted
with
the
labo
ur m
arke
t (%
GD
P)0.
741.
280.
49IV
B,
n/a
Tot
al p
assi
ve m
easu
res
(% G
DP)
2.90
4.97
1.88
0.79
3.07
55.
Une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
it1s
t per
iod
dura
tion
(mon
ths)
1230
1212
6
% o
f ea
rnin
gs79
73'
6328
80
2nd
peri
oddu
ratio
n (m
onth
s)U
nlim
ited
Prev
ious
ly u
nlim
ited
(rec
ently
mod
ifie
d to
7 y
ears
div
ided
into
2pe
riod
s of
4 a
nd 3
yea
rsre
spec
tivel
y)
Unl
imite
drd
a18
% o
f ea
rnin
gs55
6356
070
56.
Une
mpl
oyed
dis
cour
aged
(%
of
activ
e po
p.)
1.7
0.2
&a
IA0.
1
57.
Lon
g -t
erm
une
mpl
oym
ent r
ate
4.6
4.8
2.8
2.6
1.9
1.7
(Uni
fied
Ger
man
y)3.
68
8
94I
9192
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191
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9419
192
9394
I
FRA
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9192
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LA
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LU
XE
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NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
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9394
POR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
9192
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94
2,82
4.31
1.42
1.06
3.36
0.8
1.61
1.98
1.91
2.28
0.13
0.14
0.08
0.04
0.15
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.15
0.17
0.35
0.48
0.00
30.
0201
90.
160.
30.
260.
170.
18
0.23
0.43
0.66
0.11
0.07
0.15
0.38
0.44
0.13
0.18
0.11
0,29
00.
020.
120.
060.
040.
10.
030.
02
0.06
0.14
00.
10.
60.
040.
050.
060.
030.
04
0.88
1.48
0.75
0.29
1.14
0.5
0.86
0.94
0.56
0.59
1.46
2.83
0.40
0.25
2.22
0.29
0.59
0.92
1.35
1.69
0.47
00.
280.
520
0.11
0.11
0.12
00
1.93
2.83
0.67
0.77
2.22
0.4
0.7
1.04
1,35
1.69
1212
612
2421
12
8041
3085
7481
23
Unl
imite
dU
nlim
ited
nit
Unl
imite
dU
nlim
ited
21U
nlim
ited
67-3
332
-35
046
4944
23
0.1
0.5
2.6
0.8
0.4
0.4
3.6
3.4
9.7
10.3
6.6
5.9
2.9
3.1
1.5
1.2
2.5
3.6
136
137
67
68
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
IG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
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93.
94
5.1.
Act
ive
mea
sure
sA
ctiv
e la
bour
mar
ket p
olic
ies
refl
ect t
he c
ompl
exiti
es a
risi
ngfr
om th
e po
litic
al o
rgan
isat
ion
ofth
e co
untr
y an
d ex
peri
men
tatio
nw
ith a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
pol
icie
s.T
he r
educ
tion
in s
ocia
l sec
urity
cont
ribu
tions
is a
n im
port
ant
mea
ns o
f m
aint
aini
ng a
nd c
reat
ing
empl
oym
ent.
The
sha
ring
of
empl
oym
ent b
y m
etho
ds s
uch
asca
reer
bre
aks,
pro
mot
ion
of p
art-
time
empl
oym
ent a
nd e
arly
retir
emen
t is
also
ext
rem
ely
impo
rtan
t and
is s
omet
imes
asso
ciat
ed w
ith jo
b cr
eatio
npr
ogra
mm
es.
Out
plac
emen
tSu
bsta
ntia
l inc
reas
e in
col
lect
ive
agre
emen
ts in
the
even
t of
rest
ruct
urin
g, w
hich
pro
vide
for
outp
lace
men
t in
favo
ur o
fre
dund
ant w
orke
rs.
Jobe
lubs
To
help
jobs
ceke
rs o
rgan
ise
thei
rjo
b se
arch
mor
e ef
fect
ivel
y.U
nem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e di
ffic
ult t
opl
ace
in e
mpl
oym
ent
Em
ploy
ers
are
give
n fi
nanc
ial
ince
ntiv
es to
rec
ruit
unem
ploy
edpe
ople
dif
ficu
lt to
pla
ce o
n an
open
-end
ed c
ontr
act,
whi
chre
pres
ents
a n
et in
crea
se in
'..te
num
ber
of w
orke
rs.
138
Des
pite
the
fact
that
it g
ives
the
long
-ter
m u
nem
ploy
ed a
guar
ante
ed o
ffer
of
empl
oym
ent -
one
of th
e ra
re c
ases
in w
hich
long
-ter
m u
nem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e ar
een
title
d to
obt
ain
wor
k -
Den
mar
kst
ill h
as a
sub
stan
tial n
umbe
r of
long
-ter
m u
nem
ploy
ed. C
hang
esw
ere
intr
oduc
ed in
199
2 (t
rain
ing
oppo
rtun
ities
) in
ord
er to
ren
der
empl
oym
ent p
rom
otio
n m
easu
res
mor
e ef
fect
ive.
The
labo
urm
arke
t ref
orm
of
1993
aim
s to
"act
i...a
te"
and
dece
ntra
lise
labo
urm
arke
t pol
icy.
Den
mar
k ha
s th
ehi
ghes
t lev
el o
f un
empl
oyed
peop
le a
nd w
orke
rs u
nder
goin
gtr
aini
ng. T
his
has
been
boo
sted
by p
aren
tal l
eave
and
trai
ning
leav
e m
easu
res
whe
re th
ose
who
left
thei
r jo
bs te
mpo
rari
ly w
ere
repl
aced
by
the
unem
ploy
ed.
Em
ploy
men
t opp
ortu
nitie
s pl
anT
he a
im is
to o
ffer
une
mpl
oyed
wor
kers
a r
easo
nabl
e jo
b w
ith a
view
to th
eir
rein
tegr
atio
n in
to th
ela
bour
mar
ket.
Une
mpl
oyed
peop
le o
ver
the
age
of 2
5 ar
eof
fere
d a
job
afte
r 12
-21
mon
ths
of u
nem
ploy
men
t. T
he c
ontr
act i
sfo
r at
leas
t 9 m
onth
s in
the
priv
ate
sect
or a
nd a
t lea
st 7
mon
ths
in th
e pu
blic
sec
tor.
(Fo
ryo
ung
peop
le s
ee p
oint
6).
The
mos
t im
port
ant p
rovi
sion
s(n
ow a
pply
ing
to th
e w
hole
of
unif
ied
Ger
man
y) a
re th
een
cour
agem
ent o
f vo
catio
nal
trai
ning
and
ret
rain
ing
of th
eun
empl
yed
and
peop
le th
reat
ened
with
une
mpl
oym
ent,
the
shor
t-tim
e w
orki
ng a
llow
ance
for
wor
king
hou
rs lo
st a
s a
resu
lt of
fluc
tuat
ions
in e
cono
mic
act
ivity
or e
cono
mic
res
truc
turi
ng),
the
prom
otio
n of
job
crea
tion
sche
mes
and
pro
duct
ive
job
crea
tion
(sch
emes
to im
prov
e th
een
viro
nmen
t, co
mm
unity
wor
kan
d w
ork
with
you
ng p
eopl
e).
Prom
otio
n of
job
crea
tion
mea
rzir
es f
or o
lder
wor
kers
Subs
idy
for
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
eag
ed o
ver
50 w
hich
may
am
ount
to 5
0-75
% o
f ea
rnin
gs f
or a
job
last
ing
5-8
year
s.Sp
ecia
l nat
iona
l em
ploy
men
tpr
omot
ion
mea
sure
s fo
r th
e lo
ng-
term
une
mpl
oyed
Deg
ress
ive
subs
idy
for
12 m
onth
sto
war
ds w
age
cost
s in
the
even
tof
a f
ixed
-ter
m e
mpl
oym
ent
cont
ract
for
a lo
ng-t
erm
unem
ploy
ed p
erso
n.
135
As
in th
e ca
se o
f ot
her
coun
trie
sin
the
sout
h of
the
Com
mun
ity,
Gre
ece
has
not y
et f
ully
esta
blis
hed
an a
ctiv
e la
bour
mar
ket p
olic
y. G
reec
e is
stil
l in
the
proc
ess
of s
hapi
ng it
s la
bour
mar
ket p
olic
y, in
the
prop
er a
sw
ell a
s in
the
figu
rativ
e se
nse.
The
ESF
s im
pact
on
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
an
empl
oym
ent
polic
y in
Gre
ece
shou
ld b
est
ress
ed.
The
impo
rtan
ce o
f fa
mily
stru
ctur
es w
hich
allo
w th
ede
velo
pmen
t of
a st
ruct
ured
netw
ork
of s
olid
arity
bas
ed o
n th
efa
mily
is a
n ad
ditio
nal
expl
anat
ion
for
the
pres
ent l
ow-
key
deve
lopm
ent o
f ac
tive
polic
ies.
Subs
idie
s fo
r em
ploy
ers
who
crea
te n
ew jo
bsA
ny e
mpl
oyer
(pr
ivat
e or
pub
lic)
who
cre
ates
new
jobs
rec
eive
s a
prem
ium
(co
rres
pond
ing
to a
perc
enta
ge o
f th
e m
inim
um w
age
of a
n un
skill
ed w
orke
r) f
or o
neye
ar a
nd h
e m
ay m
ake
empl
oyee
sre
dund
ant d
urin
g th
at p
erio
d.R
educ
tion
of in
com
e ta
x ra
tes
for
wor
kers
in c
erta
in r
egio
ns.
Alo
ngsi
de le
gisl
atio
n ai
med
at
iirnp
rovi
ng th
e fu
nctio
ning
of
the
labo
ur m
arke
t, tr
aini
ng p
lays
ave
ry im
port
ant r
ole
in la
bour
mar
ket p
olic
y. H
owev
er, i
n te
rms
of th
e nu
mbe
rs ta
king
par
t,em
ploy
men
t pro
mot
ion
mea
sure
s,in
clud
ing
mea
sure
s fo
r se
lf-
empl
oym
ent a
re m
ore
impo
rtan
t.T
here
is a
wid
e ra
nge
ofpr
ogra
mm
es b
ut th
e ra
te o
fex
pend
iture
on
activ
e po
licie
s is
still
low
.D
espi
te m
ajor
eff
orts
in r
ecen
tye
ars
to m
odif
y th
e st
ruct
ure
ofsp
endi
ng in
fav
our
of a
ctiv
epo
licie
s, th
e re
lativ
e im
port
ance
of p
assi
ve e
mpl
oym
ent p
olic
ym
easu
res
cont
inue
s to
incr
ease
.
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
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9192
9394
9192
9394
191
9293
94I
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
UD
G91
9293
94I
9192
9394
I91
KIN
93
DO
M
94
Em
ploy
men
t pol
icie
s w
ere
rela
tivel
y pa
ssiv
e fo
r m
any
year
s.E
ffor
ts h
ave
been
mad
e ov
er th
epu
t few
yea
rs to
dev
elop
act
ive
polic
ies
and
to e
stab
lish
a cl
oser
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
soci
alse
curi
ty b
enef
its a
nd a
ctiv
epo
licie
s (i
n pa
rtic
ular
Rid
!(o
ccup
atio
nal i
nteg
ratio
nm
inim
um in
com
e)).
The
re is
now
a w
ide
vari
ety
ofac
tive
mea
sure
s ta
rget
ed m
ainl
y at
youn
g un
empl
oyed
peo
ple
and
the
long
-ter
m u
nem
ploy
ed.
Fran
ce, i
n lin
e w
ith o
ther
coun
trie
s, h
as a
lso
impl
emen
ted
earl
y re
tirem
ent a
nd p
reve
ntiv
eM
antr
as.
The
se p
olic
ies
cons
ist o
f a
mix
of
trai
ning
and
em
ploy
men
tpr
omot
ion
mea
sure
s. Y
oung
peop
le a
nd th
e lo
ng-t
erm
unem
ploy
ed a
re th
e m
ain
targ
etgr
oups
. A f
airl
y co
mpr
ehen
sive
rang
e of
mea
sure
s is
ava
ilabl
e:ap
pren
tices
hips
alte
rnat
ing
with
full-
time
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g fo
rad
ults
and
sub
sidi
satio
n of
labo
urco
sts
in th
e co
mm
erci
al s
ecto
r an
dth
e su
bsid
isat
ion
of e
mpl
oym
ent
in th
e co
mm
unity
.
For
man
y ye
ars,
the
mai
n fe
atur
esof
the
Ital
ian
labo
ur m
arke
t wer
ea
high
leve
l of
empl
oym
ent
prot
ectio
n th
roug
h th
e C
IO(w
ages
gua
rant
ee f
und)
and
ahi
gh le
vel o
f un
empl
oym
ent
amon
g yo
ung
scho
ol-l
eave
rs a
ndot
her
firs
t-tim
e jo
b se
eker
s. T
his
resu
lted
in a
n in
flex
ible
labo
urm
arke
t. T
hese
two
prob
lem
sse
em to
be
in th
e pr
oces
s of
bein
g pa
rtia
lly r
esol
ved
thro
ugh
the
intr
oduc
tion
of m
obili
ty li
sts
in ta
ndem
with
the
CIO
and
.re
stri
ctio
n of
the
leng
th o
fut
ilisa
tion
of th
e C
IO a
nd th
roug
hth
e de
velo
pmen
t of
sand
wic
htr
aini
ng c
ontr
acts
.
140
Ava
ilabi
lity
of a
num
ber
ofm
easu
res
to p
rom
ote
and
assi
stre
crui
tmen
t, pa
rtic
ular
ly in
ord
erto
fac
ilita
te o
ccup
atio
nal
rein
tegr
atio
n of
the
long
-ter
mun
empl
oyed
and
old
erun
empl
oyed
peo
ple.
Onl
y th
e N
ethe
rlan
ds (
and
Den
mar
k) o
ffer
you
ng p
eopl
e th
eri
ght t
o em
ploy
men
t (w
hich
will
affe
ct th
e w
hole
of
this
gro
up in
1998
). T
rain
ing
for
the
unem
ploy
ed is
an
impo
rtan
tfe
atur
e of
act
ive
labo
ur m
arke
tpo
licy.
The
re a
re o
rigi
nal
inst
rum
ents
suc
h as
the
"Sta
rtte
mpo
rary
age
ncy"
, whi
ch is
afo
unda
tion
whi
ch h
elps
toin
tegr
ate
youn
g jo
bsee
kers
expe
rien
cing
dif
ficu
lties
(th
efo
unda
tion
is n
ot s
ubsi
dise
d),
"lab
our
pool
s" (
Ban
enpo
ols)
whi
ch o
ffer
the
long
-ter
mun
empl
oyed
em
ploy
men
t in
the
non-
com
mer
cial
sec
tor
at th
em
inim
um w
age.
Som
ein
stru
men
ts p
rom
ote
voca
tiona
lex
peri
ence
for
the
unem
ploy
edan
d ap
pren
tices
hips
. The
mai
nre
form
s co
ncer
ning
the
publ
icem
ploy
men
t ser
vice
hav
e be
entr
ipat
tism
and
dec
entr
alis
atio
n, a
sw
ell a
s th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
self
-se
rvic
e pl
acem
ent s
chem
es.
"Job
clu
bs"
(Sol
licita
tiecl
ubs)
for
pers
ons
unem
ploy
ed f
or m
ore
than
6 m
onth
s ha
ve g
iven
ver
ygo
od r
esul
ts. "
Path
way
s to
empl
oym
ent"
(Tra
ject
bem
idde
ling)
pro
vide
an
oppo
rtun
ity to
dis
cuss
with
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e m
easu
res
. ada
pted
to th
eir
situ
atio
ns. T
his
met
hod
has
also
giv
en g
ood
resu
lts. T
here
are
als
o va
riou
sw
age-
cost
sub
sidi
es, t
rain
ing
prog
ram
mes
, wor
ksho
ps w
here
peop
le c
an a
cqui
re n
eces
sary
expe
rien
ce, a
nd h
elp
grou
ps f
orth
e un
empl
oyed
.
A w
ide
vari
ety
of a
ctiv
e m
easu
res
have
bee
n im
plem
ente
d bu
t mos
tof
thes
e ar
e on
a s
mal
l sca
le.
The
re a
re n
umer
ous
mea
sure
sre
latin
g to
the
coop
erat
ive
and
craf
t sec
tors
. Tra
inin
g m
easu
res
rece
ive
the
mos
t fun
ding
(as
sist
edby
the
ESF
), c
lose
ly f
ollo
wed
by
mea
sure
s ai
med
at s
peci
alca
tego
ries
of
wor
kers
, of
whi
chyo
ung
peop
le, w
heth
er o
r no
tun
empl
oyed
, com
pris
e th
epr
inci
pal t
arge
t gro
up.
In D
ecem
ber
1993
a s
et o
fm
easu
res
activ
e em
ploy
men
tpo
licy
and
unem
ploy
men
tpr
even
tion
of a
nd f
ight
aga
inst
wer
e ad
opte
d, r
elat
ing
inpa
rtic
ular
to lo
ng-
and
very
long
-te
rm u
nem
ploy
men
t. T
he a
im is
to f
acili
tate
the
(re)
inte
grat
ion
into
the
job
mar
ket o
f th
ose
curr
ently
unem
ploy
ed o
r lik
ely
to b
ecom
eun
empl
oyed
.T
hese
mea
sure
s in
clud
evo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
aid,
empl
oym
ent p
rogr
amm
es,
trai
ning
, bus
ines
s st
art-
up s
uppo
rt,
ince
ntiv
es to
occ
upat
ion
of th
eun
empl
oyed
, and
pro
mot
ion
ofre
crui
tmen
t (se
e de
taile
dde
scri
ptio
n un
der
"rec
ent
mea
sure
s").
14.1
The
gov
ernm
ent h
as ta
ken
anac
tive
labo
ur m
arke
t app
roac
h.E
mpl
oyer
s ar
e en
cour
aged
tono
tify
vaca
ncie
s, p
artic
ular
lyth
ose
suita
ble
for
unem
ploy
edjo
bsee
kers
, to
Jobc
entr
es.
Vac
anci
es a
re d
ispl
ayed
for
sel
f-se
lect
ion
by jo
bsee
kers
who
are
then
inte
rvie
wed
by
Jobc
entr
est
aff
befo
re in
terv
iew
s w
ithem
ploy
ers
are
arra
nged
. For
thos
ew
ho r
equi
re a
dditi
onal
hel
p, a
rang
e of
adv
isor
y an
d pr
ogra
mm
ehe
lp is
ava
ilabl
e.Jo
b du
bsFo
r th
ose
unem
ploy
ed o
ver
six
mon
ths;
pro
vide
gui
danc
e an
dtr
aini
ng o
n jo
bsea
rch
tech
niqu
es;
brin
g pe
ople
toge
ther
in a
mut
ually
sup
port
ive
envi
ronm
ent
Stat
ione
ry, s
tam
ps a
nd te
leph
ones
are
all p
rovi
ded
(249
000
peop
lehe
lped
at a
cos
t of
£51m
in19
93/9
4; f
or 1
994/
95 th
ere
will
be 2
6500
0 op
port
uniti
es a
t a c
ost
of £
53m
).Jo
b in
terv
iew
gua
rant
eeFo
r th
ose
unem
ploy
ed o
ver
6m
onth
s; e
mpl
oyer
gua
rant
ees
inte
rvie
ws
in r
etur
n fo
r en
hanc
edva
canc
y fi
lling
ser
vice
; enh
ance
dse
rvic
es in
clud
e m
atch
ing
indi
vidu
al jo
bsee
kers
to v
acan
cies
and
prov
idin
g jo
b pr
epar
atio
nco
urse
s (t
here
will
be
3000
00op
port
uniti
es a
t a c
ost o
f £3
0m in
1994
/95)
69
70
IBE
LG
IUM
9192
9394
DE
NM
AR
K91
9293
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
Prom
otio
n of
em
ploy
men
t for
grou
ps o
f un
empl
oyed
peo
ple
atri
skSu
ppor
t am
ount
ing
to 0
.15%
of
the
wag
e bi
ll fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
tof
initi
ativ
es to
pro
mot
ein
tegr
atio
n of
per
sons
at r
isk
and
pers
ons
to w
hom
the
acco
mpa
nyin
g m
easu
res
appl
y.T
he a
rran
gem
ents
are
laid
dow
nin
a c
olle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ent.
Acc
ompa
nyin
g m
easu
res
for
the
unem
ploy
edA
fter
9 m
onth
s of
une
mpl
oym
ent
(per
sons
und
er th
e ag
e of
46
only
), c
ompu
lsor
y ac
com
pany
ing
mea
sure
s pr
ovid
ed b
y pu
blic
empl
oym
ent s
enic
es.
Tra
inin
g op
port
uniti
es p
lan
To
impr
ove
empl
oym
ent
pros
pect
s fo
r th
e lo
ng-t
erm
unem
ploy
ed b
y m
eans
of
trai
ning
mea
sure
s co
mbi
ned
with
a
trai
ning
allo
wan
ce (
max
: 2 y
ears
).(F
or y
oung
peo
ple
see
poin
t 6).
Rec
ruitm
ent s
ubsi
dies
Subs
idie
s gr
ante
d by
the
loca
lau
thor
ities
to p
rom
ote
recr
uitm
ent
in p
riva
te c
ompa
nies
.A
dvic
e an
d gu
idan
ce
Org
anis
atio
n of
job
prep
arat
ion
cour
ses
and
educ
atio
nal a
ndvo
catio
nal g
uida
nce
activ
ities
.
Mea
sure
s in
fav
our
ofpa
rtic
ular
ly d
isad
vant
aged
grou
ps o
f th
e lo
ng-t
eam
unem
ploy
ed a
nd o
ther
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e di
ffic
ult t
opl
ace
80%
sub
sidi
es (
usua
lly)
tow
ards
inve
stm
ent c
osts
and
run
ning
,co
sts.
143
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRE
LA
ND
9192
9394
ITA
LY
9192
9394
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9192
'93
94
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
9192
9394
POR
TU
GA
L
9192
9394
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
91-
9293
94
144
145
Job
Sear
ch S
emin
arFo
r th
ose
unem
ploy
ed o
ver
13w
eeks
; pro
vide
s in
form
atio
n on
how
bes
t and
whe
re b
est t
o lo
okfo
r em
ploy
men
t (69
000
peop
lew
ere
help
ed in
199
3/94
at a
cos
tof
£4.
7m. T
here
will
be
7500
0op
port
uniti
es a
t a c
ost o
f £4
.7m
in 1
994/
95).
Job
Rev
iew
Wor
ksho
pFo
r th
ose
unem
ploy
ed o
ver
13w
eeks
; hel
ps p
eopl
e to
rev
iew
thei
r ca
reer
pro
gres
s an
d th
eop
tions
ope
n to
them
; int
ende
dpa
rtic
ular
ly f
or u
nem
ploy
edpe
ople
with
exp
erie
nce
ofpr
ofes
sion
al a
nd e
xecu
tive
empl
oym
ent (
3700
0 op
port
uniti
esat
a c
ost o
f £2
.8m
in 1
994-
95).
Res
tart
Int
ervi
ewM
anda
tory
for
all
thos
e re
achi
ng6
mon
ths
unem
ploy
men
t,re
peat
ed e
very
6 m
onth
s; a
dvic
egi
ven
to a
ssis
t lon
g-te
rmun
empl
oyed
peo
ple
to ta
ke u
pop
port
uniti
es (
wor
lara
inin
g et
c.);
enab
les
publ
ic e
mpl
oym
ent
serv
ice
to c
onfu
m c
lient
s ar
eav
aila
ble
for
and
activ
ely
seek
ing
wor
k; o
ver
3 m
illio
n in
terv
iew
sco
nduc
ted
in 1
993/
94.
Jobp
lan
Wor
ksho
pM
anda
tory
wee
k-lo
ng c
ours
e fo
rth
ose
unem
ploy
ed f
or 1
2 m
onth
sw
ho r
efus
e ot
her
offe
rs o
f he
lp;
offe
rs o
ne-t
o-on
e as
sess
men
t and
guid
ance
to h
elp
clie
nts
deve
lop
an e
ffec
tive
plan
to g
et b
ack
tow
ork
(250
000
opp
ortu
nitie
s at
aco
st o
f £2
7.8m
in 1
994/
95).
71
72
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KI
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
. 93
9419
192
9394
I 91
9293
94
5.2.
Pas
sive
mea
sure
sU
nlim
ited
unem
ploy
men
t ben
efit
unde
r th
e in
sura
nce
syst
em,
with
out a
min
imum
per
iod
of
Ben
efit
limite
d in
pri
ncip
le to
2V
,ye
ars
but e
mpl
oym
ent a
ndtr
aini
ng p
lans
allo
w e
ntitl
emen
t to
Une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
it pa
id o
utun
der
unem
ploy
men
t ins
uran
ce is
limite
d de
pend
ing
on a
ge a
nd th
e
Lim
ited
unem
ploy
men
t ben
efit
depe
ndin
g on
per
iod
ofem
ploy
men
t, w
ith a
max
imum
of
Une
mpl
oym
ent i
nsur
ance
ben
efits
limite
d as
a f
unct
ion
ofco
ntri
butio
n pe
riod
s in
the
last
six
cont
ribu
tions
(yo
ung
peop
le a
reem
ploy
men
t ben
efit
to c
ontin
ue.
dura
tion
of e
mpl
oym
ent (
from
12 m
onth
s fo
r 25
0 da
ys o
fye
ars.
706
/* o
f re
fere
nce
wag
e fo
r
elig
ible
on
the
basi
s of
thei
r(H
as b
een
chan
ged.
See
"re
cent
156
days
for
a p
erso
n ag
ed u
nder
empl
oym
ent d
urin
g th
e pr
evio
usth
e fi
rst 1
80 d
ays,
then
60%
.
trai
ning
and
aft
er a
per
iod
ofm
easu
res"
).42
who
has
wor
ked
for
12 m
onth
s14
mon
ths
and
a m
inim
um o
f 5
Ben
efits
bet
wee
n th
e m
inim
um
wai
ting)
, but
num
erou
sto
832
day
s fo
r a
pers
on a
ged
54m
onth
s fo
r 12
5 da
ys, p
lus
in a
llin
ter-
sect
oral
wag
e an
d 22
0% o
f
mod
ific
atio
ns h
ave
been
intr
oduc
ed to
pre
vent
fra
ud a
nd to
or o
ver
who
has
wor
ked
for
atle
ast 6
4 m
onth
s). W
hen
case
s an
add
ition
al 3
mon
ths
at a
redu
ced
rate
.Ben
efit
amou
nts
to
this
wag
e. S
ubse
quen
tly,
unem
ploy
men
t ass
ista
nce
subj
ect
try
to ta
ke th
e fa
mily
situ
atio
nan
d in
com
e in
to a
ccou
nt. A
t the
unem
ploy
men
t ben
efit
ends
, the
unem
ploy
ed p
erso
n re
ceiv
es
40%
of
wag
e fo
r bl
ue-c
olla
rw
orke
rs a
nd 5
0% f
or w
hite
-col
lar
to m
eans
-tes
ting
for
18 m
oths
,ex
cept
for
cer
tain
cat
egor
ies
of
pres
ent t
ime,
the
righ
t to
bene
fit
unem
ploy
men
t ass
ista
nce
for
anw
orke
rs (
with
a m
inim
um o
f 2/
3un
empl
oyed
. Min
imum
of
75%
of
is s
uspe
nded
, sub
ject
to c
erta
inun
limite
d pe
riod
, but
the
pers
on's
of th
e m
inim
um w
age)
plu
s 10
%th
e m
inim
um in
ter-
sect
oral
wag
e
cond
ition
s, w
hen
the
dura
tion
ofin
com
e si
tuat
ion
is ta
ken
into
for
each
dep
enda
nt. W
hen
(une
mpl
oyed
per
son
with
out
1 41
t%
unem
ploy
men
t exc
eeds
twic
e th
ere
gion
al a
vera
ge.
The
re w
as s
ubst
antia
l ear
lyre
tirem
ent b
ut li
mtt
&lio
ns h
ave
now
bee
n im
pose
d.
acco
unt
entit
lem
ent t
o be
nefi
t cea
ses,
an
allo
wan
ce e
qual
to 5
0% o
f th
em
ain
bene
fit i
s pa
id.
depe
nden
t chi
ldre
n).
147
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
191
9293
94.
9192
9394
191
9293
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
Res
tart
Cou
rse
A 2
-wee
k pa
rt -
tims
man
dato
rypr
ogra
mm
e fo
r th
ose
unem
ploy
edfo
r 24
mon
ths
who
ref
use
othe
rof
fers
of h
elp,
hel
ping
them
deve
lop
a ro
ute
back
to w
ork
and
arra
ngin
g a
plac
emen
t for
them
at
the
end
(120
000
opp
ortu
nitie
s in
1994
/95
at a
cos
t of E
12.5
m.
Wor
k tr
ials
For
thos
e un
empl
oyed
ove
r 6
mon
ths;
ena
bles
em
ploy
ers
toas
sess
the
suita
bilit
y _.
. lon
g-te
rmun
empl
oyed
clie
nts
for
a va
canc
ybe
fore
com
mitt
ing
them
selv
es to
empl
oyin
g th
em; e
nabl
esun
empl
oyed
peo
ple
to p
rove
them
selv
es in
a r
eal j
ob w
hile
thei
r be
nefit
s co
ntin
ue to
be
paid
to th
em; t
rial p
erio
d la
sts
for
upto
3 w
eeks
(20
000
opp
ortu
nitie
sat
a c
ost o
f £3.
8m in
199
4/95
).
Une
mpl
oym
ent i
nsur
ance
Dur
atio
n of
pay
men
t of
allo
wan
ces
(bas
ic a
llow
ance
and
end-
of-e
ntitl
emen
t allo
wan
ce)
vane
s be
twee
n 4
mon
ths
min
imum
and
60
mon
ths
max
imum
, dep
endi
ng o
n du
ratio
nof
mem
bers
hip
and
age.
Sol
idar
ity a
rran
gem
ents
Long
-ter
m u
nem
ploy
edal
low
ance
gra
nted
in 6
-m
onth
perio
ds fo
r un
limite
d tim
eS
peci
al .:
ateg
orie
% m
axim
um I
year
Une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
its in
itial
lylim
ited
to 3
90 d
ays
at fl
at-r
ate,
then
pay
-rel
ated
ben
efit
(app
rox.
12%
of w
eekl
y ea
rnin
gs in
prev
ious
inco
me
tax
year
with
ceili
ng)
for
375
days
. On
expi
ryof
une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
it,un
empl
oym
ent a
ssis
tanc
e m
ay h
epa
id, s
ubje
ct to
a m
eans
test
.P
re-r
etire
men
t Allo
wan
ceA
pre
-ret
irem
ent a
llow
ance
ispa
yabl
e to
per
sons
bet
wee
n 55
and
66 y
ears
of a
ge.
Ord
inar
y be
nefit
(20
% o
f nor
mal
rem
uner
atio
n) p
aid
for
am
axim
um o
f 180
day
s in
one
year
.S
peci
al b
enef
it (L
aw 2
2319
1), f
orw
orke
rs w
ith a
t lea
st 1
2 m
onth
sse
rvic
e, p
aid
for
12-3
6 m
onth
s(d
epen
ding
on
age)
and
up
to 4
13
mon
ths
in s
outh
ern
regi
ons.
148
Ben
efit
limite
d to
12
mon
ths
(plu
s6
mon
ths
for
pers
ons
diffi
cult
topl
ace)
und
er th
e un
empl
oym
ent
insu
ranc
e sy
stem
. Sub
sequ
ently
,un
empl
oyed
per
sons
rec
eive
bene
fit u
nder
the
reso
urce
guar
ante
e ar
rang
emen
ts fo
r an
unlim
ited
perio
d, b
ut s
ubje
ct to
mea
ns te
stin
g. O
lder
une
mpl
oyed
pers
ons
are
cove
red
by s
peci
alco
nditi
ons
in c
onne
ctio
n w
ith th
eun
empl
oym
ent i
nsur
ance
sys
tem
and
early
ret
irem
ent a
rran
gem
ents
.
Ben
efit
unde
r un
empl
oym
ent
insu
ranc
e lim
ited
to 6
mon
ths
with
pos
sibi
lity
of e
xten
sion
of
betw
een
3 m
onth
s an
d 4.
5 ye
ars
depe
ndin
g on
age
and
wor
khi
stor
y. S
ubse
quen
tly u
nem
ploy
edpe
rson
s re
ceiv
e un
empl
oym
ent
assi
stan
ce fo
r an
unl
imite
d pe
riod
subj
e..t
to c
erta
in c
ondi
tions
rega
rdin
g th
eir
inco
me.
The
re a
reva
rious
inva
lidity
insu
ranc
esc
hem
es fo
r el
derly
wor
kers
, the
disa
bled
, tho
se u
nabl
e to
wor
k fo
rlo
ng p
erio
ds, e
tc.
Mai
n be
nefit
s: li
mite
d du
ratio
nba
sed
on a
ge.
Min
imum
of 1
0 m
onth
s fo
run
empl
oyed
per
sons
und
er 2
5,m
axim
um o
f 30
mon
ths
for
thos
eag
ed 5
5 or
ove
r.E
xten
ded
bene
fits:
50%
of t
he.:
perio
ds.
Une
mpl
oym
ent i
nsur
ance
ben
efits
:65
% o
f ave
rage
wag
e ro
t the
6m
onth
s pr
eced
ing
the
2 m
onth
spr
ior
to u
nem
ploy
men
t.U
nem
ploy
men
t ass
ista
nce:
70-
100%
of m
inim
um w
age
acco
rd,lg
to n
umbe
r of
Fla
t-ra
te b
enef
its: d
urat
ion
rest
ricte
d to
312
day
s (e
xclu
ding
Sun
days
) fo
r ea
ch in
terr
uptio
n of
empl
oym
ent.
A c
laim
ant i
sen
title
d to
ano
ther
per
iod
of 3
12"la
ys if
he
has
been
in p
aid
empl
oym
ent f
or 1
3 w
eeks
(no
tne
cess
arily
con
secu
tive)
dur
ing
are
fere
nce
perio
d, e
ach
one
com
pris
ing
at le
ast 1
6 ho
urs
wor
k. O
utsi
de th
ese
perio
ds th
ere
is a
fina
ncia
l aid
sch
eme
for
pers
ons
not w
orki
ng fu
ll -t
ime
(16
hour
s or
mor
e pe
r w
eek)
, who
seea
rnin
gs a
re le
ss th
an a
se'
min
imum
. Mod
ifica
tion
inpr
ogre
ss, s
ee "
mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
".
149
73
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K
9192
9394
9192
9394
I91
9293
94I9
192
93::
94(9
192
9394
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
5.3.
Pla
cem
ent s
ervi
ces
Thr
ee p
ublic
ser
vice
s de
al w
ithjo
b pl
acem
ent:
VD
AB
, FO
RE
M,
OR
BE
M. T
hese
thre
e re
gion
al o
rco
mm
unity
em
ploy
men
t ser
vice
sar
e ru
n by
bip
artit
e m
anag
emen
tco
mm
ittee
s. J
oint
sec
tora
ltr
aini
ng c
entr
es e
xist
in m
any
sect
ors.
It s
houl
d be
str
esse
d th
at th
ere
isno
legi
slat
ion
rela
ting
to s
elec
tion
or r
ecru
itmen
t con
sulta
ncie
s.It
isth
eref
ore
diff
icul
t to
have
an
accu
rate
idea
of
thei
r im
port
ance
.
The
Nat
iona
l Lab
our
Mar
ket
Aut
hori
ty is
res
pons
ible
for
the
publ
ic p
lace
men
t ser
vice
. It
mai
ntai
ns 1
4 re
gion
al e
mpl
oym
ent
offi
ces
and
each
reg
ion
has
anu
mbe
r of
loca
l off
ices
(ap
prox
.96
off
ices
in to
tal)
.T
here
als
o ex
ists
1 n
atio
nal a
nd14
reg
iona
l Lab
our
Mar
ket
Boa
rds,
com
pris
ing
repr
esen
tativ
es o
f th
e so
cial
part
ners
and
reg
iona
l and
loca
lau
thor
ities
.The
Boa
rds
exis
t to
orga
nise
mea
sure
s fo
r th
eun
empl
oyed
at l
ocal
leve
l, an
d ar
eal
so in
volv
ed in
the
adm
inis
trat
ion
of jo
b of
fers
and
trai
ning
sch
emes
.T
he s
ituat
ion
has
chan
ged
cons
ider
ably
sin
ce 1
Jul
y 19
90.
Priv
ate
agen
cies
may
now
ope
rate
with
out p
rior
aut
hori
satio
n fr
omth
e pu
blic
aut
hori
ties
and
char
ges
are
now
mad
e fo
r ce
rtai
n sp
ecif
icse
rvic
es o
ffer
ed b
y th
e pu
blic
empl
oym
ent s
ervi
ce, a
situ
atio
nw
hich
, in
the
opin
ion
of th
eD
anis
h au
thor
ities
, is
inco
mpl
ianc
e w
ith I
LO
Con
vent
ion
No
82 o
n th
e or
gani
satio
n of
the
empl
oym
ent s
ervi
ce. H
owev
er,
the
Dir
ecto
r-G
ener
al f
orem
ploy
men
t has
reg
ulat
ory
pow
ers
in th
ese
area
s an
d hi
sde
cisi
ons
are
bind
ing
on a
llpr
ivat
e ag
enci
es.
The
Fed
eral
Em
ploy
men
t Ser
vice
has
184
mai
n of
ttces
and
640
serv
ices
pro
vidi
ng c
ount
ry-w
ide
job
plac
emen
t and
gui
danc
e fo
ral
l cat
egor
ies
of jo
b an
dem
ploy
men
t, fr
ee o
f ch
arge
. In
addi
tion
sinc
e 1
Aug
ust 1
994
it is
perm
issi
ble
for
priv
ate
bodi
es to
wor
k in
this
fie
ld, s
ubje
ct to
poss
essi
on o
f a
licen
ce d
eliv
ered
by th
e Fe
dera
l Em
ploy
men
tSe
rvic
e. A
pplic
ants
hav
e a
lega
len
title
men
t to
a lic
ence
if th
eym
eet a
ll th
e pr
ofes
sion
al, f
man
cial
and
com
mer
cial
req
uire
men
ts.
App
lican
ts f
or li
cenc
es f
rom
all
EU
cou
ntri
es a
re tr
eate
d eq
ually
.Pl
acem
ent f
or jo
bs a
broa
d ou
tsid
eth
e E
U is
lim
ited
to a
cer
tain
num
ber
of jo
b ty
pes.
Sinc
e 19
31, G
reek
law
has
impo
sed
a ba
n on
pri
vate
pro
fit-
mak
ing
plac
emen
t age
ncie
s in
Gre
ece.
Pen
altie
s, in
the
form
of
impr
ison
men
t or
fine
s ar
eim
pose
d on
thos
e w
ho b
reak
the
law
. Erp
loye
rs a
re a
lso
oblig
edto
not
ify
all r
ecru
itmen
ts a
ndre
dund
anci
es. T
his
oblig
atio
n is
not a
pplic
able
to jo
b va
canc
ies.
In s
pite
of
the
lega
l situ
atio
n,st
udie
s sh
ow th
at u
nlaw
ful p
riva
teag
enci
es d
o ex
ist a
nd o
pera
teun
der
man
y fo
rms,
suc
h as
insu
ranc
e ag
enci
es, e
tc.
Non
-pro
fit-
mak
ing
orga
nisa
tions
,ho
wev
er, a
re n
ot s
ubje
ct to
the
ban
impo
sed
by th
e la
w.
Unt
il th
e en
d of
199
3, p
riva
teem
ploy
men
t age
ncie
s w
ere
forb
idde
n un
der
Span
ish
law
.Pe
rson
nel s
elec
tion
agen
cies
or
ente
rpri
ses
have
to in
dica
te th
eem
ploy
men
t off
ice
job
vaca
ncy
num
ber
in th
eir
adve
rtis
emen
ts.
Thu
s th
ere
was
a d
istin
ctio
nbe
twee
n th
e tw
o ty
pes
of s
ervi
ces
- pr
ivat
e em
ploy
men
t age
ncie
s(p
rohi
bite
d) a
nd p
erso
nnel
sele
ctio
n ag
enci
es. O
nly
the
latte
rw
ere
auth
oris
ed. H
owev
er, t
here
was
stil
l an
oblig
atio
n to
not
ify
job
vaca
ncie
s to
the
empl
oym
ent
offi
ce.
The
se p
rovi
sion
s w
ere
amen
ded
by R
oyal
Dec
ree
18/9
3(s
ubse
quen
tly L
aw 1
0/94
of
19M
ay)
(see
"re
cent
mea
sure
s").
151
74
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9192
9394
9192
9394
1 91
9293
94
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
9192
9394
POR
TU
GA
L
9192
9394
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
Som
e pu
blic
est
ablis
hmen
ts o
rjo
intly
adm
inis
tere
d bo
dies
may
oper
ate
alon
gsid
e th
e pu
blic
plac
emen
t ser
vice
. B
odie
s m
ust
be a
ppro
ved,
or
sign
an
agre
emen
tw
ith, t
he n
atio
nal e
mpl
oym
ent
agen
cy (
AN
PE
). T
houg
h pr
ivat
ebo
dies
are
aut
horis
ed to
ope
rate
on th
e m
arke
t, th
ey r
emai
n un
der
the
cont
rol o
f the
pub
lic s
ervi
ce.
Oth
er b
odie
s ca
rry
out a
ctiv
ities
rela
ted
to jo
b pl
acem
ent.
The
re a
re a
lso
recr
uitm
ent
cons
ulta
ncie
s.It
is d
iffic
ult t
oas
sess
the
real
impo
rtan
ce o
f suc
h
ente
rpris
es.
FA
S o
pera
tes
a pu
blic
empl
oym
ent s
ervi
ce th
roug
h a
netw
ork
of 5
4 em
ploy
men
tS
ervi
ces
Offi
ces
thro
ugho
utIr
elan
d. T
hese
pro
vide
a m
atch
ing
serv
ice
betw
een
job
seek
ers
and
vaca
ncie
s. T
hey
are
also
link
ed to
the
EU
RE
S S
yste
m o
f EU
vaca
ncie
s.P
rivat
e em
ploy
men
t age
ncie
s ha
vebe
en a
utho
rised
in Ir
elan
d si
nce
1971
. Prio
r to
est
ablis
hmen
t, th
eym
ust b
e au
thor
ised
by
the
Min
istr
y of
Em
ploy
men
t and
are
oblig
ed to
sen
d lis
ts o
f the
plac
emen
ts m
ade
ever
y si
x
mon
ths.
The
re is
a p
ublic
mon
opol
y in
plac
emen
t ser
vice
s an
d pr
ivat
eem
ploy
men
t age
ncie
s ar
eth
eref
ore
bann
ed. E
mpl
oyer
s ar
eob
liged
to n
otify
all
job
vaca
ncie
sto
the
publ
ic e
mpl
oym
ent s
ervi
ce,
and
in p
rinci
ple
all r
ecru
itmen
tm
ust b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t via
this
serv
ice.
The
re a
re e
xcep
tions
toth
is r
ule
for
the
recr
uitm
ent o
fce
rtai
n w
orke
rs.
The
law
of 2
1/02
/76
stip
ulat
esth
at jo
b pl
acem
ent i
s th
eex
clus
ive
resp
onsi
bilit
y of
the
publ
ic e
mpl
oym
ent s
ervi
ce a
ndth
at it
is fr
ee o
f cha
rge.
Mor
eove
r, e
mpl
oyer
s ar
e ob
liged
to n
otify
vac
anci
es to
the
publ
icem
ploy
men
t ser
vice
.F
ailu
re to
do s
o ca
n re
sult
in a
fine
. The
rear
e se
vera
l rec
ruitm
ent
cons
ulta
ncie
s op
erat
ing
inLu
xem
bour
g. T
hese
mus
t com
ply
with
the
law
of 1
976,
par
ticul
arly
with
reg
ard
to th
e no
tific
atio
n of
job
vaca
ncie
s. T
here
are
als
o a
num
ber
of n
on-p
rofit
-mak
ing
asso
ciat
ions
.
The
law
of 1
990
on e
mpl
oym
ent
serv
ices
aut
horis
es th
e cr
eatio
n of
priv
ate
plac
emen
t age
ncie
sof
ferin
g a
who
le r
ange
of s
ervi
ces
and
actin
g as
an
inte
rmed
iary
betw
een
jobs
eeke
rs a
nd
empl
oyer
s.T
hese
priv
ate
agen
cies
can
not
oper
ate
with
out a
lice
nce.
The
law
pro
vide
s th
at th
e w
ork
ofth
ese
agen
cies
mus
t not
be
detr
imen
tal t
o th
e in
tere
sts
ofw
orke
rs o
r to
the
good
rel
atio
nsbe
twee
n th
e va
rious
par
ties
on th
ela
bour
mar
ket.
Mor
e sp
ecifi
cin
stru
ctio
ns m
ay b
e is
sued
by
the
CB
A (
cent
ral e
mpl
oym
ent
coun
cil).
The
gov
ernm
ent h
as p
ropo
sed
the
disc
ontin
uatio
n of
this
sys
tem
of
licen
ces.
The
est
ablis
hmen
t of p
rivat
epl
acem
ent a
genc
ies
is s
ubje
ct to
prio
r au
thor
isat
ion
from
the
Min
istr
y fo
r E
mpl
oym
ent,
actin
gon
an
opin
ion
from
the
Inst
itute
for
Em
ploy
men
t and
Voc
atio
nal
Tra
inin
g.T
he la
w a
lso
mak
es p
rovi
sion
for
a fe
e pa
yabl
e by
the
wor
ker,
whi
ch v
arie
s de
pend
ing
on th
e
leng
th o
f con
trac
t con
clud
ed.
It is
;nte
rest
ing
to n
ote
that
the
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n pl
acem
ent
agen
cies
and
tem
pora
ryem
ploy
men
t age
ncie
s w
assp
ecifi
ed b
y la
w o
nly
in 1
989.
Sin
ce 1
993
an e
mpl
oym
ent a
ndvo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
obse
rvat
ory
has
exis
ted,
res
pons
ible
for
mon
itorin
g jo
b m
arke
t tre
nds
and
eval
uatin
g em
ploy
men
t pol
icy
mea
sure
s.
Bac
k-to
-wor
k he
lp is
pro
vide
dth
roug
h a
natio
nwid
e ne
twor
k of
1200
Em
ploy
men
t Ser
vice
Jobc
entr
es, a
nd 8
2 T
rain
ing
and
Ent
erpr
ise
Cou
ncils
(T
EC
O. T
heE
mpl
oym
ent S
ervi
ce is
a p
ublic
lyow
ned
agen
cy a
nd is
req
uire
d to
mee
t spe
cific
targ
ets
set o
ut in
anr
'A
nnua
l Per
form
ance
Agr
eem
ent
TE
Cs
are
priv
ate
sect
or le
d an
dpa
ymen
ts to
them
are
bas
edpa
rtly
on
the
resu
lts th
ey a
chie
ve.
Priv
ate
plac
emen
t age
ncie
s an
dte
mpo
rary
em
ploy
men
t bus
ines
ses
are
subj
ect t
o a
min
imum
stan
dard
of c
ondu
ct w
hich
isen
forc
ed b
y E
mpl
oym
ent
Dep
artm
ent i
nspe
ctor
s.
152
75
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K91
9293
9491
9293
IGE
RM
AN
Y94
9192
9394
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
9192
9394
191
9293
94
Rec
ent m
easu
res
76
154
Une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
it (R
oyal
Dec
ree
of 2
7/12
,93)
Ext
ensi
on o
f w
aitin
g pe
riod
for
youn
g pe
ople
aft
er c
ompl
etio
n of
stud
ies.
Bri
ngin
g fo
rwar
d of
per
iod
offl
at-r
ate
bene
fit f
or c
ohab
iting
unem
ploy
ed p
erso
n (1
5 in
stea
d of
18 m
onth
s).
Ext
ensi
on o
f pe
riod
of
furt
her
empl
oym
ent (
12 in
stea
d of
6m
onth
s) to
be
able
aga
in to
cla
imal
low
ance
s ba
sed
on lo
st w
age
rath
er th
an a
fla
t-ra
te o
rde
crea
sing
sum
.R
ight
to b
enef
it fo
r yo
ung
coha
bitin
g un
empl
oyed
per
sons
elig
ible
on
the
basi
s of
stu
dies
susp
ende
d af
ter
24 m
onth
s.
Une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
it an
d jo
bcr
eatio
n sc
hem
esT
he tw
o ne
w la
ws
on a
ctiv
ela
bour
mar
ket p
olic
y an
d on
loca
lac
tivat
ion
will
be
in f
orce
for
ath
ree-
year
per
iod
(199
4-19
96).
The
y ca
nnot
be
exte
nded
bey
ond
the
end
of 1
996.
The
two
new
law
s on
act
ive
labo
ur m
arke
tpo
licy
and
on lo
cal a
ctiv
atio
nto
ok e
ffec
t on
1 Ja
nuar
y 19
94.
The
cha
nges
impl
y th
at th
eD
anis
h ac
tivat
ion
syst
em w
illse
ek to
ada
pt it
self
mor
e to
the
need
s an
d re
quir
emen
ts o
f th
ein
divi
dual
.T
he r
espo
nsib
ility
for
job
prov
isio
n an
d ac
tivat
ion
is p
lace
dw
ith th
e re
gion
al la
bour
mar
ket
coun
cils
and
with
the
loca
lgo
vern
men
t aut
hori
ties.
The
prac
tical
res
pons
ibili
ty s
till l
ies
with
the
Lab
our
Exc
hang
e Sy
stem
(AF)
and
with
loca
l gov
ernm
ent.
Une
mpl
oyed
per
sons
are
ent
itled
to c
erta
in m
inim
um r
ight
s du
ring
the
7 ye
ars
bene
fit p
erio
d. D
urin
gth
e fi
rst p
erio
d (4
yea
rs)
they
have
a r
ight
to/o
blig
atio
n to
aw
orki
ng a
nd/o
r tr
aini
ng p
erio
d of
in to
tal 1
yea
r.
Mea
sure
s in
fav
our
ofpa
rtic
ular
ly d
isad
vant
aged
grou
ps o
f lo
ng-t
erm
une
mpl
oyed
and
othe
r un
empl
oyed
per
sons
diff
icul
t to
plac
eE
xten
ded
up to
the
end
of 1
996.
The
Em
ploy
men
t Pro
mot
ion
Law
whi
ch e
nter
ed in
to f
orce
on
1A
ugus
t 199
4 co
ntai
ns th
efo
llow
ing
prov
isio
ns:
stru
ctur
al s
hort
-tim
e w
ork
allo
wan
ce f
or w
orke
rs in
the
coal
,st
eel,
arm
s an
d en
gine
erin
gin
dust
ries
. No
righ
t to
re-
empl
oym
ent,
retr
aini
ng a
dvis
ed,
exte
nded
to e
nd o
f 19
97. R
ight
tocl
aim
une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
it an
dsh
ort-
time
wor
king
allo
wan
cedu
ring
ret
rain
ing
cour
ses
of u
p to
12 w
eeks
, als
o fo
r ne
wly
rec
ruite
dtr
aine
es. S
ocia
l wor
kers
'ass
ista
nce
for
disa
dvan
tage
d yo
ung
peop
lest
artin
g w
ork.
Ext
ensi
on o
fex
istin
g em
ploy
men
t mea
sure
s(s
andw
ich
cour
ses
for
unde
r 25
s,w
age
supp
ort p
aym
ents
for
50-
year
-ol
ds a
nd o
ver,
une
mpl
oym
ent
bene
fit f
or 5
9 -y
ear
-old
s w
ithou
tne
ed to
pro
ve a
vaila
bilit
y, tr
aini
ngal
low
ance
s fo
r un
empl
oyed
peop
le u
nder
25)
.
JO
Une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
itA
t the
Min
iste
r of
Lab
our's
reco
mm
enda
tion,
une
mpl
oym
ent
bene
fits
will
be
incr
ease
d by
30%
,th
e m
inim
um a
mou
nt b
eing
set
at
DR
60
000.
Prom
otio
n of
em
ploy
men
t-
Part
-tim
e co
ntra
cts
are
enco
urag
ed.
Reg
ulat
ion
of a
ppre
ntic
eshi
pco
ntra
cts
and
amen
dmen
t of
trai
nees
hip
cont
ract
s.-
Exi
stin
g em
ploy
men
t pro
mot
ion
cont
ract
s w
hich
last
for
am
axim
um o
f th
ree
year
s an
d w
illte
rmin
ate
betw
een
1/01
and
31/1
2/94
can
be
exte
nded
onc
e by
up to
18
mon
ths.
- E
mpl
oym
ent p
rom
otio
npr
ogra
mm
es f
or u
nem
ploy
edpe
rson
s re
ceiv
ing
bene
fit a
rebe
ing
impl
emen
ted.
The
fin
ance
act w
ill d
eter
min
e th
epr
ogra
mm
es a
nd b
enef
icia
ries
each
yea
r.Pl
acem
ent
(Law
10/
1994
of
19 M
ay)
The
obl
igat
ion
on e
mpl
oyer
s to
recr
uit w
orke
rs o
nly
thro
ugh
the
natio
nal i
nstit
ute
for
empl
oym
ent
(IN
EM
) ha
s be
en a
bolis
hed.
Non
-pr
ofit-
mak
ing
empl
oym
ent
agen
cies
are
now
aut
hori
sed
toop
erat
e on
the
basi
s of
aco
oper
atio
n co
ntra
ct w
ith I
NE
M.
How
ever
, the
em
ploy
er is
stil
lob
liged
to n
otif
y IN
EM
of
all
empl
oym
ent c
ontr
acts
con
clud
ed.
Publ
ic e
mpl
oym
ent s
ervi
ces
may
only
inte
rven
e in
the
case
of
cont
ract
s m
anag
ed b
yth
emse
lves
.Tem
pora
ryem
ploy
men
t age
ncie
s ar
eau
thor
ised
, but
are
sub
ject
tore
gula
tions
to p
reve
nt th
epr
esen
ce o
f si
mpl
e in
term
edia
ries
on th
e jo
b m
arke
t and
to e
nsur
eth
at le
gal o
blig
atio
ns a
re c
ompl
ied
with
.
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRE
LA
ND
9192
9394.
ITA
LY
9192
9394
:L
UX
EM
BO
UR
G
9192
9394
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
9192
9394
POR
TU
GA
L
9192
9394
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
Exe
mpt
ions
for
rec
ruitm
ent o
fne
w e
mpl
oyee
s (e
xten
sion
of
exis
ting
mea
sure
s)T
he f
ive-
year
law
pro
vide
s fo
rre
crui
tmen
t sub
sidi
es f
cr th
e fi
rst,
seco
nd a
nd th
ird
empl
oyee
s.E
xten
sion
of
assi
stan
ce to
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e w
ho c
reat
eth
eir
own
busi
ness
(A
CC
RE
)U
nem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e w
ho h
ave
been
reg
iste
red
as jo
b se
eker
s fo
rsi
x m
onth
s an
d ar
e in
rec
eipt
of
the
RM
I ar
e en
title
d to
fla
t-ra
teas
sist
ance
fro
m th
e St
ate
of E
CU
4 83
4 an
d ex
tens
ion
of f
ree
entit
lem
ent t
o so
cial
sec
urity
fro
m6
to 1
2 m
onth
s if
they
cre
ate
abu
sine
ss o
r ta
ke o
ver
a bu
sine
ss.
Exp
ansi
onC
ompa
nies
will
be
enco
urag
ed to
gran
t loa
ns a
t fav
oura
ble
rate
s to
mem
bers
of
thei
r st
aff
who
cre
ate
thei
r ow
n bu
sine
ss.
Ille
gal e
mpl
oym
ent
A s
erie
s of
mea
sure
s co
nsol
idat
esth
e fi
ght a
gain
st u
ndec
lare
dem
ploy
men
t, th
e un
law
ful h
irin
gou
t of
labo
ur, e
tc.
Cri
min
alre
spon
sibi
lity
for
unde
clar
edem
ploy
men
t is
exte
nded
to le
gal
pers
ons.
Prog
ram
me
for
Com
petit
iven
ess
and
Wor
kT
his
prog
ram
me,
whi
ch w
asfi
nalis
ed in
Jan
uary
199
4 an
dco
vers
the
peri
od 1
994-
97, i
s th
eth
ird
in a
ser
ies
of a
gree
men
tsbe
twee
n th
e G
over
nmen
t and
the
soci
al p
artn
ers
desi
gned
topr
ovid
e a
fram
ewor
k fo
rec
onom
ic g
row
th a
nd th
ereb
ybo
ost e
mpl
oym
ent I
t foc
uses
on
3ar
eas:
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f sm
all
busi
ness
and
sta
rt u
pen
terp
rise
s;th
e fu
rthe
r de
velo
pmen
t of
jobs
in th
e se
rvic
es s
ecto
r,an
dth
e de
velo
pmen
t of
com
mun
ity-b
ased
wor
k.T
he p
rogr
amm
e ai
ms
to h
ave
6000
0 m
ore
peop
le a
t wor
k be
twee
n19
94 a
nd 1
997,
and
to h
ave
100
000
peop
le in
com
mun
ityba
sed
wor
k w
ho w
ould
oth
erw
ise
be u
nem
ploy
ed.
158
Job
-sea
rch
supp
ort
Fina
ncia
l sup
port
may
be
gran
ted
for
coun
selli
ng a
nd jo
b-se
arch
supp
ort s
ervi
ces
for
wor
kers
regi
ster
ed w
ith th
e C
IGs
or in
the
mob
ility
list
s in
ord
er to
ass
ist
thei
r re
inte
grat
ion
into
the
labo
urm
arke
t inc
ludi
ng p
lace
men
t in
coop
erat
ives
and
sel
f-em
ploy
men
tM
obili
ty li
sts
A n
umbe
r of
cha
nges
are
mad
e to
wor
kers
' mob
ility
reg
ardi
ngre
gist
ratio
n in
the
mob
ility
list
s,an
d th
e re
crui
tmen
t by
the
publ
icad
min
istr
atio
n of
wor
kers
fro
mth
e sp
ecia
l wag
e co
mpe
nsat
ion
fund
(ca
ssa
inte
graz
ione
gua
dagn
ist
raor
dina
ria
CIG
s) a
nd f
rom
the
mob
ility
list
s. T
he a
im o
f th
ese
prov
isio
ns is
to p
rom
ote
the
empl
oym
ent o
f ta
rget
gro
ups
(wom
en, w
orke
rs in
CIG
s an
dm
obili
ty, a
nd w
orke
rs in
the
area
sof
Nap
les
and
Pale
rmo)
. Unt
il 31
Dec
embe
r 19
94 w
orke
rs c
an b
ere
gist
ered
in th
ese
lists
, on
cond
ition
that
red
unda
ncy
resu
lted
from
eith
er a
red
uctio
n, c
hang
e or
cess
atio
n of
the
firm
's a
ctiv
ity.
Wag
e -
com
pens
atio
n fu
ndN
ew p
rovi
sion
s ha
ve b
een
intr
oduc
ed r
egar
ding
dur
atio
npe
riod
s an
d ot
her
mod
aliti
es f
orpr
olon
ging
ben
efit
entit
lem
ent
from
the
wag
e-co
mpe
nsat
ion
fund
: unt
il th
e en
d of
199
5 th
ebe
nefi
ts p
rovi
ded
by th
e "n
orm
al"
fund
to f
irm
s re
duci
ng th
e le
vel o
for
end
ing
busi
ness
act
ivity
are
exte
nded
to f
irm
s em
ploy
ing
betw
een
5 an
d 15
em
ploy
ees
inpa
rtic
ular
ly d
isad
vant
aged
regi
ons;
Em
ploy
men
t pro
mot
ion
mea
sure
sIn
con
nect
ion
with
the
trip
artit
eag
reem
ent,
the
Law
of
17/6
/94
lays
dow
n m
easu
res
to e
nsur
e th
em
aint
enan
ce o
f em
ploy
men
t:-
reem
ploy
men
t aid
;-
busi
ness
sta
rt-u
p ai
d;-
aid
for
crea
tion
of jo
bs o
ffer
ing
soci
o-ec
onom
ic b
enef
its;
- jo
b m
arke
t tra
nspa
renc
y(r
einf
orce
men
t of
the
role
and
impr
ovem
ent o
f th
e fu
nctio
ning
of
the
empl
oym
ent a
dmin
istr
atio
n,se
tting
up
of p
reve
ntiv
em
echa
nism
s an
d pe
nalti
es to
impr
ove
the
tran
spar
ency
of
the
job
mar
ket,
intr
oduc
tion
of a
"soc
ial i
dent
ity c
ard"
).T
he f
ollo
win
g m
easu
re w
asin
trod
uced
pur
suan
t to
the
trip
artit
e ag
reem
ent:
-inc
reas
e in
em
ploy
men
t fun
dre
sour
ces
part
ly th
roug
h th
ein
trod
uctio
n of
a s
ocia
lco
ntri
butio
n co
nsis
ting
of a
nad
ditio
nal l
evy
on p
etro
l and
vehi
cles
, the
pri
ce e
ffec
t of
whi
chw
ill b
e ne
utra
lised
in s
lidin
g w
age
inde
x te
rms
(ent
ry in
to f
orce
1.7.
94),
and
par
tly th
roug
h a
1.4%
inde
x in
the
solid
arity
tax
impo
sed
on th
e co
mm
unes
(en
try
into
for
ce 1
.1.9
5).
Plan
to in
crea
se th
e nu
mbe
r of
job
plac
emen
ts b
y 2%
per
yea
rD
espi
te th
e ad
vers
e ec
onom
ictr
end,
the
empl
oym
ent s
ervi
ce is
stic
king
to it
s ob
ject
ive
ofac
hiev
ing
an a
nnua
l 2%
,- c
ease
in th
e nu
mbe
r of
une
mpl
edpl
aced
in e
mpl
oym
ent d
urin
g th
ene
xt f
our
year
s.D
isab
ility
sch
eme
On
I A
ugus
t 199
3 th
e A
ct"R
estr
ictio
n of
Cla
ims
on th
eD
isab
lem
ent B
enef
itsR
egul
atio
ns"
ente
red
into
for
cean
d pr
ovid
ed f
or a
rev
isio
n of
the
Dis
able
men
t Ben
efits
Reg
ulat
ions
(WA
O).
The
maj
or e
lem
ents
of
the
WA
O a
re th
e re
visi
on o
f th
ede
fini
tion
of lo
ng-t
erm
disa
blem
ent,
the
adap
tatio
n of
the
amou
nt o
f th
e be
nefi
t to
the
age
of th
e be
nefi
ciar
y an
d pe
riod
ical
re-e
xam
inat
ion
of th
ebe
nefi
ciar
ies.
Mor
e fl
exib
le m
easu
res
The
app
licat
ion
of c
erta
inm
easu
res
has
been
mad
e m
ore
flex
ible
. Reg
iona
l em
ploy
men
tco
unci
ls d
efin
e th
e ta
rget
gro
ups
and
the
amou
nt o
f su
bsid
ies
onth
e ba
sis
of f
ram
ewor
k di
rect
ives
issu
ed b
y th
e ce
ntra
l em
ploy
men
tco
unci
l (C
BA
).
Indi
vidu
al p
lace
men
tIn
trod
uctio
n of
a s
ubsi
dy f
orpe
rson
s un
empl
oyed
for
at l
east
2ye
ars
who
hav
e fo
und
a jo
b on
thei
r ow
n an
d ha
ve r
emai
ned
in it
for
thre
e ye
ars.
Wor
k tr
aini
ng p
rogr
amm
erA
n en
tirel
y ne
w a
ppro
ach
with
inth
e w
ork-
trai
ning
pro
gram
mes
isth
e pr
ogre
ssiv
e re
duct
ion
inw
orki
ng h
ours
, agr
eed
with
the
empl
oyer
s, f
or o
lder
wor
kers
,be
ginn
ing
four
yea
rs b
efor
e th
eyar
e du
e to
ret
ire.
At t
he s
ame
time
unem
ploy
ed p
erso
ns w
ill b
e hi
red,
enab
ling
them
to r
ecei
ve tr
aini
ng,
supp
orte
d by
the
olde
r w
orke
rsw
ho p
ass
on th
eir
know
ledg
e an
dex
peri
ence
; dur
ing
this
per
iod
the
latte
r re
ceiv
e a
basi
c w
age.
The
unem
ploy
ed p
erso
ns r
ecei
ve a
wag
e, w
hich
may
not
exc
eed
doub
le th
e st
atut
ory
min
imum
wag
e.Jo
b cr
eatio
n an
d sm
all b
usin
ess
star
t-up
sIn
ord
er to
pro
mot
e jo
b cr
eatio
nan
d sm
all b
usin
ess
star
t-up
s,in
crea
sed
fund
ing
is to
be
prov
ided
bot
h to
the
long
-ter
mun
empl
oyed
ove
r 45
yea
rs o
f ag
ew
ho w
ish
to b
ecom
e se
lf-
empl
oyed
and
to e
mpl
oyer
sre
crui
ting
this
cat
egor
y of
unem
ploy
ed p
erso
ns.
Lab
our
mar
ket i
nteg
ratio
nT
o pr
even
t lon
g-te
rmun
empl
oym
ent a
labo
ur m
arke
tin
tegr
atio
n pr
ojec
t has
bee
nde
velo
ped.
Per
sona
lised
sup
port
isgi
ven
to o
ver-
45 u
nem
ploy
ed f
orm
ore
than
9 m
onth
s, in
the
form
of "
indi
vidu
al s
uppo
rt p
lans
".
157
Car
eers
Ser
vice
sT
he A
ct in
trod
uces
new
arra
ngem
ents
for
the
care
ers
serv
ices
, allo
win
g a
rang
e of
diff
eren
t org
anis
atio
ns to
pro
vide
care
ers
serv
ices
whi
ch a
re m
ore
flex
ible
and
mor
e re
spon
sive
toth
e ne
eds
of lo
cal p
eopl
e an
dlo
cal e
mpl
oyer
s.T
rain
ing
for
wor
kA
ser
ies
of p
rogr
amm
es h
ave
been
mod
ifie
d an
d ex
pand
ed.
"Em
ploy
men
t Tra
inin
g" a
nd"E
mpl
oym
ent A
ctio
n" a
re n
owco
mbi
ned
in a
new
pro
gram
me
"Tra
inin
g fo
r W
ork"
whi
ch is
inte
nded
to p
rovi
de 2
73 0
00ad
ults
(in
Eng
land
) w
ithop
port
uniti
es to
impr
ove
and
upda
te th
eir
skill
s as
wel
l as
toac
quir
e ne
w s
kills
.C
omm
unity
Act
ion
In a
dditi
on, "
Com
mun
ity A
ctio
n",
a w
ork
expe
rien
ce p
rogr
amm
e fo
r75
000
long
-ter
m u
nem
ploy
edpe
ople
, was
laun
ched
dur
ing
sum
mer
199
3.(s
ee p
oint
7)
77
714
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
9192
9394
I91
9293
9491
9293
..94
191
9293
Dur
ing
the
seco
nd p
erio
d (3
year
s) th
ey h
ave
a ri
ght
to/o
blig
atio
n to
wor
k an
ave
rage
of 2
0 ho
urs
a w
eek.
The
tota
lpe
riod
of
7 ye
ars
can
bepr
olon
ged
if th
e un
empl
oyed
use
the
leav
e sc
hem
es -
in th
e fi
rst
peri
od w
ith u
p to
2 y
ears
on
trai
ning
leav
e an
d w
ith 1
yea
r on
pare
ntal
leav
e fo
r ea
ch c
hild
they
have
und
er th
e ag
e of
9 -
in th
ese
cond
per
iod
with
trai
ning
leav
efo
r I
year
(m
axim
um tw
o ye
ars
into
tal)
and
with
1 y
ear
on p
aren
tal
leav
e fo
r ea
ch c
hild
they
hav
eun
der
the
age
of 9
.
158
Str
ider
con
trol
sSt
rict
er c
ontr
ols
will
be
cont
inue
dto
com
bat a
buse
and
und
ecla
red
empl
oym
ent (
in 1
993,
abu
se o
fth
e sy
stem
acc
ount
ed f
or lo
ss o
fbe
twee
n 1
and
2 bi
llion
DM
).
153
SPA
IN
941
9192
9394
Une
mpl
oym
ent b
enef
itA
s fr
om 1
994,
une
mpl
oym
ent
bene
fit i
s su
bjec
t to
inco
me
tax.
Aid
for
the
unem
ploy
edE
ligib
ility
has
bee
n re
stri
cted
. The
conc
ept o
f "f
amily
dep
enda
nt"
has
been
lim
ited
to th
e sp
ouse
and
depe
nden
t chi
ldre
n. M
eans
test
ing
has
been
rei
nfor
ced.
Per
capi
ta f
amily
inco
me
will
infu
ture
be
75%
of
the
min
imum
wag
e, o
n th
e ba
sis
of th
e ab
ove
rest
rict
ive
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
the
conc
ept o
f fa
mily
.
FRANCE
91
92
93
94
1
IRELAND
ITALY
LUXEMBOURG
91
.92
93
94
91
92
93
94
91
92
93
Em
ploy
men
t-so
lidar
ity c
ontr
acts
:re
targ
etin
gE
mpl
oym
ent-
solid
arity
con
trac
tsw
ill b
e re
serv
ed f
or th
e lo
ng-t
erm
unem
ploy
ed, t
hose
age
d ov
er 5
0,di
sabl
ed p
eopl
e, th
ose
rece
ivin
gth
e R
MI
and
18-2
6-ye
ar o
lds
expe
rien
cing
par
ticul
ar in
tegr
atio
ndi
ffic
ultie
s.St
rict
er c
ontr
olof
job-
seek
ers
The
law
has
now
est
ablis
hed
rule
son
con
trol
.R
eem
ploy
men
t con
trac
tT
he p
erio
d of
exe
mpt
ion
from
paym
ent o
f em
ploy
ers'
cont
ribu
tions
(so
cial
sec
urity
,oc
cupa
tiona
l acc
iden
ts a
nd f
amily
allo
wan
ces)
is e
xten
ded
in th
eca
se o
f co
ntra
cts
conc
lude
d fr
om1/
07/9
4 by
:+
18.
24 m
onth
s fo
r jo
b-se
eker
sre
gist
ered
for
mor
e th
an 3
yea
rs,
peop
le o
ver
50, t
hose
rec
eivi
ngth
e R
MI
who
hav
e be
enun
empl
oyed
for
mor
e th
an 3
yea
rsan
d di
sabl
ed p
eopl
e;#
9-12
mon
ths
for
othe
r el
igib
lepe
rson
s.In
the
case
of
a fi
xed-
term
cont
ract
, the
ree
mpl
oym
ent
cont
ract
may
be
conc
lude
d fo
r a
max
imum
per
iod
of 2
4 m
onth
s as
oppo
sed
to 1
8 m
onth
s pr
evio
usly
.T
he D
elal
ande
con
trib
utio
nA
n ad
ditio
nal c
ontr
ibut
ion
(fro
m1
to 6
mon
ths
of g
ross
ear
ning
s)is
pay
able
to th
e un
empl
oym
ent
insu
ranc
e fu
nd b
y th
e em
ploy
er in
the
even
t of
term
inat
ion
of th
eem
ploy
men
t con
trac
t of
a w
orke
rag
ed S
O o
r m
ore
whi
ch m
akes
the
wor
ker
elig
ible
for
une
mpl
oym
ent
bene
fit
The
re a
re s
ome
exce
ptio
ns a
nd th
ese
have
bee
nsu
pple
men
ted.
Job
Faci
litat
ors
Job
Faci
litat
ors
are
appo
inte
d by
the
Min
iste
r fo
r So
cial
Wel
fare
and
are
base
d at
loca
l off
ices
of
the
Dep
artm
ent.
The
y ha
ve a
res
pons
ibili
tyfo
r id
entif
ying
loca
l em
ploy
men
t,ed
ucat
ion,
trai
ning
, and
wor
kex
peri
ence
opp
ortu
nitie
s, a
nd f
orad
visi
ng a
nd a
ssis
ting
the
unem
ploy
ed(a
nd p
artic
ular
ly th
e lo
ng te
rmun
empl
oyed
) to
link
Int
o th
ese
oppo
rtun
ities
Cou
nty
Ent
erpr
ise
Boa
rds
In la
te 1
993
the
gove
rnm
ent a
nnou
nced
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
Cou
nty
Ent
erpr
ise
Boa
rds.
The
boa
rds
are
bein
g se
t up
topr
omot
e jo
b cr
eatio
n an
d co
mm
unity
deve
lopm
ent T
here
are
35
boar
dsna
tionw
ide
whi
ch in
clud
ere
pres
enta
tives
fro
m lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s,co
mm
unity
, soc
ial p
artn
ers
and
publ
icag
enci
es.
A m
ajor
exp
ansi
on o
f te
mpo
rary
empl
oym
ent m
easu
res
aim
ed a
tal
levi
atin
g hi
gh le
vels
of
long
-ter
mun
empl
oym
ent h
as b
een
put i
n tr
ain.
The
new
Com
mun
ity E
mpl
oym
ent
Prog
ram
me
will
pro
vide
40
000
plac
esby
the
end
of 1
994
Als
o an
impr
oved
empl
oym
envc
ouns
ellin
g se
rvic
eis
bein
g co
nsid
ered
- a
pilo
t pro
ject
has
been
rec
ently
intr
oduc
edA
dditi
onal
plac
es a
re b
eing
pro
vide
d on
the
You
thre
ach
sche
me
(ear
ly s
choo
lle
aver
s/dr
op-o
uts)
and
on
Seco
ndC
hanc
e E
duca
tiona
l Pro
gram
me
for
long
-te
rm u
nem
ploy
edB
ack
to w
ork
subs
idy
sche
me
also
intr
oduc
edL
ocal
Dev
elop
men
t Pro
gram
me
in o
pera
tion
and
addi
tiona
l are
as o
f di
sadv
anta
gear
e be
ing
desi
gnat
ed f
or A
rea
Part
ners
hip
com
pani
es to
ass
ist t
helo
ng -
tart
une
mpl
oyed
1 o
0
the
bene
fit e
ntitl
emen
t per
iod
is24
mon
ths.
Als
o un
til th
e en
d of
1994
, the
ben
efits
pro
vide
d by
CIG
s ar
e ex
tend
ed to
cov
eren
terp
rise
s in
the
trad
e se
ctor
with
mor
e th
an 5
0 an
d le
ss th
an20
0 em
ploy
ees.
NETHERLANDS
PORTUGAL
94
91
92
93
94
91
92
93
94
UNITED KINGDOM
91
.92.
93
94
Info
rmat
ion
and
guid
ance
The
pac
kage
of
mea
sure
s al
soin
clud
es im
prov
ed c
aree
rin
form
atio
n an
d gu
idan
ceop
port
uniti
es, i
n or
der
to in
crea
seaw
aren
ess
of th
e so
lutio
ns to
empl
oym
ent a
nd tr
aini
ngpr
oble
ms
alre
ady
avai
labl
e. T
here
gion
al a
ndA
loca
l IE
FPem
ploy
men
t off
ices
now
hav
e a
data
ban
k co
veri
ng a
ll th
eac
tiviti
es w
ith th
e po
tent
ial f
or jo
bcr
eatio
n.In
the
fiel
d of
job
mar
ket
inte
grat
ion,
the
IEFP
pro
mot
es th
ecr
eatio
n of
info
rmat
ion
post
s, a
idfo
r hu
man
res
ourc
es d
evel
opm
ent
prom
oter
s an
d ai
d fo
rde
velo
pmen
t ass
ocia
tions
.T
wo
new
inst
rum
ents
hav
ere
cent
ly b
een
set u
p:-
"Wor
king
life
inte
grat
ion
units
"(U
NIV
A),
to h
elp
youn
gpe
ople
see
king
thei
r fi
rst j
ob a
ndot
hers
bei
ng r
ecru
ited
or s
eeki
ng a
job
by f
acili
tatin
g th
e tr
ansi
tion
from
trai
ning
to w
ork.
UN
IVA
sha
ve b
een
set u
p in
sch
ools
,tr
aini
ng c
entr
es, p
ublic
adm
inis
trat
ion
bodi
es a
ndpr
ofes
sion
al a
ssoc
iatio
ns.
161
79
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
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9394
l91
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
Out
plac
emen
tS
ocia
l sec
urity
ref
orm
The
gov
ernm
ent w
ishe
s to
use
Mer
ging
of s
ocia
l ins
uran
ce
com
pens
atio
n in
lieu
of n
otic
efu
nds.
Stu
dy o
f the
soc
ial s
ecur
ity
mor
e ef
fect
ivel
y by
allo
catin
g pa
rtsy
stem
in o
rder
to m
ake
prop
osal
s
.of
it to
out
plac
emen
t ser
vice
s.du
ring
the
year
whi
ch w
ill s
erve
The
soc
ial p
artn
ers
will
exa
min
eas
the
basi
s fo
r so
cial
dia
logu
e.
this
idea
.T
he b
ill p
rovi
des
for:
Pla
cem
ent s
ervi
ce:
-op
tiona
l ins
uran
ce w
ith
The
Fle
mis
h go
vern
men
t is
retr
oact
ive
effe
ct fo
r pe
rson
s w
ho
exam
inin
g th
e po
ssib
ility
of
have
par
ticpa
ted
in r
adio
, TV
and
part
ially
abo
lishi
ng th
e pu
blic
cine
ma
prod
uctio
ns;
mon
opol
y in
pla
cem
ent a
ctiv
ities
.-
spec
ial c
laus
es o
n m
atte
rs s
uch
as th
e m
etho
d of
cal
cula
ting
cont
ribut
ions
and
ben
efits
.
163
16"
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
Y
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LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
9192
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9293.
POR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
9491
.4
94
Mea
sure
s su
bsid
isin
g th
e tr
aini
ngof
wor
kers
and
app
rent
ices
hips
will
be
inco
rpor
ated
in o
rder
toim
prov
e th
e ef
fect
iven
ess
of th
ese
mea
sure
s an
d to
incr
ease
the
oppo
rtun
ities
for
spe
cifi
c se
ctor
altr
aini
ng.
Und
er th
e dr
aft m
ultia
nnua
lpr
ogra
mm
e (1
993-
2000
) th
ere
gion
al a
nd c
entr
al e
mpl
oym
ent
com
mitt
ees
are
expe
cted
to a
dopt
a ne
w a
ppro
ach
to th
e fi
ght
agai
nst l
ong-
term
une
mpl
oym
ent.
The
une
mpl
oyed
will
be
divi
ded
into
fou
r gr
oups
dep
endi
ng o
nth
eir
capa
city
to f
ind
a jo
b,ra
ngin
g tr
um th
e ea
sy to
pla
ce to
thos
e w
ho c
anno
t be
help
eddi
rect
ly b
y th
e pl
acem
ent a
ganc
ies
and
need
fur
ther
-rea
chin
gm
easu
res
esta
blis
hed
inco
oper
atio
n w
ith th
em
unic
ipal
ities
. The
aim
her
e is
tohe
lp s
uch
pers
ons
prog
ress
to th
eth
ird
cata
gory
(tr
aini
ng a
nd w
ork
expe
rien
ce).
Plac
emen
t of
part
ially
dis
able
dpe
rson
s w
ill te
mpo
rari
ly b
eun
dert
aken
by
the
indu
stri
alin
sura
nce
com
mitt
es (
this
is a
tpr
esen
t don
e by
the
med
ical
serv
ices
). E
vent
ually
, it i
s pl
anne
dth
at p
lace
men
t sho
uld
be ta
ken
over
by
the
empl
oym
ent s
ervi
ces.
- Jo
b C
lubs
aim
to p
rovi
depe
rson
alis
ed s
uppo
rt f
or th
eun
empl
oyed
by
help
ing
them
toin
tegr
ate
into
wor
king
life
. The
yar
e su
ppor
ted
by th
e IE
FP a
ndm
ay b
e se
t up
by tr
aini
ng c
entr
es,
the
soci
al p
artn
ers
and
non-
prof
itor
gani
satio
ns.
Voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
- E
xten
sion
of
scop
e of
regu
latio
ns o
n sp
ecia
l tra
inin
g to
prov
ide
qual
ific
atio
ns a
ndin
tegr
atio
n fo
r pe
rson
s in
soc
ially
disa
dvan
tage
d gr
oups
.-
New
cou
rse
cont
ents
to c
ombi
nete
chni
cal t
rain
ing
with
initi
al o
rfu
rthe
r tr
aini
ng.
- V
ocat
iona
l cer
tific
ates
,re
cogn
ition
of
skill
s, k
now
ledg
ean
d ex
peri
ence
acq
uire
d ou
tsid
eth
e no
rmal
labo
ur m
arke
t.-
Supp
ort f
or f
irm
s un
derg
oing
chan
ge in
the
form
of
voca
tiona
ltr
aini
ng to
avo
id r
edun
danc
ies.
Jobs
eeke
r's A
llow
ance
It h
as b
een
prop
osed
to in
trod
uce
a jo
bsee
ker's
allo
wan
ce in
Apr
il19
96 in
pla
ce o
f ex
istin
g be
nefi
ts(c
ontr
ibut
ory
unem
ploy
men
tbe
nefi
t and
soc
ial s
ecur
itybe
nefi
ts).
Jobf
ustle
r's G
rint
A J
obfi
nder
's G
rant
will
pro
vide
fina
ncia
l ass
ista
nce
to th
ose
unem
ploy
ed o
ver
two
year
s to
enco
urag
e th
em to
acc
ept j
obof
fers
by
mee
ting
the
expe
nses
invo
lved
in ta
king
up
a jo
b be
fore
they
rec
eive
thei
r fi
rst w
age.
Wor
itsta
rt p
ilots
Wor
ksta
st p
ilots
pro
vide
empl
oym
ent s
ubsi
dies
for
peo
ple
unem
ploy
ed f
or lo
ng p
erio
ds (
2ye
ars
and
4 ye
ars)
and
will
test
whe
ther
this
sel
ectiv
e ap
proa
chca
n m
inim
ise
the
inef
fici
ent a
nddi
stor
ting
effe
cts
of g
ener
al w
age
subs
idie
s.
164
165
8l
x2
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
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SPA
IN
9192
9394
6. Y
oung
peo
ple
Situ
atio
n
58.
Une
mpl
oym
ent r
ate
< 2
5 ye
ars
16.7
17.6
19.6
11.2
11.4
11.4
5.8
5.9
6.3
24.6
31.1
32.9
37.5
6.1.
Bas
ic E
duca
tion
and
Tra
nsiti
on to
Wor
king
Lif
e
Voc
atio
nal e
duca
tion
in th
e E
duca
tion
Syst
em
166
Com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n be
twee
n 6-
15. C
ompu
lsor
y pa
rt -
tune
atte
ndan
ce u
p to
18
in e
ither
scho
ol o
r tr
aini
ng in
an
appr
entic
eshi
p. T
here
are
gen
eral
,te
chni
cal,
and
artis
tic s
trea
ms
whi
ch c
an le
ad to
hig
her
educ
atio
n an
d a
voca
tiona
l str
eam
whi
ch is
aim
ed d
irect
ly a
tem
ploy
men
t. T
he s
tatu
s of
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
n is
bei
ngpr
ogre
ssiv
ely
rais
ed th
roug
hcl
oser
link
s be
twee
n te
chni
cal a
ndge
nera
l edu
catio
n. P
art-
time
educ
atio
n an
d/or
trai
ning
can
be
com
bine
d w
ith p
art-
time
wor
k.T
he u
nive
rsiti
es fo
cus
upon
acad
emic
edu
catio
n an
d sc
ient
ific
rese
arch
. Hig
her
educ
atio
n ou
tsid
eun
iver
sitie
s of
fers
cou
rses
of 2
-4ye
ars
in d
urat
ion
prep
arin
g pe
ople
for
wor
k.
Com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n be
twee
n 6-
16. S
econ
dary
edu
catio
n co
ntai
nsco
re a
nd o
ptio
nal s
ubje
cts.
Voc
atio
nal e
duca
tion
is a
n op
tion
(14-
16).
Pos
t com
puls
ory
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
n is
pro
vide
dth
roug
h vo
catio
nal g
ymna
sium
sw
hich
offe
r 2-
year
cou
rses
lead
ing
to h
ighe
r le
vel c
omm
erci
al a
ndte
chni
cal q
ualif
icat
ions
, whi
ch c
anpr
ovid
e ac
cess
to h
ighe
red
ucat
ion.
The
uni
vers
ities
prov
ide
degr
ee c
ours
es in
voca
tiona
l sub
ject
s. T
he c
ours
eco
nten
t is
adju
sted
to m
eet t
hene
eds
of th
e pr
ivat
e bu
sine
ssse
ctor
in fi
elds
of j
ob g
row
th.
Com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n be
twee
n 6-
15. C
ompu
lsor
y pa
rt-t
ime
educ
atio
n up
to 1
8. T
he e
duca
tion
syst
em is
str
eam
ed a
ccor
ding
toab
ility
and
pro
vide
s bo
th g
ener
alan
d te
chni
cal e
duca
tion
optio
ns.
Voc
atio
nal s
tudi
es a
t sch
ool a
lso
prov
ide
acce
ss to
hig
her
educ
atio
n. H
ighe
r te
chni
cal
colle
ges
prov
ide
3 to
4 y
ear
cour
ses
dire
cted
to p
ract
ical
appl
icat
ion,
par
ticul
arly
inen
gine
erin
g an
d co
mm
erce
.U
nive
rsiti
es o
ffer
a ra
nge
ofde
gree
cou
rses
in v
ocat
iona
lsu
bjec
ts. T
echn
ical
uni
vers
ities
spec
ialis
e in
tech
nolo
gy a
ndsc
ienc
e ba
sed
degr
ees. 16
7
Com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n be
twee
n 6-
16. U
p to
16
educ
atio
n ha
s a
mai
nly
acad
emic
orie
ntat
ion.
Pos
t16
stu
dent
s ca
n ch
oose
bet
wee
nte
chni
cal-v
ocat
iona
l or
gene
ral
educ
atio
n. V
ocat
iona
l edu
catio
n is
prov
ided
in c
ompr
ehen
sive
and
voca
tiona
l lyc
eum
s an
d vo
catio
nal
scho
ols.
The
firs
t yea
r pr
ovid
es a
gene
ral v
ocat
iona
l orie
ntat
ion,
the
seco
nd a
sec
tor
and
the
third
am
ore
spec
ific
occu
patio
n.T
echn
olog
ical
inst
itute
s pr
ovid
eal
tem
ance
-bas
ed te
chni
cal-l
evel
educ
atio
n. T
he T
echn
ical
Uni
vers
ity a
t Ath
ens
prov
ides
5ye
ars
cour
ses
in te
chno
logi
cal a
ndsc
ienc
e ba
sed
subj
ects
.
Bas
ic v
ocat
iona
l edu
catio
n is
par
tof
sec
onda
ry le
vel s
choo
ling
betw
een
12-1
6 an
d pa
rt o
f the
"bac
hille
rato
" (1
6-18
). V
ocat
iona
led
ucat
ion
is a
lso
offe
red
as p
art
of p
ost-
com
puls
ory
"mid
dle-
leve
l"ed
ucat
ion
(fro
m 1
6-18
) an
d as
part
of "
high
er le
vel"
(18-
20).
It is
prov
ided
on
a m
odul
ar b
asis
with
dura
tion
vary
ing
with
the
occu
patio
n co
ncer
ned.
Tho
se o
ver
the
age
limit
can
obta
in a
cces
s to
the
rele
vant
leve
l by
taki
ng a
nen
try
exam
inat
ion.
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
Y
9192
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9192
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INE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
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LU
XE
MB
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RG
941
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21.3
21.8
23.1
24.5
27.6
27.9
28.5
28.5
30.6
3.2
3.8
5.7
11.4
11.8
15.0
9.1
9.0
10.3
15.0
16.1
16.9
Com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n be
twee
n 6-
16. B
etw
een
11-1
3 th
e sy
stem
isdi
vide
d be
twee
n ge
nera
l and
voca
tiona
l str
eam
s. A
t 15
the
choi
ces
are
to: t
ake
a on
e ye
aral
tem
ance
-bas
ed p
rc-
appr
entic
eshi
p co
urse
; tra
nsfe
r to
the
voca
tiona
l lyc
ee fo
r a
thre
eye
ar c
ours
e le
adin
g to
a c
raft
qual
ifica
tion;
or
stud
y at
the
gene
ral/t
echn
ical
lyce
e w
ith a
view
to e
nter
ing
high
er e
duca
tion.
The
fina
l yea
r of
uni
vers
ityde
gree
s ca
n in
clud
e tr
aini
ng fo
r a
prof
essi
on. U
n;vt
-rsi
ty in
stitu
tes
ofte
chno
logy
and
hig
h co
llege
ssp
ecia
lize
in s
cien
tific
and
tech
nolo
gica
l stu
dies
.
Com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n be
twee
n 6-
)5 (
alth
ough
mos
t sta
rt a
t 4).
The
re a
re tw
o m
ains
trea
ms
acad
emic
gen
eral
and
voc
atio
nal.
For
16
- 18
yea
r ol
ds th
e le
avin
gce
rtifi
cate
voc
atio
nal p
rogr
amm
epr
ovid
es 2
yea
rs tu
ition
in a
spec
ific
tech
nolo
gica
l are
a. H
ighe
rte
chni
cal a
nd b
usin
ess
skill
s ar
epr
ovid
ed b
y co
llege
s of
furt
her
educ
atio
n.
168
Com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n 6-
14 y
ears
.T
here
are
pla
ns to
rai
se th
esc
hool
leav
ing
age
and
toin
trod
uce
a ne
w c
urric
ulum
. The
uppe
r se
cond
ary-
phas
e (1
418)
prov
ides
gen
eral
and
tech
nica
lst
ream
s. T
echn
ical
sch
ool c
ours
esla
st fr
om 3
-5 y
ears
and
can
prov
ide
gene
ral v
ocat
iona
led
ucat
ion
or le
ad to
aqu
alifi
catio
n fo
r a
part
icul
arpr
ofes
sion
. Uni
vers
ities
pro
vide
degr
ee le
vel c
ours
es in
voc
atio
nal
subj
ects
. Fre
e un
iver
sitie
s of
fer
the
sam
e de
gree
s as
sta
teun
iver
sitie
s bu
t are
priv
atel
yfu
nded
and
hav
e no
lega
l sta
tus.
7th
to 9
th c
lass
es o
ffer
voca
tiona
lgu
idan
ce fo
r st
uden
ts a
ccor
ding
toth
eir
aptit
udes
and
inte
rest
. The
prep
arat
ory
sect
ion
of te
chni
cal
seco
ndar
y ed
ucat
ion
addr
esse
s 12
-15
yea
r ol
ds w
ho h
ave
diffi
culty
in fo
llow
ing
the
theo
retic
alco
urse
s. T
he te
chni
cal s
econ
dary
educ
atio
n pr
epar
es to
a te
chni
cal
and
voca
tiona
l apt
itude
cer
tific
ate,
to th
e de
gree
of t
echn
icia
n an
dte
chni
cal.
"Bac
cala
urea
t"T
he te
chni
cal p
ost-
seco
ndar
y le
vel
prov
ides
edu
catio
n on
alte
man
ceor
full-
time
basi
s up
to s
uper
ior
tech
nici
an le
vel h
ighe
r te
chni
cal
educ
atio
n pr
ovid
es d
egre
e of
tech
nica
l eng
inee
r.
Com
puls
ory
scho
olin
g 5
- 16
.T
here
are
two
mai
nstr
eam
sge
nera
l and
pre
-uni
vers
ity; a
ndpr
e-vo
catio
nal a
nd v
ocat
iona
l.P
ost 1
6 th
ere
are
seni
or v
ocat
iona
led
ucat
ion
cour
ses
from
2 -
4 ye
ars.
Hig
her
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
nco
urse
s ar
e pr
ovid
ed b
yun
iver
sitie
s.In
sec
onda
ry v
ocat
iona
l edu
catio
nth
ere
are
two
mai
n ty
pes:
appr
entic
eshi
p an
d a
scho
ol-b
ased
curr
icul
um in
clud
ing
apr
actic
e-pe
riod.
Sec
tora
l soc
ial
part
ners
are
act
ivel
y in
volv
ed in
defin
ing
the
stan
dard
s of
qual
ifica
tion
on th
e ba
sis
ofpr
ofes
sion
pro
files
, cur
rent
pol
icy
is d
irect
ed a
t str
engt
heni
ng th
epr
actic
e-co
mpo
nent
with
inse
cond
ary
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
n as
a w
hole
, mak
ing
wa:
for
varia
tion
betw
een
both
sta
ndar
d ty
pes.
At t
he le
vel o
f ter
tiary
edu
catio
n,ne
xt to
aca
dem
ic e
duca
tion
byun
iver
sitie
s, th
ere
is p
rovi
sion
of
high
er v
ocat
iona
l edu
catio
n by
mul
ti-se
ctor
al in
stitu
tes
calle
d"ll
ogcs
chol
cn "
.T
he a
ppre
ntic
eshi
p sy
stem
isal
tem
ance
-bas
ed w
ith 1
.2 d
ays
off-
the-
job
trai
ning
/edu
catio
n an
dpr
ovid
ed o
n th
e ba
sis
of a
cont
ract
bet
wee
n th
e tr
aine
e an
dth
e em
ploy
er.
Com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n be
twee
n 6
- 15
. The
sys
tem
is d
ivid
ed in
totw
o m
ains
trea
ms
gene
ral a
ndvo
catio
nal.
Voc
atio
nal s
choo
ls fo
r12
- 1
5 ye
ar o
lds
have
bee
nin
trod
uced
to e
ncou
rage
mor
eyo
ung
peop
le to
take
the
voca
tiona
l opt
ion.
Afte
rco
mpu
lsor
y ed
ucat
ion
ther
e ar
eth
ree
stre
ams
of v
ocat
iona
ltr
aini
ng: a
ppre
ntic
eshi
ps,
voca
tiona
l sch
ool a
nd te
chno
logy
cour
ses,
hig
her
educ
atio
nin
stitu
tions
als
o of
fer
cour
ses
lead
ing
to v
ocat
iona
l dip
lom
as.
Com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n be
twee
n 5
- 16
. The
Tec
hnic
al a
ndV
ocat
iona
l Ini
tiativ
e ai
ms
atin
crea
se th
e nu
mbe
r of
you
ngpe
ople
from
14
stud
ying
and
qual
ifyin
g in
voc
atio
nal s
ubje
cts.
Gen
eral
voc
atio
nal q
ualif
icat
ions
are
bein
g de
velo
ped
for
entr
y in
toem
ploy
men
t or
prog
ress
ion
tohi
gher
edu
catio
n. M
uch
of fu
rthe
red
ucat
ion
is v
ocat
iona
lly o
rient
edav
aila
ble
on a
par
t-tim
e or
full-
time
basi
s. U
nive
rsiti
es p
rovi
dede
gree
cou
rses
in v
ocat
iona
lsu
bjec
ts w
hich
in s
ome
case
s ar
eal
tem
ance
-bas
ed.
169
83
Tra
nsiti
on f
rom
sch
ool t
o w
ork
Acc
ess
to in
itial
trai
ning
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K
9192
9394
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93
Met
hods
are
bei
ng d
evel
oped
todr
aw u
p sc
hool
cur
ricu
la in
the
light
of
the
prof
iles
ofpr
ofes
sion
al o
ccup
atio
ns. W
ork
plac
emen
ts a
lso
form
par
t of
scho
olin
g.
App
rent
ices
hips
for
you
ng p
eopl
ebe
twee
n 15
-18
year
s ca
n la
stbe
twee
n 6
mon
ths
and
2 ye
ars
and
are
prov
ided
by
firm
s w
hom
ust o
btai
n ap
prov
al f
or th
etr
aini
ng c
onte
nt. L
onge
rap
pren
tices
hips
of
up to
4 y
ears
can
be a
rran
ged
whi
ch m
ust
prov
ide
a co
mbi
natio
n of
gen
eral
educ
atio
n an
d vo
catio
nal t
rain
ing.
Tra
inin
g w
ork
cont
ract
s ar
e op
ento
thos
e ag
ed 1
8-25
and
last
betw
een
1-3
year
s an
d pr
ovid
eon
-the
-job
trai
ning
and
wor
kex
peri
ence
. For
thos
e le
avin
gsc
hool
und
er-q
ualif
ied,
acc
ess
ispr
ovid
ed to
"pr
omot
ion
soci
alc"
whi
ch is
trai
ning
des
igne
d to
mee
tth
e ab
ilitie
s of
the
indi
vidu
al a
ndpr
ovid
e th
em w
ith r
elev
ant s
kills
for
the
wor
ld o
f w
ork.
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
E94
9192
9394
191
9293
The
voc
atio
nal e
duca
tion
optio
nal
so in
clud
es v
ocat
iona
l gui
danc
ein
clud
ing
visi
ts a
nd w
ork
expe
rien
ce to
fir
ms
and
inst
itutio
ns.
The
"E
duca
tion
and
Tra
inin
g fo
rA
ll" in
itiat
ive
aim
s to
ens
ure
all
youn
g pe
ople
a c
ours
e of
educ
atio
n on
com
plet
ion
of b
asic
scho
olin
g. I
nitia
l voc
atio
nal
trai
ning
cou
rses
last
2-4
yea
rs a
ndar
e al
tem
ance
-bas
ed. T
he c
olle
geba
sed
elem
ent i
nclu
des
teac
hing
univ
ersa
l and
gen
eral
sub
ject
s.V
ocat
iona
l tra
inin
g by
tech
nica
lan
d co
mm
erci
al c
olle
ges
and
can
be d
eliv
ered
on
the
basi
s of
atr
aini
ng c
ontr
act b
etw
een
a tr
aine
ean
d an
em
ploy
er.
Clo
ser
co-o
pera
tion
betw
een
scho
ols
and
empl
oyer
s an
dem
ploy
er a
ssoc
iatio
ns a
re b
eing
deve
lope
d, to
ena
ble
youn
gpe
ople
to m
ake
info
rmed
cho
ices
abou
t voc
atio
nal o
ptio
ns.
All
youn
g pe
ople
fro
m 1
6on
war
ds n
ot in
gen
eral
sec
onda
ryed
ucat
ion
mus
t enr
ol in
voc
atio
nal
scho
ol. D
iffe
rent
voc
atio
nal
scho
ols
prov
ide
diff
eren
t typ
es o
fvo
catio
nal e
duca
tion
depe
ndin
gup
on q
ualif
icat
ions
leve
l fro
msc
hool
. The
alte
man
ce-b
ased
dua
lap
pren
tices
hip
syst
em la
sts
for
3ye
ars
(alth
ough
this
can
be
shor
tene
d fo
llow
ing
stud
ies
at th
evo
catio
nal s
choo
ls).
One
or
two
days
a w
eek
are
spen
t at
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g co
llege
spr
ovid
ing
a co
mbi
natio
n of
voca
tiona
l and
gen
eral
edu
catio
n.Y
oung
peo
ple
who
leav
e th
eed
ucat
ion
syst
em p
oorl
y qu
alif
ied
can
bene
fit f
rom
a r
ange
of
supp
ortiv
e co
unse
lling
mea
sure
s.Fo
r th
ose
who
do
mee
t the
dem
ands
of
reco
gnis
e .1
occu
patio
ns r
equi
ring
for
mal
qual
ific
atio
ns, a
ltern
ativ
e tr
aini
ngof
fers
are
mad
e to
sui
t the
irab
ilitie
s.
SPA
IN
9419
192
9394
3 ye
ar a
ppre
ntic
eshi
ps a
reav
aila
ble
post
com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n. T
he f
irst
yea
r is
in a
nap
pren
tices
hip
trai
ning
cen
tre,
the
seco
nd a
nd th
ird
year
s ar
eal
tern
ance
-bas
ed. I
nten
sive
trai
ning
cou
rses
are
als
o av
aila
ble
to u
nski
lled,
low
ly-q
ualif
ied
youn
g pe
ople
(18
-26)
for
6 to
9m
onth
s at
voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
cent
res.
The
sch
ool c
urri
culu
m in
clud
espe
riod
s sp
ent t
rain
ing
in W
ork
Cen
tres
and
/or
in e
nter
pris
es. T
opr
omot
e in
tegr
atio
n an
dre
crui
tmen
t app
rent
ices
hip
cont
ract
s ha
ve b
een
agre
ed. T
hey
com
bine
wor
k ex
peri
ence
and
trai
ning
in th
e th
eory
of
the
occu
patio
n ch
osen
, lea
ding
to a
voca
tiona
l qua
lific
atio
n. A
t the
regi
onal
leve
l, em
ploy
ers
and
educ
atio
nal a
utho
ritie
s ar
ein
volv
ed in
pla
nnin
g th
e pr
ovis
ion
of tr
aini
ng to
ass
ist t
he tr
ansi
tion
from
sch
ool t
o w
ork.
In o
rder
that
you
ng p
eopl
e do
not
leav
e th
e ed
ucat
ion
syst
emun
qual
ifie
d, a
"so
cial
gua
rant
ee o
ra
trai
ning
gua
rant
ee"
whi
chco
nsis
ts o
f a
num
ber
of s
peci
alpr
ogra
mm
es is
bei
ngim
plem
ente
d. T
his
will
ena
ble
youn
g pe
ople
to r
ecei
ve tr
aini
ngin
tegr
atin
g th
em in
to th
e la
bour
mar
ket o
r to
pro
vide
acc
ess
totr
aini
ng a
t the
"m
iddl
e-le
vel"
for
up to
2 y
ears
. You
ng p
eopl
eun
der
25 in
suff
icie
ntly
qua
lifie
dca
n al
so b
enef
it fr
om in
itial
trai
ning
pro
visi
on.
S-I
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IIR
EL
AN
D
9192
9394
I IT
AL
Y
9192
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9394
1 91
9293
94
Wor
k pl
acem
ents
for
pup
ils a
repa
rt o
f th
e sc
hool
cur
ricu
lum
.Y
oung
peo
ple
leav
ing
the
educ
atio
n sy
stem
hav
e th
e ri
ght t
ovo
catio
nal g
uida
nce.
Thr
ough
loca
l ini
tiativ
es th
e cu
rric
ulum
can
be a
dapt
ed to
mee
t the
labo
urm
arke
t nee
ds o
f th
e re
gion
.
You
ng p
eopl
e ha
ve th
e ri
ght t
ovo
catio
nal t
rain
ing
afte
r le
avin
gsc
hool
. App
rent
ices
hips
last
for
1-
3 ye
ars
and
are
open
to 1
6-24
year
old
s. T
here
are
a r
ange
of
empl
oym
ent a
nd tr
aini
ng c
ontr
acts
that
pro
vide
you
ng p
eopl
ebe
twee
n 16
-25
with
alte
rnan
ce-
base
d w
ork
expe
rien
ce a
ndtr
aini
ng f
or s
hort
-ter
m p
erio
dsra
ngin
g fr
om 2
.8 m
onth
s. S
ome
of th
ese
focu
s sp
ecif
ical
ly o
nhe
lpin
g yo
ung
peop
le w
ithou
tqu
alif
icat
ions
. In
addi
tion
ther
ear
e lo
nger
-ter
m tr
aini
ng c
ontr
acts
last
ing
betw
een
6 m
onth
s to
2ye
ars.
Sta
te tr
aini
ng c
entr
es c
anpr
ovid
e yo
ung
peop
le 1
-3 y
ears
trai
ning
. Tra
inin
g cr
edits
ena
blin
gyo
ung
peop
le to
wor
k to
war
ds a
qual
ific
atio
n w
ithou
t a s
et ti
me
limit
are
bein
g de
velo
ped.
Voc
atio
nal s
choo
ls a
re r
un b
yvo
catio
nal e
duca
tion
com
mitt
ees
on w
hich
indu
stry
is r
epre
sent
ed.
At 1
5 th
ere
is a
tran
sitio
n ye
ar o
ra
voca
tiona
l pre
para
tion
cour
sew
hich
pro
vide
s an
intr
oduc
tion
tow
ork
expe
rien
ce f
or p
upils
cont
inui
ng in
edu
catio
n. W
ork
expe
rien
ce is
pro
vide
d fo
r 16
- 1
8ye
ar o
ld s
tudy
ing
for
the
Lea
ving
Cer
tific
ate
Voc
atio
nal P
rogr
amm
e.
App
rent
ices
hip
usua
lly la
st 4
year
s w
ith th
e fi
rst y
ear
base
d in
trai
ning
cen
tres
and
reg
iona
lte
chni
cal c
olle
ges.
The
rem
aini
ngye
ars
are
alte
rnan
ce b
ased
. The
soci
al g
uara
ntee
for
you
ngpe
ople
has
dev
elop
ed tr
aini
ngpr
ogra
mm
es f
or: l
ow-q
ualif
ied
scho
ol le
aver
s an
d th
ose
who
sesk
ills
are
inad
equa
te f
or th
ela
bour
mar
ket;
youn
g pe
ople
com
plet
ing
the
leav
ing
cert
ific
ate
as a
pre
para
tory
cou
rse
for
empl
oym
ent.
Publ
icly
fun
ded
full-
time
initi
altr
aini
ng c
ours
es a
re a
vaila
ble
for
unem
ploy
ed y
oung
peo
ple
who
have
fin
ishe
d th
eir
com
puls
ory
educ
atio
n. T
hey
usua
lly la
st 2
year
s an
d ca
n le
ad to
war
ds a
qual
ific
atio
n fo
r a
part
icul
arpr
ofes
sion
. Ini
tial t
rain
ing
is a
lso
avai
labl
e to
thos
e co
mpl
etin
g th
eno
n-co
mpu
lsor
y up
per
seco
ndar
y-ph
ase
and
vari
es in
dur
atio
n fr
om3
mon
ths
to 3
yea
rs.
App
rent
ices
hips
are
alte
man
ce-
base
d an
d ca
n la
st f
rom
3-5
yea
rs.
Tra
inin
g w
ork
cont
ract
s ar
e op
ento
peo
ple
from
15
to 3
2 (i
n so
me
regi
ons)
and
pro
vide
unce
rtif
icat
ed w
ork-
base
d tr
aini
ng.
Thi
s is
a c
omm
on f
orm
of
trai
ning
pro
visi
on f
or u
nqua
lifie
dyo
ung
peop
le.
The
"w
ork-
life"
pro
ject
aim
s to
rais
e pu
pils
aw
aren
ess
abou
t the
wor
ld o
f w
ork
and
help
to in
form
choi
ces
abou
t voc
atio
nal
educ
atio
n. W
ork
plac
emen
ts a
repr
ovid
ed f
or s
ome
pupi
ls.
Une
mpl
oyed
stu
dent
s fr
omco
mpl
emen
tary
cla
sses
wor
k in
prac
tical
trai
ning
wor
ksho
ps f
or 6
- 12
mon
ths.
App
rent
ices
hips
last
fro
m 2
- 4
year
s an
d ar
e ba
sed
on a
con
trac
tbe
twee
n tr
aine
e an
d em
ploy
er.
Une
mpl
oyed
you
ng p
eopl
ele
avin
g sc
hool
with
out
qual
ific
atio
n, p
artic
ipat
e in
voca
tiona
l ori
enta
tion
and
initi
atio
n co
urse
s w
hich
pro
vide
voca
tiona
l edu
catio
n in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e in
divi
dual
sne
eds
and
may
incl
ude
som
e in
-fi
rm tr
aini
ng. J
ob s
earc
h su
ppor
tan
d ad
vice
are
als
o pr
ovid
ed.
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
9192
9394
9192
93
Wor
k pl
acem
ents
are
ava
ilabl
e fo
rso
me
pupi
ls(J
eugd
wer
kgar
antie
plan
).Pr
ofes
sion
al in
form
atio
n ce
ntre
sal
so h
elp
scho
ol le
aver
s to
inte
grat
e in
to w
orki
ng li
fe th
roug
hco
unse
lling
and
gui
danc
e.R
egar
ding
the
unde
rqua
lifie
dta
rget
gro
up, t
he g
over
nmen
t use
sa
mix
of
prev
entiv
e m
easu
res
todi
min
ish
unqu
alif
ied
outf
low
of
the
educ
atio
nal s
yste
m a
ndad
ditio
nal s
choo
ling-
faci
litie
slin
ked
to jo
b-pl
acem
ent f
or th
isca
tego
ry.
The
app
rent
ices
hip
syst
em is
alte
man
ce-b
ased
with
I-
2 da
ysof
f-th
e-jo
b tr
aini
ng/e
duca
tion
and
prov
ided
on
the
basi
s of
aco
ntra
ct b
etw
een
the
trai
nee
and
the
empl
oyer
. A f
ollo
w-u
pne
twor
k ha
s be
en s
et u
p to
prov
ide
advi
ce a
nd s
uppo
rt to
youn
g pe
ople
up
to 2
3 w
ho h
ave
not o
btai
ned
at le
ast a
cra
ft-l
evel
qual
ific
atio
n. A
dditi
onal
bas
iced
ucat
ion,
lite
racy
and
num
erac
yan
d vo
catio
nal p
repa
ratio
n co
urse
sar
e av
aila
ble
to y
oung
peo
ple
with
few
qua
lific
atio
ns. S
choo
lle
aver
s w
ithou
t qua
lific
atio
ns c
anal
so o
btai
n an
"ed
ucat
ion
cred
it"w
hich
can
be
used
to d
evel
opse
lf-e
mpl
oym
ent o
ppor
tuni
ties.
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9491
9293
94
Tra
inin
g is
bei
ng in
trod
uced
into
all v
ocat
iona
l cou
rses
aim
ing
topr
ovid
e a
wor
k-lik
e co
ntex
t. T
his
has
been
alm
ost c
ompl
eted
inte
chno
logy
and
voc
atio
nal
scho
ols.
App
rent
ices
hips
are
ope
n to
14
24 y
ear
olds
and
last
fro
m 1
- 4
year
s. I
n 19
91, t
he g
over
nmen
tan
d th
e so
cial
par
tner
s si
gned
an
agre
emen
t to
guar
ante
e at
leas
ton
e ye
ar in
itial
voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
to y
oung
peo
ple,
in p
artic
ular
for
thos
e le
avin
g th
e ed
ucat
ion
low
lyor
unq
ualif
ied.
Pre
-tra
inin
gm
ess_
-xe
s ar
e av
aila
ble
to h
elp
thos
e lo
wly
-qua
lifie
d to
equ
ip a
ndpr
epar
e th
em f
or a
trai
ning
cour
se.
To
supp
ort t
he tr
ansi
tion
from
scho
ol to
wor
k, in
199
2 so
me
90%
of
pupi
ls u
nder
took
wor
kpl
acem
ents
. Fun
ding
is a
vaila
ble
to p
rom
ote
part
ners
hips
bet
wee
nlo
cal e
duca
tion
inst
itutio
ns a
ndem
ploy
ers,
incl
udin
g te
ache
rex
chan
ges
com
pact
s in
whi
chfi
rms
offe
r jo
bs/tr
aini
ngop
port
uniti
es to
you
ng p
eopl
eac
hiev
ing
atta
inm
eaV
beha
viou
rta
rget
s.
All
16 -
17
year
old
you
ngpe
ople
are
gua
rant
eed
a pl
ace
ona
2 ye
ar p
rogr
amm
e of
you
thtr
aini
ng. T
his
can
incl
ude
prep
arat
ion
cour
ses
to im
prov
eba
sic
liter
acy
and
num
erac
y.Y
outh
cre
dits
are
bei
ngpr
ogre
ssiv
ely
intr
oduc
ed f
or 1
6 -
17 y
ears
old
s. T
hey
have
afi
nanc
ial v
alue
and
can
be
exch
ange
d fo
r tr
aini
ng le
adin
g to
a re
cogn
ized
qua
lific
atio
n.M
oder
n ap
pren
tices
hips
for
16
-17
yea
r ol
ds a
nd A
ccel
erat
edM
odem
app
rent
ices
hips
for
18
-19
yea
r ol
ds a
re a
lso
bein
gin
trod
uced
pro
vidi
ng w
ork-
base
dtr
aini
ng le
adin
g to
a c
raft
leve
lvo
catio
nal q
ualif
icat
ion.
85
ti
X6
BE
LG
IUM
9192
93
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
92
1
SPA
IN
9394
I 91
9293
94
6.2.
Prom
otio
n of
you
ng e
mpl
oym
ent
Tra
inin
g an
d oc
cupa
tiona
lin
tegr
atio
n fo
r yo
ung
peop
lePo
ssib
ility
of
recr
uitin
g yo
ung
peop
le u
nder
30
with
out
expe
rien
ce f
or I
yea
r on
90%
sala
ry; i
n th
e ev
ent o
f re
crui
tmen
ton
an
open
-end
ed c
ontr
act:
for
the
seco
nd y
ear:
10%
red
uctio
n in
empl
oyer
's s
ocia
l sec
urity
cont
ribu
tions
.
Aile
rnat
ion
of a
nplo
ymen
t-tr
aini
ngFo
r yo
ung
peop
le a
ged
18-2
5w
ith f
ew q
ualif
icat
ions
.E
xem
ptio
n fr
om p
aym
ent o
fso
cial
sec
urity
con
trib
utio
ns
duri
ng p
art-
time
empl
oym
ent.
Dis
adva
ntag
ed y
oung
peo
ple
See
poin
t 4.
Une
mpl
oyed
peo
ple
diff
icul
t to
plac
eSe
e po
int 5
.R
ecru
itmen
t sub
sidy
See
poin
t 5.
Prom
otin
g th
e em
ploy
men
t of
grou
ps o
f un
empl
oyed
per
sons
at
risk
See
poin
t 5.
Tra
inin
g an
d Jo
b O
ffer
Ads
In 1
981
the
Job
Off
er A
ct g
ave
ahi
gh p
rior
ity to
mea
sure
s to
ass
ist
youn
g un
empl
oyed
per
sons
. The
act w
as r
evis
ed in
198
8 w
hen
the
Tra
inin
g O
ffer
sch
eme
was
intr
oduc
ed. U
nem
ploy
ed p
erso
nsun
der
the
age
of 2
5 re
ceiv
e th
e
job
offe
r af
ter
bein
g un
empl
oyed
for
one
year
. The
per
son
can
part
icip
ate
in tr
aini
ng a
ctiv
ities
for
up to
3 m
onth
s of
the
job
offe
rpe
riod
. In
the
priv
ate
sect
or th
ejo
b of
fers
sha
ll be
of
at le
ast 9
mon
ths'
dur
atio
n an
d in
the
publ
icse
ctor
at l
east
7 m
onth
s.U
nem
ploy
ed p
erso
ns u
nder
the
age
of 2
5 ar
e en
title
d to
a tr
aini
ngal
low
ance
whi
le p
artic
ipat
ing
ined
ucat
ionf
trai
ning
of
thei
r ow
nch
oice
for
a m
axim
um p
erio
d of
two
year
s. T
he a
mou
nt o
f th
etr
aini
ng a
llow
ance
cor
resp
onds
to50
% o
f th
e m
axim
um r
ate
ofda
ily c
ash
bene
fit.
Prom
otio
n of
pre
para
tory
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g m
easu
res
for
youn
g pe
ople
Var
ious
pre
para
tory
cou
rses
(up
to
I ye
ar's
dur
atio
n) f
or y
oung
peop
le d
iffi
cult
to p
lace
inem
ploy
men
t.Jo
b cr
eatio
n pr
ogra
mm
e (A
BM
)Se
e po
int 7
.T
he in
tens
ive
prom
otio
n of
...
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
Em
ploy
men
t Pro
mot
ion
Law
has
pro
ved
succ
essf
ul in
coun
teri
ng th
e ri
sk o
f yo
uth
unem
ploy
men
t, as
hav
e m
easu
res
to p
rom
ote
cont
inui
ng tr
aini
ngan
d re
trai
ning
.
Subs
idy
for
firs
t-tim
e jo
bsee
kers
-Su
bsid
y fo
r th
e lo
ng-t
erm
unem
ploy
ed a
ged
betw
een
15 a
nd29
.A
ccel
erat
ed v
ocat
iona
l tra
inin
g(S
ee p
oint
1).
Aid
to y
oung
peo
ple
hire
d un
der
an a
ppre
ntic
eshi
p co
ntra
ct,
voca
tiona
l tra
inin
g fo
r yo
ung
unem
ploy
ed p
erso
ns u
nder
16
year
s of
age
to c
atch
up
on th
eir
basi
c ed
ucat
ion;
trai
ning
-cum
-w
ork
for
youn
g pe
ople
und
er 2
5ye
ars
of a
ge f
ollo
win
g co
urse
s of
voca
tiona
l tru
inin
g; v
ocat
iona
ltr
aini
ng f
or p
erso
ns u
nder
25/b
etw
een
25 a
nd 3
0 ye
ars
ofag
e.T
he c
onve
rsio
n of
pra
ctic
al w
ork
cont
ract
s or
trai
ning
con
trac
ts to
perm
anen
t con
trac
ts is
sub
sidi
sed
with
up
to P
TA
550
000
fin
ance
dby
MT
SS a
nd th
e E
urop
ean
Soci
al F
und.
747
5
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
D
9192
9394
9192
93
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9491
9293
9419
192
93(N
ET
HE
RL
AN
DS
9491
9293
1
POR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
9491
9293
9491
9293
94
Spec
ific
mea
sure
s fo
r yo
ung
peop
le le
avin
g th
e ed
ucat
ion
syst
em w
ithou
t ade
quat
e tr
aini
ngar
c al
read
y in
pla
ce. F
AS,
the
Tra
inin
g an
d E
mpl
oym
ent
Aut
hori
ty, i
n co
njun
ctio
n w
ith th
eE
iuca
tiona
l ser
vice
s, o
pera
tes
the
I ou
thre
ach
prog
ram
me,
the
Com
mun
ity Y
outh
Tra
inin
gPr
ogra
mm
e an
d th
e O
ptio
nsin
itiat
ive
for
scho
ol le
aver
s. T
heai
m o
f th
ese
prog
ram
mes
is to
enha
nce
the
trai
ning
and
wor
kex
peri
ence
ele
men
ts f
or th
ese
youn
g pe
ople
in o
rder
to f
acili
tate
prog
ress
ion
to m
ains
trea
med
ucat
ion
and
trai
ning
and
ultim
atel
y to
em
ploy
men
t.
A n
umbe
r of
adv
isor
y, g
uida
nce,
assi
stan
ce a
nd o
ccup
atio
nal
inte
grat
ion
mea
sure
s fo
r yo
ung
peop
le h
ave
been
ava
ilabl
e si
nce
1978
; int
rodu
ctor
y tr
aini
ngpe
riod
s, te
mpo
rary
aux
iliar
ies,
prep
arat
ory
trai
ning
per
iod
in a
com
pany
for
you
ng p
eopl
e (o
nth
e ba
sis
of a
fra
mew
ork
agre
emen
t sig
ned
in 1
984
betw
een
the
empl
oym
ent s
ervi
cean
d th
e Fe
dera
tion
des
Indu
stri
els)
(cer
tain
poi
nts
amen
ded
in 1
994)
.
Star
ted
in 1
992
and
base
d on
the
You
th E
mpl
oym
ent G
uara
ntee
s
Act
(ie
ugd
wer
k ga
rant
ie p
lan)
,tr
aini
ng a
nd w
ork
expe
rien
ce is
offe
red
to u
nem
ploy
ed p
erso
nsag
ed 1
6 to
21
year
s an
dun
empl
oyed
sch
ool l
eave
rs.
Var
ious
spe
cifi
c m
easu
res
are
aim
ed a
t you
ng p
eopl
e:-a
ppre
ntic
eshi
p sy
stem
(sa
ndw
ich
trai
ning
);-o
ccup
atio
nal i
nteg
ratio
n of
you
ngpe
ople
thro
ugh
inte
grat
ion
allo
wan
ces;
- cr
eatio
n of
jobs
for
you
ngpe
ople
by
wai
ving
soc
ial s
ecur
ityco
ntri
butio
ns;
- bu
sine
ss s
tart
-up
ince
ntiv
es f
or
youn
g pe
ople
;-
trai
ning
and
em
ploy
men
tpr
ogra
mm
es f
or y
oung
whi
te-
colla
r w
orke
rs.
17
176
87
mg
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K
9192
9394
9192
9394
1
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
9192
9394
9192
9394
.1 9
192
9394
Rec
ent m
easu
res
176
Inse
rtio
n co
ntra
cts
(em
ploi
s-tr
empl
in)
(Fra
mew
ork
Pla
n)A
ny jo
b-se
eker
age
d le
ss th
an 3
0on
rec
ruitm
ent a
nd w
hose
per
iod
of e
mpl
oym
ent d
oes
not e
xcee
dsi
x m
onth
s m
ay b
e em
ploy
edun
der
an in
sert
ion
cont
ract
.D
urin
g th
e fir
st 1
2 m
onth
s th
eem
ploy
ee is
ent
itled
tore
mun
erat
ion
amou
ntin
g to
at
leas
t 90%
of t
hat e
arne
d by
aw
orke
r pe
rfor
min
g co
mpa
rabl
eta
sks
with
in th
e sa
me
com
pany
. It
is th
eref
ori p
ossi
ble
that
the
wag
eea
rned
is b
elow
the
sect
oral
min
imum
wag
e. Y
oung
wor
kers
empl
oyed
und
er in
sert
ion
cont
ract
s ar
e eq
ual i
n st
atus
totr
aine
es d
urin
g th
eir
first
yea
r of
empl
oym
ent.
Gua
rant
eed
empl
oym
ent f
or th
eyo
ung
long
-ter
m u
nem
ploy
ed(F
lem
ish
regi
on).
Tar
get g
roup
:yo
ung
peop
le o
f les
s th
an 2
5ye
ars
of a
ge w
ho h
ave
been
unem
ploy
ed fo
r a
long
tim
e (+
2ye
ars)
. Gua
rant
eed
empl
oym
ent i
npu
blic
com
pani
es o
rad
min
istr
atio
ns a
nd th
e qu
ater
nary
sect
or. T
he e
mpl
oyer
rec
eive
s th
em
inim
um w
age
from
the
Fle
mis
hgo
vern
men
t.
Act
on
Loca
l Act
ivat
ion
The
mun
icip
aliti
es h
ave
to g
ive
youn
g ca
sh b
enef
it cl
aim
ants
unde
r th
e ag
e of
25
an a
ctiv
atio
nof
fer
of a
t lea
st 2
0 ho
urs
a w
eek
for
six
mon
ths,
at t
he la
test
whe
nth
ey h
ave
been
with
out a
job
for
13 w
eeks
. Dur
ing
the
activ
itype
riod
the
youn
g pe
rson
s un
der
25 w
ill r
ecei
ve a
you
th a
llow
ance
calc
ulat
ed a
ccor
ding
to th
e sa
me
rule
s as
cas
h be
nefit
s. T
he y
outh
allo
wan
ce is
als
o pa
id to
you
ngpe
rson
s un
der
the
age
of 2
5 w
hota
ke p
art i
n sp
ecia
l act
ivat
ion
prog
ram
mes
, spe
cial
trai
ning
activ
ities
and
vol
unta
ry a
ndun
paid
act
iviti
es.
The
mun
icip
ality
can
offe
r to
prep
are
a gu
idan
ce a
ndin
trod
uctio
n pr
ogra
mm
e fo
r th
eca
sh b
enef
it cl
aim
ant b
efor
e th
eac
tivat
ion
prog
ram
me
is s
tart
edT
his
prog
ram
me
can
have
adu
ratio
n of
up
to 6
wee
ks a
ndw
ill m
ost o
ften
resu
lt in
the
form
ulat
ion
of a
n in
divi
dual
actio
n pl
an.
Tra
inin
g pr
ogra
mm
e E
ast
The
Fed
eral
Gov
ernm
ent h
asde
cide
d to
impl
emen
t a "
Tra
inin
gP
rogr
amm
e E
ast"
. The
aim
is to
ensu
re th
at th
is y
ear,
as
last
yea
r,ev
ery
youn
g pe
rson
in th
e ne
wLa
nder
rec
eive
s a
trai
ning
oppo
rtun
ity. T
he c
ost,
estim
ated
at D
M 5
00 m
illio
n, c
an p
rovi
defo
r up
to 1
0 00
0 tr
aini
ng p
lace
s in
Eas
t Ger
man
y.
173
App
rent
ices
hip
cont
ract
sA
ppre
ntic
eshi
p co
ntra
cts
are
to b
ere
gula
ted
by L
aw 1
0/19
94 o
f 19
May
.T
he a
im is
tr, e
ncou
rage
the
occu
patio
nal i
nteg
ratio
n of
you
ngpe
ople
svP
.tt n
o sp
ecifi
c vo
catio
nby
rer
!aci
ng s
ocia
l sec
urity
cos
ts.
Dva
tion:
6 m
onth
s to
3 y
ears
.R
emun
erat
ion:
fixe
d by
agre
emen
t, bu
t not
less
than
70,
80 a
nd 9
0% o
f min
imum
wag
edu
ring
the
first
, sec
ond
and
third
year
res
pect
ivel
y.B
enef
icia
ries:
you
ng p
eopl
e un
der
25 w
ithou
t a d
iplo
ma.
Soc
ial s
ecur
ity c
osts
: em
ploy
erm
ust p
ay a
sin
gle
cont
ribut
ion
cove
ring
heal
th in
sura
nce,
acci
dent
insu
ranc
e, e
tc.
Tra
inee
ship
con
trac
tsA
im: t
o en
cour
age
the
inte
grat
ion
of y
oung
peo
ple
with
no
job
expe
rienc
e.D
urat
ion:
6 m
onth
s to
1 y
ear.
Rem
uner
atio
n: fi
xed
byag
reem
ent,
but n
ot le
ss th
an th
em
inim
um w
age
or 6
0% o
f the
agre
emen
t-ba
sed
wag
e fo
r an
equi
vale
nt jo
b (7
5% d
urin
gse
cond
yea
r).
Ben
efic
iarie
s: s
uch
cont
ract
s m
aybe
offe
red
to u
nive
rsity
gra
duat
esan
d pe
rson
s w
ith m
ediu
m o
rhi
gher
leve
l voc
atio
nal t
rain
ing
qusr
icat
ions
o o
ffici
ally
reco
gnis
ed q
ualif
icat
ions
auth
oris
ing
them
to e
xerc
ise
apr
ofes
sion
, with
in 4
yea
rs o
fob
tain
ing
such
qua
lific
atio
ns. T
hejo
b m
ust a
llow
them
to o
btai
npr
actic
al e
xper
ienc
e co
rres
pond
ing
to th
e le
vel o
f stu
dy th
ey h
ave
reac
hed.
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRE
LA
ND
9192
9394
ITA
LY
9192
9394
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9192
9394
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
S
9192
9394
POR
TU
GA
L
9192
9394
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
91:
92.9
3''
94
Subs
idie
s fo
r co
mpa
nies
The
Prim
e M
inis
ter
isen
cour
agin
g in
tegr
atio
n by
offe
ring
a su
bsid
y to
com
pani
esfo
r an
y yo
ung
pers
on ta
ken
on,
rega
rdle
ss o
f qua
lific
atio
ns. T
hesu
bsid
y w
ill b
e pa
id to
any
com
pany
whi
ch e
mpl
oys
for
am
inim
um o
f 18
mon
ths
a yo
ung
pers
on w
ho h
as n
ever
bee
n in
stab
le e
mpl
oym
ent T
he s
ubsi
dyw
ill b
e pa
id m
onth
ly fo
r 9
mon
ths
and
wal
l am
ount
to F
F 1
000
per
mon
th a
nd F
F 2
000
if re
crui
tmen
tta
kes
plac
e be
fore
1 O
ctob
er.
The
con
clus
ion
of a
n em
ploy
men
tco
ntra
zr la
stin
g at
leas
t 18
mon
ths
with
a y
oung
per
son
aged
from
16 to
und
er 2
6 (n
ot e
ntitl
ed to
bene
fit u
nder
the
empl
oym
ent
insu
ranc
e sc
hem
e) b
etw
een
5/04
194
and
31/1
2/98
ent
itles
som
e em
ploy
ers
to r
ecei
ve fl
at-
rate
ass
ista
nce
of E
CU
153
per
mon
th fr
om th
e S
tate
(or
EC
U30
6 pe
r t,s
onth
in th
e ev
ent o
fre
crui
tmen
t bef
ore
1 10
.94)
for
9
mon
ths.
Com
pany
agr
eem
ents
The
Min
istr
y of
Em
ploy
men
t has
conc
lude
d fo
ur a
gree
men
ts a
tco
mpa
ny le
vel o
n th
e em
ploy
men
tan
d tr
aini
ng o
f you
ng p
eopl
e:-
at C
oved
, rec
ruitm
ent o
f 109
youn
g jo
b-se
eker
s un
der
atr
aini
ng c
ontr
act;
-at
Phi
lips,
200
you
ng p
eopl
eta
ken
on u
nder
an
appr
entic
eshi
p or
trai
ning
cont
ract
,-
at D
arty
, the
gro
up h
asun
dert
aken
to c
reat
e so
me
200
jobs
at n
atio
nal l
evel
, i c
3"o
of
its a
vera
ge w
orkf
orce
,
App
rent
ices
hip
cont
ract
A n
ew a
ppre
ntic
eshi
p sy
stem
base
d on
pre
-est
ablis
hed
crite
riaha
s al
read
y be
en in
trod
uced
(th
epr
evio
us s
yste
m p
lace
d a
grea
tde
al o
f em
phas
is o
n th
eem
ploy
er's
ass
essm
ent a
nd w
asba
sed
on th
e tim
e sp
ent i
nap
pren
tices
hip)
. The
nor
mal
dura
tion
of a
n ap
pren
tices
hip
for
each
trad
e w
ill b
e de
term
ined
by
the
trai
ning
, edu
catio
n an
dde
velo
pmen
t req
uire
men
ts o
f eac
htr
ade,
and
is th
e su
bjec
t of a
revi
ew d
urin
g 19
94.
You
thre
ach
A p
rogr
amm
e to
pro
vide
up
to 2
year
s' d
urat
ion
of c
o-or
dina
ted
foun
datio
n tr
aini
ng, e
duca
tion
and
wor
k ex
perie
nce
for
thos
e yo
ung
peop
le in
the
15-1
7 ag
e gr
oup
with
littl
e or
no
form
aled
it...a
tiona
l qua
lific
atio
ns. D
urin
g19
92 a
ppro
x. 2
800
yout
hspa
rtic
ipat
ed a
t a c
ost o
ff 12
m.
On-
the-
job
wor
k ex
peri
ence
For
you
ng p
erso
ns o
r w
orke
rsen
coun
terin
g gr
eat d
iffic
ultie
s in
reen
terin
g th
e la
bour
mar
ket
mea
sure
s ha
ve b
een
impl
emen
ted
rega
rdin
g on
-the
-job
wor
kex
perie
nce.
Wor
k tr
aini
ng c
ontr
act:
A g
over
nmen
t dec
ree
has
exte
nded
wor
k-tr
aini
ng c
ontr
act
(tw
o -y
ear
fixed
-ten
ts c
ontr
acts
with
ince
ntiv
es fo
r em
ploy
ers)
up
to th
e ag
e of
32
(the
pre
viou
slim
it w
as 2
9 ye
ars)
.
C.,
Sin
ce 1
.1.9
4, th
ere
has
been
afo
rmal
gua
rant
ee o
f a jo
b fo
r al
lun
empl
oyed
(+
6 m
onth
s) u
p to
21 y
ears
and
all
'une
mpl
oyed
scho
ol le
aver
s un
der
24 y
ears
of
age.
Sin
ce 1
f7/9
4 em
ploy
ers
have
als
obe
en r
equi
red
to r
epor
t ann
ually
on th
e ge
nera
l pos
ition
of
min
oriti
es in
firm
s w
ith m
ore
than
35 e
mpl
oyee
s. T
hese
rep
orts
hav
e
to b
e su
bmitt
edth
e C
ham
bers
of C
omm
erce
and
are
acc
essi
ble
to th
e pu
blic
.
New
app
roac
h to
app
rent
ices
hip
By
anag
reem
ent b
etw
een
empl
oyer
s an
d tr
ade
unio
ns th
eS
tand
ruos
-Bas
ed A
ppre
ntic
eshi
p,fo
r th
e in
divi
dual
, lea
ds to
an
inte
rnat
iona
lly r
ecog
nise
d cr
aft
qual
ifica
tion.
Mod
ern
appr
entic
eshi
pF
rom
199
5, a
ll 16
and
17-
year
old
scho
ol-le
aver
s in
Eng
land
will
be o
ffere
d w
ork-
base
d tr
aini
ng to
Nat
iona
l Voc
atio
nal Q
ualif
icat
ion
(NV
Q)
leve
l 3 -
equ
ival
ent t
o 'A
"Le
vel s
tand
ard.
Pilo
ts in
a r
ange
of o
ccup
atio
nal s
ecto
rs w
illop
erat
e fr
om S
epte
mbe
r 19
94.
Acc
eler
ated
Mod
ern
App
rent
ices
hips
Fro
m 1
995,
a n
ew w
ork-
base
dro
ute
for
18 a
nd 1
9 ye
ar o
ldsc
hool
and
col
lege
leav
ers
lead
ing
to a
t lea
st N
VQ
leve
l 3 w
ill b
eop
ened
up
by e
stab
lishi
ngde
liver
y fr
amew
orks
in a
llin
dust
rial s
ecto
rs w
ho w
ish
to
part
icip
ate.
89
90
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
93.
9.1
9293
94
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
1j2,
1 s
3
FRA
NC
EIR
EL
AN
DIT
AL
YL
UX
EM
BO
UR
GN
ET
HE
RL
AN
DS
POR
TU
GA
L
9192
9394
9192
9394
9192
9394
1 91
9293
9491
9293
94[9
192
9394
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
- C
ompa
gnie
de
Suez
has
com
mitt
ed it
self
to p
rom
otin
gth
e re
crui
tmen
t of
youn
g jo
b-se
eker
s an
d de
velo
ping
an
inte
grat
ion
polic
y in
to it
ssa
ndw
ich
trai
ning
pro
gram
me.
You
ng p
eopl
e un
der
26 w
illm
ake
up 2
% o
f th
e w
orkf
orce
.Y
oung
peo
ple'
s re
cept
ion
cent
reT
he p
lan
to p
rovi
de a
loca
lre
cept
ion
and
guid
ance
cen
tre
for
youn
g pe
ople
und
er th
e fi
ve-y
ear
law
is s
et o
ut in
the
law
.
You
th G
uida
nce
Cen
tre
You
titst
art
Shor
t-du
ratio
n tr
aine
eshi
ps f
orA
ppre
ntic
eshi
p sy
stem
s
Ens
hrin
ed in
the
5-ye
ar L
aw is
The
fea
sibi
lity
of in
trod
ucin
g a
youn
g pe
ople
in f
irm
s to
hel
pA
new
app
rent
ices
hip
syst
em w
ill
the
requ
irem
ent t
o es
tabl
ish
loca
lco
mpr
ehen
sive
em
ploy
men
t and
them
cho
ose
a ca
reer
.be
intr
oduc
ed b
ased
on
pre-
info
rmat
ion
and
guid
ance
cen
tres
trai
ning
sch
eme
for
scho
ol-
esta
blis
hed
crite
ria
(the
pre
viou
s
for
youn
g pe
ople
by
the
end
ofle
aver
s, w
ith th
e ob
ject
ive
ofsy
stem
pla
ced
a gr
eat d
eal o
f
the
peri
'd o
f ap
plic
atio
n of
the
inte
grat
ing
the
prov
isio
n of
all
emph
asis
on
the
empl
oyer
's
law
,in
itial
trai
ning
for
new
ent
rant
s to
the
labo
ur m
arke
t, w
ithin
the
fram
ewor
k of
the
You
thst
art
conc
ept,
is c
urre
ntly
und
erex
amin
atio
n,
asse
ssm
ent a
nd w
as b
ased
on
the
time
spen
t in
appr
entic
eshi
p).
Exp
erim
enta
l pro
gram
mes
A c
ompa
riso
n of
the
effe
ctiv
enes
sof
two
new
way
s of
hel
ping
18
to24
yea
r ol
ds u
nem
ploy
ed f
or a
year
or
mor
e: th
e fi
rst,
"1-2
-1"
will
ass
ign
part
icip
ants
to a
nin
divi
dual
adv
isor
for
a s
erie
s of
six
job
sear
ch in
terv
iew
s. T
hese
cond
, a "
Wor
kwis
e C
ours
e" is
ane
w f
our-
wee
k as
sess
men
t and
jobs
earc
h co
urse
(kn
ow a
s"W
orkl
ink"
in S
cotla
nd")
.
1 S
3
184
41
IBE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
SPA
IN
9192
9394
I91
9293
9491
9293
94I9
192
9394
1 91
9293
94
7.N
ew r
equi
rem
ents
Situ
atio
n
Mea
sure
s
8r)
Loc
al e
mpl
oym
ent a
genc
yPo
ssib
ility
for
the
long
-ter
mun
empl
oyed
to p
erfo
rm 6
0 ho
urs
of p
aid
empl
oym
ent p
er m
onth
for
indi
vidu
als
or a
ssoc
iatio
ns.
(Cha
nges
in r
espe
ct o
f lo
cal
empl
oym
ent a
genc
ies
intr
oduc
edon
1/5
/94
see
rece
nt m
easu
res)
Prom
otio
n of
em
ploy
men
t in
the
non-
com
mer
cial
a ta
wT
hese
are
act
iviti
es f
or d
isab
led
peop
le a
nd m
inor
s.In
acc
orda
nce
with
cer
tain
colle
ctiv
e ag
reem
ents
, sub
sidy
equi
vale
nt to
2%
of
the
wag
e bi
ll+
em
ploy
ers'
con
trib
utio
ns.
Rec
ruitm
ent o
f do
mes
tic s
taff
Exe
mpt
ion
from
em
ploy
ers'
cont
ribu
tions
on
recr
uitm
ent o
f a
who
lly u
nem
ploy
ed p
erso
n (w
hoha
s be
en r
ecei
ving
ben
efit
for
atle
ast 6
mon
ths)
as
a do
mes
ticem
ploy
ee.
Exe
mpt
ion
from
soc
ial '
mir
kyfo
r ho
me
kelp
sFo
r em
ploy
men
t lim
ited
to 4
hour
s pe
r da
y.T
rois
iem
e ci
rcui
t de
trav
ail
Paym
ent o
f 95
% o
f w
age
cost
san
d so
cial
sec
urity
con
trib
utio
nson
rec
ruitm
ent o
f lo
ng-t
erm
unem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e in
the
non-
com
mer
cial
sec
tor;
the
wor
k m
ust
mee
t com
mun
ity n
eeds
whi
chca
nnot
be
met
oth
erw
ise.
Poss
ibili
ty o
f re
mun
erat
ion
but
rete
ntio
n of
10%
of
the
subs
idy
calc
ulat
ed o
n th
e ba
sis
of 1
00%
.PR
IME
pro
gram
me
A v
aria
tion
of th
e pr
evio
uspr
ogra
mm
e fo
r th
e re
gion
of
Wal
loni
a
Em
ploy
men
t pro
ject
sIm
prov
ing
job
oppo
rtun
ities
for
youn
g pe
ople
and
oth
er s
peci
fic
grou
ps a
t ris
k by
impl
emen
ting
proj
ects
whi
ch w
ould
not
othe
rwis
e ha
ve b
een
impl
emen
ted
by lo
cal a
utho
ritie
s an
d pr
ivat
eor
gani
satio
ns. F
inan
cing
com
esfr
om a
cen
tral
fun
d.Im
prov
ing
hous
ing
Prog
ram
me
laun
ched
in 1
990.
Subs
idie
s of
up
to 5
0% o
f w
age
cost
s pr
ovid
ed b
y in
divi
dual
owne
rs o
f ho
uses
or
flat
s fo
rre
nova
tion.
Im
pact
: app
roxi
mat
ely
5000
jobs
cre
ated
, DK
R 1
bill
ion
publ
ic e
xpen
ditu
re p
er y
ear.
7
FRA
NC
E
9192
9394
IRE
LA
ND
9192
9394
ITA
LY
9192
9394
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9192
9394
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
9192
9394
9192
9394
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9192
9394
Dom
estic
em
ploy
men
tL
aw o
f 31
/12/
91 g
rant
s ta
xde
duct
ions
to p
riva
te in
divi
dual
sw
ho e
mpl
oy w
orke
rs in
the
hom
e(1
2.50
0/ho
me)
(Im
pact
: 30.
000
full-
time
equi
vale
nt jo
bs c
reat
ed).
Soci
al e
cono
my
(law
of
13/7
/92
and
law
of
12/7
/85)
.A
genc
ies
for
the
inte
grat
ion
ofth
e un
empl
oyed
(law
s of
27/
1/87
, 30/
7/87
and
19/1
2/89
).--
Org
anis
atio
n of
the
supp
ly o
fw
orke
rs.
Chi
ldca
re a
llow
ance
Paid
to h
ouse
hold
s em
ploy
ing
ape
rson
at h
ome.
Loc
al d
evel
opm
ent
The
gov
ernm
ent's
Loc
alD
evel
opm
ent P
rogr
amm
ere
cogn
ises
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f a
loca
l dim
ensi
on to
ent
erpr
ise
and
empl
oym
ent c
reat
ion
and
the
impo
rtan
ce o
f de
velo
ping
the
capa
bilit
ies
of lo
cal c
omm
uniti
esto
con
trib
ute
to ta
cklin
gun
empl
oym
ent a
nd p
ursu
ing
loca
lde
velo
pmen
t.C
hild
care
act
of
1991
whi
ch r
egul
ates
the
orga
nisa
tion
of c
hild
care
.
188
Soci
al c
oope
rativ
esL
aws
of 8
/11/
91 (
381/
91)
and
266/
91 o
n vo
lunt
ary
orga
nisa
tions
.
183
93
UJ
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
KG
ER
MA
NY
GR
EE
CE
9192
9394
9192
93.9
491
9293
9419
192
93
Vol
unta
ry w
ork
for
the
unem
ploy
edU
nem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e m
ay w
ork
volu
ntar
ily fo
r no
n-pr
ofit-
mak
ing
orga
nisa
tions
with
out l
oss
ofun
empl
oym
ent b
enef
it.
SPA
IN
94 .1
9192
93
Rec
ent m
easu
res
Loc
al e
mpl
oym
ent a
genc
y (R
oyal
Dec
ree
of 1
0/5/
94)
Thi
s D
ecre
e pr
ovid
es fo
r th
eau
tom
atic
reg
istr
atio
n of
the
long
-te
rm u
nem
ploy
ed w
ith a
loca
lem
ploy
men
t age
ncy,
whi
ch h
elps
them
to fm
d w
ork
(max
. 45
hour
s a
mon
th)
with
indi
vidu
als,
asso
ciat
ions
, loc
al a
utho
ritie
s or
inag
ricul
ture
or
hotic
ultu
re.
Em
ploy
ers
bene
fit fr
om a
30-
40%
tax
redu
ctio
n de
pend
ini o
nea
rnin
gs.
Secu
rity
con
trac
tE
xten
sion
to "
med
ium
-siz
ed"
tow
ns o
f sec
urity
con
trac
ts w
hich
crea
te e
mpl
oym
ent b
y m
akin
gto
wns
saf
er.
Loc
al r
ecru
sitm
ent p
lan
(Wal
loni
a re
gion
)T
o al
low
mun
icip
aliti
es to
em
ploy
youn
g lo
ng-t
erm
une
mpl
oyed
pers
ons
for
a m
axim
um o
f 3ye
ars.
Fun
ding
is p
rovi
ded
by th
ere
gion
and
the
inte
rmun
icip
alen
ergy
dis
trib
utio
n co
mpa
nies
.So
cial
wor
ksho
ps (
Flem
ish
regi
on)
Une
mpl
oyed
per
sons
who
can
not
be in
tegr
ated
into
the
norm
alla
bour
mar
ket a
re g
iven
wor
k in
soci
al w
orks
hops
fund
ed o
n an
expe
rimen
tal b
ask
by th
e F
lem
ish
gove
rnm
ent.
Act
on
Loc
al A
ctiv
atio
nS
ee p
oint
6.
Priv
ate
hom
e se
rvic
e in
itiat
ive
Sin
ce 1
/1/9
4, a
n al
low
ance
of
DK
R 6
5 pe
r ho
ur h
as b
een
offe
red
to h
ouse
hold
s w
hich
decl
are
wor
k do
ne in
the
hom
e(e
.g. w
ashi
ng, c
lean
ing,
gard
enin
g). T
he m
easu
re h
asbe
en a
dopt
ed fo
r 3
year
s.
Job
crea
tion
sche
mes
(A
BM
)W
orke
rs o
n jo
b cr
eatio
n sc
hem
esar
e re
quire
d to
take
up
regu
lar
empl
oym
ent e
ven
if th
is in
volv
esw
ork
on a
fixe
d-te
rm c
ontr
act;
prev
ious
ly th
ose
on jo
b cr
eatio
nsc
hem
es w
ere
only
forc
ed to
acce
pt p
aid
wor
k on
per
man
ent
cont
ract
s. T
he a
im o
f thi
s ch
ange
is to
em
phas
ise
the
prio
rity
ofno
n-su
bsid
ised
em
ploy
men
t ove
rjo
b cr
eatio
n sc
hem
es.
Ext
ensi
on o
f pr
oduc
tive
empl
oym
ent p
rom
otio
nP
rodu
ctiv
e em
ploy
men
t pro
mot
ion
has
now
bee
n ex
tend
ed to
the
old
Und
er in
the
cont
ext o
f the
envi
ronm
ent,
soci
al s
ervi
ces
and
yout
h ai
d. A
s in
the
new
Und
er,
assi
stan
ce is
lim
ited
to th
e en
d of
1997
, whi
le th
e du
ratio
n of
assi
stan
ce p
er in
divi
dual
per
son
may
not
exc
eed
2 ye
ars
(as
oppo
sed
to 3
yea
rs in
the
new
Und
er).
Bus
ines
s cr
eatio
n by
the
unem
ploy
edU
nem
ploy
ed p
eopl
e w
ho s
et u
pth
eir
own
busi
ness
es c
an r
ecei
vegr
ants
equ
ival
ent t
o th
eun
empl
oym
ent b
enef
it or
assi
stan
ce th
ey p
revi
ousl
yre
ceiv
ed, f
or a
per
iod
of 2
6w
eeks
.
100
151
FRA
NC
E
9192
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IRE
LA
ND
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
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9394
9192
93
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SI
POR
TU
GA
LU
NIT
ED
KIN
GD
OM
g491
9293
9491
9293
9419
192
9394
Bac
k to
Wor
k A
llow
ance
A n
ew s
ocia
l sec
urity
allo
wan
ceca
lled
Bac
k to
Wor
k A
llow
ance
was
intr
oduc
ed in
Sep
tem
ber
1993
. Thi
s al
low
s th
e lo
ng te
rmun
empl
oyed
to r
etur
n to
empl
oym
ent (
or s
elf-
empl
oym
ent)
and
to r
etai
n 75
% o
f the
irpr
evio
us u
nem
ploy
men
t pay
men
tsfo
r 12
mon
ths
and
50%
for
the
seco
nd 1
2 m
onth
s.T
he M
inis
ter
for
Ent
erpr
ise
and
Em
ploy
men
t lau
nche
d th
eC
omm
unity
Em
ploy
men
tP
rogr
amm
e .(
CE
P)
with
the
aim
of
empl
oyin
g 40
000
peo
ple
by th
een
d of
199
4 . T
he C
EP
is o
pen
tope
ople
who
hav
e be
enun
empl
oyed
for
mor
e th
an o
neye
ar, t
hose
livi
ng o
n lo
ne p
aren
t'sas
sist
ance
, peo
ple
over
21
who
are
on lo
ng-t
erm
une
mpl
oym
ent
assi
stan
ce a
nd r
efer
rals
from
the
reha
bilit
atio
n bo
ard.
Spo
nsor
s ca
nbe
pub
lic o
r vo
lunt
ary
bodi
es w
how
ish
to c
arry
out
pro
ject
s w
hich
will
be
of b
enef
it to
the
Com
mun
ity (
hand
icap
ped
and
elde
rly p
eopl
e, e
duca
tion,
rest
orat
ion
of h
isto
rical
bui
ldin
gs.)
Law
236
/93
Fun
d fo
r th
eem
ploy
men
t of y
oung
peo
ple
incu
ltura
l act
iviti
es, t
ouris
m, s
ocia
lse
rvic
es in
Mez
zogi
omo.
Env
ironm
ent p
rogr
amm
e 19
94-9
5pu
rsua
nt to
the
envi
ronm
ent l
aw.
Pro
gram
me
on r
esid
entia
lbu
ildin
gs (
reno
vatio
n).
Dec
ree-
law
s 32
/94
and
178/
94 o
nso
cial
ly u
sefu
l em
ploy
men
t.
The
re a
re p
lans
to c
reat
e 40
000
new
jobs
in th
e fie
lds
of s
afet
y,he
alth
and
chi
ldca
re.
A n
ew m
easu
re e
nabl
esun
empl
oyed
per
sons
und
ergo
ing
trai
ning
to c
arry
out
act
iviti
es in
non-
com
mer
cial
sec
tors
of t
heec
onom
y.
Com
mun
ity A
dion
Pro
gram
me
The
Gov
ernm
ent h
as in
trod
uced
the
Com
mun
ity A
ctio
nP
rogr
amm
e fo
r pe
ople
who
hav
ebe
en o
ut o
f wor
k fo
r 12
mon
ths
or m
ore.
The
pur
pose
of t
his
prog
ram
me
is to
pro
vide
ast
eppi
ng s
tone
bac
k in
toem
ploy
men
t by
offe
ring
oppo
rtun
ities
to d
o pa
rt-t
ime
wor
k of
ben
efit
to th
e lo
cal
com
mun
ity (
whi
ch c
an in
clud
eth
e en
viro
nmen
t), c
ombi
ned
with
extr
a he
lp in
look
ing
for
wor
k.T
he p
rogr
amm
e, w
hich
sta
rted
last
yea
r an
d w
ill p
rovi
de a
tota
lof
95
000
oppo
rtun
ities
, is
prov
ided
by
orga
nisa
tions
chi
efly
in th
e vo
lunt
ary
or c
harit
able
sect
or.
Car
e in
tke
Com
mun
ity A
d(1
990)
impl
emen
ted
in 1
993.
The
loca
l aut
horit
ies
have
bee
ngi
ven
the
resp
onsi
bilit
y of
orga
nisi
ng in
a q
uasi
-mar
ket
fram
ewor
k ca
re s
ervi
ces
for
elde
rly p
eopl
e, th
e m
enta
lly il
l,di
sabl
ed p
eopl
e, a
nd p
eopl
e w
ithle
arni
ng d
iffic
ultie
s.
192
193
95
I
BE
LG
IUM
DE
NM
AR
K
9192
9394
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[91
9293
94I
9192
9394
GE
RM
AN
YG
RE
EC
ESP
AIN
Mea
sure
s be
ing
prep
ared
Che
que
- se
rvic
eW
ork
is c
urre
ntly
in p
rogr
ess
on
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f usi
ng c
hequ
esfo
r ce
rtai
n se
rvic
es w
hich
offe
rfis
cal a
nd q
uasi
-fis
cal c
once
ssio
nsin
ord
er to
pro
mot
e th
e
deve
lopm
ent o
f com
mun
ityse
rvic
es.
Ston
er c
once
rns
The
aim
her
e is
to e
ncou
rage
the
recr
uitm
ent o
f job
see
kers
with
maj
or d
iffic
ultie
s in
find
ing
wor
k.S
tart
er c
once
rns
offe
r se
rvic
esw
hich
com
e un
der
the
"soc
ial
econ
omy"
. Enc
oura
gem
ent t
akes
the
form
of r
educ
tions
in s
ocia
lse
curit
y co
ntrib
utio
ns in
add
ition
ti, th
e as
sist
ance
pro
vide
d by
the
regi
onal
aut
horit
ies.
194
155
I FR
AN
CE
9192
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I
ITA
LY
LU
XE
MB
OU
RG
9192
93
IRE
LA
ND
1
NE
TH
ER
LA
ND
SPO
RT
UG
AL
I
UN
ITE
D K
ING
DO
M
9491
9293
9491
9293
9491
9291
,94
Rec
omm
enda
tions
of
the
task
Fram
ewor
k la
w o
n so
cial
ser
vice
sT
he g
over
nmen
t has
sta
rted
toT
he a
utho
ritie
s ha
ve la
unch
ed a
Job
crea
tion
unde
r lo
cal/r
egio
nal
forc
e on
sm
all b
usin
ess
bein
g pr
epar
ed.
exam
ine
the
poss
ibili
ties
ofsu
rvey
to in
vest
igat
e th
e sc
ope
for
deve
lopm
ent p
lans
: at t
he
Gov
ernm
ent's
loca
l dev
elop
men
tde
velo
ping
new
em
ploy
men
ta
syst
em o
f "s
ervi
ce c
hequ
es".
initi
ativ
e of
bod
ies
asso
ciat
ed
prog
ram
me
basi
nsT
his
is li
kely
to r
evea
l a n
eed
for
with
reg
iona
l dev
elop
men
t, lo
cal
33 a
reas
cho
sen
with
cre
atio
n of
apa
rtne
rshi
p co
mpa
ny f
or e
ach
ofth
em,
pers
onal
ised
ser
vice
.de
velo
pmen
t pro
ject
s m
ay b
esu
ppor
ted
in o
rder
to r
espo
nd to
new
nee
ds to
impr
ove
the
qual
ityof
life
and
at t
he s
ame
time
avoi
d
depo
pula
tion
of r
egio
ns s
uffe
ring
indu
stri
al d
eclin
e or
rur
al e
xodu
s.
196
197
97
SOU
RC
ES
Ref
.H
eadi
ngSo
urce
Publ
icat
ion
1Po
pula
tion:
med
ian
age
1990
& 2
010
Eur
osta
tD
emog
raph
ic s
tatis
tics
2In
crea
se in
the
wor
king
-age
pop
ulat
ion
betw
een
1985
and
199
0E
uros
tat
3D
epen
denc
y ra
tio o
f th
e el
derl
y 19
90 &
201
0E
uros
tat
Dem
ogra
phic
sta
tistic
s
4SN
Es'
(<
100
empl
oyee
s) c
ontr
ibut
ion
to to
tal e
mpl
oym
ent (
1988
)D
G X
XII
IE
IM -
Eur
opea
n N
etw
ork
for
SME
Res
earc
h
5T
otal
em
ploy
men
t (an
nual
% c
hang
e)D
GII
Dat
abas
e: A
ME
CO
; pre
visi
on 1
994
6G
DP
(ann
ual %
cha
nge)
DG
II
Dat
abas
e: A
ME
CO
; pre
visi
on 1
994
7C
onsu
mer
pri
ces
(ann
ual %
cha
nge)
DG
II
Dat
abas
e: A
ME
CO
; pre
visi
on 1
994
8E
mpl
oym
ent r
ate
Eur
osta
t - L
abou
r fo
rce
surv
eyT
able
03
9Fe
mal
e em
ploy
men
t rat
eE
uros
tat -
Lab
our
forc
e su
rvey
10U
nem
ploy
men
t rat
eD
G I
I; p
revi
sion
199
4
11Fe
mal
e un
empl
oym
ent r
ate
Eur
osta
t
12Pe
rcen
tage
of
pers
ons
belo
w th
e po
vert
y lin
eE
rasm
us U
nive
rsity
Rot
terd
amSt
udy
on b
ehal
f of
the
Com
mis
sion
(19
93):
Liv
ing
cond
ition
s of
the
leas
t pri
vile
ged
in E
C
13Pe
rcen
tage
enr
olm
ent 1
5-18
yea
rsE
uros
tat -
Lab
our
forc
e su
rvey
1992
: Tab
le 2
4
14Pe
rcen
tage
enr
olm
ent 1
9-22
yea
rsE
uros
tat -
Lab
our
forc
e su
rvey
1992
: Tab
le 2
4
Perc
enta
ge e
nrol
men
t 23-
24 y
ears
Eur
osta
t - L
abou
r fo
rce
surv
ey19
92: T
able
24
16K
now
ledg
e of
dat
a pr
oces
sing
(%
pop
ulat
ion
15-2
4 ye
ars)
Eur
osta
tA
soc
ial p
ortr
ait o
f E
urop
e, T
able
3.1
0
17Po
st-c
ompu
lsor
y ed
ucat
ion
(% a
ctiv
e po
pula
tion
>25
yea
rs)
Eur
osta
tA
soc
ial p
ortr
ait o
f E
urop
e
18Po
st-c
ompu
lson
edu
catio
n (%
act
ive
popu
latio
n 25
-34
year
s)E
uros
tat
A s
ocia
l por
trai
t of
Eur
ope
19T
empo
rary
em
ploy
men
t (%
of
tota
l em
ploy
men
t)E
uros
tat -
Lab
our
forc
e su
rvey
20Se
lf-e
mpl
oym
ent (
')/0
of to
tal e
mpl
oym
ent)
Eur
osta
t - L
abou
r fo
rce
surv
ey19
91: T
able
27;
199
2: T
able
34
21I
lnde
clar
ed e
mpl
oym
ent (
% o
f G
DP)
(19
88)
Em
ploy
men
t in
hum
ope
- 1
989
- G
raph
102
22Pr
oduc
tiNity
(I
000
EC
U)
!Xi I
ID
atab
ase:
AM
EC
O; P
revi
sion
199
4
198
193
23E
arly
ret
irem
ent (
% o
f em
ploy
ees
over
49
year
s of
age
)
24L
engt
h of
ser
vice
(av
erag
e/m
edia
n)O
EC
D
25A
vera
ge w
eekl
y w
orki
ng h
ours
Eur
osta
t - L
abou
r fo
rce
surv
ey
26Pa
rt-t
ime
empl
oym
ent (
% o
f to
tal e
mpl
oym
ent)
Eur
osta
t - L
abou
r fo
rce
surv
ey
27In
volu
ntar
y pa
rt-t
ime
empl
oym
ent (
% o
f ac
tive
popu
latio
n)O
EC
D
28H
ourl
y w
age
cost
s in
EC
UE
uros
tat
29A
nnua
l wag
e va
riat
ion
DG
11
- Pr
ojec
tions
30Pr
opor
tion
of w
orke
rs e
arni
ng le
ss th
an 6
6% o
f th
e m
edia
n w
age
Low
wag
es s
tudy
(C
.E.R
.C.)
31R
ate
of tr
ade
unio
n m
embe
rshi
pE
uros
tat
32A
vera
ge r
edun
danc
y pa
yM
EP,
EU
RI,
var
ious
nat
iona
l sou
rces
33Fi
xed-
term
con
trac
tsO
EC
D
34T
empo
rary
em
ploy
men
t con
trac
tO
EC
D
35R
etir
emen
tD
G V
36Im
pact
of
a fi
ve-y
ear
peri
od o
f pa
rt-t
ime
empl
oym
ent o
n pe
nsio
nsD
O V
37M
ater
nity
leav
eD
G V
38Im
pact
of
a ca
reer
bre
ak o
n pe
nsio
nsD
O V
39In
dire
ct ta
xes
(% o
f G
DP)
Eur
osta
t
40D
irec
t tax
es (
% o
f G
DP)
Eur
osta
t
41So
cial
sec
urity
con
trib
utio
ns (
% o
f G
DP)
Eur
osta
t
42T
otal
sta
tuto
ry c
ontr
ibut
ions
and
cha
rges
(%
of
GD
P)E
uros
tat
43St
atut
ory
taxa
tion
on e
nerg
y (%
of
(SD
P)T
FPO
44C
ost s
truc
ture
(%
of
tota
l cos
t)
45D
irec
t wag
e co
sts
in %
Eur
osta
t
46-
of k
\ ili
a di
rest
wag
esE
uros
tat
47In
dire
ct o
f w
age
cost
s in
%E
uros
tat
48-
of w
hich
soc
q se
cKity
con
trib
utio
nsE
uros
tat
0. t)
li
Em
ploy
men
t in
Eur
ope
- 19
93 -
Tab
le 1
61
Em
ploy
men
t Out
look
199
3
1991
: Tab
le 4
7; 1
992:
Tab
le 7
1
1991
: Tab
le 3
6; 1
992:
Tab
le 5
3
Em
ploy
men
t Out
look
199
3
Lab
our
cost
Dat
abas
e: A
ME
CO
Low
wag
es in
the
coun
trie
s of
EF.
0
Em
ploy
men
t in
Eur
ope
1993
- T
able
154
Em
ploy
men
t Out
look
199
3 -
Tab
le 1
.8
Em
ploy
men
t Out
look
199
3 -
Tab
le 1
.9
Soci
al p
rote
ctio
n in
Eur
ope
and
MIS
SOC
199
3 -
Tab
le 8
Soci
al p
rote
ctio
n in
Eur
ope
- T
able
49
Soci
al p
rote
ctio
n in
Eur
ope
- T
able
13
Soci
al p
rote
ctio
n in
Eur
ope
- T
able
s 43
-44
Tax
es a
nd s
ocia
l con
trib
utio
ns
Tax
es a
nd s
ocia
l con
trib
utio
ns
Tax
es a
nd s
ocia
l con
trib
utio
ns
Tax
es a
nd s
ocia
l con
trib
utio
ns
Com
para
tive
Tab
le T
FPO
Lab
our
cost
Lab
our
cost
2 0
Lab
our
cost
I.ab
our
cost
101)
49 50 51
Em
ploy
ees'
con
trib
utio
ns (
% o
f w
age
cost
)
Tax
on
earn
ed in
com
e (%
of
wag
e co
st)
Inco
me
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52So
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term
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Rue
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RU
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Lay
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