edamame production practices and potassium physiology in china · 2018-06-27 · edamame production...

Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS

NEIGAE

Edamame Production Practices and

Potassium Physiology in China

Zhang Qiuying Li Yansheng

Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,

Chinese Academy of Sciences

June 19, 2018


NEIGAE

√ Brief Introduction √ Practices in South China √ Practices in North China √ Practices in Northeast China √ Potassium and Yield/Quality √ Potassium Physiology √ Concluding Remarks

Outline


NEIGAE Introduction

Edamame is the Japanese name

for green vegetable soybeans that

are immature, green form of

edible soybeans collected at R6-

R7 stages


NEIGAE Introduction

Differ from grain soybeans by being

√ larger-seeded

√ milder-tasting

√ more tender

√ more digestible

√ higher percentage of sucrose

√ rich source of vitamin A,

carbohydrates, protein and iron

♣ It is more nutritious than vegetable

green peas.


NEIGAE Introduction

As early as 1620, the Chinese

people started to plant Edamame

Now China is the largest

production, consumption and

export country of vegetable

soybean in the world.

China’s export of frozen

Edamame accounted for 52% of

the world’s total frozen vegetable

soybean export in 2015


NEIGAE Introduction

Although we have a long history

of Edamame cultivation, its

production was in a state of

farmer’s subsistence before

1970s.

Since 1980s, Edamame cultivars

were introduced from Taiwan,

and Japan, and scientists

started to pay more attention to

breeding cultivars adapted to

different ecological regions.


NEIGAE Introduction

√1999-2014, 53 varieties were

released in China

√ 2010-2014, 5 varieties were

released in Northeast China,

among them, 2 varieties

were released by my group

√ The average annual sowing

acreage is 400,000ha, with

average yield of 5 t/ha.


NEIGAE Introduction

Because edamame

√ is a low input, high nutritional value,

short crop cycle, and soil-enriching

crop

√ offers quick economic return and

higher profit than grain soybean

♣ The Chinese government encourages

farmers to plant Edamame

♣ However most production of

Edamame are produced by small-

scale farms


NEIGAE

30°N

Northeast spring soybean region (50%)

summer soybean region (35%)

South multiple cropping soybean region

40°N

20°N

Soybean Production Distribution


NEIGAE

South multiple cropping region is the major Edamame producer in

China, including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Fujian Provinces

South multiple cropping region


NEIGAE Production practices in South China

Varieties

In this region Edamame are

planted from February to

August, thus varieties could be

divided into spring and summer

or fall Edamame, based on

planting dates.

Fresh vegetable soybean can

supply market 7 months a year

in Yangtze River Basin



√ Spring Edamame

This is the main type of Edamame in

the region, where Edamame are

planted from February to early

April. Fresh pods are harvested from

May to the end of June.

Spring edamame are widely adapted,

short-period growing and photo-

insensitive, some of them could also

be planted in summer and fall.



√ Summer/fall Edamame

Summer Edamame are planted after winter crops, while fall Edamame are planted after early rice.

In general, those varieties are planted in the middle of July to early August. Fresh pods are harvested in the early October until early November.

Summer/fall Edamame are photo-sensitive,

and thus early planting

will not result in

early harvest.



Planting patterns:

Depending on the farmers’ land acreage, planting patterns

vary

√ The general patterns are

----monoculture

----intercropping

----field footpath cultivation

----high tunnel

----protected culture



Intercropping:

√ Spring Edamame are usually intercropped with wheat, cotton,

cane, faba and spring corn

√ Summer/fall Edamame are intercropped with cotton, corn, peanut, sweet potato or other vegetables and fruits (grapevine)



Field footpath cultivation:

√ Edamame cultivation in the footpath of rice field

(levee/rand cultivation) was the traditional way of

Edamame cultivation in Southern China

√ It was recorded that this practice started since 1441



Field footpath cultivation:

√Footpath of rice field supplies sufficient light, nutrients and water, thus fine plant development and higher yield.

√ Now less footpath cultivation is available, because of herbicide application and fewer labor.



√Seed selection: over 98% purity, 95％ germination rate for

√Planting Edamame seeds when temperature at 5-cm soil depth is around 8℃

√Transplanting seedlings to field when simple primary leaves are fully expanded

High tunnel cultivation:

direct seeding and transplanting



Effects of seedling ages on yield and yield components

Seedling age

(day)

Days to

flowering

Days of

whole

growth

period

Plant

height

（cm）

Branch

No.

Internode

No.

Pod

number

per plant

Pod weight

per plant

10 60 95 49 3 9 31 61.6

15 58 93 46 3 9 30 59.0

20 54 90 40 3 8 21 42.0

25 50 90 32 3 8 13 25.6

30 48 88 28 3 7 8 17.2

For transplanting, seedling ages from 10-15 days not only harvest pod

earlier but also higher yield, while seedling age over 20 days reduced pod

number and yield



Comparison between direct seeding and transplanting at different patterns

Planting

pattern Treats

Days to

flower

Day of whole

growth

period

Plant

height

(cm)

Branch

No

Internode

No.

Pod No

Per plant

Pod

weight/

Plant (g)

High

tunnel

Direct

seeding 75 96 52 3 9 26 53.1

Trans-

planting 70 90 40 3 6 18 37.0

Field

cultivati

on

Direct

seeding 54 88 48 3 9 43 87.1

Trans-

planting 49 81 36 3 6 39 83.6

At same planting date, transplanting flowers earlier and shortens growth period,

harvests earlier and sale earlier due to restricted vegetative growth and accelerated

reproductive transformation.



√Plastic film mulching is

popular in this region to

control weed, and for

earlier sale



Key pointers for field cultivation: Soil and Preceding Crop

√ Well-drained and fertile soil is preferred.

√ Do not chose sunflower as the preceding crop because of the

frequent infection of soybean Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

√ Corn is the best preceding crop due to high fertilization rates.



√Seedbed preparation:

1.8 m seedbed width with row spacing 25-30 cm, 6 rows in each bed

√ Fertilization:

Compost 15-30 t/ha, NPK compound fertilizer 300kg/ha after seedbed establishment

Applying urea of 150 kg/ha and potassium chloride of 75 kg/ha at three trifoliate stage



Planting density:

√ 120,000 hills/ha

√ 2 seedlings for each hill

Plant No.

per hill Hill No/ha

Branch

No.

Pod No.

per plant

Pod weight

per plant 3-seed pod 2-seed pod 1-seed pod ton/ha

1 120000 4 42 83.6 11 27 4 10.03

2 120000 3 26 55.8 7 21 4 12.18

3 90000 2 15 27.8 4 9 3 7.51

4 90000 2 11 19.1 2 6 3 8.10



Weed control:

√For direct seeding soybean, spray herbicide acetochlor before emergence or

√Foliar spray haloxytop-R-methyl 750 ml/ha+bentazone 2250 ml/ha at four-

trifoliate stage

√Annual gramineous, broad leaf and perennial grasses including barnyad

grass, green bristle grass, siberian cocklebur, dodder weed



Disease control:

Foliar spray 25% Triadimefon or 58% Metalaxyl mancozeb to control soybean blight, rust, and powdery mildew



Insect pest control:

Foliar spray deltamethrin to control aphid and 21% synergistic

fenvalerate malathion to control pod borer.

Weed and pest are controlled by herbicide and pesticide

aphid pod borer


NEIGAE Production practices in North China

√Edamame rotated with fresh corn and Chinese cabbage is the common practice in Shandong Province, North China

√ This is a year around production system

√ Edamame is planted in the middle of March, and harvested in the early June

√ Fresh corn is then planted after Edamame, and harvested in the middle of August

√ The Chinese cabbage is planted in the late August, and harvested in early November



√Early and cold resistant varieties are recommended

√Fertilization: 25-30 t/ha manure, NPK compound fertilizer of 375-450kg/ha

√Seedbed: width 1 m，height 10-15 cm

√Population: row space 30-35 cm，hill distance 15-20 cm

√Planting depth: 3 cm



√Spraying herbicide after planting and then cover plastic film.

√Thinning each hill for 2 seedlings when plants are in the 3-trifoliate stage

√Plowing twice to increase soil temperature

√Irrigating twice at pod-setting stage

√Spraying 2%-3% calcium superphosphate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate

√For avoiding yellow leaf, occasionally plant ash is sprayed on the leaf surface.


NEIGAE Production practices in Northeast China

√ Edamame is commonly produced with row spacing of

65cm wide in Northeast China



√ Spring varieties are usually planted in early May, and harvested in the late August

√ Available varieites are CAS No.1, CAS No.2, CAS-117, CAS-1024 and Tai 292

√ Rotation with corn is practiced with planting population of 250,000 plants/ha

√ Planting depth is critical for emergence, 3-cm or less is preferred



√Fertilization:

15 t/ha cattle manure, 150 kg/ha diammonium phosphate and 50 kg/ha urea at seeding is the common practice.

Potassium sulphate 120 kg/ha at seeding and foliar spray of 4.5 kg/ha potassium after flowering is strongly recommended for Edamame production in this region

Why potassium?

Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

IGA Pottasium Nutrient

One of the major mineral nutrients

for plant growth （quality & yield）

Physiological attributes


IGA

1. Enzyme activation

2. Protein synthesis

3. Photosynthesis

4. Osmoregulation

5. Phloem transport

6. Energy transfer

7. Cation-anion balance

8. Stress resistance

9. Plant growth and

composition

Pottasium Nutreint

physiological functions


NEIGAE

µ

¥Ö

êÏÊ

¼Ô

ÖØ

£¨g

/Öê£©

fresh p

od w

eig

ht per

pla

nt

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

ÎÞÒ¶Åç

Ò¶Åç

c

aa

ab

bc

a

cc

K0 K1 K2 K3

Potassium and fresh pod yield

K application increased yield and highest yield was only achieved at 120 kg K/ha not

at 180 kg/ha.


NEIGAE Potassium and sucrose content

¿ª»¨ºó ÖÜ ÊýWeeks after flowering

2 4 6 8 10 12

Õá

ÌÇº¬

Á¿

(m

g/g

)S

ucro

se

co

nte

nt

0

10

20

30

40

50

60Ã«K0

Ã«K1

Ã«K2

Ã«K3

¿ª»¨ºó ÖÜÊýWeekss after flowering

2 4 6 8 10 12

Õá

ÌÇº¬

Á¿

(m

g/g

)S

ucro

se

co

nte

nt

0

10

20

30

40

50

60121K0

121K1

121K2

121K3

Sucrose content under different K application rate

Our investigation

with different K

application rates

indicated K

application

enhanced sucrose

content but highest

sucrose content was

only achieved at 120

kg K/ha not at 180

kg/ha.


NEIGAE Potassium and total soluble sugar

¿ª»¨ºó ÖÜ ÊýWeeks after flowering

2 4 6 8 10 12

¿É

ÈÜ

ÐÔ

×

Ü ÌÇ

º¬

Á¿

(g

/kg

) S

olu

ble

su

ga

r co

nte

nt

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Ã«K0

Ã«K1

Ã«K2

Ã«K3

¿ª»¨ºó ÖÜÊýWeeks after flowering

2 4 6 8 10 12

¿É

ÈÜ

ÐÔ

×

Ü ÌÇ

º¬

Á¿

(g

/kg

) S

olu

ble

su

ga

r co

nte

nt

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

121K0

121K1

121K2

121K3

We got the similar results for soluble sugar content with

highest content at 120 kg K/ha not at 180 kg/ha.

This means that application of certain rate K is an approach

for vegetable soybean production


IGA

3 4 5 6 7 8

0

10

20

30

40

c.v.121 2014

Weeks after flowering

4 5 6 7 8

Sucr

ose

conte

nt (m

g g

-1 D

W)

c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015

4 5 6 7 8

c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2014 c.v.121 2015

4 5 6 7 8 9

K0

K1

K2

Seed sucrose accumulation

K fertilization increased sucrose content in vegetable soubean seed (K2>K1>K0).

The highest sucrose content was found at 7 weeks after flowering (R6 stage).


IGA

4 5 6 7 8

100

200

300

400

500

600

700c.v.121 2014

4 5 6 7 8

SP

S a

ctivity (

μm

ol su

cro

se

h-1

g-1

FW

) c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015


4 5 6 7 8


3 4 5 6 7 8 9

K0

K1

K2

Changes of SPS activity

SPS activity may be one of the limiting factors for sucrose formation (Huber,

1982).

Elevated SPS activity under K fertilization in vegetable soybean seed likely

contributed to the increase in sucrose accumulation.


IGA

c.v.121 2014 c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015 c.v.121 2015

K0

K1

K2


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

4 5 6 7 8

0

200

400

600

c.v.121 2014


4 5 6 7 8


4 5 6 7 8

c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2014 C.V.121 2015

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

K0

K1

K2

SS

syn

thes

is d

irec

tion

act

ivit

y

(μm

ol

g-1

h-1

)

SS

dec

om

pes

itio

n d

irec

tion

act

ivit

y

(μm

ol

g-1

h-1

) Changes of SS activity

The response of SS activity in cultivars affected by K fertilization was different.

SS played important roles for the balance of sucrose in plant sink tissues (Koch, 1992;

Zrenner, 1995; Chen, 2012).


IGA

0

100

200

300

c.v.121 2014 c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2014 c.v.121 2015

K0

K1

K2

4 5 6 7 8

0

100

200

300

c.v.121 2014

4 5 6 7 8



4 5 6 7 8


4 5 6 7 8 9

K0

K1

K2

AI

act

ivit

y (

μm

ol

g-1

h-1

) N

I a

ctiv

ity

(μ

mo

l g

-1 h

-1)

Changes of invertase activity

Inv activity was less sensitive under K treatments in vegetable soybean seed.

K fertilization decreased invertase activity at 4 weeks after flowering (R5 stage).


IGA

c.v. 121 2015

4 5 6 7 8

c.v. 121 2015

K0

K1

K2

c.v. 121 2015

c.v. 121 2014

Weeks after folwering

4 5 6 7 8

c.v. 121 2014

c.v. 121 2014

c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1 2015

4 5 6 7 8




3 4 5 6 7 8

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000


100

200

300

400

500

600

700


Su

cro

se s

ynth

etic

direct

ion

act

ivity

(μm

ol s

ucr

ose

h-1

g-1

FW

)

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Su

cro

se d

eco

mp

osi

tion d

ire

ctio

n a

ctiv

ity

(μm

ol s

ucr

ose

h-1

g-1

FW

) N

et

act

ivity

(μm

ol s

ucr

ose

h-1

g-1

FW

)

Changes of net activities

K fertilization generally influenced the activities of synthesis direction more than that

of decomposition direction.

The net activity of sucrose metabolism was toward to sucrose synthesis direction with

seed development.

Net Activity = (SPS + SS synthesis) – (AI+NI+SS decomposition)


IGA

2015

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0

10

20

30

40

2014

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0

10

20

30

40c.v. 121

2015

Net activity of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes

-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

0

10

20

30

40

2014

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Su

cro

se

co

nte

nt

0

10

20

30

40c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1

R=0.724**

R=0.873**

R=0.785**

R=0.625**

Correlation between the net activity of sucrose-

metabolism key enzymes and sucrose content

There was a significant positive

correlation between net activity of

sucrose-metabolizing enzymes and

sucrose content.

The slope of c.v. 121 was larger

than that of c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1,

indicating that the key enzymes

activity of sucrose metabolism was

more efficient in c.v. 121.


IGA Summary

Increased sucrose content by k fertilization in vegetable soybean seed are

due to increased SPS and SS activity but decreased Inv activity.

K fertilization also increased net activity of sucrose metabolizing enzymes

which is always regarded as an important factor maintaining sucrose

content in sink tissue.


IGA Summary

K foliar application might benefit the source or transport tissues which caused

sink tissue to accumulate more sucrose.

We suggest that K fertilization stimulated the net activity of sucrose

metabolism toward the synthesis direction, and then enhanced the

capability of sucrose storage in vegetable soybean.


NEIGAE Pottasium and hormones

Potassium application on phytohormones dynamics in seed

Reduced ABA content by potassium application is conducive to the

accumulation of sucrose in vegetable soybean seed


NEIGAE Concluding Remarks

√China is the largest production, consumption and export country

of vegetable soybean in the world.

√Most of the Edamame is produced in southern China by small-

scale farms.

√Main planting patterns are monoculture, intercropping, protected

culture and film plastic mulching.

√Crop rotation is recommended for taste quality and fresh pod

yield.


NEIGAE Concluding Remarks

√Transplanting and high tunnel can have higher yield and early sale.

√Compost or manure application is essential for edamame production.

√Potassium fertilizer is strongly recommended for yield and sucrose content.


NEIGAE

Thank you


NEIGAE

Thank you！

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edamame production practices and potassium physiology in china · 2018-06-27 · edamame production...

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