: a productive urban landscape and food logistics hub in dujiangyan, sichuan, china

edible city book 1

jack thomas

regernerative design thesis studio 2011/2012

university of oregon

dr. hajo neis

table of contents

agriculture + architecture = agritecture...................................................................................01

dujiangyan, sichuan, china...................................................................................................03

context

place

people

a pattern language..............................................................................................................07

summary of the language

patterns

edible urbanism.................................................................................................................15

the market building.............................................................................................................19

the project language...........................................................................................................33

works consulted.................................................................................................................45

contact..............................................................................................................................47

A R C H I T E C T U R EA G R I C U L T U R E

China’s western province of Sichuan, rocked by the devastating Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, is undergoing

large scale transformation, giving testimony to China’s speedy, often “devil-may-care” attitude regarding urban

and rural development. Dujiangyan, neighbor to Sichuan’s largest city of Chengdu, is a city with a stunning

landscape which, despite centuries of urban growth, has continued to seep into the urban fabric. The Edible

City project is an attempt to stabilize a rapidly changing landscape at both the urban and rural level. The city,

as well as the region at large, has a rich connection to water, the landscape, a world-renowned gastronomic

heritage, and a colorful multi-ethnic community which this project hopes to inspire and regenerate.

01

“The most startling changes are taking place

in China, where 400 million people are

expected to urbanise in the next 25 years...

as the Chinese abandon the countryside, it

seems they are abandoning their rural diets

too.”

Caroyln Steel, Hungry City

02

dujiangyan,

sichuan,

china

03

c o n t e x t

The city of Dujiangyan is located in China’s Sichuan province in the foothills of the Tibetan plateau. A network of rivers and aqueducts funnels fresh

mountain spring water to agricultural lands of the Chengdu plain surrounding the metropolis of Chengdu. For centuries, Dujiangyan City has served

as a lifeline to the millions of people relying on this water network for food and livelihood. Dujiangyan City sits at the base of a series of large hills with

several temples and monasteries hidden away in the foliage. The network of waterways originates at the Northwestern part of the city and fans out

across Dujiangyan and out into the Chengdu Plain. The neighborhood where the project site is located is in the heart of the city near the government

buildings and within walking distance to many of the cultural sites of the city. This site is also positioned just off of the main thoroughfare of the city

which originates at the gate of a large temple.

p l a c e

A food hub is a place where the complete cycle of food production is to take place from production through consumption. This building type will help build

livelihoods for urban dwellers of Dujiangyan and reconnect them to their agrarian heritage. Because many Chinese have migrated from the countryside

into the urban areas of the country, many people are still familiar with rural living and agricultural methods. Food security will be heightened due to greater

local acess to nutritious, fresh produce. Surpluses of food can be stored in the event of future disaster, not unlike that of the 2008 earthquake which

devastated the region.

04

p e o p l e

The Great Leap Forward brought many Han Chinese, the ethnic majority of China, Westward into the relatively undeveloped provinces of Tibet and

Qinghai. In the wake of this migration of people, many ethnic tensions arose creating a divide between the two Chinese halves. Because of Dujiangyan’s

position at the edge of China’s rugged Western region, the city has many physical and cultural connections to the Tibetan and Qiang autonomous ethnic

regions. At a city level, many of these communities have a siginifcant presence in urban life. Like the Han Chinese who moved West to develop this

rugged region, many ethnic minorities moved from their remote villages to the cities in search of opportunity and economic prosperity for their families.

Dujiangyan is home to many of these peoples who have migrated East and continue to celebrate that which sets them apart from other communities of

Chinese people. A center for cultural exchange would provide an opportunity for these communities to come together and share what sets them apart

from one another easing the tensions that have been created throughout the last few decades.

05

06

a

pattern

language

charles yan gore

07

2008: after Wenchuan earthquake 2010: post-development

08

City Country Fingers (3)

Common Land (67)

Life Cycle (26)Soft River Edges

Culturally-Relevant Development

Edible City

Silent Pockets Dining On the Doorstep

Cascading Terraces

Double EavesClean Water Source

Dancing in the Street (63)

Old People Everywhere (40)

Eating Atmosphere (182)

Something Roughly in the Middle (126)Activity Pockets (124)

Food Stands (93)

Individually Owned Shops (87)

Opening to the Street (165)

Path Shape (121)

Public Outdoor Room (69)

Seat Spots (241)

Mosaic of Subcultures (8)

Identifiable Neighborhood (14)

Small Public Squares (61)

pattern network

Mosaic of Subcultures (8)

Identifiable Neighborhood (14)

Life Cycle (26)

Old People Everywhere (40)

Small Public Squares (61)

Public Outdoor Room (69)

Dancing In the Street (63)

Individually Owned Shops (87)

Food Stands (93)

Path Shape (121)

Activity Pockets (124)

Opening To the Street (165)

Eating Atmosphere (182)

Seat Spots (241)

Soft River Edges

Culturally-Relevant Development

Edible City

Silent Pockets

Dining On the Doorstep

Cascading Terraces

Double Eaves

The Three-Eyed WellS

ELE

CTE

D P

ATTE

RN

SN

EW

PATTE

RN

S0 9

LIFE CYCLE (26)

“‘All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They

have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many

parts, His acts being seven ages.’ Make certain that the full cycle of life is

represented and balanced in each community. Set the ideal of a blanaced

life cycle as a principal guide for the evolution of communities.”

DANCING IN THE STREET (63)

“Why is it that people don’t dance in the streets today? Along promenades

in squares and evening centers, make a slightly raised platform to form a

bandstand, where street musicians and local bands can play. Cover it,

and perhaps build in at ground level tiny stalls for refreshment. Surround

the bandstand with paved surface for dancing - no admission charge.”

FOOD STANDS (93)

“Many of our habits and institutions are bolsered by the fact that we can

get simple, inexpensive food on the street, on the way to shopping, work,

and friends. Concentrate food stands where cars and paths meet - either

portable stands or small huts, or built into the fronts of buildings, half-open

to the street.”

EATING ATMOSPHERE (182)

“When people eat together, they may actually be together in spirit - or

they may be far apart. Some rooms invite people to eat leisurely and

comfortably and feel together, while others force people to eat as quickly

as possible so they can go somewhere else to relax. Put a heavy table

in the center of the eating space - large enough for the whole family or

the group of people using it. Put a light over the table to create a pool of

light over the group and enclose the space with walls or with contrasting

darkness. Make the space large enough so the chairs can be pulled back

comfortably, and provide shelves and counters lose at hand for things

related to the meal.”

from a pattern language by christopher alexander,

et. al

selected patterns

10

THE THREE-EYED WELL

The well is an integral piece of the Chinese community. From the village

to the city, people congregate at the well to draw water and wash

dishes, clothes and food. It is important for people of China to have

a public space adequate for completing these daily tasks and rituals

that is also safe and sanitary. Often, villagers and urban dwellers alike

will practice all these activities in the same, still water increasing the

likelihood of illness. Water that is used for washing dishes, food and

clothing sometimes comes from the side of the road through the entire

city. A three-eyed well is an example of one way in which contemporary

Chinese architects have maintained the cultural center of community life

that is the well and made it safer and cleaner for people to use. The

source of running water flows from the top and can be boiled and used

as drinking water. The water flows into a second pool which is used to

wash clothes, then runs into the last pool which is used to wash dishes.

The three-eyed well is one method of implementing design to establish

a community center that also helps bring a solution to water safety.

11

EDIBLE CITY

While an overabundance of hard surfaces is not conducive to urban life,

without a place to sow new life in the city, “the gardener” is unable to thrive

and grow. Bringing an edible landscape into the city also brings a way for

urban dwellers to escape its severe nature. Many cities, especially those

in China, are over-paved, contributing to a serious Heat Island Effect in

urban areas. Though these areas are physiologically stifling, they are

also aesthetically and socially stifling as well. People need soft space to

rest, escape the chaos of urban life and activity, and to connect with the

natural environment. Gardens provide nutrients, contributing positively to

human life and also provide pockets of open space that are green and

healthy for cities. A network of urban gardens provides a place for people

to reconnect with, be distracted by and take solace in the comforts of

nature. Small spaces designated for gardening can be established in the

street fronts, becoming a barrier to traffic noise and pollution. Gardens

can also be created in public squares and in parks in an effort to bring

communities together and inject facets of rural life into the urban life of the

city. The responsibilities of managing these spaces, as well as the fruits

of which, can be shared and enjoyed communally.

12

CASCADING TERRACES

In the case of China, where much of the urban environment is already

incredibly dense, a balance in density must be introduced. While

public squares are quite frequent in many Chinese cities, the jump in

scale between vast, flat squares and the towering urban buildings is

not appropriate for human scale. Cascading terraces bleed the exterior

urban space into the interior. This type of space is prevalent in traditional

architecture of the Tibetan peoples who reside in the Western reaches of

Sichuan. In these types of dwellings, terraces provide places for social

gathering between families. In the urban context, cascading terraces blur

the lines between interior and exterior as well as elevation off the ground.

These spaces provide public spaces for people to gather and also those

for more private meetings between smaller groups.

13

DOUBLE EAVES

Climate becomes an issue for many regions within China and more

specifically in China’s expansive, concrete-covered urban areas.

People require shade from the sun as well as cover from downpours

which occur on an almost daily basis in China’s tropical areas. Intense

and inclement weather becomes a serious problem for many Chinese

urban dwellers as contemporary Chinese architects and developers

do not always consider climatic issues in architectural designs. Many

buildings do little to protect the interior from the harsh tropical sun or the

streetscape from a sudden downpoor. Traditionally, Chinese vernacular

architects designed double eaves to protect inhabitants from the

unpredictable climate. A second eave shoots out from the main roof

to provide a covered arcade for people to move through or rest under.

A return to this traditional architectural practice connects future Chinese

architecture to its past legacy as well as tuning into the needs of users

in regards to environmental control systems.

14

edible

urbanism

15

continuous

productive

urban

landscapes

(cpuls)

: strategy for the coherent integration of urban agriculture into urban space and planning.

:considers urban agriculture to be an essential element of sustainable infrastructure

photos of a CPUL model in Cuba ; Viljoen and Bohn.

[From Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities by André Viljoen and Katrin Bohn.]

16

permaculture per·ma·cul·ture: the development of agricultural ecosystems intended to be sustainable and self-sufficient.

This agricultural practice of human settlement built in a way that mimics nature and promotes land stewardship, community well-being, personal health, and local economy. At the Maru a Pula School in Botswana, youth learn farming methods and develop a permaculture system for their village. Produce is collected and distributed to hungry families in the local area. Permaculture systems like this one in Botswana bolster community life, instill a deeper connection to food, and provide a viable means of economic stimulus.

17

urban forest parklondon, united kingdom

precedent 02south central farmlos angeles, california, usa14 acres

precedent 01

18

“The shopping centre which can do more than fulfil practical shopping needs, the one

that will afford an opportunity for cultural, social, civic and recreational activities will reap

the greatest benefits.”

-Victor Gruen

the

market

building

19

20

FOOD CITY,

NATE WOOTEN

NEW YORK CITY,

USA

case study 01

21

In his Master of Architecture thesis project, Nathaniel Wooten explores the middle ground between

food production and consumption. Food city is a distribution center serving the greater New York City

metropolitan area of almost 19 million people.

New York City has a humid subtropical climate with warm, balmy summers and cool, wet winters. Given the

projects adjacency to the New Jersey Turnpike, train lines and the transitory nature of the site, engagement

with a large commuter public was an essential part to the development of the design.

22

Wooten’s project program is primarily composed of cold storage

facilites with a large amount of office, market and dock space.

Because of the large amount of employee and customer traffic, the

food city project also requires service spaces such as restrooms,

restaurants, a barber and a convenience store.

23

Steel-frame towers rise up from the main distribution space. In the

section above, an outdoor auditorium allows passersby to observe the

goings on of the interior. Similarly, a pedestrian corridor wraps the vertical

architecture and hovers over the dock allowing for a connection between

the built and social space of the project.

24

Wooten divides his program into two distinct

landscapes: the public landscape and

the logistic landscape. Similarly, horizontal

programmatic elements are pushed across

the lower levels while vertical elements rise up

from below.

25

26

ROTTERDAM MARKET HALL,

MVRDV

ROTTERDAM,

NETHERLANDS

case study 02

27

Located near Rotterdam’s historic St. Laurens

Church, the MVRDV market hall is a public

building that literally emerges from housing

spaces.

The building’s distinctive form is sparked from

traditional market hall typology and meshed with

contemporary housing form. The interior bustles

with activity while the exterior features private

apartment balconies.

28

Due to new hygenic constraints of Dutch law, open air markets must

be covered. A conglomeration of community-supporting uses such as

food, leisure, living and parking direct the form of the building, which

becomes an arc and shelters the interior market.

246 apartments,

100 market stalls,

3,000 sqm of shops and restaurants

1,600sqm catering area on the ground level and first floor

1,100 parking spaces

1,800sqm underground supermarket

29

30

An interior facade is ever-changing, lit by LEDs featuring images of fresh produce.

31

The MVRDV Rotterdam Market Hall becomes a new urban

typology in the process of regenerating Rotterdam’s pre-war

center.

32

the

project

language

“When ‘anything goes’ in the gastronomic mix,

food loses one of its greatest gifts - its cultural

identity.”

Carolyn Steel, Hungry City

33

Sichuan’s southwestern city of Dujiangyan lies in between the vast Chengdu Plain and the rugged region of Western

China. On a brutally humid, summer’s day, it is hard to escape the sounds of screeching cicadas, the chaotic

honking of vehicle traffic and passersby speaking in loud “Sichuanhua”. Walking across the city’s ornate covered

bridge and then down one of Dujiangyan’s main roads, one is able to catch a glimpse of a nearby alleyway

overgrown by tall grass. Just steps away from the main street lies a pathway through the city. An array of crops line

the narrow path. Corn, Chinese eggplant, and melon plants poke out from the adjacent soil. At the other side of

this pathway, entrepreneurs open their storefronts. Screaming hot woks sizzle and boast an assortment of colorful

vegetables and meats as a cloud of steam hovers over the gastronomic thoroughfare and chokes those not familiar

with its devastatingly hot Sichuan Pepper. Patrons dine on the paved, stepped storefronts, scooping rice and fresh

vegetables into their mouths.

Upon futher investigation of this passage through the city, the pathway opens up to a clearing. People hover over

their crops, preparing the soil for planting and harvesting ripe produce that they will later take to the public market. A

canvas covering provides a place for rest and shade from the sun. Apartments and business line the edges of the

clearing and the pedestrian pathways mark the boundaries of agricultural plots. Passing through the clearing, the

pathway narrows once again. Chickens scurry through the bean plots back to their coops to lay fresh eggs that

might later be hard-boiled, soaked in salt and tea and then sold with fluffy, steamed bao zi for breakfast.

The path takes a jog and directs pedestrians to a large bustling expanse of walkways and agricultural terraces.

Urbanites sample the food sold on the dining terrace and walk beneath a rice paddy system into a market hall.

Vendors sell fresh produce and meat from local livestock owners. People scour the baskets for the best ingredients.

Overhead, workers take part in the parts of the food cycle. Food is collected from the various farmers, processed

and then distributed to other areas in and around Dujiangyan. Waste too, is collected and prepared as compost

for urban farmers who will cultivate an edible landscape in the Chinese city. . .

vision

34

values

constant accessibility to food

meshing food systems with livelihoods

healthy, local food

prizing gastronomy and agrarianism

ruralizing the city

completing the food cycle

a lasting Chinese heritage

culturally-connected design

SAFETY

ECONOMIC

HUMAN

CULTURAL

ENVIRONMENTAL

TECHNOLOGICAL

TEMPORAL

AESTHETIC

VALUEAREA

35

constant accessibility to food

meshing food systems with livelihoods

healthy, local food

prizing gastronomy and agrarianism

ruralizing the city

completing the food cycle

a lasting Chinese heritage

culturally-connected design

PRIORITYGOAL

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

support accessibility to healthy, local food at all times, especially in disaster

foster livelihoods connected to food systems

build a framework for community around food as a necessary resource

strengthen ties to a gastronomic culture and agrarian hertiage

bring an existing productive landscape into the city

integrate technological systems as a means of completing the food cycle

nurturing a lifestyle connected to the Chinese culture and landscape for future generations

maintain cultural ties to Chinese vernacular building culture

36

building program (qualitative)

URBAN AGRICULTURE (COMMERCIAL SCALE)

Farmers wander through rows of crops which weave through both the urban and building fabric. Produce from these crops

is brought to the processing facility of the building to be processed, packaged, and distributed. Stormwater and waste will

be treated on site in this project via this network of productive green space.

MARKET HALL

People bustle in the market hall of the food hub. Vendors sell the produce brought in from their emerging produce plots

and meats that are brought in from the local area surrounding the city.

RESTAURANT/VENDORS

Restauranteurs cook a variety of foods in a space that surrounds communal and individual tables.

PROCESSING / PACKING / DISTRIBUTION FACILITY

A large volume houses a facility where produce is brought in from the food hub’s agricultural system, processed, packaged

and shipped to customers in and around the city of Dujiangyan.

WORKFORCE HOUSING

Surrounding the food hub are apartments to be rented to the employees that work at the food hub. Housing that is in close

proximity to the work site elminates the need for transit and therefore pollution and emissions.

37

LOADING DOCK

Space must be given to an area for loading produce and supplies into and out of mid-size trucks.

CLASSROOMS

Classrooms for food education have a place in the food hub program. These spaces will be used by users of all ages to

learn about food security, local foods and culinary skills.

MEETING ROOMS/MULTIPURPOSE

Users can utilize meeting spaces to organize trips to surrounding farms in the region, discuss food cooparatives or for

community events that might take place.

RESTROOMS

CIRCULATION

SERVICE

38

site program (qualitative)

A public square opens up out of a narrow passage in the streetfront. People bustle

between rows of crops. The productive urban landscape that cuts through the city

directs itself into the project site. Surrounding the square, apartments peer into the

agricultural spaces below. Groups of people laugh and chat over bubbling vats of

hotpot and beer. Woks sizzle with the produce gathered from the market hall and

kids chase chickens into the emergent crops at the housing frontages.

39

COMMUNITY HOUSING

FOOD STREET

URBAN AGRICULTURE

PUBLIC SQUARE

Stout buildings of white stucco and tile roofs hover over a variety of uses. A woman hangs clothes out to dry on a

clotheslined balcony. A pair of elderly men smoke cigarettes and shout over a game of majong.

At the foot of the community housing, vendors advertise fresh fruit, household goods and clothing. Teenagers sit at tables

piled high with skewers of spice rubbed meats, vegetables, and steamy dumplings.

Lining the city streets are fruit trees heavy with lychee fruit and chestnuts. Women washing clothes kneel into the long grass that protects the

water running through the city. A child is sent by his mother to gather vegetables for the next meal. He plucks a string bean and fingers an

eggplant not quite ripe enough to pull from its vine.

In the muggy evening a group of women gather at the public square to practice tai chi. They flow like water in a synchronized rhythm. Children

chase eachother and young people meet to eat at a nearby restaurant.

40

building program (quantitative)

URBAN AGRICULTURE (COMMERCIAL SCALE)

MARKET HALL

RESTAURANT/VENDORS

PROCESSING / PACKING / DISTRIBUTION FACILITY

LOADING DOCK

OFFICES

RESTROOMS

CLASSROOMS

MEETING ROOMS

CIRCULATION

SERVICE

16%

7%

10%

20%

9%

6%

3%

6%

5%

9%

6%

-

-

100 STALLS

-

SPACE FOR 10 TRUCKS

25

16

2

2

-

-

16,000 S.F.

7,000 S.F.

10,000 S.F.

20,000 S.F.

9,000 S.F.

6,000 S.F

3,000 S.F.

6,000 S.F.

5,000 S.F.

9,000 S.F.

6,000 S.F.

100,000 S.F.

41

site program (quantitative)

WORKFORCE HOUSING

RESTAURANTS/VENDORS/RETAIL

URBAN AGRICULTURE (EMERGENT)

PUBLIC SQUARE

50%

20%

15%

15%

100,000 S.F.

20,000 S.F

15,000 S.F.

15,000S.F.

200,000 S.F.

200 UNITS (500 S.F.)

50 UNITS (400 S.F.)

100 PLOTS (150 S.F.)

1

16,000 S.F.

7,000 S.F.

10,000 S.F.

20,000 S.F.

9,000 S.F.

6,000 S.F

3,000 S.F.

6,000 S.F.

5,000 S.F.

9,000 S.F.

6,000 S.F.

100,000 S.F.

42

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

2.46 2.64 3.04 3.82 4.18 3.94 4.04 3.78 2.94 2.42 2.38 2.32

0.44 0.38 0.35 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.32 0.32 0.39 0.44

-1.73 -0.01 4.26 10.42 15.20 18.16 20.30 19.61 15.86 10.42 5.46 0.17

5.10 5.32 5.61 5.79 5.55 5.29 4.52 4.33 4.96 5.06 5.04 5.02

8 12 23 51 89 107 232 223 137 46 20 6

VARIABLE

INSOLATION,kWh/m2/day

CLEARNESS,0-1

TEMPERATURE,ºC

WINDSPEED,m/s

PRECIPITATION,mm

climate data

43

square

urbanagric.

logistics

distribution

housing

vendors

urbanag.

(emergent)

urbanag.

(commercial)

markethall

distribution

foodlogistics

multipurpose

rooms

service

circulationsquare

housing

markethall

adjacencies

44

works consulted

Alexander, Christopher, Sara Ishikawa, and Murray Silverstein. A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. N.p.: Oxford University

Press, 1977.

Brown, Denise S and Christina Crane. Asia Beyond Growth: Urbanization in the World’s Fastest-changing Continent. Ed. AECOM. Berkeley,

California: ORO editions, 2010.

• Filled with graphics and images of the ever-expanding metropolises of the East, Asia Beyond Growth analyzes the impact

of the Asian city on social, natural and built environments. Brown, Crane and contributors describe “an emerging world’s

urban moment“ which is a fitting way of expressing the quick and recent explosion in development and urban population.

In response to this rapid change, there is an genuine moral urgency of changing the current patterns of development and

attempting to remedy the issues of urban morphologies throughout Asia.

Darden, Prentiss. Designing Our Way Our of Disaster. n.d. 19 Jan. 2012 <http://prentissdarden.wordpress.com/category/maru-a-pula-

school-botswana/>

Mostafavi, Mohsen and Gareth Doherty. ed. Ecological Urbanism. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller Publishers, 2010.

Nordahl, Darrin. Public Produce. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2009.

• In his book, Public Produce, Darrin Nordahl illustrates the need for food that is cheaper, nutritious, more secure and more

accessible to people of all demographics. More specifically, Nordahl explains that public space should be productive and

that municipalities should provide opportunities for food production methods within the city. Nordahl argues that public

produce builds a sense of place, provides economic assistance, promotes food literacy and good health, and allows for

“serendiptious sustenance,“ returning the public to a more primitive, albeit human, gastronomic experience.

Song, Yan and Chengri Ding. ed. Cambridge, Massachussets: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2007.

• Song, Ding, and contributors present an indepth, policy-based analysis of China’s urbanization and the land use planning

methods across this era of rapid growh. Significant information in the context of agriculture and urban-rural devlepment can

be found in topics relating to urban migration, arable land resources, and farmland protection.

45

Steel, Carolyn. Hungry City. London: Chatto & Windus, 2008.

• From food waste to sustainable farming, Steel investigates the incredibly close relationship between cities and

the food it takes to fuel them. Hungry City is essentially about how cities eat and the impact food production

has on all facets of the environment. Steel discusses food culture and the art of eating in the context of

urbanism. More importantly, Steel illustrates ways in which cities can be designed smarter and more efficiently.

Viljoen, André, Katrin Bohn, and Joe Howe. Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture For Sustainable Cities.

Ed. Amsterdam: Architectural Press, 2005.

• Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes provides an analysis and set of design tools for implementing an urban landscape

that is both productive and conducive to the social and economic contexts as well. While a genuine CPUL has yet to be

established, the evidence and methodology for doing so is provided in this book. Viljoen discusses the myriad benefits that

come with a CPUL and the future this type of planning and design has for sustainable urban-rural development to come.

Several case studies give a glimpse of how a CPUL can be integrated and scaled to the needs of a large urban context.

White, Mason and Maya Przybylksi. On Farming. N.p.: Infranet Lab, n.d.

46

jack thomas

regernerative design thesis studio 2011/2012

university of oregon

dr. hajo neis

contact:

jackhenrythomas@gmail.com

jackhthomas.com

47

你吃饭了吗？have you eaten?