edinburgh lectures on mental science - thomas troward

7/31/2019 Edinburgh Lectures on mental science - THOMAS TROWARD

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bcfb}bftai ut|}b}df? ltv vhd ja|`bc gm

fduv|tevbgc bu eg||du{gcfbcìr dcg|jgtu) acf

vhtu vhd iap gm a}d|a`du ubj{ir odd{u t{ vhdcg|jai {|g{g|vbgc gm vhd |aed# Ltv av vhd gvhd|

dcf gm vhd ueaid) |d{|gftevbgc bu lr cg jdacu

vhtu dcg|jgtuir bc dxeduu gm ut|}b}ai# V|td) vhd|d

bu aj{id ja|`bc gm aeebfdcv acf fbudaud etvvbc`

gmm ctjld|u gm htjac ldbcù ldmg|d vhdr ha}d`gcd vh|gt`h vhd a}d|a`d ft|avbgc gm ibmd) ltv

uvbii bv bu gc a }d|r fbmmd|dcv ueaid m|gj vhd

{|djavt|d fduv|tevbgc gm htcf|dfu gm vhgtuacfu

au aàbcuv vhd ut|}b}ai gm gcd# Bv jar) vhd|dmg|d)

ld vaodc au ac duvalibuhdf maev vhav bc {|g{g|vbgc

au bcvdiib`dced af}acedu vhd bcfb}bftai edaudu vg

ld utlndev vg a jd|d iap gm a}d|a`du acf hau a

egcvbctaiir bce|daubc` {gpd| gm egcv|giibc` vhd

egcfbvbgcu gm hbu gpc ut|}b}ai#

Pd udd) vhd|dmg|d) vhav vhd|d bu a ja|odf

fbuvbcevbgc ldvpddc vhd egujbe bcvdiib`dced acf

vhd bcfb}bftai bcvdiib`dced) acf vhav vhd maevg|

phbeh fbmmd|dcvbavdu vhd iavvd| m|gj vhd mg|jd| bu

vhd {|dudced gm bcfb}bftai }gibvbgc# Cgp vhd

ltubcduu gm Jdcvai Uebdced bu vg aued|vabc vhd



|diavbgc gm vhbu bcfb}bftai {gpd| gm }gibvbgc vg vhd

`|dav egujbe iap phbeh {|g}bfdu mg| vhd

jabcvdcaced acf af}acedjdcv gm vhd |aed? acfvhd {gbcv vg ld ea|dmtiir cgvdf bu vhav vhd {gpd|

gm bcfb}bftai }gibvbgc bu bvudim vhd gtvegjd gm vhd

egujbe d}gitvbgca|r {|bceb{id av vhd {gbcv phd|d

bv |daehdu bvu hb`hduv id}di# Vhd dmmg|v gm Cavt|d

hau aiparu lddc t{pa|fu m|gj vhd vbjd phdcgcir vhd igpduv mg|ju gm ibmd {dg{idf vhd `igld)

acf bv hau cgp etijbcavdf bc vhd {|gftevbgc gm a

ldbc` pbvh a jbcf ea{alid gm aluv|aev |daugcbc`

acf a l|abc mbvvdf vg ld vhd {hrubeai bcuv|tjdcv gm

uteh a jbcf# Av vhbu uva`d vhd aii*e|davbc` Ibmd*

{|bceb{id |d{|gftedu bvudim bc a mg|j ea{alid gm

|deg`cb~bc` vhd pg|obc` gm vhd d}gitvbgca|r iap)

acf vhd tcbvr acf egcvbctbvr gm {t|{gud |tccbc`

vh|gt`h vhd phgid {|g`|duubgc tcvbi cgp

bcfbeavdu) ldrgcf a fgtlv) vhav vhd {iaed gm uteh

a ldbc` bc vhd tcb}d|uai uehdjd jtuv ld vg

bcv|gfted vhd g{d|avbgc gm vhav maevg| phbeh) t{

vg vhbu {gbcv) hau lddc) egcu{betgtu lr bvu

aludced ― vhd maevg|) cajdir) gm bcvdiib`dcv

bcfb}bftai }gibvbgc# Vhd d}gitvbgc phbeh hau

l|gt`hv tu t{ vg vhbu uvacf{gbcv hau pg|odf lr a



egujbe iap gm a}d|a`du? bv hau lddc a {|geduu bc

phbeh vhd bcfb}bftai hbjudim hau cgv vaodc a

egcuebgtu {a|v# Ltv ldeatud hd bu phav hd bu) acfidafu vhd }ac gm vhd d}gitvbgca|r {|geduubgc) bm

jac bu vg d}gi}d mt|vhd|) bv eac cgp gcir ld lr hbu

gpc egcuebgtu eg*g{d|avbgc pbvh vhd iap phbeh

hau l|gt`hv hbj t{ vg vhd uvacf{gbcv phd|d hd bu

alid vg |daib~d vhav uteh a iap dxbuvu# Hbud}gitvbgc bc vhd mtvt|d jtuv ld lr egcuebgtu

{a|vbeb{avbgc bc vhd `|dav pg|o) acf vhbu eac gcir

ld dmmdevdf lr hbu gpc bcfb}bftai bcvdiib`dced acf

dmmg|v# Bv bu a {|geduu gm bcvdiib`dcv `|gpvh# Cg gcd

diud eac `|gp mg| tu> pd jtuv daeh `|gp mg|

gt|udi}du? acf vhbu bcvdiib`dcv `|gpvh egcubuvu bc

gt| bce|daubc` |deg`cbvbgc gm vhd tcb}d|uai iap)

phbeh hau l|gt`hv tu au ma| au pd ha}d rdv `gv)

acf gm gt| gpc bcfb}bftai |diavbgc vg vhav iap)

laudf t{gc vhd maev vhav pd gt|udi}du a|d vhd

jguv af}acedf {|gftev gm bv# Bv bu a `|dav jaxbj

vhav Cavt|d gldru tu {|debudir bc {|g{g|vbgc au

pd mb|uv gldr Cavt|d# Idv vhd didev|bebac v|r vg `g

egtcvd| vg vhd {|bceb{id vhav didev|bebvr jtuv

aiparu {auu m|gj a hb`hd| vg a igpd| {gvdcvbai

acf hd pbii dmmdev cgvhbc`? ltv idv hbj utljbv bc



aii vhbc`u vg vhbu gcd mtcfajdcvai iap) acf hd

eac jaod phavd}d| {a|vbetia| a{{ibeavbgcu gm

didev|beai {gpd| hd pbii#

Vhdud egcubfd|avbgcu uhgp tu vhav phav

fbmmd|dcvbavdu vhd hb`hd| m|gj vhd igpd| fd`|dd gm

bcvdiib`dced bu vhd |deg`cbvbgc gm bvu gpc udim*

hggf) acf vhd jg|d bcvdiib`dcv vhav |deg`cbvbgc

bu) vhd `|davd| pbii ld vhd {gpd|# Vhd igpd|fd`|dd gm udim*|deg`cbvbgc bu vhav phbeh gcir

|daib~du bvudim au ac dcvbvr ud{a|avd m|gj aii gvhd|

dcvbvbdu) au vhd d`g fbuvbc`tbuhdf m|gj vhd cgc*

d`g # Ltv vhd hb`hd| fd`|dd gm udim*|deg`cbvbgc bu

vhav phbeh) |daib~bc` bvu gpc u{b|bvtai cavt|d) uddubc aii gvhd| mg|ju) cgv ug jteh vhd cgc*d`g ) g|

vhav phbeh bu cgv bvudim) au vhd aivd|*d`g ) g| vhav

phbeh bu bvudim bc a fbmmd|dcv jgfd gm dx{|duubgc#

Cgp) bv bu vhbu hb`hd| fd`|dd gm udim*|deg`cbvbgc

vhav bu vhd {gpd| lr phbeh vhd Jdcvai Uebdcvbuv

{|gftedu hbu |dutivu# Mg| vhbu |daugc bv bu

bj{d|avb}d vhav hd uhgtif eida|ir tcfd|uvacf vhd

fbmmd|dced ldvpddc Mg|j acf Ldbc`? vhav vhd gcd

bu vhd jgfd gm vhd |diavb}d acf) vhd ja|o gm

utlndevbgc vg egcfbvbgcu) acf vhav vhd gvhd| bu vhd



v|tvh gm vhd alugitvd acf bu vhav phbeh egcv|giu

egcfbvbgcu#

Cgp vhbu hb`hd| |deg`cbvbgc gm udim au ac

bcfb}bftaib~avbgc gm {t|d u{b|bv jtuv gm cdeduubvr

egcv|gi aii jgfdu gm u{b|bv phbeh ha}d cgv rdv

|daehdf vhd uajd id}di gm udim*|deg`cbvbgc# Vhdud

igpd| jgfdu gm u{b|bv a|d bc lgcfa`d vg vhd iap gm

vhdb| gpc ldbc` ldeatud vhdr fg cgv ocgp vhdiap? acf) vhd|dmg|d) vhd bcfb}bftai phg hau

avvabcdf vg vhbu ocgpidf`d eac egcv|gi vhdj

vh|gt`h vhav iap# Ltv vg tcfd|uvacf vhbu pd jtuv

bcqtb|d a ibvvid mt|vhd| bcvg vhd cavt|d gm u{b|bv# B

ha}d ai|dafr uhgpc vhav vhd `|acf ueaid gm afa{vavbgc acf afntuvjdcv gm aii {a|vu gm vhd

egujbe uehdjd vg gcd acgvhd| dxhblbvu vhd

{|dudced ugjdphd|d gm a ja|}diigtu bcvdiib`dced)

tcfd|irbc` vhd phgid) acf vhd qtduvbgc bu) phd|d

bu vhbu bcvdiib`dced vg ld mgtcf7 Tivbjavdir pd eac

gcir egcedb}d gm bv au bchd|dcv bc ugjd {|bjg|fbai

utluvaced phbeh bu vhd |ggv gm aii vhgud `|guud|

jgfdu gm javvd| phbeh a|d ocgpc vg tu) phdvhd|

}bublid vg vhd {hrubeai drd) g| cdeduua|bir bcmd||df

lr uebdced m|gj vhdb| {d|ed{vblid dmmdevu# Bv bu vhav



{gpd| phbeh) bc d}d|r u{debdu acf bc d}d|r

bcfb}bftai) ldegjdu vhav phbeh vhav u{debdu g|

bcfb}bftai bu? acf vhtu pd eac gcir egcedb}d gm bvau a udim*mg|jbc` bcvdiib`dced bchd|dcv bc vhd

tivbjavd utluvaced gm phbeh daeh vhbc` bu a

{a|vbetia| jacbmduvavbgc# Vhav vhbu {|bjg|fbai

utluvaced jtuv ld egcubfd|df au udim*mg|jbc` lr

ac bchd|dcv bcvdiib`dced albfbc` bc bvudim ldegjdud}bfdcv m|gj vhd maev vhav bcvdiib`dced bu vhd

duudcvbai qtaibvr gm u{b|bv? acf bm pd pd|d vg

egcedb}d gm vhd {|bjg|fbai utluvaced au

ugjdvhbc` a{a|v m|gj u{b|bv) vhdc pd uhgtif ha}d

vg {guvtiavd ugjd gvhd| {gpd| phbeh bu cdbvhd|

u{b|bv cg| javvd|) acf g|b`bcavdu lgvh? ltv vhbu bu

gcir {tvvbc` vhd bfda gm a udim*d}gi}bc` {gpd| a

uvd{ mt|vhd| laeo acf auud|vbc` vhd {|gftevbgc gm

a igpd| `|afd gm tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf u{b|bv lr a

hb`hd|) phbeh bu lgvh a {t|dir `|avtbvgtu

auutj{vbgc acf a egcv|afbevbgc gm acr bfda pd

eac mg|j gm tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf u{b|bv av aii#

Hgpd}d| ma| laeo) vhd|dmg|d) pd jar |did`avd vhd

g|b`bcai uva|vbc`*{gbcv) pd eaccgv a}gbf vhd

egceitubgc vhav) av vhav {gbcv) u{b|bv egcvabcu vhd

{|bja|r utluvaced bc bvudim) phbeh l|bc`u tu laeo



vg vhd egjjgc uvavdjdcv vhav bv jafd d}d|rvhbc`

gtv gm cgvhbc`# Pd vhtu mbcf vpg maevg|u vg vhd

jaobc` gm aii vhbc`u) U{b|bv acf ― Cgvhbc`? acfvhd affbvbgc gm Cgvhbc` vg U{b|bv ida}du gcir

u{b|bv> x / ; : x#

M|gj vhdud egcubfd|avbgcu pd udd vhav vhd

tivbjavd mgtcfavbgc gm d}d|r mg|j gm javvd| bu

u{b|bv) acf hdced vhav a tcb}d|uai bcvdiib`dcedutlubuvu vh|gt`hgtv Cavt|d bchd|dcv bc d}d|r gcd

gm bvu jacbmduvavbgcu# Ltv vhbu e|r{vbe bcvdiib`dced

fgdu cgv ldigc` vg vhd {a|vbetia| mg|j dxed{vbc`

bc vhd jdaut|d bc phbeh bv bu {hrubeaiir mbvvdf mg|

bvu egcedcv|avbgc bcvg udim*|deg`cb~bc`bcfb}bftaibvr> bv ibdu hbffdc bc vhav {|bjg|fbai

utluvaced gm phbeh vhd }bublid mg|j bu a `|guud|

jacbmduvavbgc# Vhbu {|bjg|fbai utluvaced bu a

{hbigug{hbeai cdeduubvr) acf pd eac gcir {bevt|d

bv vg gt|udi}du au ugjdvhbc` bcmbcbvdir mbcd| vhac

vhd avgju phbeh a|d vhdjudi}du a {hbigug{hbeai

bcmd|dced gm {hrubeai uebdced> uvbii) mg| pacv gm a

ldvvd| pg|f) pd jar egc}dcbdcvir u{dao gm vhbu

{|bja|r bcvdiib`dced bchd|dcv bc vhd }d|r

utluvaced gm vhbc`u au vhd Avgjbe Bcvdiib`dced#



Vhd vd|j jar) {d|ha{u) ld g{dc vg ugjd

glndevbgcu) ltv bv pbii ud|}d gt| {|dudcv {t|{gud

au fbuvbc`tbuhbc` vhbu jgfd gm u{b|bv'u bcvdiib`dcedm|gj vhav gm vhd g{{gubvd {gid) g| Bcfb}bftai

Bcvdiib`dced# Vhbu fbuvbcevbgc uhgtif ld ea|dmtiir

cgvdf ldeatud bv bu lr vhd |du{gcud gm vhd avgjbe

bcvdiib`dced vg vhd bcfb}bftai bcvdiib`dced vhav

vhgt`hv*{gpd| bu alid vg {|gfted |dutivu gc vhdjavd|bai {iacd) au bc vhd et|d gm fbudaud lr

jdcvai v|davjdcv) acf vhd ibod# Bcvdiib`dced

jacbmduvu bvudim lr |du{gcub}dcduu) acf vhd phgid

aevbgc gm vhd egujbe jbcf bc l|bc`bc` vhd

d}gitvbgca|r {|geduu m|gj bvu mb|uv ld`bccbc`u t{

vg bvu {|dudcv htjac uva`d bu cgvhbc` diud ltv a

egcvbctai bcvdiib`dcv |du{gcud vg vhd fdjacf

phbeh daeh uva`d bc vhd {|g`|duu hau jafd mg| ac

afntuvjdcv ldvpddc bvudim acf bvu dc}b|gcjdcv#

Ubced) vhdc) pd ha}d |deg`cb~df vhd {|dudced gm a

tcb}d|uai bcvdiib`dced {d|jdavbc` aii vhbc`u) pd

jtuv aiug |deg`cb~d a eg||du{gcfbc`

|du{gcub}dcduu hbffdc fdd{ fgpc bc vhdb| cavt|d

acf |dafr vg ld eaiidf bcvg aevbgc phdc a{{daidf

vg# Aii jdcvai v|davjdcv fd{dcfu gc vhbu

|du{gcub}dcduu gm u{b|bv bc bvu igpd| fd`|ddu vg



hb`hd| fd`|ddu gm bvudim# Bv bu hd|d vhav vhd

fbmmd|dced ldvpddc vhd jdcvai uebdcvbuv acf vhd

tcbcuv|tevdf {d|ugc egjdu bc? vhd mg|jd| ocgpugm vhbu |du{gcub}dcduu acf jaodu tud gm bv) acf

vhd iavvd| eaccgv tud bv ldeatud hd fgdu cgv ocgp

bv#



BBB

VHD TCBVR GM VHD U[B\BV#

Pd ha}d cgp {a}df vhd par mg| tcfd|uvacfbc`

phav bu jdacv lr ,vhd tcbvr gm vhd u{b|bv#, Bc vhd

mb|uv egced{vbgc gm u{b|bv au vhd tcfd|irbc` g|b`bcgm aii vhbc`u pd udd a tcb}d|uai utluvaced phbeh)

av vhbu uva`d) bu cgv fbmmd|dcvbavdf bcvg acr u{debmbe

mg|ju# Vhbu bu cgv a qtduvbgc gm ugjd lr`gcd

vbjd) ltv utlubuvu av d}d|r jgjdcv gm aii vbjd bc

vhd bccd|jguv cavt|d gm aii ldbc`? acf phdc pdudd vhbu) pd udd vhav vhd fb}bubgc ldvpddc gcd

u{debmbe mg|j acf acgvhd| hau ldigp bv a fdd{

duudcvbai tcbvr) phbeh aevu au vhd ut{{g|vd| gm aii

vhd ud}d|ai mg|ju gm bcfb}bftaibvr a|bubc` gtv gm bv#

Acf au gt| vhgt`hv {dcdv|avdu fdd{d| bcvg vhd

cavt|d gm vhbu aii*{|gftebc` u{b|bvtai utluvaced

pd udd vhav bv eaccgv ld ibjbvdf vg acr gcd

{g|vbgc gm u{aed) ltv jtuv ld ibjbviduu au u{aed

bvudim) acf vhav vhd bfda gm acr {g|vbgc gm u{aed

phd|d bv bu cgv bu bcegcedb}alid# Bv bu gcd gm vhgud

bcvtbvb}d {d|ed{vbgcu m|gj phbeh vhd htjac



jbcf eac cd}d| `dv apar vhav vhbu {|bjg|fbai) aii*

`dcd|avbc` ib}bc` u{b|bv jtuv ld egjjdcut|avd

pbvh bcmbcbvtfd) acf pd eac vhd|dmg|d cd}d| vhbco gm bv gvhd|pbud vhac au tcb}d|uai g| bcmbcbvd# Cgp

bv bu a javhdjavbeai v|tvh vhav vhd bcmbcbvd jtuv

ld a tcbvr# Rgt eaccgv ha}d vpg bcmbcbvdu) mg|

vhdc cdbvhd| pgtif ld bcmbcbvd) daeh pgtif ld

ibjbvdf lr vhd gvhd|) cg| eac rgt u{ibv vhd bcmbcbvdt{ bcvg m|aevbgcu# Vhd bcmbcbvd bu javhdjavbeaiir

duudcvbai tcbvr# Vhbu bu a {gbcv gc phbeh vgg jteh

uv|duu eaccgv ld iabf) mg| vhd|d mgiigp m|gj bv vhd

jguv bj{g|vacv egcudqtdcedu# Tcbvr) au uteh)

eac ld cdbvhd| jtivb{ibdf cg| fb}bfdf) mg| dbvhd|

g{d|avbgc fduv|gru vhd tcbvr# Lr jtivb{irbc`) pd

{|gfted a {it|aibvr gm tcbvu gm vhd uajd ueaid au

vhd g|b`bcai? acf lr fb}bfbc`) pd {|gfted a

{it|aibvr gm tcbvu gm a ujaiid| ueaid? acf a

{it|aibvr gm tcbvu bu cgv tcbvr ltv jtivb{ibebvr#

Vhd|dmg|d bm pd pgtif {dcdv|avd ldigp vhd

gtvpa|f cavt|d gm vhd bcfb}bftai vg vhav

bccd|jguv {|bceb{id gm hbu ldbc` m|gj phbeh hbu

bcfb}bftaibvr vaodu bvu |bud) pd eac fg ug gcir lr

{auubc` ldrgcf vhd egced{vbgc gm bcfb}bftai

dxbuvdced bcvg vhav gm vhd tcbvr gm tcb}d|uai ldbc`#



Vhbu jar a{{da| vg ld a jd|dir {hbigug{hbeai

aluv|aevbgc) ltv vhd uvtfdcv phg pgtif {|gfted

{|aevbeai |dutivu jtuv |daib~d vhav vhdud aluv|aev`dcd|aib~avbgcu a|d vhd mgtcfavbgc gm vhd

{|aevbeai pg|o hd bu `gbc` vg fg#

Cgp vhd `|dav maev vg ld |deg`cb~df algtv a tcbvr

bu vhav) ldeatud bv bu a ubcìd tcbv) phd|d}d| bv bu av

aii vhd phgid gm bv jtuv ld# Vhd jgjdcv pd aiigp gt| jbcf vg pacfd| gmm vg vhd bfda gm dxvdcubgc bc

u{aed acf uar vhav gcd {a|v gm vhd tcbv bu hd|d acf

acgvhd| vhd|d) pd ha}d fduedcfdf m|gj vhd bfda

gm tcbvr bcvg vhav gm {a|vu g| m|aevbgcu gm a ubcìd

tcbv) phbeh bu vg {auu bcvg vhd bfda gm ajtivb{ibebvr gm ujaiid| tcbvu) acf bc vhav eaud pd

a|d fdaibc` pbvh vhd |diavb}d) g| vhd |diavbgc

utlubuvbc` ldvpddc vpg g| jg|d dcvbvbdu phbeh

a|d vhd|dmg|d ibjbvdf lr daeh gvhd| ) acf ug ha}d

{auudf gtv gm vhd |d`bgc gm ubj{id tcbvr phbeh bu

vhd alugitvd# Bv bu) vhd|dmg|d) a javhdjavbeai

cdeduubvr vhav) ldeatud vhd g|b`bcavbc` Ibmd*

{|bceb{id bu bcmbcbvd) bv bu a ubcìd tcbv) acf

egcudqtdcvir) phd|d}d| bv bu av aii) vhd phgid gm bv

jtuv ld {|dudcv# Ltv ldeatud bv bu bcmbcbvd ) g|



ibjbviduu) bv bu d}d|rphd|d) acf vhd|dmg|d bv

mgiigpu vhav vhd phgid gm u{b|bv jtuv ld {|dudcv av

d}d|r {gbcv bc u{aed av vhd uajd jgjdcv# U{b|bvbu vhtu gjcb{|dudcv bc bvu dcvb|dvr ) acf bv bu

aeeg|fbc`ir ig`beaiir eg||dev vhav av d}d|r

jgjdcv gm vbjd aii u{b|bv bu egcedcv|avdf av acr

{gbcv bc u{aed vhav pd jar ehggud vg mbx gt|

vhgt`hv t{gc# Vhbu bu vhd mtcfajdcvai maev gm aii ldbc`) acf bv bu mg| vhbu |daugc vhav B ha}d

{|d{a|df vhd par mg| bv lr iarbc` fgpc vhd

|diavbgc ldvpddc u{b|bv acf javvd| au vhav

ldvpddc bfda acf mg|j) gc vhd gcd hacf vhd

alugitvd m|gj phbeh vhd didjdcvu gm vbjd acf

u{aed a|d dcvb|dir aludcv) acf gc vhd gvhd| vhd

|diavb}d phbeh bu dcvb|dir fd{dcfdcv gc vhgud

didjdcvu# Vhbu `|dav maev bu vhav {t|d u{b|bv

egcvbctaiir utlubuvu bc vhd alugitvd) phdvhd| bc a

eg|{g|dai lgfr g| cgv? acf m|gj bv aii vhd

{hdcgjdca gm ldbc` migp) phdvhd| gc vhd jdcvai

{iacd g| vhd {hrubeai# Vhd ocgpidf`d gm vhbu maev

|d`a|fbc` u{b|bv bu vhd laubu gm aii egcuebgtu

u{b|bvtai g{d|avbgc) acf vhd|dmg|d bc {|g{g|vbgc

vg gt| bce|daubc` |deg`cbvbgc gm bv gt| {gpd| gm

{|gftebc` gtvpa|f }bublid |dutivu lr vhd aevbgc gm



gt| vhgt`hv pbii `|gp# Vhd phgid bu `|davd| vhac

bvu {a|v) acf vhd|dmg|d) bm) lr gt| |deg`cbvbgc gm

vhbu tcbvr) pd eac egcedcv|avd aii u{b|bv bcvg acr `b}dc {gbcv av acr jgjdcv) pd vhd|dlr bceitfd

acr bcfb}bftaib~avbgc gm bv vhav pd jar pbuh vg

fdai pbvh# Vhd {|aevbeai bj{g|vaced gm vhbu

egceitubgc bu vgg gl}bgtu vg cddf dcia|`bc` t{gc#

[t|d u{b|bv bu vhd Ibmd*{|bceb{id egcubfd|df a{a|vm|gj vhd jav|bx bc phbeh bv vaodu |diavbgc vg vbjd

acf u{aed bc a {a|vbetia| mg|j# Bc vhbu au{dev bv bu

{t|d bcvdiib`dced tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf bcvg

bcfb}bftaibvr# Au {t|d bcvdiib`dced bv bu bcmbcbvd

|du{gcub}dcduu acf utued{vblbibvr# Au fd}gbf gm |diavbgc vg vbjd acf u{aed bv bu fd}gbf gm

bcfb}bftai {d|ugcaibvr# Bv bu) vhd|dmg|d) bc vhbu

au{dev a {t|dir bj{d|ugcai didjdcv t{gc phbeh)

lr |daugc gm bvu bchd|dcv bcvdiib`dced acf

utued{vblbibvr) pd eac bj{|duu acr |deg`cbvbgc gm

{d|ugcaibvr vhav pd pbii# Vhdud a|d vhd `|dav maevu

vhav vhd jdcvai uebdcvbuv pg|ou pbvh) acf vhd

uvtfdcv pbii fg pdii vg {gcfd| fdd{ir gc vhdb|

ub`cbmbeaced acf gc vhd |du{gcublbibvbdu phbeh

vhdb| |daib~avbgc jtuv cdeduua|bir ea||r pbvh bv#



B]#

UTLNDEVB]D ACF GLNDEVB]D

JBCF#

T{ vg vhbu {gbcv bv hau lddc cdeduua|r vg iar vhd

mgtcfavbgcu gm vhd uebdced lr vhd uvavdjdcv gm hb`hir aluv|aev `dcd|ai {|bceb{idu phbeh pd ha}d

|daehdf lr {t|dir jdva{hrubeai |daugcbc`# Pd

cgp {auu gc vg vhd egcubfd|avbgc gm ed|vabc

cavt|ai iapu phbeh ha}d lddc duvalibuhdf lr a

igc` ud|bdu gm dx{d|bjdcvu acf glud|}avbgcu) vhdmtii jdacbc` acf bj{g|vaced gm phbeh pbii

ldegjd eida| phdc pd udd vhdb| a{{ibeavbgc vg vhd

`dcd|ai {|bceb{idu phbeh ha}d hbvhd|vg geet{bdf

gt| avvdcvbgc# Vhd {hdcgjdca gm hr{cgubu a|d

cgp ug mtiir |deg`cb~df au duvalibuhdf uebdcvbmbe

maevu vhav bv bu qtbvd ut{d|mitgtu vg fbuetuu vhd

qtduvbgc gm vhdb| e|dfblbibvr# Vpg `|dav jdfbeai

uehggiu ha}d lddc mgtcfdf t{gc vhdj) acf bc

ugjd egtcv|bdu vhdr ha}d ldegjd vhd utlndev gm

u{debai id`buiavbgc# Vhd qtduvbgc ldmg|d tu av vhd

{|dudcv far bu) cgv au vg vhd e|dfblbibvr gm vhd



maevu) ltv au vg vhd {|g{d| bcmd|dcedu vg ld f|apc

m|gj vhdj) acf a eg||dev a{{|dhdcubgc gm vhdud

bcmd|dcedu bu gcd gm vhd jguv }aitalid abfu vg vhdjdcvai uebdcvbuv) mg| bv egcmb|ju vhd egceitubgcu

gm {t|dir a {|bg|b |daugcbc` lr ac a||ar gm

dx{d|bjdcvai bcuvacedu phbeh {iaedu vhd

eg||devcduu gm vhgud egceitubgcu ldrgcf fgtlv#

Vhd `|dav v|tvh phbeh vhd uebdced gm hr{cgvbujhau l|gt`hv vg ib`hv bu vhd ftai cavt|d gm vhd

htjac jbcf# Jteh egcmibev dxbuvu ldvpddc

fbmmd|dcv p|bvd|u au vg phdvhd| vhbu ftaibvr |dutivu

m|gj vhd {|dudced gm vpg aevtaiir ud{a|avd jbcfu

bc vhd gcd jac) g| bc vhd aevbgc gm vhd uajd jbcfbc vhd dj{igrjdcv gm fbmmd|dcv mtcevbgcu# Vhbu bu

gcd gm vhgud fbuvbcevbgcu pbvhgtv a fbmmd|dced

phbeh a|d ug {|gibmbe a ugt|ed gm hbcf|aced vg vhd

g{dcbc` gtv gm v|tvh# A jac jtuv ld a ubc`id

bcfb}bftaibvr vg ld a jac av aii) acf) ug) vhd cdv

|dutiv bu vhd uajd phdvhd| pd egcedb}d gm hbu

}a|bdf jgfdu gm jdcvai aevbgc au {|geddfbc`

m|gj a udv gm ud{a|avd jbcfu uv|tc`) ug vg u{dao)

gc vhd vh|daf gm hbu gcd bcfb}bftaibvr acf daeh

afa{vdf vg a {a|vbetia| tud) g| au }a|bdf mtcevbgcu



gm a ubc`id jbcf> bc dbvhd| eaud pd a|d fdaibc`

pbvh a ubc`id bcfb}bftaibvr) acf hgp pd jar

{bevt|d vhd phddi*pg|o gm vhd jdcvai jdehacbujbu jd|dir a qtduvbgc gm phav {bevt|d pbii l|bc` vhd

cavt|d gm bvu aevbgc hgjd vg tu jguv eida|ir#

Vhd|dmg|d) au a javvd| gm egc}dcbdced) B uhaii bc

vhdud idevt|du u{dao gm vhbu ftai aevbgc au vhgt`h

bv {|geddfdf m|gj vpg jbcfu) ac gtvd| acf acbccd|) acf vhd bccd| jbcf pd pbii eaii vhd

utlndevb}d jbcf acf vhd gtvd| vhd glndevb}d) lr

phbeh cajdu vhd fbuvbcevbgc bu jguv m|dqtdcvir

bcfbeavdf bc vhd ibvd|avt|d gm vhd utlndev#

A igc` ud|bdu gm ea|dmti dx{d|bjdcvu lr hb`hir*v|abcdf glud|}d|u) ugjd gm vhdj jdc gm pg|if*

pbfd |d{tvavbgc) hau mtiir duvalibuhdf ed|vabc

|dja|oalid fbmmd|dcedu ldvpddc vhd aevbgc gm vhd

utlndevb}d acf vhav gm vhd glndevb}d jbcf phbeh

jar ld l|bdmir uvavdf au mgiigpu# Vhd utlndevb}d

jbcf bu gcir alid vg |daugc fdftevb}dir acf cgv

bcftevb}dir) phbid vhd glndevb}d jbcf eac fg

lgvh# Fdftevb}d |daugcbc` bu vhd {t|d uriig`buj

phbeh uhgpu phr a vhb|f {|g{gubvbgc jtuv

cdeduua|bir |dutiv bm vpg gvhd|u a|d auutjdf) ltv



phbeh fgdu cgv hdi{ tu vg fdvd|jbcd phdvhd| vhd

vpg bcbvbai uvavdjdcvu a|d v|td g| cgv# Vg

fdvd|jbcd vhbu bu vhd {|g}bced gm bcftevb}d|daugcbc` phbeh f|apu bvu egceitubgcu m|gj vhd

glud|}avbgc gm a ud|bdu gm maevu# Vhd |diavbgc gm

vhd vpg jgfdu gm |daugcbc` bu vhav) mb|uv lr

glud|}bc` a utmmbebdcv ctjld| gm bcuvacedu) pd

bcftevb}dir |daeh vhd egceitubgc vhav a ed|vabc{|bceb{id bu gm `dcd|ai a{{ibeavbgc) acf vhdc pd

dcvd| t{gc vhd fdftevb}d {|geduu lr auutjbc`

vhd v|tvh gm vhbu {|bceb{id acf fdvd|jbcbc` phav

|dutiv jtuv mgiigp bc a {a|vbetia| eaud gc vhd

hr{gvhdubu gm bvu v|tvh# Vhtu fdftevb}d |daugcbc`

{|geddfu gc vhd auutj{vbgc gm vhd eg||devcduu gm

ed|vabc hr{gvhdudu g| ut{{gubvbgcu pbvh phbeh bv

udvu gtv> bv bu cgv egced|cdf pbvh vhd v|tvh g|

maiubvr gm vhgud ut{{gubvbgcu) ltv gcir pbvh vhd

qtduvbgc au vg phav |dutivu jtuv cdeduua|bir

mgiigp ut{{gubc` vhdj vg ld v|td# Bcftevb}d

|daugcbc`? gc vhd gvhd| hacf) bu vhd {|geduu lr

phbeh pd egj{a|d a ctjld| gm ud{a|avd

bcuvacedu pbvh gcd acgvhd| tcvbi pd udd vhd

egjjgc maevg| vhav `b}du |bud vg vhdj aii#

Bcftevbgc {|geddfu lr vhd egj{a|bugc gm maevu)



acf fdftevbgc lr vhd a{{ibeavbgc gm tcb}d|uai

{|bceb{idu# Cgp bv bu vhd fdftevb}d jdvhgf gcir

phbeh bu mgiigpdf lr vhd utlndevb}d jbcf#Bcctjd|alid dx{d|bjdcvu gc {d|ugcu bc vhd

hr{cgvbe uvavd ha}d uhgpc vhav vhd utlndevb}d

jbcf bu tvvd|ir bcea{alid gm jaobc` vhd udidevbgc

acf egj{a|bugc phbeh a|d cdeduua|r vg vhd

bcftevb}d {|geduu) ltv pbii aeed{v acr ut``duvbgc)hgpd}d| maiud) ltv ha}bc` gced aeed{vdf acr

ut``duvbgc) bv bu uv|bevir ig`beai bc fdftebc` vhd

{|g{d| egceitubgcu m|gj bv) acf pg|ou gtv d}d|r

ut``duvbgc vg vhd jbctvduv m|aevbgc gm vhd |dutivu

phbeh migp m|gj bv#

Au a egcudqtdced gm vhbu bv mgiigpu vhav vhd

utlndevb}d jbcf bu dcvb|dir tcfd| vhd egcv|gi gm

vhd glndevb}d jbcf# Pbvh vhd tvjguv mbfdibvr bv

|d{|gftedu acf pg|ou gtv vg bvu mbcai

egcudqtdcedu phavd}d| vhd glndevb}d jbcf

bj{|duudu t{gc bv? acf vhd maevu gm hr{cgvbuj

uhgp vhav bfdau eac ld bj{|duudf gc vhd

utlndevb}d jbcf lr vhd glndevb}d jbcf gm acgvhd|

au pdii au lr vhav gm bvu gpc bcfb}bftaibvr# Vhbu bu

a jguv bj{g|vacv {gbcv) mg| bv bu gc vhbu



ajdcalbibvr vg ut``duvbgc lr vhd vhgt`hv gm

acgvhd| vhav aii vhd {hdcgjdca gm hdaibc`)

phdvhd| {|dudcv g| aludcv) gm vdid{avhr acf vhdibod) fd{dcf# Tcfd| vhd egcv|gi gm vhd {|aevbudf

hr{cgvbuv vhd }d|r {d|ugcaibvr gm vhd utlndev

ldegjdu ehac`df mg| vhd vbjd ldbc`? hd ldibd}du

hbjudim vg ld phavd}d| vhd g{d|avg| vdiiu hbj hd

bu> hd bu a upbjjd| l|dauvbc` vhd pa}du) a lb|fmirbc` bc vhd ab|) a ugifbd| bc vhd vtjtiv gm lavvid)

ac Bcfbac uvdaivhbir v|aeobc` hbu }bevbj> bc uhg|v)

mg| vhd vbjd ldbc`) hd bfdcvbmbdu hbjudim pbvh acr

{d|ugcaibvr vhav bu bj{|duudf t{gc hbj lr vhd

pbii gm vhd g{d|avg|) acf aevu vhd {a|v pbvh

bcbjbvalid aeet|aer# Ltv vhd dx{d|bjdcvu gm

hr{cgvbuj `g mt|vhd| vhac vhbu) acf uhgp vhd

dxbuvdced bc vhd utlndevb}d jbcf gm {gpd|u ma|

v|acuedcfbc` acr dxd|ebudf lr vhd glndevb}d jbcf

vh|gt`h vhd jdfbtj gm vhd {hrubeai udcudu?

{gpd|u gm vhgt`hv*|dafbc`) gm vhgt`hv*

v|acumd|dced) gm eiab|}graced) acf vhd ibod) aii gm

phbeh a|d m|dqtdcvir jacbmduvdf phdc vhd

{avbdcv bu l|gt`hv bcvg vhd hb`hd| jdujd|be uvavd?

acf pd ha}d vhtu dx{d|bjdcvai {|ggm gm vhd

dxbuvdced bc gt|udi}du gm v|acuedcfdcvai maetivbdu



vhd mtii fd}dig{jdcv acf egcuebgtu egcv|gi gm

phbeh pgtif {iaed tu bc a {d|mdevir cdp u{hd|d gm

ibmd#

Ltv bv uhgtif ld cgvdf vhav vhd egcv|gi jtuv

ld gt| gpc acf cgv vhav gm acr dxvd|cai

bcvdiib`dced phdvhd| bc vhd miduh g| gtv gm bv#

Ltv {d|ha{u vhd jguv bj{g|vacv maev phbeh

hr{cgvbe dx{d|bjdcvu ha}d fdjgcuv|avdf bu vhav

vhd utlndevb}d jbcf bu vhd ltbifd| gm vhd lgfr#

Vhd utlndevb}d dcvbvr bc vhd {avbdcv bu alid vg

fba`cgud vhd eha|aevd| gm vhd fbudaud m|gj phbeh

hd bu utmmd|bc` acf vg {gbcv gtv utbvalid |djdfbdu)

bcfbeavbc` a {hrubgig`beai ocgpidf`d dxeddfbc`

vhav gm vhd jguv hb`hir v|abcdf {hrubebacu) acf

aiug a ocgpidf`d gm vhd eg||du{gcfdcedu ldvpddc

fbudaudf egcfbvbgcu gm vhd lgfbir g|`acu acf vhd

javd|bai |djdfbdu phbeh eac ammg|f |dibdm# Acf

m|gj vhbu bv bu ltv a uvd{ mt|vhd| vg vhgudctjd|gtu bcuvacedu bc phbeh bv dcvb|dir

fbu{dcudu pbvh vhd tud gm javd|bai |djdfbdu acf

bvudim pg|ou fb|devir gc vhd g|`acbuj) ug vhav

egj{idvd |duvg|avbgc vg hdaivh mgiigpu au vhd

|dutiv gm vhd ut``duvbgcu gm {d|mdev ugtcfcduu



jafd lr vhd g{d|avg| vg vhd {avbdcv phbid bc vhd

hr{cgvbe uvavd#

Cgp vhdud a|d maevu mtiir duvalibuhdf lr htcf|dfu

gm dx{d|bjdcvu egcftevdf lr a }a|bdvr gm

bc}duvb`avg|u bc fbmmd|dcv {a|vu gm vhd pg|if) acf

m|gj vhdj pd jar f|ap vpg bcmd|dcedu gm vhd

hb`hduv bj{g|vaced> gcd) vhav vhd utlndevb}d

jbcf bu bc bvudim alugitvdir bj{d|ugcai) acf vhdgvhd| vhav bv bu vhd ltbifd| gm vhd lgfr) g| bc gvhd|

pg|fu bv bu vhd e|davb}d {gpd| bc vhd bcfb}bftai#

Vhav bv bu bj{d|ugcai bc bvudim bu uhgpc lr bvu

|dafbcduu vg auutjd acr {d|ugcaibvr vhd

hr{cgvbuv ehggudu vg bj{|duu t{gc bv? acf vhdtca}gbfalid bcmd|dced bu vhav bvu |daib~avbgc gm

{d|ugcaibvr {|geddfu m|gj bvu auugebavbgc pbvh vhd

{a|vbetia| glndevb}d jbcf gm bvu gpc bcfb}bftaibvr#

Phavd}d| {d|ugcaibvr vhd glndevb}d jbcf

bj{|duudu t{gc bv) vhav {d|ugcaibvr bv auutjdu

acf aevu t{ vg? acf ubced bv bu vhd ltbifd| gm vhd

lgfr bv pbii ltbif t{ a lgfr bc eg||du{gcfdced

pbvh vhd {d|ugcaibvr vhtu bj{|duudf t{gc bv#

Vhdud vpg iapu gm vhd utlndevb}d jbcf mg|j vhd

mgtcfavbgc gm vhd axbgj vhav gt| lgfr |d{|dudcvu



vhd a``|d`avd gm gt| ldibdmu# Bm gt| mbxdf ldibdm bu

vhav vhd lgfr bu utlndev vg aii ug|vu gm bcmitdcedu

ldrgcf gt| egcv|gi) acf vhav vhbu) vhav) g| vhdgvhd| urj{vgj uhgpu vhav uteh ac

tcegcv|giialid bcmitdced bu av pg|o t{gc tu) vhdc

vhbu ldibdm bu bj{|duudf t{gc vhd utlndevb}d jbcf)

phbeh lr vhd iap gm bvu cavt|d aeed{vu bv pbvhgtv

qtduvbgc acf {|geddfu vg mauhbgc lgfbir egcfbvbgcu bc aeeg|faced pbvh vhbu ldibdm# A`abc)

bm gt| mbxdf ldibdm bu vhav ed|vabc javd|bai

|djdfbdu a|d vhd gcir jdacu gm et|d) vhdc pd

mbcf bc vhbu ldibdm vhd mgtcfavbgc gm aii jdfbebcd#

Vhd|d bu cgvhbc` tcugtcf bc vhd vhdg|r gm

jdfbebcd? bv bu vhd uv|bevir ig`beai eg||du{gcfdced

pbvh vhd jdaut|d gm ocgpidf`d phbeh vhgud phg

|dir gc bv a|d au rdv alid vg auubjbiavd) acf bv aevu

aeet|avdir bc aeeg|faced pbvh vhdb| ldibdm vhav bc

a ia|`d ctjld| gm eaudu jdfbebcd pbii fg `ggf)

ltv aiug bc jacr bcuvacedu bv mabiu# Vhd|dmg|d) mg|

vhgud phg ha}d cgv rdv |daehdf a jg|d bcvd|bg|

{d|ed{vbgc gm vhd iap gm Cavt|d) vhd hdaibc`

a`dcer gm jdfbebcd bu a jguv }aitalid abf vg vhd

aiid}bavbgc gm {hrubeai jaiafbdu# Vhd d||g| vg ld

egjlavdf bu cgv vhd ldibdm vhav) bc bvu gpc par)



jdfbebcd bu ea{alid gm fgbc` `ggf) ltv vhd ldibdm

vhav vhd|d bu cg hb`hd| g| ldvvd| par#

Vhdc) gc vhd uajd {|bceb{id) bm pd |daib~d vhav vhd

utlndevb}d jbcf bu vhd ltbifd| gm vhd lgfr) acf

vhav vhd lgfr bu utlndev vg cg bcmitdcedu dxed{v

vhgud phbeh |daeh bv vh|gt`h vhd utlndevb}d jbcf)

vhdc phav pd ha}d vg fg bu vg bj{|duu vhbu t{gc

vhd utlndevb}d jbcf acf halbvtaiir vhbco gm bv au amgtcvabc gm {d|{dvtai Ibmd) phbeh bu egcvbctaiir

|dcg}avbc` vhd lgfr lr ltbifbc` bc uv|gc` acf

hdaivhr javd|bai) bc vhd jguv egj{idvd

bcfd{dcfdced gm acr bcmitdcedu gm acr ug|v) ua}d

vhgud gm gt| gpc fdub|d bj{|duudf t{gc gt| gpcutlndevb}d jbcf lr gt| gpc vhgt`hv# Phdc gced

pd mtiir `|au{ vhdud egcubfd|avbgcu pd uhaii udd

vhav bv bu ntuv au daur vg dxvd|caib~d hdaivhr

egcfbvbgcu gm lgfr au vhd egcv|a|r# [|aevbeaiir vhd

{|geduu ajgtcvu vg a ldibdm bc gt| gpc {gpd| gm

ibmd? acf ubced vhbu ldibdm) bm bv ld vhg|gt`hir

fgjbebidf pbvhbc tu) pbii cdeduua|bir {|gfted a

eg||du{gcfbc`ir hdaivhr lgfr) pd uhgtif u{a|d

cg {abcu vg egc}bced gt|udi}du vhav vhd|d a|d

ugtcf acf |daugcalid `|gtcfu mg| hgifbc` bv# Vg



ammg|f a ugibf laubu mg| vhbu egc}bevbgc bu vhd

{t|{gud gm Jdcvai Uebdced#



]#

MT\VHD\ EGCUBFD\AVBGCU

\D@A\FBC@ UTLNDEVB]D ACF

GLNDEVB]D JBCF#

Ac bcvdiib`dcv egcubfd|avbgc gm vhd {hdcgjdca gm hr{cgvbuj pbii uhgp tu vhav phav pd eaii vhd

hr{cgvbe uvavd bu vhd cg|jai uvavd gm vhd

utlndevb}d jbcf# Bv aiparu egcedb}du gm bvudim bc

aeeg|faced pbvh ugjd ut``duvbgc egc}drdf vg bv)

dbvhd| egcuebgtuir g| tcegcuebgtuir vg vhd jgfdgm glndevb}d jbcf phbeh `g}d|cu bv) acf bv `b}du

|bud vg eg||du{gcfbc` dxvd|cai |dutivu# Vhd

alcg|jai cavt|d gm vhd egcfbvbgcu bcftedf lr

dx{d|bjdcvai hr{cgvbuj bu bc vhd |djg}ai gm vhd

cg|jai egcv|gi hdif lr vhd bcfb}bftai'u gpc

glndevb}d jbcf g}d| hbu utlndevb}d jbcf acf vhd

utluvbvtvbgc gm ugjd gvhd| egcv|gi mg| bv) acf vhtu

pd jar uar vhav vhd cg|jai eha|aevd|buvbe gm vhd

utlndevb}d jbcf bu bvu {d|{dvtai aevbgc bc

aeeg|faced pbvh ugjd ug|v gm ut``duvbgc# Bv

ldegjdu vhd|dmg|d a qtduvbgc gm vhd hb`hduv



bj{g|vaced vg fdvd|jbcd bc d}d|r eaud phav vhd

cavt|d gm vhd ut``duvbgc uhaii ld acf m|gj phav

ugt|ed bv uhaii {|geddf? ltv ldmg|d egcubfd|bc`vhd ugt|edu gm ut``duvbgc pd jtuv |daib~d jg|d

mtiir vhd {iaed vaodc lr utlndevb}d jbcf bc vhd

g|fd| gm Cavt|d#

Bm vhd uvtfdcv hau mgiigpdf phav hau lddc uabf

|d`a|fbc` vhd {|dudced gm bcvdiib`dcv u{b|bv{d|}afbc` aii u{aed acf {d|jdavbc` aii javvd|) hd

pbii cgp ha}d ibvvid fbmmbetivr bc |deg`cb~bc` vhbu

aii*{d|}afbc` u{b|bv au tcb}d|uai utlndevb}d jbcf#

Vhav bv eaccgv au tcb}d|uai jbcf ha}d vhd

qtaibvbdu gm glndevb}d jbcf bu }d|r gl}bgtu# Vhdtcb}d|uai jbcf bu vhd e|davb}d {gpd| vh|gt`hgtv

Cavt|d? acf au vhd g|b`bcavbc` {gpd| bv jtuv mb|uv

`b}d |bud vg vhd }a|bgtu mg|ju bc phbeh glndevb}d

jbcf |deg`cb~du bvu gpc bcfb}bftaibvr) ldmg|d

vhdud bcfb}bftai jbcfu eac |d*aev t{gc bv? acf

hdced) au {t|d u{b|bv g| mb|uv eatud ) bv eaccgv

{guublir ld acrvhbc` diud vhac utlndevb}d jbcf?

acf vhd maev phbeh hau lddc altcfacvir {|g}df

lr dx{d|bjdcv vhav vhd utlndevb}d jbcf bu vhd

ltbifd| gm vhd lgfr uhgpu tu vhav vhd {gpd| gm



e|davbc` lr `|gpvh m|gj pbvhbc bu vhd duudcvbai

eha|aevd|buvbe gm vhd utlndevb}d jbcf# Hdced) lgvh

m|gj dx{d|bjdcv acf m|gj a {|bg|b |daugcbc`) pdjar uar vhav phd|d*d}d| pd mbcf e|davb}d {gpd|

av pg|o vhd|d pd a|d bc vhd {|dudced gm utlndevb}d

jbcf) phdvhd| bv ld pg|obc` gc vhd `|acf ueaid gm

vhd egujgu) g| gc vhd jbcbavt|d ueaid gm vhd

bcfb}bftai# Pd jar vhd|dmg|d iar bv fgpc au a{|bceb{id vhav vhd tcb}d|uai aii*{d|jdavbc`

bcvdiib`dced) phbeh hau lddc egcubfd|df bc vhd

udegcf acf vhb|f udevbgcu) bu {t|dir utlndevb}d

jbcf) acf vhd|dmg|d mgiigpu vhd iap gm utlndevb}d

jbcf) cajdir vhav bv bu ajdcalid vg acr

ut``duvbgc) acf pbii ea||r gtv acr ut``duvbgc vhav

bu bj{|duudf t{gc bv vg bvu jguv |b`g|gtuir ig`beai

egcudqtdcedu# Vhd bceaietialid bj{g|vaced gm

vhbu v|tvh jar cgv {d|ha{u uv|bod vhd uvtfdcv av

mb|uv ub`hv) ltv a ibvvid egcubfd|avbgc pbii uhgp

hbj vhd dcg|jgtu {guublbibvbdu vhav a|d uvg|df t{

bc bv) acf bc vhd egceitfbc` udevbgc B uhaii l|bdmir

vgteh t{gc vhd }d|r ud|bgtu egceitubgcu |dutivbc`

m|gj bv# Mg| vhd {|dudcv bv pbii ld utmmbebdcv vg

|daib~d vhav vhd utlndevb}d jbcf bc gt|udi}du

bu vhd uajd utlndevb}d jbcf phbeh bu av pg|o



vh|gt`hgtv vhd tcb}d|ud `b}bc` |bud vg vhd

bcmbcbvtfd gm cavt|ai mg|ju pbvh phbeh pd a|d

ut||gtcfdf) acf bc ibod jaccd| `b}bc` |bud vg gt|udi}du aiug # Bv jar ld eaiidf vhd ut{{g|vd| gm

gt| bcfb}bftaibvr? acf pd jar iggudir u{dao gm

gt| bcfb}bftai utlndevb}d jbcf au gt| {d|ugcai

uha|d bc vhd tcb}d|uai jbcf# Vhbu) gm egt|ud) fgdu

cgv bj{ir vhd u{ibvvbc` t{ gm vhd tcb}d|uai jbcfbcvg m|aevbgcu) acf bv bu vg a}gbf vhbu d||g| vhav B

ha}d fbuetuudf vhd duudcvbai tcbvr gm u{b|bv bc vhd

vhb|f udevbgc) ltv bc g|fd| vg a}gbf vgg hb`hir

aluv|aev egced{vbgcu bc vhd {|dudcv uva`d gm vhd

uvtfdcv'u {|g`|duu pd jar egc}dcbdcvir dj{igr

vhd bfda gm a {d|ugcai uha|d bc vhd tcb}d|uai

utlndevb}d jbcf#

Vg |daib~d gt| bcfb}bftai utlndevb}d jbcf bc vhbu

jaccd| pbii hdi{ tu vg `dv g}d| vhd `|dav

jdva{hrubeai fbmmbetivr phbeh jddvu tu bc gt|

dcfda}gt| vg jaod egcuebgtu tud gm mb|uv eatud)

bc gvhd| pg|fu vg e|davd dxvd|cai |dutivu lr vhd

{gpd| gm gt| gpc vhgt`hv# Tivbjavdir vhd|d eac

ld gcir gcd mb|uv eatud phbeh bu vhd tcb}d|uai

jbcf) ltv ldeatud bv bu tcb}d|uai bv eaccgv) au



tcb}d|uai ) aev gc vhd {iacd gm vhd bcfb}bftai acf

{a|vbetia|# Mg| bv vg fg ug pgtif ld mg| bv vg edaud

vg ld tcb}d|uai acf vhd|dmg|d edaud vg ld vhde|davb}d {gpd| phbeh pd pbuh vg dj{igr# Gc vhd

gvhd| hacf) vhd maev vhav pd a|d pg|obc` mg| a

u{debmbe fdmbcbvd glndev bj{ibdu gt| bcvdcvbgc vg

tud vhbu tcb}d|uai {gpd| bc a{{ibeavbgc vg a

{a|vbetia| {t|{gud) acf vhtu pd mbcf gt|udi}dubc}gi}df bc vhd {a|afgx gm uddobc` vg jaod vhd

tcb}d|uai aev gc vhd {iacd gm vhd {a|vbetia|# Pd

pacv vg dmmdev a ntcevbgc ldvpddc vhd vpg

dxv|djdu gm vhd ueaid gm Cavt|d) vhd bccd|jguv

e|davb}d u{b|bv acf a {a|vbetia| dxvd|cai mg|j#

Ldvpddc vhdud vpg bu a `|dav `tim) acf vhd

qtduvbgc bu hgp bu bv vg ld l|bf`df g}d|# Bv bu hd|d)

vhdc) vhav vhd egced{vbgc gm gt| bcfb}bftai

utlndevb}d jbcf au gt| {d|ugcai uha|d bc vhd

tcb}d|uai utlndevb}d jbcf ammg|fu vhd jdacu gm

jddvbc` vhd fbmmbetivr) mg| gc vhd gcd hacf bv bu bc

bjjdfbavd egccdevbgc pbvh vhd tcb}d|uai jbcf)

acf gc vhd gvhd| bv bu bjjdfbavd egccdevbgc pbvh

vhd bcfb}bftai glndevb}d) g| bcvdiidevtai jbcf? acf

vhbu bc bvu vt|c bu bc bjjdfbavd egccdevbgc pbvh

vhd pg|if gm dxvd|caib~avbgc) phbeh bu egcfbvbgcdf



bc vbjd acf u{aed? acf vhtu vhd |diavbgc ldvpddc

vhd utlndevb}d acf glndevb}d jbcfu bc vhd

bcfb}bftai mg|ju vhd l|bf`d phbeh bu cddfdf vgegccdev vhd vpg dxv|djbvbdu gm vhd ueaid#

Vhd bcfb}bftai utlndevb}d jbcf jar vhd|dmg|d ld

|dà|fdf au vhd g|àc gm vhd Alugitvd bc {|debudir

vhd uajd par vhav vhd glndevb}d jbcf bu vhd g|àc

gm vhd \diavb}d) acf bv bu bc g|fd| vg |d`tiavd gt|tud gm vhdud vpg g|àcu vhav bv bu cdeduua|r vg

tcfd|uvacf phav vhd vd|ju ,alugitvd, acf

,|diavb}d, aevtaiir jdac# Vhd alugitvd bu vhav bfda

gm a vhbc` phbeh egcvdj{iavdu bv au dxbuvbc` bc

bvudim acf cgv bc |diavbgc vg ugjdvhbc` diud) vhav buvg uar) phbeh egcvdj{iavdu vhd duudced gm bv? acf

vhd |diavb}d bu vhav bfda gm a vhbc` phbeh

egcvdj{iavdu bv au |diavdf vg gvhd| vhbcù) vhav bu

vg uar au eb|etjue|bldf lr a ed|vabc dc}b|gcjdcv#

Vhd alugitvd bu vhd |d`bgc gm eatudu) acf vhd

|diavb}d bu vhd |d`bgc gm egcfbvbgcu? acf hdced) bm

pd pbuh vg egcv|gi egcfbvbgcu) vhbu eac gcir ld

fgcd lr gt| vhgt`hv*{gpd| g{d|avbc` gc vhd

{iacd gm vhd alugitvd) phbeh bv eac fg gcir

vh|gt`h vhd jdfbtj gm vhd utlndevb}d jbcf# Vhd



egcuebgtu tud gm vhd e|davb}d {gpd| gm vhgt`hv

egcubuvu bc vhd avvabcjdcv gm vhd {gpd| gm

Vhbcobc` bc vhd Alugitvd) acf vhbu eac gcir ldavvabcdf lr a eida| egced{vbgc gm vhd bcvd|aevbgc

ldvpddc gt| fbmmd|dcv jdcvai mtcevbgcu# Mg| vhbu

{t|{gud vhd uvtfdcv eaccgv vgg uv|gc`ir bj{|duu

t{gc hbjudim vhav utlndevb}d jbcf) gc phavd}d|

ueaid) bu bcvdcudir udcubvb}d vg ut``duvbgc) acf aue|davb}d {gpd| pg|ou aeet|avdir vg vhd

dxvd|caib~avbgc gm vhav ut``duvbgc phbeh bu jguv

fdd{ir bj{|duudf t{gc bv# Bm vhdc) pd pgtif vaod

acr bfda gtv gm vhd |daij gm vhd |diavb}d) phd|d bv

bu ibjbvdf acf |duv|bevdf lr egcfbvbgcu bj{gudf

t{gc bv vh|gt`h ut||gtcfbc` eb|etjuvacedu) acf

v|acumd| bv vg vhd |daij gm vhd alugitvd phd|d bv bu

cgv vhtu ibjbvdf) a |b`hv |deg`cbvbgc gm gt|

jdcvai egcuvbvtvbgc pbii dcalid tu vg fg vhbu lr a

eida|ir fdmbcdf jdvhgf#

Vhd glndev gm gt| fdub|d bu cdeduua|bir mb|uv

egcedb}df lr tu au lda|bc` ugjd |diavbgc vg

dxbuvbc` eb|etjuvacedu) phbeh jar) g| jar cgv)

a{{da| ma}gt|alid vg bv? acf phav pd pacv vg fg

bu vg dibjbcavd vhd didjdcv gm egcvbc`dcer acf



avvabc ugjdvhbc` phbeh bu ed|vabc bc bvudim# Vg fg

vhbu bu vg pg|o t{gc vhd {iacd gm vhd alugitvd)

acf mg| vhbu {t|{gud pd jtuv dcfda}gt| vgbj{|duu t{gc gt| utlndevb}d jbcf vhd bfda gm

vhav phbeh pd fdub|d qtbvd a{a|v m|gj acr

egcfbvbgcu# Vhbu ud{a|avbgc m|gj vhd didjdcvu gm

egcfbvbgc bj{ibdu vhd dibjbcavbgc gm vhd bfda gm

vbjd ) acf egcudqtdcvir pd jtuv vhbco gm vhdvhbc` au ai|dafr bc aevtai dxbuvdced# Tciduu pd fg

vhbu pd a|d cgv egcuebgtuir g{d|avbc` t{gc vhd

{iacd gm vhd alugitvd) acf a|d vhd|dmg|d cgv

dj{igrbc` vhd e|davb}d {gpd| gm gt| vhgt`hv# Vhd

ubj{iduv {|aevbeai jdvhgf gm `abcbc` vhd halbv gm

vhbcobc` bc vhbu jaccd| bu vg egcedb}d vhd

dxbuvdced bc vhd u{b|bvtai pg|if gm a u{b|bvtai

{|gvgvr{d gm d}d|r dxbuvbc` vhbc`) phbeh ldegjdu

vhd |ggv gm vhd eg||du{gcfbc` dxvd|cai dxbuvdced#

Bm pd vhtu halbvtavd gt|udi}du vg iggo gc vhd

u{b|bvtai {|gvgvr{d au vhd duudcvbai ldbc` gm vhd

vhbc`) acf vhd javd|bai mg|j au vhd `|gpvh gm vhbu

{|gvgvr{d bcvg gtvpa|f dx{|duubgc) vhdc pd uhaii

udd vhav vhd bcbvbai uvd{ vg vhd {|gftevbgc gm acr

dxvd|cai maev jtuv ld vhd e|davbgc gm bvu u{b|bvtai

{|gvgvr{d# Vhbu {|gvgvr{d) ldbc` {t|dir u{b|bvtai)



eac gcir ld mg|jdf lr vhd g{d|avbgc gm vhgt`hv )

acf bc g|fd| vg ha}d utluvaced gc vhd u{b|bvtai

{iacd bv jtuv ld vhgt`hv gm au aevtaiir dxbuvbc`vhd|d# Vhbu egced{vbgc hau lddc dialg|avdf lr

[iavg bc hbu fgev|bcd gm a|ehdvr{ai bfdau) acf lr

Updfdclg|` bc hbu fgev|bcd gm eg||du{gcfdcedu?

acf a uvbii `|davd| vdaehd| hau uabf ,Aii vhbc`u

phavugd}d| rd {|ar acf auo mg|) ldibd}d vhav rdha}d |dedb}df vhdj) acf rd uhaii |dedb}d vhdj#,

(Ja|o xb# <6) \#]#" Vhd fbmmd|dced gm vhd vdcudu bc

vhbu {auua`d bu |dja|oalid# Vhd u{daod| lbfu tu

mb|uv vg ldibd}d vhav gt| fdub|d hau ai|dafr lddc

mtimbiidf) vhav bv bu a vhbc` ai|dafr aeegj{ibuhdf)

acf vhdc bvu aeegj{ibuhjdcv pbii mgiigp au a

vhbc` bc vhd mtvt|d# Vhbu bu cgvhbc` diud vhac a

egcebud fb|devbgc mg| jaobc` tud gm vhd e|davb}d

{gpd| gm vhgt`hv lr bj{|duubc` t{gc vhd

tcb}d|uai utlndevb}d jbcf vhd {a|vbetia| vhbc`

phbeh pd fdub|d au ac ai|dafr dxbuvbc` maev# Bc

mgiigpbc` vhbu fb|devbgc pd a|d vhbcobc` gc vhd

{iacd gm vhd alugitvd acf dibjbcavbc` m|gj gt|

jbcfu aii egcubfd|avbgc gm egcfbvbgcu) phbeh

bj{ir ibjbvavbgc acf vhd {guublbibvr gm af}d|ud

egcvbc`dcebdu? acf pd a|d vhtu {iacvbc` a uddf



phbeh) bm idmv tcfbuvt|ldf) pbii bcmaiiblir

`d|jbcavd bcvg dxvd|cai m|tbvbgc#

Lr vhtu jaobc` bcvdiib`dcv tud gm gt| utlndevb}d

jbcf) pd) ug vg u{dao) e|davd a cteidtu ) phbeh bu

cg uggcd| e|davdf vhac bv ld`bcu vg dxd|ebud ac

avv|aevb}d mg|ed) f|apbc` vg bvudim javd|bai gm a

ibod eha|aevd| pbvh bvu gpc) acf bm vhbu {|geduu bu

aiigpdf vg `g gc tcfbuvt|ldf) bv pbii egcvbctdtcvbi ac dxvd|cai mg|j eg||du{gcfbc` vg vhd

cavt|d gm vhd cteidtu egjdu gtv bcvg

jacbmduvavbgc gc vhd {iacd gm vhd glndevb}d acf

|diavb}d# Vhbu bu vhd tcb}d|uai jdvhgf gm Cavt|d

gc d}d|r {iacd# Ugjd gm vhd jguv af}acedfvhbcod|u bc jgfd|c {hrubeai uebdced) bc vhd

dcfda}gt| vg {|gld vhd `|dav jruvd|r gm vhd mb|uv

g|b`bc gm vhd pg|if) ha}d {guvtiavdf vhd

mg|javbgc gm phav vhdr eaii ,}g|vdx |bc`u, mg|jdf

m|gj ac bcmbcbvdir mbcd {|bjg|fbai utluvaced#

Vhdr vdii tu vhav bm uteh a |bc` ld gced mg|jdf gc

vhd jbctvduv ueaid acf udv |gvavbc`) vhdc) ubced bv

pgtif ld jg}bc` bc {t|d dvhd| acf utlndev vg cg

m|bevbgc) bv jtuv aeeg|fbc` vg aii ocgpc iapu gm

{hrubeu ld bcfduv|tevblid acf bvu jgvbgc



{d|{dvtai# Idv vpg uteh |bcù a{{|gaeh daeh

gvhd|) acf lr vhd iap gm avv|aevbgc) vhdr pgtif

egaidued bcvg a phgid) acf ug gc tcvbi jacbmduvdfjavvd| au pd a{{|dhdcf bv pbvh gt| dxvd|cai

udcudu) bu av iauv mg|jdf# Gm egt|ud cg gcd hau

d}d| uddc vhdud |bcù pbvh vhd {hrubeai drd# Vhdr

a|d gcd gm vhgud aluv|aevbgcu phbeh |dutiv bm pd

mgiigp gtv vhd glud|}df iap gm {hrubeu acf vhdtca}gbfalid udqtdcedu gm javhdjavbeu vg vhdb|

cdeduua|r egcudqtdcedu# Pd eaccgv aeegtcv mg|

vhd vhbcù vhav pd eac udd tciduu pd auutjd vhd

dxbuvdced gm gvhd| vhbcù phbeh pd eaccgv ? acf

vhd ,}g|vdx vhdg|r, bu gcd gm vhdud auutj{vbgcu#

Vhbu vhdg|r hau cgv lddc {tv mg|pa|f lr jdcvai

uebdcvbuvu ltv lr {t|dir {hrubeai uebdcvbuvu au vhd

tivbjavd egceitubgc vg phbeh vhdb| |duda|ehdu

ha}d idf vhdj) acf vhbu egceitubgc bu vhav aii vhd

bcctjd|alid mg|ju gm Cavt|d ha}d vhdb| g|b`bc bc

vhd bcmbcbvdir jbctvd cteidtu gm vhd }g|vdx |bc`)

lr phavd}d| jdacu vhd }g|vdx |bc` jar ha}d

|dedb}df bvu bcbvbai bj{tiud) a qtduvbgc pbvh phbeh

{hrubeai uebdced) au uteh) bu cgv egced|cdf#



Au vhd }g|vdx vhdg|r aeegtcvu mg| vhd mg|javbgc

gm vhd bcg|àcbe pg|if) ug fgdu lbgig`r aeegtcv

mg| vhd mg|javbgc gm vhd ib}bc` g|àcbuj# Vhavaiug hau bvu g|b`bc bc a {|bja|r cteidtu phbeh) au

uggc au bv bu duvalibuhdf) g{d|avdu au a edcv|d gm

avv|aevbgc mg| vhd mg|javbgc gm aii vhgud {hrubeai

g|àcu gm phbeh vhd {d|mdev bcfb}bftai bu

egj{gudf# Vhd uebdced gm djl|rgig`r uhgpu vhavvhbu |tid hgifu `ggf pbvhgtv dxed{vbgc

vh|gt`hgtv vhd phgid |ac`d gm vhd acbjai pg|if)

bceitfbc` jac? acf lgvacr uhgpu vhd uajd

{|bceb{id av pg|o vh|gt`hgtv vhd }d`dvalid pg|if#

Aii l|acehdu gm {hrubeai uebdced fdjgcuv|avd vhd

maev vhav d}d|r egj{idvdf jacbmduvavbgc) gm

phavd}d| obcf acf gc phavd}d| ueaid) bu uva|vdf

lr vhd duvalibuhjdcv gm a cteidtu) bcmbcbvdir ujaii

ltv dcfgpdf pbvh ac tcqtdcehalid dcd|`r gm

avv|aevbgc) eatubc` bv vg uvdafbir bce|daud bc {gpd|

acf fdmbcbvdcduu gm {t|{gud) tcvbi vhd {|geduu gm

`|gpvh bu egj{idvdf acf vhd javt|df mg|j

uvacfu gtv au ac aeegj{ibuhdf maev# Cgp bm vhbu ld

vhd tcb}d|uai jdvhgf gm Cavt|d) vhd|d bu cgvhbc`

tccavt|ai bc ut{{gubc` vhav bv jtuv ld`bc bvu

g{d|avbgc av a uva`d mt|vhd| laeo vhac vhd



mg|javbgc gm vhd javd|bai cteidtu# Au uggc au

vhav bu eaiidf bcvg ldbc` bv ld`bcu vg g{d|avd lr

vhd iap gm avv|aevbgc gc vhd javd|bai {iacd? ltv phav bu vhd mg|ed phbeh g|b`bcavdu vhd javd|bai

cteidtu7 Idv a |dedcv pg|o gc {hrubeai uebdced

`b}d tu vhd acupd|? ,Bc bvu tivbjavd duudced)

dcd|`r jar ld bcegj{|dhdcublid lr tu dxed{v au

ac dxhblbvbgc gm vhd fb|dev g{d|avbgc gm vhav phbeh pd eaii Jbcf g| Pbii#, Vhd qtgvavbgc bu

m|gj a egt|ud gm idevt|du gc ,Pa}du bc Pavd|) Ab|

acf Ívhd|), fdib}d|df bc 12;<) av vhd \grai

Bcuvbvtvbgc) lr N# A# Midjbc`# Hd|d) vhdc) bu vhd

vduvbjgcr gm {hrubeai uebdced vhav vhd g|b`bcavbc`

dcd|`r bu Jbcf g| Pbii? acf pd a|d) vhd|dmg|d) cgv

gcir jaobc` a ig`beai fdftevbgc m|gj ed|vabc

tca}gbfalid bcvtbvbgcu gm vhd htjac jbcf) ltv

a|d aiug mgiigpbc` gc vhd ibcdu gm vhd jguv

af}acedf {hrubeai uebdced) phdc pd uar vhav vhd

aevbgc gm Jbcf {iacvu vhav cteidtu phbeh) bm

aiigpdf vg `|gp tcfbuvt|ldf) pbii d}dcvtaiir

avv|aev vg bvudim aii vhd egcfbvbgcu cdeduua|r mg| bvu

jacbmduvavbgc bc gtvpa|f }bublid mg|j# Cgp vhd

gcir aevbgc gm Jbcf bu Vhgt`hv? acf bv bu mg| vhbu

|daugc vhav lr gt| vhgt`hvu pd e|davd



eg||du{gcfbc` dxvd|cai egcfbvbgcu) ldeatud pd

vhd|dlr e|davd vhd cteidtu phbeh avv|aevu vg bvudim

bvu gpc eg||du{gcfdcedu bc ftd g|fd| tcvbi vhdmbcbuhdf pg|o bu jacbmduvdf gc vhd dxvd|cai

{iacd# Vhbu bu aeeg|fbc` vg vhd uv|bevir uebdcvbmbe

egced{vbgc gm vhd tcb}d|uai iap gm `|gpvh? acf pd

jar vhd|dmg|d l|bdmir utj t{ vhd phgid a|`tjdcv

lr uarbc` vhav gt| vhgt`hv gm acrvhbc` mg|ju au{b|bvtai {|gvgvr{d gm bv) vhtu egcuvbvtvbc` a

cteidtu g| edcv|d gm avv|aevbgc mg| aii egcfbvbgcu

cdeduua|r vg bvu d}dcvtai dxvd|caib~avbgc lr a iap

gm `|gpvh bchd|dcv bc vhd {|gvgvr{d bvudim#



]B#

VHD IAP GM @\GPVH#

A EG\\DEV tcfd|uvacfbc` gm vhd iap gm `|gpvh

bu gm vhd hb`hduv bj{g|vaced vg vhd uvtfdcv gm

Jdcvai Uebdced# Vhd `|dav maev vg ld |daib~df|d`a|fbc` Cavt|d bu vhav bv bu cavt|ai# Pd jar

{d|}d|v vhd g|fd| gm Cavt|d) ltv bv pbii {|d}abi bc

vhd igc` |tc) |dvt|cbc`) au Hg|aed uaru) lr vhd

laeo fgg| d}dc vhgt`h pd f|b}d bv gtv pbvh a

{bvehmg|o? acf vhd ld`bccbc`) vhd jbffid) acf vhddcf gm vhd iap gm Cavt|d bu vhd {|bceb{id gm

`|gpvh m|gj a }bvaibvr bchd|dcv bc vhd dcvbvr bvudim#

Bm pd |daib~d vhbu m|gj vhd gtvudv pd uhaii cgv

tcfg gt| gpc pg|o lr dcfda}gt|bc` vg mg|ed

vhbc`u vg ldegjd vhav phbeh lr vhdb| gpc cavt|d

vhdr a|d cgv# Mg| vhbu |daugc phdc vhd Lblid uaru

vhav ,hd phg ldibd}dvh uhaii cgv jaod hauvd), bv bu

dctcebavbc` a `|dav cavt|ai {|bceb{id vhav

uteeduu) fd{dcfu gc gt| tubc`) acf cgv g{{gubc`)

vhd tcb}d|uai iap gm `|gpvh# Cg fgtlv vhd `|davd|

vhd }bvaibvr pd {tv bcvg vhd `d|j) phbeh pd ha}d



a`|ddf vg eaii vhd u{b|bvtai {|gvgvr{d) vhd qtbeod|

bv pbii `d|jbcavd? ltv vhbu bu ubj{ir ldeatud lr a

jg|d |daib~bc` egced{vbgc pd {tv jg|d `|gpbc`*{gpd| bcvg vhd uddf vhac pd fg lr a mddlid|

egced{vbgc# Gt| jbuvaodu aiparu d}dcvtaiir

|dugi}d vhdjudi}du bcvg fbuv|tuvbc` vhd iap gm

`|gpvh# Dbvhd| pd macer pd eac hauvdc bv lr ugjd

dxd|vbgc gm gt| gpc m|gj pbvhgtv ) acf a|d vhtuidf bcvg ht||r acf acxbdvr) cgv vg uar ugjdvbjdu

bcvg vhd dj{igrjdcv) gm `|bd}gtuir p|gc`

jdvhgfu? g| diud pd `b}d t{ aii hg{d acf ug fdcr

vhd `d|jbcavbc` {gpd| gm vhd uddf pd ha}d

{iacvdf# Vhd |dutiv bc dbvhd| eaud bu vhd uajd) mg|

bc dbvhd| eaud pd a|d bc dmmdev mg|jbc` a m|duh

u{b|bvtai {|gvgvr{d gm ac g{{gubvd eha|aevd| vg

gt| fdub|d) phbeh vhd|dmg|d cdtv|aib~du vhd gcd

mb|uv mg|jdf) acf fbubcvd`|avdu bv acf tut|{u bvu

{iaed# Vhd iap bu aiparu vhd uajd) vhav gt|

Vhgt`hv mg|ju a u{b|bvtai {|gvgvr{d phbeh) bm idmv

tcfbuvt|ldf) pbii |d{|gfted bvudim bc dxvd|cai

eb|etjuvacedu? vhd gcir fbmmd|dced bu bc vhd ug|v

gm {|gvgvr{d pd mg|j) acf vhtu d}bi bu l|gt`hv vg

tu lr {|debudir vhd uajd iap au `ggf#



Vhdud egcubfd|avbgcu pbii `|davir ubj{ibmr gt|

bfdau gm ibmd# Pd ha}d cg igc`d| vg egcubfd| vpg

mg|edu) ltv gcir gcd) au ldbc` vhd eatud gm aiivhbcù? vhd fbmmd|dced ldvpddc `ggf acf d}bi

|dutivbc` ubj{ir m|gj vhd fb|devbgc bc phbeh vhbu

mg|ed bu jafd vg migp# Bv bu a tcb}d|uai iap vhav bm

pd |d}d|ud vhd aevbgc gm a eatud pd av vhd uajd

vbjd |d}d|ud vhd dmmdev# Pbvh vhd uajd a{{a|avtu pd eac egjjdced lr jdehacbeai jgvbgc phbeh

pbii `dcd|avd didev|bebvr) g| pd eac egjjdced

pbvh didev|bebvr phbeh pbii `dcd|avd jdehacbeai

jgvbgc? g| vg vaod a ubj{id a|bvhjdvbeai bcuvaced>

bm 1;< : 4) vhdc 1;4 : <? acf vhd|dmg|d bm pd

gced |deg`cb~d vhd {gpd| gm vhgt`hv vg {|gfted

acr |dutivu av aii) pd uhaii udd vhav vhd iap lr

phbeh cdàvb}d vhgt`hv {|gftedu cdàvb}d |dutivu

bu vhd uajd lr phbeh {gubvb}d vhgt`hv {|gftedu

{gubvb}d |dutivu# Vhd|dmg|d aii gt| fbuv|tuv gm vhd

iap gm `|gpvh) phdvhd| uhgpc bc vhd acxbgtu

dcfda}gt| vg l|bc` {|duut|d vg lda| m|gj

pbvhgtv) g| bc aiigpbc` fdu{ab| vg vaod vhd {iaed

gm ehdd|mti dx{devavbgc) bu |d}d|ubc` vhd aevbgc gm

vhd g|b`bcai eatud acf egcudqtdcvir |d}d|ubc` vhd

cavt|d gm vhd |dutivu# Bv bu mg| vhbu |daugc vhav vhd



Lblid) phbeh bu vhd jguv fdd{ir geetiv gm aii

lggou) egcvbctaiir iaru ug jteh uv|duu t{gc vhd

dmmbebdcer gm mabvh acf vhd fduv|tevb}d bcmitdced gm tcldibdm? acf bc ibod jaccd|) aii lggou gc d}d|r

l|aceh gm u{b|bvtai uebdced dj{havbeaiir pa|c tu

a`abcuv vhd afjbuubgc gm fgtlv g| mda|# Vhdr a|d

vhd bc}d|ubgc gm vhd {|bceb{id phbeh ltbifu t{)

acf vhdr a|d vhd|dmg|d vhd {|bceb{id phbeh {tiiufgpc? ltv vhd Iap bvudim cd}d| ehac`du) acf bv bu

gc vhd tcehac`dalidcduu gm vhd iap vhav aii

Jdcvai Uebdced bu mgtcfdf# Pd a|d aeetuvgjdf vg

|daib~d vhd tcehac`dalidcduu gm cavt|ai iap bc

gt| d}d|r far ibmd) acf bv uhgtif vhd|dmg|d cgv ld

fbmmbetiv vg |daib~d vhav vhd uajd

tcehac`dalidcduu gm iap phbeh glvabcu gc vhd

}bublid ubfd gm cavt|d glvabcu gc vhd bc}bublid ubfd

au pdii# Vhd }a|balid maevg| bu) cgv vhd iap) ltv

gt| gpc }gibvbgc? acf bv bu lr egjlbcbc` vhbu

}a|balid maevg| pbvh vhd bc}a|balid gcd vhav pd

eac {|gfted vhd }a|bgtu |dutivu pd fdub|d# Vhd

{|bceb{id gm `|gpvh bu vhav gm bchd|dcv }bvaibvr bc

vhd uddf bvudim) acf vhd g{d|avbgcu gm vhd `a|fdcd|

ha}d vhdb| dxaev acaig`td bc Jdcvai Uebdced# Pd

fg cgv {tv vhd udim*dx{acub}d }bvaibvr bcvg vhd



uddf) ltv pd jtuv ugp bv) acf pd jar aiug) ug vg

u{dao) pavd| bv lr qtbdv egcedcv|avdf

egcvdj{iavbgc gm gt| fdub|d au ac aevtaiir aeegj{ibuhdf maev# Ltv pd jtuv ea|dmtiir |djg}d

m|gj uteh egcvdj{iavbgc acr bfda gm a uv|dctgtu

dmmg|v gc gt| {a|v vg jaod vhd uddf `|gp# Bvu

dmmbeaer bu bc hdi{bc` vg odd{ gtv vhgud cd`avb}d

vhgt`hvu gm fgtlv phbeh pgtif {iacv va|duajgc` gt| phdav) acf vhd|dmg|d) bcuvdaf gm

acrvhbc` gm dmmg|v) uteh egcvdj{iavbgc uhgtif ld

aeegj{acbdf lr a mddibc` gm {idaut|d acf

|duvmticduu bc mg|duddbc` vhd ed|vabc

aeegj{ibuhjdcv gm gt| fdub|du# Vhbu bu vhav

jaobc` gt| |dqtduvu ocgpc vg @gf pbvh

vhacou`b}bc` phbeh Uv# [ati |degjjdcfu) acf bv

hau bvu |daugc bc vhav {d|mdev phgidcduu gm vhd

Iap gm Ldbc` phbeh gcir cddfu gt| |deg`cbvbgc gm

bv vg ld tudf lr tu vg acr dxvdcv pd pbuh#

Ugjd {dg{id {guuduu vhd {gpd| gm }butaib~avbgc)

g| jaobc` jdcvai {bevt|du gm vhbc`u) bc a `|davd|

fd`|dd vhac gvhd|u) acf lr uteh vhbu maetivr jar

af}acva`dgtuir ld dj{igrdf vg maebibvavd vhdb|

|daib~avbgc gm vhd pg|obc` gm vhd Iap# Ltv vhgud



phg fg cgv {guuduu vhbu maetivr bc acr ja|odf

fd`|dd) cddf cgv ld fbuegt|a`df lr vhdb| pacv gm

bv) mg| }butaib~avbgc bu cgv vhd gcir par gm |daib~bc` vhav vhd iap bu av pg|o gc vhd bc}bublid

{iacd# Vhgud phgud jdcvai lbau bu vgpa|fu

{hrubeai uebdced uhgtif |daib~d vhbu Iap gm

@|gpvh au vhd e|davb}d mg|ed vh|gt`hgtv aii

cavt|d? acf vhgud phg ha}d a javhdjavbeai vt|cgm jbcf jar |dmidev vhav aii ugibfu a|d `dcd|avdf

m|gj vhd jg}djdcv gm a {gbcv) phbeh) au gt| gif

m|bdcf Dteibf vdiiu tu) bu vhav phbeh hau cg {a|vu

cg| ja`cbvtfd) acf bu vhd|dmg|d au egj{idvd ac

aluv|aevbgc au acr u{b|bvtai cteidtu egtif ld# Vg

tud vhd a{guvgibe pg|fu) pd a|d fdaibc` pbvh vhd

utluvaced gm vhbcù cgv uddc) acf pd ha}d vg

avvabc vhav halbv gm jbcf lr phbeh pd uhaii udd bvu

|daibvr acf mddi vhav pd a|d jdcvaiir

jacb{tiavbc` vhd gcir utluvaced vhd|d tivbjavdir

bu) acf gm phbeh aii }bublid vhbcù a|d gcir

fbmmd|dcv jgfdu# Pd jtuv vhd|dmg|d |dà|f gt|

jdcvai e|davbgcu au u{b|bvtai |daibvbdu acf vhdc

bj{ibebvir v|tuv vhd Iap gm @|gpvh vg fg vhd |duv#



]BB#

\DED[VB]BVR#

Bc g|fd| vg iar vhd mgtcfavbgcu mg| {|aevbeai pg|o)

vhd uvtfdcv jtuv dcfda}gt| vg `dv a eida|

egced{vbgc gm phav bu jdacv lr vhd bcvdiib`dced gm tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf u{b|bv# Pd pacv vg `|au{ vhd bfda

gm bcvdiib`dced a{a|v m|gj bcfb}bftaibvr) ac bfda

phbeh bu |avhd| a{v vg ditfd tu tcvbi pd `|gp

aeetuvgjdf vg bv# Bv bu vhd mabit|d vg |daib~d vhbu

qtaibvr gm u{b|bv vhav hau `b}dc |bud vg aii vhdvhdgig`beai d||g|u vhav ha}d l|gt`hv lbvvd|cduu

bcvg vhd pg|if acf hau lddc {|gjbcdcv ajgc`uv

vhd eatudu phbeh ha}d |dva|fdf vhd v|td

fd}dig{jdcv gm jacobcf# Vg aeet|avdir egc}dr

vhbu egced{vbgc bc pg|fu) bu {d|ha{u) bj{guublid)

acf vg avvdj{v fdmbcbvbgc bu vg bcv|gfted vhav }d|r

bfda gm ibjbvavbgc phbeh bu gt| glndev vg a}gbf# Bv

bu a javvd| gm mddibc` |avhd| vhac gm fdmbcbvbgc? rdv

ugjd dcfda}gt| jtuv ld jafd vg bcfbeavd vhd

fb|devbgc bc phbeh pd jtuv mddi mg| vhbu `|dav

v|tvh bm pd a|d vg mbcf bv# Vhd bfda bu vhav gm



|daib~bc` {d|ugcaibvr pbvhgtv vhav udimhggf phbeh

fbmmd|dcvbavdu gcd bcfb}bftai m|gj acgvhd|# ,B aj

cgv vhav gvhd| ldeatud B aj jrudim,**vhbu bu vhdfdmbcbvbgc gm bcfb}bftai udimhggf? ltv bv

cdeduua|bir bj{a|vu vhd bfda gm ibjbvavbgc)

ldeatud vhd |deg`cbvbgc gm acr gvhd| bcfb}bftaibvr

av gced ammb|ju a {gbcv av phbeh gt| gpc

bcfb}bftaibvr edaudu acf vhd gvhd| ld`bcu# Cgp vhbu jgfd gm |deg`cbvbgc eaccgv ld avv|bltvdf vg

vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf# Mg| bv vg |deg`cb~d a {gbcv

phd|d bvudim edaudf acf ugjdvhbc` diud ld`ac

pgtif ld vg |deg`cb~d bvudim au cgv tcb}d|uai? mg|

vhd jdacbc` gm tcb}d|uaibvr bu vhd bceitfbc` gm aii

vhbc`u) acf vhd|dmg|d mg| vhbu bcvdiib`dced vg

|deg`cb~d acrvhbc` au ldbc` gtvubfd bvudim pgtif

ld a fdcbai gm bvu gpc ldbc`# Pd jar vhd|dmg|d

uar pbvhgtv hdubvavbgc vhav) phavd}d| jar ld vhd

cavt|d gm bvu bcvdiib`dced) bv jtuv ld dcvb|dir

fd}gbf gm vhd didjdcv gm udim*|deg`cbvbgc au ac

bcfb}bftai {d|ugcaibvr gc acr ueaid phavd}d|#

Uddc bc vhbu ib`hv bv bu av gced eida| vhav vhd

g|b`bcavbc` aii*{d|}afbc` U{b|bv bu vhd `|acf

bj{d|ugcai {|bceb{id gm Ibmd phbeh `b}du |bud vg

aii vhd {a|vbetia| jacbmduvavbgcu gm Cavt|d# Bvu



alugitvd bj{d|ugcaicduu) bc vhd udcud gm vhd

dcvb|d aludced gm acr egcuebgtucduu gm bcfb}bftai

udimhggf) bu a {gbcv gc phbeh bv bu bj{guublid vgbcubuv vgg uv|gc`ir# Vhd avv|bltvbc` gm ac

bj{guublid bcfb}bftaibvr vg vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf bu

gcd gm vhd vpg `|acf d||g|u phbeh pd mbcf

ua{{bc` vhd mgtcfavbgcu gm |dib`bgc acf

{hbigug{hr bc aii a`du# Vhd gvhd| egcubuvu bc|tuhbc` vg vhd g{{gubvd dxv|djd acf fdcrbc` vhd

qtaibvr gm {d|ugcai bcvdiib`dced vg vhd Tcb}d|uai

Jbcf# Vhd acupd| vg vhbu d||g| |djabcu) au gm gif)

bc vhd ubj{id qtduvbgc) ,Hd vhav jafd vhd drd

uhaii Hd cgv udd7 Hd vhav {iacvdf vhd da| uhaii Hd

cgv hda|7,**g| vg tud a {g{tia| {|g}d|l) ,Rgt

eaccgv `dv gtv gm a la` jg|d vhac vhd|d bu bc bv?,

acf egcudqtdcvir vhd maev vhav pd gt|udi}du a|d

edcv|du gm {d|ugcai bcvdiib`dced bu {|ggm vhav vhd

bcmbcbvd) m|gj phbeh vhdud edcv|du a|d

egcedcv|avdf) jtuv ld bcmbcbvd bcvdiib`dced) acf

vhtu pd eaccgv a}gbf avv|bltvbc` vg bv vhd vpg

maevg|u phbeh egcuvbvtvd {d|ugcaibvr) cajdir)

bcvdiib`dced acf }gibvbgc# Pd a|d vhd|dmg|d

l|gt`hv vg vhd egceitubgc vhav vhbu tcb}d|uaiir

fbmmtudf duudced) phbeh pd jb`hv vhbco gm au a



ug|v gm u{b|bvtai {|gvg{iauj) jtuv {guuduu aii vhd

qtaibvbdu gm {d|ugcaibvr pbvhgtv vhav egcuebgtu

|deg`cbvbgc gm udim phbeh egcuvbvtvdu ud{a|avdbcfb}bftaibvr> acf ubced vhd pg|f ,{d|ugcaibvr,

hau ldeajd ug auugebavdf bc gt| g|fbca|r vaio

pbvh vhd bfda gm ,bcfb}bftaibvr, bv pbii {d|ha{u ld

ldvvd| vg egbc a cdp pg|f) acf u{dao gm vhd

{d|ugcaicduu gm vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf au bcfbeavbc`bvu {d|ugcai qtaibvr ) a{a|v m|gj bcfb}bftaibvr# Pd

jtuv |daib~d vhav vhbu tcb}d|uai u{b|bv {d|jdavdu

aii u{aed acf aii jacbmduvdf utluvaced) ntuv au

{hrubeai uebdcvbuvu vdii tu vhav vhd dvhd| fgdu) acf

vhav phd|d}d| bv bu) vhd|d bv jtuv ea||r pbvh bv aii

vhav bv bu bc bvu gpc ldbc`? acf pd uhaii vhdc udd

vhav pd a|d bc vhd jbfuv gm ac gedac gm

tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf rdv bcvdiib`dcv Ibmd) alg}d)

ldigp) acf aii a|gtcf) acf {d|jdavbc` gt|udi}du

lgvh jdcvaiir acf eg|{g|daiir) acf aii gvhd|

ldbc`u au pdii#

@|aftaiir au pd egjd vg |daib~d vhd v|tvh gm vhbu

uvavdjdcv) gt| drdu pbii ld`bc vg g{dc vg bvu

bjjdcud ub`cbmbeaced# Bv jdacu vhav aii Cavt|d bu

{d|}afdf lr ac bcvd|bg| {d|ugcaicduu) bcmbcbvd bc



bvu {gvdcvbaibvbdu gm bcvdiib`dced) |du{gcub}dcduu)

acf {gpd| gm dx{|duubgc) acf gcir pabvbc` vg ld

eaiidf bcvg aevb}bvr lr gt| |deg`cbvbgc gm bv# Lr vhdvd|ju gm bvu cavt|d bv eac |du{gcf vg tu gcir au pd

|deg`cb~d bv# Bm pd a|d av vhav bcvdiidevtai id}di

phd|d pd eac udd cgvhbc` ltv ehaced `g}d|cbc`

vhd pg|if) vhdc vhbu tcfd|irbc` tcb}d|uai jbcf

pbii {|dudcv vg tu cgvhbc` ltv a mg|vtbvgtuegcmitdced gm mg|edu pbvhgtv acr bcvdiib`blid

g|fd|# Bm pd a|d utmmbebdcvir af}acedf vg udd vhav

uteh a egcmitdced egtif gcir {|gfted a ehagu)

acf cgv a egujgu) vhdc gt| egced{vbgcu dx{acf

vg vhd bfda gm tcb}d|uai Iap) acf pd mbcf vhbu vg

ld vhd cavt|d gm vhd aii*tcfd|irbc` {|bceb{id# Pd

ha}d jafd ac bjjdcud af}aced m|gj vhd |daij

gm jd|d aeebfdcv bcvg a pg|if phd|d vhd|d a|d

fdmbcbvd {|bceb{idu gc phbeh pd eac eaietiavd pbvh

ed|vabcvr phdc pd ocgp vhdj # Ltv hd|d bu vhd

e|tebai {gbcv# Vhd iapu gm vhd tcb}d|ud a|d vhd|d)

ltv pd a|d b`cg|acv gm vhdj) acf gcir vh|gt`h

dx{d|bdced `abcdf lr |d{davdf mabit|du eac pd `dv

acr bcub`hv bcvg vhd iapu pbvh phbeh pd ha}d vg

fdai# Hgp {abcmti daeh uvd{ acf hgp uigp vhd

{|g`|duu! Ígcu t{gc ígcu pgtif cgv utmmbed vg



`|au{ aii vhd iapu gm vhd tcb}d|ud bc vhdb| vgvaibvr)

cgv bc vhd }bublid pg|if gcir) ltv aiug bc vhd pg|if

gm vhd tcuddc? daeh mabit|d vg ocgp vhd v|td iap bj{ibdu utmmd|bc` a|bubc` m|gj gt| b`cg|acv

l|daeh gm bv? acf vhtu) ubced Cavt|d bu bcmbcbvd) pd

a|d jdv lr vhd {a|afgx vhav pd jtuv bc ugjd par

egcv|b}d vg egj{auu vhd ocgpidf`d gm vhd bcmbcbvd

pbvh gt| bcfb}bftai bcvdiib`dced) acf pd jtuv{d|mg|j a {bi`|bja`d aigc` ac tcedaubc` ]ba

Fgig|gua ldcdavh vhd iauh gm vhd bcdxg|alid Iap

tcvbi pd mbcf vhd ugitvbgc vg vhd {|glidj# Ltv bv

pbii ld auodf) Jar pd cgv `g gc tcvbi av iauv pd

avvabc vhd {guuduubgc gm aii ocgpidf`d7 [dg{id fg

cgv |daib~d phav bu jdacv lr ,vhd bcmbcbvd), g|

vhdr pgtif cgv auo uteh qtduvbgcu# Vhd bcmbcbvd bu

vhav phbeh bu ibjbviduu acf dxhatuviduu# Bja`bcd

vhd }auvduv ea{aebvr rgt pbii) acf ha}bc` mbiidf bv

pbvh vhd bcmbcbvd) phav |djabcu gm vhd bcmbcbvd bu

ntuv au bcmbcbvd au ldmg|d# Vg vhd javhdjavbebac

vhbu jar ld {tv }d|r eida|ir# \abud x vg acr {gpd|

rgt pbii) acf hgpd}d| }auv jar ld vhd fbu{a|bvr

ldvpddc bv acf vhd igpd| {gpd|u gm x ) lgvh a|d

dqtaiir bcegjjdcut|avd pbvh x c # Vhd tcb}d|uai

|db`c gm Iap bu a ja`cbmbedcv v|tvh? bv bu gcd gm



vhd vpg `|dav {biia|u gm vhd tcb}d|ud urjlgib~df

lr vhd vpg {biia|u vhav uvggf av vhd dcv|aced vg

Ugigjgc'u vdj{id> bv bu Naehbc) ltv Naehbc jtuv ld dqtbibl|bavdf lr Lga~#

Bv bu ac dcft|bc` v|tvh) phbeh eac cd}d| ld

aivd|df) vhav d}d|r bcm|aevbgc gm vhd Iap gm Cavt|d

jtuv ea||r bvu {tcbvb}d egcudqtdcedu pbvh bv# Pd

eac cd}d| `dv ldrgcf vhd |ac`d gm eatud acfdmmdev# Vhd|d bu cg duea{bc` m|gj vhd iap gm

{tcbuhjdcv) dxed{v lr ocgpidf`d# Bm pd ocgp a

iap gm Cavt|d acf pg|o pbvh bv) pd uhaii mbcf bv

gt| tcmabibc` m|bdcf) d}d| |dafr vg ud|}d tu) acf

cd}d| |dltobc` tu mg| {auv mabit|du? ltv bm pdb`cg|acvir g| pbimtiir v|acu`|duu bv) bv bu gt|

bj{iaealid dcdjr) tcvbi pd a`abc ldegjd

gldfbdcv vg bv? acf vhd|dmg|d vhd gcir |dfdj{vbgc

m|gj {d|{dvtai {abc acf ud|}bvtfd bu lr a udim*

dx{acubgc phbeh eac `|au{ bcmbcbvtfd bvudim# Hgp

bu vhbu vg ld aeegj{ibuhdf7 Lr gt| {|g`|duu vg

vhav obcf acf fd`|dd gm bcvdiib`dced lr phbeh pd

|daib~d vhd bchd|dcv {d|ugcaicduu gm vhd fb}bcd

aii*{d|}afbc` Ibmd) phbeh bu av gced vhd Iap acf

vhd Utluvaced gm aii vhav bu# Pdii uabf vhd Ndpbuh



|allbu gm gif) ,Vhd Iap bu a [d|ugc#, Phdc pd

gced |daib~d vhav vhd tcb}d|uai Ibmd acf vhd

tcb}d|uai Iap a|d gcd pbvh vhd tcb}d|uai[d|ugcaicduu) vhdc pd ha}d duvalibuhdf vhd {biia|

Lga~ au vhd cddfdf egj{idjdcv vg Naehbc? acf

phdc pd mbcf vhd egjjgc {gbcv bc phbeh vhdud

vpg tcbvd) pd ha}d |abudf vhd \grai A|eh vh|gt`h

phbeh pd jar v|btj{hacvir dcvd| vhd Vdj{id# Pd jtuv fbuugebavd vhd Tcb}d|uai [d|ugcaicduu

m|gj d}d|r egced{vbgc gm bcfb}bftaibvr# Vhd

tcb}d|uai eac cd}d| ld vhd bcfb}bftai> vhav pgtif

ld a egcv|afbevbgc bc vd|ju# Ltv ldeatud vhd

tcb}d|uai {d|ugcaicduu bu vhd |ggv gm aii

bcfb}bftai {d|ugcaibvbdu) bv mbcfu bvu hb`hduv

dx{|duubgc bc |du{gcud vg vhgud phg |daib~d bvu

{d|ugcai cavt|d# Acf bv bu vhbu |deg`cbvbgc vhav

ugi}du vhd uddjbc`ir bcugitlid {a|afgx# Vhd gcir

par vg avvabc vhav ocgpidf`d gm vhd Bcmbcbvd Iap

phbeh pbii ehac`d vhd ]ba Fgig|gua bcvg vhd [avh

gm Ngr bu vg djlgfr bc gt|udi}du a {|bceb{id gm

ocgpidf`d egjjdcut|avd pbvh vhd bcmbcbvtfd gm

vhav phbeh bu vg ld ocgpc? acf vhbu bu

aeegj{ibuhdf lr |daib~bc` vhav) bcmbcbvd au vhd iap

bvudim) bu a tcb}d|uai Bcvdiib`dced bc vhd jbfuv gm



phbeh pd migav au bc a ib}bc` gedac# Bcvdiib`dced

pbvhgtv bcfb}bftai {d|ugcaibvr) ltv phbeh) bc

{|gftebc` tu) egcedcv|avdu bvudim bcvg vhd{d|ugcai bcfb}bftaibvbdu phbeh pd a|d# Phav

uhgtif ld vhd |diavbgc gm uteh ac bcvdiib`dced

vgpa|fu tu7 Cgv gcd gm ma}gt|bvbuj> cgv acr

jg|d vhac vhd Iap eac bv |du{dev gcd {d|ugc

alg}d acgvhd|) mg| bvudim bu vhd |ggv acf ut{{g|vmg| daeh aibod# Cgv gcd gm |dmtuai vg gt| af}acedu?

mg| pbvhgtv bcfb}bftaibvr bv eac ha}d cg {d|ugcai

glndev gm bvu gpc vg egcmibev pbvh gt|u? acf ubced bv

bu bvudim vhd g|b`bc gm aii bcfb}bftai bcvdiib`dced) bv

eaccgv ld uhtv gmm lr bcalbibvr vg tcfd|uvacf# Lr

vhd }d|r vd|ju gm bvu ldbc`) vhd|dmg|d) vhbu

bcmbcbvd) tcfd|irbc`) aii*{|gftebc` Jbcf jtuv ld

|dafr bjjdfbavdir vg |du{gcf vg aii phg |daib~d

vhdb| v|td |diavbgc vg bv# Au vhd }d|r {|bceb{id gm

Ibmd bvudim bv jtuv ld bcmbcbvdir utued{vblid vg

mddibc`) acf egcudqtdcvir bv pbii |d{|gfted pbvh

alugitvd aeet|aer phavd}d| egced{vbgc gm bvudim

pd bj{|duu t{gc bv? acf hdced bm pd |daib~d vhd

htjac jbcf au vhav uva`d bc vhd d}gitvbgc gm vhd

egujbe g|fd| av phbeh ac bcfb}bftaibvr hau a|budc

ea{alid gm dx{|duubc`) cgv jd|dir vhd ib}bc`cduu)



ltv aiug vhd {d|ugcaicduu gm vhd tcb}d|uai

tcfd|irbc` u{b|bv) vhdc pd udd vhav bvu jguv

{d|mdev jgfd gm udim*dx{|duubgc jtuv ld lr bfdcvbmrbc` bvudim pbvh vhdud bcfb}bftai

{d|ugcaibvbdu#

Vhd bfdcvbmbeavbgc bu) gm egt|ud) ibjbvdf lr vhd

jdaut|d gm vhd bcfb}bftai bcvdiib`dced) jdacbc`)

cgv jd|dir vhd bcvdiidevtai {d|ed{vbgc gm vhdudqtdced gm eatud acf dmmdev) ltv aiug vhav

bcfdue|blalid |deb{|gebvr gm mddibc` lr phbeh pd

bcuvbcevb}dir |deg`cb~d ugjdvhbc` bc acgvhd|

jaobc` vhdj aobc vg gt|udi}du? acf ug bv bu vhav

phdc pd bcvdiib`dcvir |daib~d vhav vhd bccd|jguv{|bceb{id gm ldbc`) jtuv lr |daugc gm bvu

tcb}d|uaibvr) ha}d a egjjgc cavt|d pbvh gt|

gpc) vhdc pd ha}d ugi}df vhd {a|afgx gm

tcb}d|uai ocgpidf`d) mg| pd ha}d |daib~df gt|

bfdcvbvr gm ldbc` pbvh vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf) phbeh

bu egjjdcut|avd pbvh vhd Tcb}d|uai Iap# Vhtu

pd a||b}d av vhd v|tvh gm Uv# Nghc'u uvavdjdcv) ,Rd

ocgp aii vhbc`u), gcir vhbu ocgpidf`d bu {|bja|bir

gc vhd u{b|bvtai {iacd# Bv bu cgv l|gt`hv gtv bcvg

bcvdiidevtai uvavdjdcv phdvhd| cddfdf g| cgv? mg|



bv bu cgv bc bvudim vhd u{debmbe ocgpidf`d gm

{a|vbetia| maevu) ltv bv bu vhd tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf

{|bceb{id gm ocgpidf`d phbeh pd jar fbmmd|dcvbavd bc acr fb|devbgc vhav pd ehggud# Vhbu

bu a {hbigug{hbeai cdeduubvr gm vhd eaud) mg|

vhgt`h vhd aevbgc gm vhd bcfb}bftai jbcf egcubuvu

bc fbmmd|dcvbavbc` vhd tcb}d|uai bcvg {a|vbetia|

a{{ibeavbgcu) vg fbmmd|dcvbavd vhd phgid tcb}d|uai pgtif ld a egcv|afbevbgc bc vd|ju? acf ug)

ldeatud pd eaccgv dxhatuv vhd bcmbcbvd) gt|

{guuduubgc gm bv jtuv egcubuv bc gt| {gpd| vg

fbmmd|dcvbavd bv au vhd geeaubgc jar |dqtb|d) vhd

gcir ibjbv ldbc` vhav phbeh pd gt|udi}du auub`c vg

vhd jacbmduvavbgc#

Bc vhbu par) vhdc) vhd |deg`cbvbgc gm vhd

egjjtcbvr gm {d|ugcaibvr ldvpddc gt|udi}du acf

vhd tcb}d|uai tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf U{b|bv) phbeh bu vhd

|ggv acf utluvaced gm aii vhbcù) ugi}du vhd

qtduvbgc gm gt| |didaud m|gj vhd b|gc `|au{ gm ac

bcmidxblid Iap) cgv lr al|gàvbc` vhd Iap) phbeh

pgtif jdac vhd accbhbiavbgc gm aii vhbcù) ltv lr

{|gftebc` bc tu ac bcvdiib`dced dqtai bc ammbcbvr

pbvh vhd tcb}d|uai Iap bvudim) acf vhtu dcalibc`



tu vg a{{|dhdcf acf jddv vhd |dqtb|djdcvu gm

vhd Iap bc daeh {a|vbetia| au bv a|budu# Bc vhbu par

vhd Egujbe Bcvdiib`dced ldegjdu bcfb}bftaib~df)acf vhd bcfb}bftai bcvdiib`dced ldegjdu

tcb}d|uaib~df? vhd vpg ldeajd gcd) acf bc

{|g{g|vbgc au vhbu tcbvr bu |daib~df acf aevdf gc)

bv pbii ld mgtcf vhav vhd Iap) phbeh `b}du |bud vg

aii gtvpa|f egcfbvbgcu) phdvhd| gm lgfr g| gm eb|etjuvacedu) ldegjdu jg|d acf jg|d eida|ir

tcfd|uvggf) acf eac vhd|dmg|d ld jg|d m|ddir

jafd tud gm) ug vhav lr uvdafr) bcvdiib`dcv

dcfda}gt| vg tcmgif t{gc vhdud ibcdu pd jar

|daeh fd`|ddu gm {gpd| vg phbeh bv bu bj{guublid

vg auub`c acr ibjbvu# Vhd uvtfdcv phg pgtif

tcfd|uvacf vhd |avbgcaid gm vhd tcmgifjdcv gm hbu

gpc {guublbibvbdu jtuv jaod cg jbuvaod hd|d# Hd

jtuv |daib~d vhav vhd phgid {|geduu bu vhav gm

l|bc`bc` vhd tcb}d|uai pbvhbc vhd `|au{ gm vhd

bcfb}bftai lr |abubc` vhd bcfb}bftai vg vhd id}di gm

vhd tcb}d|uai acf cgv }bed*}d|ua# Bv bu a

javhdjavbeai v|tbuj vhav rgt eaccgv egcv|aev

vhd bcmbcbvd) acf vhav rgt eac dx{acf vhd

bcfb}bftai? acf bv bu {|debudir gc vhdud ibcdu vhav

d}gitvbgc pg|ou# Vhd iapu gm cavt|d eaccgv ld



aivd|df bc vhd idauv fd`|dd? ltv pd eac egjd bcvg

uteh a |daib~avbgc gm gt| gpc |diavbgc vg vhd

tcb}d|uai {|bceb{id gm Iap vhav tcfd|ibdu vhdj auvg ld alid vg {|duu aii {a|vbetia| iapu) phdvhd| gm

vhd }bublid g| bc}bublid ubfd gm Cavt|d) bcvg gt|

ud|}bed acf ug mbcf gt|udi}du jauvd|u gm vhd

ubvtavbgc# Vhbu bu vg ld aeegj{ibuhdf lr

ocgpidf`d? acf vhd gcir ocgpidf`d phbeh pbiidmmdev vhbu {t|{gud bc aii bvu jdaut|diduu

bjjdcubvr bu vhd ocgpidf`d gm vhd {d|ugcai

didjdcv bc Tcb}d|uai U{b|bv bc bvu |deb{|gebvr vg

gt| gpc {d|ugcaibvr# Gt| |deg`cbvbgc gm vhbu

U{b|bv jtuv vhd|dmg|d ld vpgmgif) au vhd {|bceb{id

gm cdeduua|r udqtdced) g|fd| g| Iap) acf aiug au

vhd {|bceb{id gm Bcvdiib`dced) |du{gcub}d vg gt|

gpc |deg`cbvbgc gm bv#



]BBB#

\DEB[\GEAI AEVBGC GM VHD

TCB]D\UAI ACF BCFB]BFTAI

JBCFU#

Bv jtuv ld afjbvvdf vhav vhd mg|d`gbc`

egcubfd|avbgcu l|bc` tu vg vhd lg|fd|u gm

vhdgig`beai u{detiavbgc) ltv vhd uvtfdcv jtuv

lda| bc jbcf vhav au a Jdcvai Uebdcvbuv bv bu hbu

ltubcduu vg |d`a|f d}dc vhd jguv dxaivdf u{b|bvtai

{hdcgjdca m|gj a {t|dir uebdcvbmbe uvacf{gbcv)

phbeh bu vhav gm vhd pg|obc` gm a tcb}d|uai cavt|ai

Iap# Bm hd vhtu ubj{ir fdaiu pbvh vhd maevu au hd

mbcfu vhdj) vhd|d bu ibvvid fgtlv vhav vhd v|td

jdacbc` gm jacr vhdgig`beai uvavdjdcvu pbii

ldegjd eida| vg hbj> ltv hd pbii fg pdii vg iar bv

fgpc au a `dcd|ai |tid vhav bv bu cgv cdeduua|r

dbvhd| vg vhd tud g| tcfd|uvacfbc` gm acr iap)

phdvhd| gc vhd {d|ugcai g| vhd bj{d|ugcai ubfd

gm Cavt|d) vhav pd uhgtif `b}d a vhdgig`beai



dx{iacavbgc gm bv> aivhgt`h) vhd|dmg|d) vhd

{d|ugcai qtaibvr bchd|dcv bc vhd tcb}d|uai

tcfd|irbc` u{b|bv) phbeh bu {|dudcv bc aii vhbc`u)

eaccgv ld vgg uv|gc`ir bcubuvdf t{gc) pd jtuv

|djdjld| vhav bc fdaibc` pbvh bv pd a|d uvbii

fdaibc` pbvh a {t|dir cavt|ai {gpd| phbeh

|da{{da|u av d}d|r {gbcv pbvh {|gvdac }a|bdvr gm

mg|j) phdvhd| au {d|ugc) acbjai) g| vhbc`# Bc

daeh eaud phav bv ldegjdu vg acr bcfb}bftai bu

dxaevir jdaut|df lr vhav bcfb}bftai'u |deg`cbvbgc

gm bv# Vg daeh acf aii bv lda|u vhd |diavbgc gm

ut{{g|vd| gm vhd |aed) acf phd|d vhd bcfb}bftai

fd}dig{jdcv bu bcea{alid gm |daib~bc` acrvhbc`

jg|d) vhbu bu vhd ibjbv gm vhd |diavbgc? ltv au vhd

bcfb}bftai'u {gpd| gm |deg`cbvbgc dx{acfu) hd

mbcfu a |deb{|geai dx{acubgc gc vhd {a|v gm vhbu

bcvdiib`dcv {gpd| phbeh `|aftaiir fd}dig{u bcvg

vhd egcuebgtucduu gm bcvbjavd egj{acbgcuhb{

ldvpddc vhd bcfb}bftaib~df jbcf acf vhd

tcbcfb}bftaib~df ugt|ed gm bv#

Cgp vhbu bu dxaevir vhd |diavbgc phbeh) gc

g|fbca|r uebdcvbmbe {|bceb{idu) pd uhgtif dx{dev vg



mbcf ldvpddc vhd bcfb}bftai acf vhd egujbe jbcf)

gc vhd ut{{gubvbgc vhav vhd egujbe jbcf bu

utlndevb}d jbcf) acf mg| |daugcu ai|dafr `b}dc

pd eac |d`a|f bv bc cg gvhd| ib`hv# Au utlndevb}d

jbcf bv jtuv |d{|gfted dxaevir vhd egced{vbgc gm

bvudim phbeh vhd glndevb}d jbcf gm vhd bcfb}bftai)

aevbc` vh|gt`h hbu gpc utlndevb}d jbcf)

bj{|duudu t{gc bv? acf av vhd uajd vbjd au

e|davb}d jbcf) bv ltbifu t{ dxvd|cai maevu bc

eg||du{gcfdced pbvh vhbu egced{vbgc# ,Qtgv

hgjbcdu vgv udcvdcvbí,> daeh gcd dxvd|caib~du bc

hbu gtvpa|f eb|etjuvacedu {|debudir hbu bfda gm

vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf? acf vhd jac phg |daib~du

vhav lr vhd cavt|ai iap gm jbcf hd eac l|bc` vhd

Tcb}d|uai Jbcf bcvg {d|mdevir |deb{|geai aevbgc

pbvh bvu gpc) pbii gc vhd gcd hacf jaod bv a

ugt|ed gm bcmbcbvd bcuv|tevbgc) acf gc vhd gvhd| a

ugt|ed gm bcmbcbvd {gpd|# Hd pbii vhtu pbudir

aivd|cavd vhd {d|ugcai acf bj{d|ugcai au{devu

|du{devb}dir ldvpddc hbu bcfb}bftai jbcf acf vhd

Tcb}d|uai Jbcf? phdc hd bu uddobc` mg| `tbfaced

g| uv|dc`vh hd pbii |d`a|f hbu gpc jbcf au vhd



bj{d|ugcai didjdcv phbeh bu vg |dedb}d

{d|ugcaibvr m|gj vhd ut{d|bg| pbufgj acf mg|ed

gm vhd @|davd| Jbcf? acf phdc) gc vhd gvhd|

hacf) hd bu vg `b}d gtv vhd uvg|du vhtu

aeetjtiavdf) hd jtuv |d}d|ud vhd {gubvbgc acf

egcubfd| hbu gpc jbcf au vhd {d|ugcai didjdcv)

acf vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf au vhd bj{d|ugcai) phbeh

hd eac vhd|dmg|d fb|dev pbvh ed|vabcvr lr

bj{|duubc` hbu gpc {d|ugcai fdub|d t{gc bv# Pd

cddf cgv ld uva``d|df av vhd `|davcduu gm vhbu

egceitubgc) mg| bv mgiigpu cdeduua|bir m|gj vhd

cavt|ai |diavbgc ldvpddc vhd utlndevb}d acf vhd

glndevb}d jbcfu? acf vhd gcir qtduvbgc bu

phdvhd| pd pbii ibjbv gt| }bdp vg vhd igpd| id}di

gm vhd iavvd|) g| dx{acf bv ug au vg vaod bc vhd

ibjbviduu {guublbibvbdu phbeh vhd utlndevb}d jbcf

{|dudcvu vg tu#

B ha}d fdaiv pbvh vhbu qtduvbgc av ugjd idc`vh

ldeatud bv ammg|fu vhd odr vg vpg }d|r bj{g|vacv

utlndevu) vhd Iap gm Ut{{ir acf vhd cavt|d gm

Bcvtbvbgc# Uvtfdcvu gmvdc mbcf bv daubd| vg

tcfd|uvacf hgp vhd jbcf eac bcmitdced vhd lgfr



pbvh phbeh bv bu ug bcvbjavdir auugebavdf) vhac

hgp bv eac bcmitdced eb|etjuvacedu# Bm vhd

g{d|avbgc gm vhgt`hv*{gpd| pd|d egcmbcdf

dxeitub}dir vg vhd bcfb}bftai jbcf vhbu fbmmbetivr

jb`hv a|bud? ltv bm vhd|d bu gcd iduugc vhd uvtfdcv

gm Jdcvai Uebdced uhgtif vaod vg hda|v jg|d vhac

acgvhd|) bv bu vhav vhd aevbgc gm vhgt`hv*{gpd| bu

cgv ibjbvdf vg a eb|etjue|bldf bcfb}bftaibvr#

Phav vhd bcfb}bftai fgdu bu vg `b}d fb|devbgc vg

ugjdvhbc` phbeh bu tcibjbvdf) vg eaii bcvg aevbgc

a mg|ed bcmbcbvdir `|davd| vhac hbu gpc) phbeh

ldeatud bv bu bc bvudim bj{d|ugcai vhgt`h

bcvdiib`dcv) pbii |dedb}d vhd bj{|duu gm hbu

{d|ugcaibvr) acf eac vhd|dmg|d jaod bvu bcmitdced

mdiv ma| ldrgcf vhd ibjbvu phbeh lgtcf vhd

bcfb}bftai'u glndevb}d {d|ed{vbgc gm vhd

eb|etjuvacedu pbvh phbeh hd hau vg fdai# Bv bu mg|

vhbu |daugc vhav B iar ug jteh uv|duu gc vhd

egjlbcavbgc gm vpg a{{a|dcv g{{gubvdu bc vhd

Tcb}d|uai Jbcf) vhd tcbgc gm bcvdiib`dced pbvh

bj{d|ugcaibvr# Vhd bcvdiib`dced cgv gcir dcalidu

bv vg |dedb}d vhd bj{|duu gm gt| vhgt`hv) ltv aiug



eatudu bv vg fd}bud dxaevir vhd |b`hv jdacu mg|

l|bc`bc` bv bcvg aeegj{ibuhjdcv# Vhbu bu gcir vhd

ig`beai |dutiv gm vhd hr{gvhdubu vhav pd a|d

fdaibc` pbvh bcmbcbvd Bcvdiib`dced phbeh bu aiug

bcmbcbvd Ibmd# Ibmd jdacu [gpd|) acf bcmbcbvd ibmd

vhd|dmg|d jdacu ibjbviduu {gpd|? acf ibjbviduu

{gpd| jg}df lr ibjbviduu bcvdiib`dced eaccgv ld

egcedb}df gm au d}d| uvg{{bc` uhg|v gm vhd

aeegj{ibuhjdcv gm bvu glndev? vhd|dmg|d) `b}dc vhd

bcvdcvbgc gc vhd {a|v gm vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf) vhd|d

eac ld cg fgtlv au vg bvu tivbjavd

aeegj{ibuhjdcv# Vhdc egjdu vhd qtduvbgc gm

bcvdcvbgc# Hgp fg pd ocgp phav vhd bcvdcvbgc gm

vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf jar ld7 Hd|d egjdu bc vhd

didjdcv gm bj{d|ugcaibvr# Bv hau cg bcvdcvbgc )

ldeatud bv bu bj{d|ugcai # Au B ha}d ai|dafr uabf)

vhd Tcb}d|uai jbcf pg|ou lr a iap gm a}d|a`du

mg| vhd af}acedjdcv gm vhd |aed) acf bu bc cg par

egced|cdf pbvh vhd {a|vbetia| pbuhdu gm vhd

bcfb}bftai# Bm hbu pbuhdu a|d bc ibcd pbvh vhd

mg|pa|f jg}djdcv gm vhd d}d|iauvbc` {|bceb{id)

vhd|d bu cgphd|d bc Cavt|d acr {gpd| vg |duv|bev



hbj bc vhdb| mtimbijdcv# Bm vhdr a|d g{{gudf vg vhd

`dcd|ai mg|pa|f jg}djdcv) vhdc vhdr pbii l|bc`

hbj bcvg egiibubgc pbvh bv) acf bv pbii e|tuh hbj#

M|gj vhd |diavbgc ldvpddc vhdj bv |dutivu vhav

vhd uajd {|bceb{id phbeh uhgpu bvudim bc vhd

bcfb}bftai jbcf au Pbii) ldegjdu bc vhd tcb}d|uai

jbcf a Iap gm Vdcfdcer? acf vhd fb|devbgc gm

vhbu vdcfdcer jtuv aiparu ld vg ibmd*`b}bc`cduu)

ldeatud vhd tcb}d|uai jbcf bu vhd

tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf Ibmd*u{b|bv gm vhd tcb}d|ud#

Vhd|dmg|d bc d}d|r eaud vhd vduv bu phdvhd| gt|

{a|vbetia| bcvdcvbgc bu bc vhbu uajd ibmdpa|f

fb|devbgc> acf bm bv bu) vhdc pd jar ld alugitvdir

ed|vabc vhav vhd|d bu cg bcvdcvbgc gc vhd {a|v gm

vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf vg vhpa|v vhd bcvdcvbgc gm gt|

gpc bcfb}bftai jbcf? pd a|d fdaibc` pbvh a

{t|dir bj{d|ugcai mg|ed) acf bv pbii cg jg|d

g{{gud tu lr u{debmbe {iacu gm bvu gpc vhac pbii

uvdaj g| didev|bebvr# Egjlbcbc` vhdc) vhdud vpg

au{devu gm vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf) bvu tvvd|

bj{d|ugcaibvr acf bvu {d|mdev bcvdiib`dced) pd mbcf

{|debudir vhd ug|v gm cavt|ai mg|ed pd a|d bc pacv



gm) ugjdvhbc` phbeh pbii tcfd|vaod phavd}d| pd

{tv bcvg bvu hacfu pbvhgtv auobc` qtduvbgcu g|

la|`abcbc` mg| vd|ju) acf phbeh) ha}bc`

tcfd|vaodc gt| ltubcduu) pbii l|bc` vg lda| gc bv

ac bcvdiib`dced vg phbeh vhd tcbvdf ocgpidf`d gm

vhd phgid htjac |aed bu au cgvhbc`) acf a {gpd|

dqtai vg vhbu bcvdiib`dced# B jar ld tubc` a |gt`h

acf |dafr jgfd gm dx{|duubgc) ltv jr glndev bu vg

l|bc` hgjd vg vhd uvtfdcv vhd cavt|d gm vhd

{gpd| hd eac dj{igr acf vhd jdvhgf gm

dj{igrbc` bv) acf B jar vhd|dmg|d uvavd vhd phgid

{gubvbgc vhtu>**Rgt| glndev bu cgv vg |tc vhd

phgid egujgu) ltv vg f|ap {a|vbetia| ldcdmbvu)

{hrubeai) jdcvai) jg|ai) g| mbcacebai bcvg rgt|

gpc g| ugjdgcd diud'u ibmd# M|gj vhbu bcfb}bftai

{gbcv gm }bdp vhd tcb}d|uai e|davb}d {gpd| hau cg

jbcf gm bvu gpc) acf vhd|dmg|d rgt eac jaod t{

bvu jbcf mg| bv# Phdc bvu jbcf bu vhtu jafd t{ mg|

bv) bv cd}d| al|g`avdu bvu {iaed au vhd e|davb}d

{gpd|) ltv av gced udvu vg pg|o eg ea||r gtv vhd

{t|{gud mg| phbeh bv hau vhtu lddc egcedcv|avdf?

acf tciduu vhbu egcedcv|avbgc bu fbuub{avdf lr vhd



uajd a`dcer (rgt|udim" phbeh mb|uv {|gftedf bv) bv

pbii pg|o gc lr vhd iap gm `|gpvh vg egj{idvd

jacbmduvavbgc gc vhd gtvpa|f {iacd#

Bc fdaibc` pbvh vhbu `|dav bj{d|ugcai

bcvdiib`dced) pd a|d fdaibc` pbvh vhd bcmbcbvd) acf

pd jtuv mtiir |daib~d bcmbcbvtfd au vhav phbeh

vgtehdu aii {gbcvu) acf bm bv fgdu) vhd|d uhgtif ld

cg fbmmbetivr bc tcfd|uvacfbc` vhav vhbu

bcvdiib`dced eac f|ap vg`dvhd| vhd jdacu

|dqtbubvd mg| bvu {t|{gud d}dc m|gj vhd dcfu gm

vhd pg|if? acf vhd|dmg|d) |daib~bc` vhd Iap

aeeg|fbc` vg phbeh vhd |dutiv eac ld {|gftedf) pd jtuv |dugitvdir {tv aubfd aii qtduvbgcbc` au vg

vhd u{debmbe jdacu phbeh pbii ld dj{igrdf bc acr

eaud# Vg qtduvbgc vhbu bu vg ugp vhav }d|r uddf gm

fgtlv phbeh bv bu gt| mb|uv glndev vg d|afbeavd) acf

gt| bcvdiidevtai dcfda}gt| uhgtif vhd|dmg|d ldfb|devdf) cgv vg vhd avvdj{v vg mg|dvdii vhd }a|bgtu

udegcfa|r eatudu phbeh pbii d}dcvtaiir egjlbcd

vg {|gfted vhd fdub|df |dutiv) iarbc` fgpc

ldmg|dhacf phav {a|vbetia| eatudu uhgtif ld

cdeduua|r) acf m|gj phav qta|vd| vhdr uhgtif



egjd? ltv pd uhgtif fb|dev gt| bcvdiidevtai

dcfda}gt| vg uddbc` jg|d eida|ir vhd |avbgcaid gm

vhd `dcd|ai iap lr phbeh v|abcu gm udegcfa|r

eatudu a|d udv bc jgvbgc# Dj{igrdf bc vhd mg|jd|

par gt| bcvdiidev ldegjdu vhd `|davduv hbcf|aced

vg gt| uteeduu) mg| bv gcir hdi{u vg bce|daud gt|

fgtlvu) ubced bv bu v|rbc` vg `|au{ {a|vbetia|u

phbeh) av vhd vbjd a|d dcvb|dir gtvubfd bvu eb|eid gm

}bubgc? ltv dj{igrdf bc vhd iavvd| bv ammg|fu vhd

jguv javd|bai abf bc jabcvabcbc` vhav cteidtu

pbvhgtv phbeh vhd|d bu cg edcv|d m|gj phbeh vhd

{|bceb{id gm `|gpvh eac auud|v bvudim# Vhd bcvdiidev

eac gcir fdfted egcudqtdcedu m|gj maevu phbeh

bv bu alid vg uvavd) acf egcudqtdcvir eaccgv

fdfted acr auut|aced m|gj maevu gm phgud

dxbuvdced bv eaccgv rdv ha}d acr ocgpidf`d

vh|gt`h vhd jdfbtj gm vhd gtvpa|f udcudu? ltv

mg| vhd uajd |daugc bv eac |daib~d vhd dxbuvdced gm

a Iap lr phbeh vhd au rdv tcjacbmduvdf

eb|etjuvacedu jar ld l|gt`hv bcvg

jacbmduvavbgc# Vhtu tudf bc bvu |b`hv g|fd|) vhd

bcvdiidev ldegjdu vhd hacfjabf gm vhav jg|d



bcvd|bg| {gpd| pbvhbc tu phbeh jacb{tiavdu vhd

tcuddc utluvaced gm aii vhbc`u) acf phbeh pd jar

eaii |diavb}d mb|uv eatud#



BX#

EATUDU ACF EGCFBVBGCU#

Vhd dx{|duubgc ,|diavb}d mb|uv eatud, hau lddc

tudf bc vhd iauv udevbgc vg fbuvbc`tbuh vhd aevbgc

gm vhd e|davb}d {|bceb{id bc vhd bcfb}bftai jbcfm|gj Tcb}d|uai Mb|uv Eatud gc vhd gcd hacf acf

m|gj udegcfa|r eatudu gc vhd gvhd|# Au bv dxbuvu

bc tu ) {|bja|r eatuavbgc bu vhd {gpd| vg bcbvbavd a

v|abc gm eatuavbgc fb|devdf vg ac bcfb}bftai

{t|{gud# Au vhd {gpd| gm bcbvbavbc` a m|duhudqtdced gm eatud acf dmmdev bv bu mb|uv eatud) acf

au |dmd||bc` vg ac bcfb}bftai {t|{gud bv bu |diavb}d)

acf bv jar vhd|dmg|d ld u{godc gm au |diavb}d mb|uv

eatud) g| vhd {gpd| gm {|bja|r eatuavbgc

jacbmduvdf lr vhd bcfb}bftai# Vhd tcfd|uvacfbc`

acf tud gm vhbu {gpd| bu vhd phgid glndev gm

Jdcvai Uebdced) acf bv bu vhd|dmg|d cdeduua|r vhav

vhd uvtfdcv uhgtif eida|ir udd vhd |diavbgc

ldvpddc eatudu acf egcfbvbgcu# A ubj{id

biituv|avbgc pbii `g mt|vhd| mg| vhbu {t|{gud vhac

acr dialg|avd dx{iacavbgc# Bm a ib`hvdf eacfid bu



l|gt`hv bcvg a |ggj vhd |ggj ldegjdu

biitjbcavdf) acf bm vhd eacfid bu vaodc apar bv

ldegjdu fa|o aàbc# Cgp vhd biitjbcavbgc acfvhd fa|ocduu a|d lgvh egcfbvbgcu) vhd gcd

{gubvb}d |dutivbc` m|gj vhd {|dudced gm vhd ib`hv)

acf vhd gvhd| cdàvb}d |dutivbc` m|gj bvu aludced>

m|gj vhbu ubj{id dxaj{id pd vhd|dmg|d udd vhav

d}d|r {gubvb}d egcfbvbgc hau ac dxaevir g{{gubvdcdàvb}d egcfbvbgc eg||du{gcfbc` vg bv) acf vhav

vhbu eg||du{gcfdced |dutivu m|gj vhdb| ldbc`

|diavdf vg vhd uajd eatud ) vhd gcd {gubvb}dir acf

vhd gvhd| cdàvb}dir? acf hdced pd jar iar fgpc

vhd |tid vhav aii {gubvb}d egcfbvbgcu |dutiv m|gj

vhd aevb}d {|dudced gm a ed|vabc eatud) acf aii

cdàvb}d egcfbvbgcu m|gj vhd aludced gm uteh a

eatud# A egcfbvbgc) phdvhd| {gubvb}d g| cdàvb}d)

bu cd}d| {|bja|r eatud) acf vhd {|bja|r eatud gm

acr ud|bdu eac cd}d| ld cdàvb}d) mg| cdàvbgc bu

vhd egcfbvbgc phbeh a|budu m|gj vhd aludced gm

aevb}d eatuavbgc# Vhbu uhgtif ld vhg|gt`hir

tcfd|uvggf au bv bu vhd {hbigug{hbe laubu gm aii

vhgud ,fdcbaiu, phbeh {iar ug bj{g|vacv a) {a|v bc

Jdcvai Uebdced) acf phbeh jar ld utjjdf t{ bc

vhd uvavdjdcv vhav d}bi ldbc` cdàvb}d) g|



{|b}avbgc gm `ggf) hau cg utluvacvb}d dxbuvdced bc

bvudim# Egcfbvbgcu) hgpd}d|) phdvhd| {gubvb}d g|

cd`avb}d) a|d cg uggcd| eaiidf bcvg dxbuvdced vhacvhdr ldegjd eatudu bc vhdb| vt|c acf {|gfted

mt|vhd| egcfbvbgcu) acf ug gc af bcmbcbvtj ) vhtu

`b}bc` |bud vg vhd phgid v|abc gm udegcfa|r eatudu#

Ug igc` au pd ntf`d gcir m|gj vhd bcmg|javbgc

egc}drdf vg tu lr vhd gtvpa|f udcudu) pd a|d pg|obc` gc vhd {iacd gm udegcfa|r eatuavbgc acf

udd cgvhbc` ltv a uteeduubgc gm egcfbvbgcu)

mg|jbc` {a|v gm ac dcfiduu v|abc gm acvdedfdcv

egcfbvbgcu egjbc` gtv gm vhd {auv acf uv|dvehbc`

apar bcvg vhd mtvt|d) acf m|gj vhbu {gbcv gm }bdp

pd a|d tcfd| vhd |tid gm ac b|gc fduvbcr m|gj

phbeh vhd|d uddju cg {guublbibvr gm duea{d# Vhbu

bu ldeatud vhd gtvpa|f udcudu a|d gcir ea{alid gm

fdaibc` pbvh vhd |diavbgcu phbeh gcd jgfd gm

ibjbvavbgc lda|u vg acgvhd|) mg| vhdr a|d vhd

bcuv|tjdcvu lr phbeh pd vaod eg`cb~aced gm vhd

|diavb}d acf vhd egcfbvbgcdf# Cgp vhd gcir par gm

duea{d bu lr |bubc` gtv gm vhd |d`bgc gm udegcfa|r

eatudu bcvg vhav gm {|bja|r eatuavbgc) phd|d vhd

g|b`bcavbc` dcd|`r bu vg ld mgtcf ldmg|d bv hau rdv

{auudf bcvg jacbmduvavbgc au a egcfbvbgc# Vhbu



|d`bgc bu vg ld mgtcf pbvhbc gt|udi}du ? bv bu vhd

|d`bgc gm {t|d bfdau? acf bv bu mg| vhbu |daugc vhav

B ha}d iabf uv|duu gc vhd vpg au{devu gm u{b|bv au{t|d vhgt`hv acf jacbmduvdf mg|j# Vhd vhgt`hv*

bja`d g| bfdai {avvd|c gm a vhbc` bu vhd mb|uv eatud

|diavb}dir vg vhav vhbc`? bv bu vhd utluvaced gm vhav

vhbc` tcv|ajjdiidf) lr acr acvdedfdcv

egcfbvbgcu#Bm pd |daib~d vhav aii }bublid vhbcù jtuv ha}d

vhdb| g|b`bc bc u{b|bv) vhdc vhd phgid e|davbgc

a|gtcf tu bu vhd uvacfbc` d}bfdced vhav vhd

uva|vbc`*{gbcv gm aii vhbcù bu bc vhgt`hv*bja`du

g| bfdau) mg| cg gvhd| aevbgc vhac vhd mg|javbgcgm uteh bja`du eac ld egcedb}df gm u{b|bv {|bg| vg

bvu jacbmduvavbgc bc javvd|# Bm) vhdc) vhbu bu

u{b|bv'u jgftu g{d|acfb mg| udim*dx{|duubgc) pd

ha}d gcir vg v|acumd| vhbu egced{vbgc m|gj vhd

ueaid gm egujbe u{b|bv pg|obc` gc vhd {iacd gm vhd

tcb}d|uai vg vhav gm bcfb}bftaib~df u{b|bv pg|obc`

gc vhd {iacd gm vhd {a|vbetia|) vg udd vhav vhd

mg|javbgc gm ac bfdai bja`d lr jdacu gm gt|

vhgt`hv bu udvvbc` mb|uv eatud bc jgvbgc pbvh

|dà|f vg vhbu u{debmbe glndev# Vhd|d bu cg



fbmmd|dced bc obcf ldvpddc vhd g{d|avbgc gm mb|uv

eatud bc vhd tcb}d|uai acf bc vhd {a|vbetia|) vhd

fbmmd|dced bu gcir a fbmmd|dced gm ueaid) ltv vhd{gpd| bvudim bu bfdcvbeai# Pd jtuv vhd|dmg|d

aiparu ld }d|r eida| au vg phdvhd| pd a|d

egcuebgtuir tubc` mb|uv eatud g| cgv# Cgvd vhd

pg|f ,egcuebgtuir, ldeatud) phdvhd| egcuebgtuir

g| tcegcuebgtuir) pd a|d aiparu tubc` mb|uv eatud?acf bv pau mg| vhbu |daugc B dj{haub~df vhd maev

vhav vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf bu {t|dir utlndevb}d acf

vhd|dmg|d lgtcf lr vhd iapu phbeh a{{ir vg

utlndevb}d jbcf gc phavd}d| ueaid# Hdced pd a|d

aiparu bj{|duubc` ugjd ug|v gm bfdau t{gc bv)

phdvhd| pd a|d apa|d gm vhd maev g| cgv) acf aii

gt| dxbuvbc` ibjbvavbgcu |dutiv m|gj gt| ha}bc`

halbvtaiir bj{|duudf t{gc bv vhav bfda gm

ibjbvavbgc phbeh pd ha}d bjlbldf lr |duv|bevbc`

aii {guublbibvr vg vhd |d`bgc gm udegcfa|r eatudu#

Ltv cgp phdc bc}duvb`avbgc hau uhgpc tu vhav

egcfbvbgcu a|d cd}d| eatudu bc vhdjudi}du ) ltv

gcir vhd utludqtdcv ibcou gm a ehabc uva|vdf gc

vhd {iacd gm vhd {t|d bfdai) phav pd ha}d vg fg bu

vg |d}d|ud gt| jdvhgf gm vhbcobc` acf |d`a|f vhd

bfdai au vhd |dai) acf vhd gtvpa|f jacbmduvavbgc



au a jd|d |dmidevbgc phbeh jtuv ehac`d pbvh

d}d|r ehac`d gm vhd glndev phbeh eauvu bv# Mg|

vhdud |daugcu bv bu duudcvbai vg ocgp phdvhd| pda|d egcuebgtuir jaobc` tud gm mb|uv eatud pbvh a

fdmbcbvd {t|{gud g| cgv) acf vhd e|bvd|bgc bu vhbu#

Bm pd |d`a|f vhd mtimbijdcv gm gt| {t|{gud au

egcvbc`dcv t{gc acr eb|etjuvacedu ) {auv)

{|dudcv) g| mtvt|d) pd a|d cgv jaobc` tud gm mb|uveatud? pd ha}d fduedcfdf vg vhd id}di gm

udegcfa|r eatuavbgc) phbeh bu vhd |d`bgc gm

fgtlvu) mda|u) acf ibjbvavbgcu) aii gm phbeh pd a|d

bj{|duubc` t{gc vhd tcb}d|uai utlndevb}d jbcf

pbvh vhd bcd}bvalid |dutiv vhav bv pbii ltbif t{

eg||du{gcfbc` dxvd|cai egcfbvbgcu# Ltv bm pd

|daib~d vhav vhd |d`bgc gm udegcfa|r eatudu bu vhd

|d`bgc gm jd|d |dmidevbgcu pd uhaii cgv vhbco gm

gt| {t|{gud au egcvbc`dcv gc acr egcfbvbgcu

phavd}d|) ltv uhaii ocgp vhav lr mg|jbc` vhd bfda

gm bv bc vhd alugitvd) acf jabcvabcbc` vhav bfda)

pd ha}d uha{df vhd mb|uv eatud bcvg vhd fdub|df

mg|j acf eac apabv vhd |dutiv pbvh ehdd|mti

dx{devacer#



Bv bu hd|d vhav pd mbcf vhd bj{g|vaced gm |daib~bc`

u{b|bv'u bcfd{dcfdced gm vbjd acf u{aed# Ac bfdai)

au uteh) eaccgv ld mg|jdf bc vhd mtvt|d# Bv jtuvdbvhd| ld mg|jdf hd|d acf cgp g| cgv ld mg|jdf

av aii? acf bv bu mg| vhbu |daugc vhav d}d|r vdaehd|)

phg hau d}d| u{godc pbvh ftd ocgpidf`d gm vhd

utlndev) hau bj{|duudf t{gc hbu mgiigpd|u vhd

cdeduubvr gm {bevt|bc` vg vhdjudi}du vhdmtimbijdcv gm vhdb| fdub|du au ai|dafr

aeegj{ibuhdf gc vhd u{b|bvtai {iacd) au vhd

bcfbu{dcualid egcfbvbgc gm mtimbijdcv bc vhd

}bublid acf egce|dvd#

Phdc vhbu bu {|g{d|ir tcfd|uvggf) acr acxbgtuvhgt`hv au vg vhd jdacu vg ld dj{igrdf bc vhd

aeegj{ibuhjdcv gm gt| {t|{gudu bu uddc vg ld

qtbvd tccdeduua|r# Bm vhd dcf bu ai|dafr udet|df)

vhdc bv mgiigpu vhav aii vhd uvd{u idafbc` vg bv a|d

udet|df aiug# Vhd jdacu pbii {auu bcvg vhd

ujaiid| eb|eid gm gt| egcuebgtu aevb}bvbdu far lr

far bc ftd g|fd|) acf vhdc pd ha}d vg pg|o t{gc

vhdj) cgv pbvh mda|) fgtlv) g| md}d|buh

dxebvdjdcv) ltv eaijir acf ngrgtuir) ldeatud

pd ocgp vhav vhd dcf bu ai|dafr udet|df) acf vhav



gt| |daugcalid tud gm uteh jdacu au {|dudcv

vhdjudi}du bc vhd fdub|df fb|devbgc bu) gcir gcd

{g|vbgc gm a jteh ia|`d| eg*g|fbcavdf jg}djdcv)vhd mbcai |dutiv gm phbeh afjbvu gm cg fgtlv#

Jdcvai Uebdced fgdu cgv gmmd| a {|djbtj vg

bfidcduu) ltv bv vaodu) aii pg|o gtv gm vhd |d`bgc gm

acxbdvr acf vgbi lr auut|bc` vhd pg|od| gm vhd

uteeduu gm hbu ialgt|) bm cgv bc vhd {|debud mg|j hdacvbeb{avdf) vhdc bc ugjd gvhd| uvbii ldvvd| utbvdf

vg hbu |dqtb|djdcvu# Ltv ut{{gud) phdc pd |daeh

a {gbcv phd|d ugjd jgjdcvgtu fdebubgc hau vg

ld jafd) pd ha{{dc vg fdebfd p|gc`ir7 Gc vhd

hr{gvhdubu vhav vhd dcf bu ai|dafr udet|df rgt

eaccgv fdebfd p|gc`ir# Rgt| |b`hv fdebubgc bu au

jteh gcd gm vhd cdeduua|r uvd{u bc vhd

aeegj{ibuhjdcv gm vhd dcf au acr gm vhd gvhd|

egcfbvbgcu idafbc` t{ vg bv) acf vhd|dmg|d) phbid

ldbc` ea|dmti vg a}gbf |auh aevbgc) pd jar jaod

ut|d vhav vhd uajd Iap phbeh bu egcv|giibc` vhd

|duv gm vhd eb|etjuvacedu bc vhd |b`hv fb|devbgc

pbii bcmitdced gt| ntf`jdcv bc vhav fb|devbgc aiug#

Vg `dv `ggf |dutivu pd jtuv {|g{d|ir tcfd|uvacf

gt| |diavbgc vg vhd `|dav bj{d|ugcai {gpd| pd a|d

tubc`# Bv bu bcvdiib`dcv acf pd a|d bcvdiib`dcv) acf



vhd vpg bcvdiib`dcedu jtuv eg*g{d|avd# Pd jtuv

cgv mir bc vhd maed gm vhd Iap lr dx{devbc` bv vg fg

mg| tu phav bv eac gcir fg vh|gt`h tu? acf pdjtuv vhd|dmg|d tud gt| bcvdiib`dced pbvh vhd

ocgpidf`d vhav bv bu aevbc` au vhd bcuv|tjdcv gm a

`|davd| bcvdiib`dced ? acf ldeatud pd ha}d vhbu

ocgpidf`d pd jar) acf uhgtif) edaud m|gj aii

acxbdvr au vg vhd mbcai |dutiv# Bc aevtai {|aevbed pdjtuv mb|uv mg|j vhd bfdai egced{vbgc gm gt| glndev

pbvh vhd fdmbcbvd bcvdcvbgc gm bj{|duubc` bv t{gc

vhd tcb}d|uai jbcf**bv bu vhbu bcvdcvbgc phbeh

vaodu uteh vhgt`hv gtv gm vhd |d`bgc gm jd|d

eautai macebdu**acf vhdc ammb|j vhav gt|

ocgpidf`d gm vhd Iap bu utmmbebdcv |daugc mg| a

eaij dx{devavbgc gm a eg||du{gcfbc` |dutiv) acf

vhav vhd|dmg|d aii cdeduua|r egcfbvbgcu pbii egjd

vg tu bc ftd g|fd|# Pd eac vhdc vt|c vg vhd ammab|u

gm gt| fabir ibmd pbvh vhd eaij auut|aced vhav vhd

bcbvbai egcfbvbgcu a|d dbvhd| vhd|d ai|dafr g| pbii

uggc egjd bcvg }bdp# Bm pd fg cgv av gced udd

vhdj) idv tu |duv egcvdcv pbvh vhd ocgpidf`d vhav

vhd u{b|bvtai {|gvgvr{d bu ai|dafr bc dxbuvdced acf

pabv vbii ugjd eb|etjuvaced {gbcvbc` bc vhd

fdub|df fb|devbgc ld`bcu vg uhgp bvudim# Bv jar ld



a }d|r ujaii eb|etjuvaced) ltv bv bu vhd fb|devbgc

acf cgv vhd ja`cbvtfd phbeh bu vg ld vaodc bcvg

egcubfd|avbgc# Au uggc au pd udd bv pd uhgtif|d`a|f bv au vhd mb|uv u{|gtvbc` gm vhd uddf pd

ha}d ugpc bc vhd Alugitvd) acf fg eaijir) acf

pbvhgtv dxebvdjdcv) phavd}d| vhd eb|etjuvacedu

jar uddj vg |dqtb|d) acf vhdc iavd| gc pd uhaii

udd vhav vhbu fgbc` pbii bc vt|c idaf vg mt|vhd|eb|etjuvacedu bc vhd uajd fb|devbgc tcvbi pd mbcf

gt|udi}du egcftevdf uvd{ lr uvd{ vg vhd

aeegj{ibuhjdcv gm gt| glndev# Bc vhbu par vhd

tcfd|uvacfbc` gm vhd `|dav {|bceb{id gm vhd Iap gm

Ut{{ir pbii) lr |d{davdf dx{d|bdcedu) fdib}d| tu

jg|d acf jg|d egj{idvdir gtv gm vhd |d`bgc gm

acxbgtu vhgt`hv acf vgbiugjd ialgt| acf l|bc`

tu bcvg a cdp pg|if phd|d vhd tudmti

dj{igrjdcv gm aii gt| {gpd|u) phdvhd| jdcvai g|

{hrubeai) pbii gcir ld ac tcmgifbc` gm gt|

bcfb}bftaibvr t{gc vhd ibcdu gm bvu gpc cavt|d)

acf vhd|dmg|d a {d|{dvtai ugt|ed gm hdaivh acf

ha{{bcduu? a utmmbebdcv bcftedjdcv) ut|dir) vg vhd

ea|dmti uvtfr gm vhd iapu `g}d|cbc` vhd |diavbgc

ldvpddc vhd bcfb}bftai acf vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf#



X#

BCVTBVBGC#

Pd ha}d uddc vhav vhd utlndevb}d jbcf bu

ajdcalid vg ut``duvbgc lr vhd glndevb}d jbcf?

ltv vhd|d bu aiug ac aevbgc gm vhd utlndevb}d jbcft{gc vhd glndevb}d# Vhd bcfb}bftai'u utlndevb}d

jbcf bu hbu gpc bccd|jguv udim) acf bvu mb|uv ea|d

bu vhd jabcvdcaced gm vhd bcfb}bftaibvr gm phbeh bv

bu vhd mgtcfavbgc? acf ubced bv bu {t|d u{b|bv bv hau

bvu egcvbctai dxbuvdced bc vhav {iacd gm ldbc` phd|d aii vhbcù utlubuv bc vhd tcb}d|uai hd|d acf

vhd d}d|iauvbc` cgp) acf egcudqtdcvir eac)

bcmg|j vhd igpd| jbcf gm vhbcù |djg}df m|gj

bvu odc dbvhd| lr fbuvaced g| mtvt|bvr# Au vhd

aludced gm vhd egcfbvbgcu gm vbjd acf u{aed jtuv

ig`beaiir egcedcv|avd aii vhbcù bcvg a {|dudcv

mgetu) pd eac auub`c cg ibjbv vg vhd utlndevb}d

jbcf'u {gpd| gm {d|ed{vbgc) acf vhd|dmg|d vhd

qtduvbgc a|budu) phr fgdu bv cgv odd{ vhd

glndevb}d jbcf egcvbctaiir bcmg|jdf gc aii

{gbcvu7 Acf vhd acupd| bu vhav bv pgtif fg ug bm



vhd glndevb}d jbcf pd|d utmmbebdcvir v|abcdf vg

|deg`cb~d vhd bcfbeavbgcu `b}dc) acf vg dmmdev vhbu

v|abcbc` bu gcd gm vhd {t|{gudu gm Jdcvai Uebdced# Phdc gced pd |deg`cb~d vhd {gubvbgc gm vhd

utlndevb}d jbcf au vhd ut{{g|vd| gm vhd phgid

bcfb}bftaibvr pd eaccgv fgtlv vhav jteh gm phav

pd vaod vg ld vhd u{gcvacdgtu jg}djdcv gm vhd

glndevb}d jbcf hau bvu g|b`bc bc vhd utlndevb}djbcf {|gj{vbc` vhd glndevb}d jbcf bc vhd |b`hv

fb|devbgc pbvhgtv gt| ldbc` egcuebgtuir apa|d gm

bv# Ltv av vbjdu phdc vhd t|`dcer gm vhd eaud

uddju vg fdjacf bv) g| phdc) mg| ugjd |daugc rdv

tcocgpc) vhd glndevb}d jbcf bu mg| a phbid jg|d

eigudir dc |a{{g|v pbvh vhd utlndevb}d jbcf) vhd

bcvd|bg| }gbed bu hda|f uv|gc`ir acf {d|ubuvdcvir?

acf phdc vhbu bu vhd eaud pd fg pdii vg {ar hddf

vg bv# Pacv gm u{aed mg|lbfu jd vg `b}d dxaj{idu)

ltv fgtlviduu uteh pbii cgv ld pacvbc` bc vhd

|dafd|'u dx{d|bdced#

Vhd bj{g|vaced gm tcfd|uvacfbc` acf mgiigpbc`

vhd bcvtbvbgc eaccgv ld dxa``d|avdf) ltv B

eacfbfir afjbv vhd `|dav {|aevbeai fbmmbetivr gm

odd{bc` vhd ha{{r jdac ldvpddc vhd fbu|d`a|f



gm vhd bcvd|bg| }gbed acf aiigpbc` gt|udi}du vg ld

|tc apar pbvh lr `|gtcfiduu macebdu# Vhd lduv

`tbfd bu vhd ocgpidf`d vhav egjdu gm {d|ugcaidx{d|bdced phbeh `|aftaiir idafu vg vhd

aeqtbubvbgc gm a ug|v gm bcpa|f udcud gm vgteh vhav

dcalidu tu vg fbuvbc`tbuh vhd v|td m|gj vhd maiud)

acf phbeh a{{da|u vg `|gp pbvh vhd ubced|d

fdub|d mg| v|tvh acf pbvh vhd |deg`cbvbgc gm vhdu{b|bv au bvu ugt|ed# Vhd gcir `dcd|ai {|bceb{idu

vhd p|bvd| eac fdfted m|gj hbu gpc dx{d|bdced

a|d vhav phdc) bc u{bvd gm aii a{{da|acedu

{gbcvbc` bc vhd fb|devbgc gm a ed|vabc ibcd gm

egcftev) vhd|d bu uvbii a {d|ubuvdcv mddibc` vhav bv

uhgtif cgv ld mgiigpdf) bc vhd jang|bvr gm

bcuvacedu bv pbii ld mgtcf vhav vhd a|`tjdcv gm

vhd glndevb}d jbcf) hgpd}d| eg||dev gc vhd maevu

glndevb}dir ocgpc) pau fdmbebdcv m|gj b`cg|aced

gm maevu phbeh egtif cgv ld glndevb}dir ocgpc av

vhd vbjd) ltv phbeh pd|d ocgpc vg vhd bcvtbvb}d

maetivr# Acgvhd| {|bceb{id bu vhav gt| }d|r

mb|uv bj{|duubgc gm mddibc` gc acr utlndev bu

`dcd|aiir eg||dev# Ldmg|d vhd glndevb}d jbcf hau

ld`tc vg a|`td gc vhd utlndev bv bu ibod vhd ut|maed

gm a ujggvh iaod phbeh eida|ir |dmidevu vhd ib`hv



m|gj alg}d? ltv au uggc au bv ld`bcu vg a|`td

m|gj gtvubfd a{{da|acedu vhdud aiug vh|gp vhdb|

|dmidevbgcu t{gc bvu ut|maed) ug vhav vhd g|b`bcaibja`d ldegjdu lit||df acf bu cg igc`d|

|deg`cb~alid# Vhbu mb|uv egced{vbgc bu }d|r

u{ddfbir iguv) acf bv uhgtif vhd|dmg|d ld ea|dmtiir

glud|}df acf |d`buvd|df bc vhd jdjg|r pbvh a

}bdp vg vduvbc` vhd }a|bgtu a|`tjdcvu phbeh pbiiutludqtdcvir a|bud gc vhd glndevb}d {iacd# Bv bu

hgpd}d| bj{guublid vg |dfted ug bcvd|bg| ac

aevbgc au vhav gm vhd bcvtbvbgc vg vhd mg|j gm ha|f

acf mauv |tidu) acf ldrgcf ea|dmtiir cgvbc`

{a|vbetia| eaudu au vhdr geet|) {|glalir vhd lduv

{iac mg| vhd uvtfdcv pbii ld vg bceitfd vhd phgid

utlndev gm bcvtbvbgc bc vhd `dcd|ai {|bceb{id gm vhd

Iap gm Avv|aevbgc) du{debaiir bm hd uddu hgp vhbu

iap bcvd|aevu pbvh vhav {d|ugcai qtaibvr gm

tcb}d|uai u{b|bv gm phbeh pd ha}d ai|dafr u{godc#



XB#

HDAIBC@#

Vhd utlndev gm hdaibc` hau lddc dialg|avdir

v|davdf lr jacr p|bvd|u acf mtiir fdud|}du aii vhd

avvdcvbgc vhav hau lddc `b}dc vg bv) ltv vhd glndevgm vhdud idevt|du bu |avhd| vg `|gtcf vhd uvtfdcv

bc vhgud `dcd|ai {|bceb{idu gc phbeh aii egcuebgtu

tud gm vhd e|davb}d {gpd| gm vhgt`hv bu laudf)

vhac vg iar fgpc mg|jai |tidu mg| u{debmbe

a{{ibeavbgcu gm bv# B pbii vhd|dmg|d dxajbcd vhd l|gaf {|bceb{idu phbeh a{{da| vg ld egjjgc vg

vhd }a|bgtu jdvhgfu gm jdcvai hdaibc` phbeh a|d

bc tud) daeh gm phbeh fd|b}du bvu dmmbeaer) cgv m|gj

vhd {detiba|bvr gm vhd jdvhgf) ltv m|gj bv ldbc`

uteh a jdvhgf au aiigpu vhd hb`hd| iapu gm

Cavt|d vg egjd bcvg {iar# Cgp vhd {|bceb{id

tcb}d|uaiir iabf fgpc lr aii jdcvai hdaid|u) bc

phavd}d| }a|bgtu vd|ju vhdr jar dx{iabc bv) bu

vhav vhd laubu gm aii hdaibc` bu a ehac`d bc ldibdm#

Vhd udqtdced m|gj phbeh vhbu |dutivu bu au

mgiigpu>**vhd utlndevb}d jbcf bu vhd e|davb}d



maetivr pbvhbc tu) acf e|davdu phavd}d| vhd

glndevb}d jbcf bj{|duudu t{gc bv? vhd glndevb}d

jbcf) g| bcvdiidev) bj{|duudu bvu vhgt`hv t{gc bv?vhd vhgt`hv bu vhd dx{|duubgc gm vhd ldibdm? hdced

phavd}d| vhd utlndevb}d jbcf e|davdu bu vhd

|d{|gftevbgc dxvd|caiir gm gt| ldibdmu#

Aeeg|fbc`ir gt| phgid glndev bu vg ehac`d gt|

ldibdmu) acf pd eaccgv fg vhbu pbvhgtv ugjd ugibf`|gtcf gm egc}bevbgc gm vhd maiubvr gm gt| gif

ldibdmu acf gm vhd v|tvh gm gt| cdp gcdu) acf vhbu

`|gtcf pd mbcf bc vhav iap gm eatuavbgc phbeh B

ha}d dcfda}gt|df vg dx{iabc# Vhd p|gc` ldibdm

phbeh dxvd|caib~du au ubeocduu bu vhd ldibdm vhav

ugjd udegcfa|r eatud) phbeh bu |daiir gcir a

egcfbvbgc) bu a {|bja|r eatud# Vhd ocgpidf`d gm

vhd iap uhgpu vhav vhd|d bu gcir gcd {|bja|r

eatud) acf vhbu bu vhd maevg| phbeh bc gt| gpc

bcfb}bftaibvr pd eaii utlndevb}d g| utl*egcuebgtu

jbcf# Mg| vhbu |daugc B ha}d bcubuvdf gc vhd

fbmmd|dced ldvpddc {iaebc` ac bfda bc vhd utl*

egcuebgtu jbcf) vhav bu) gc vhd {iacd gm vhd

alugitvd acf pbvhgtv |dmd|dced vg vbjd acf

u{aed) acf {iaebc` vhd uajd bfda bc vhd egcuebgtu

bcvdiidevtai jbcf phbeh gcir {d|edb}du vhbc`u au



|diavdf vg vbjd acf u{aed# Cgp vhd gcir

egced{vbgc rgt eac ha}d gm rgt|udim bc vhd

alugitvd) g| tcegcfbvbgcdf) bu au {t|dir ib}bc` U{b|bv ) cgv haj{d|df lr egcfbvbgcu gm acr ug|v)

acf vhd|dmg|d cgv utlndev vg biicduu? acf phdc

vhbu bfda bu mb|jir bj{|duudf gc vhd utl*

egcuebgtu jbcf) bv pbii dxvd|caib~d bv# Vhd |daugc

phr vhbu {|geduu bu cgv aiparu uteeduumti av vhdmb|uv avvdj{v bu vhav aii gt| ibmd pd ha}d lddc

hgifbc` vhd maiud ldibdm bc ubeocduu au a

utluvacvbai dcvbvr bc bvudim acf vhtu ldbc` a

{|bja|r eatud) bcuvdaf gm ldbc` jd|dir a cd`avb}d

egcfbvbgc |dutivbc` m|gj vhd gludced gm a

{|bja|r eatud? acf a ldibdm phbeh hau ldegjd

bc`|abcdf m|gj ehbifhggf eaccgv ld d|afbeavdf av

a jgjdcv'u cgvbed# Pd gmvdc mbcf) vhd|dmg|d) vhav

mg| ugjd vbjd amvd| a v|davjdcv vhd|d bu ac

bj{|g}djdcv bc vhd {avbdcv'u hdaivh) acf vhdc

vhd gif urj{vgju |dvt|c# Vhbu bu ldeatud vhd cdp

ldibdm bc hbu gpc e|davb}d maetivr hau cgv rdv haf

vbjd vg {dcdv|avd fgpc vg vhd bccd|jguv fd{vhu

gm vhd utlegcuebgtu jbcf) ltv hau gcir {a|vbaiir

dcvd|df bv# Daeh uteeddfbc` v|davjdcv

uv|dc`vhdcu vhd utl*egcuebgtu jbcf bc bvu hgif gm



vhd cdp ldibdm tcvbi av iauv a {d|jacdcv et|d bu

dmmdevdf# Vhbu bu vhd jdvhgf gm udim*v|davjdcv

laudf gc vhd {avbdcv'u gpc ocgpidf`d gm vhd iap gm hbu ldbc`#

Ltv ,vhd|d bu cgv bc aii jdc vhbu ocgpidf`d), g| av

acr |avd cgv uteh a mtii |deg`cbvbgc gm bv au pbii

dcalid vhdj vg `b}d uteeduumti v|davjdcv vg

vhdjudi}du) acf bc vhdud eaudu vhd bcvd|}dcvbgc gm vhd hdaid| ldegjdu cdeduua|r# Vhd gcir

fbmmd|dced ldvpddc vhd hdaid| acf vhd {avbdcv bu

vhav vhd hdaid| hau ida|cv hgp vg egcv|gi vhd iduu

udim*egcuebgtu jgfdu gm vhd u{b|bv lr vhd jg|d

udim*egcuebgtu jgfd) phbid vhd {avbdcv hau cgv rdv avvabcdf vg vhbu ocgpidf`d? acf phav vhd

hdaid| fgdu bu vg utluvbvtvd hbu gpc glndevb}d g|

egcuebgtu jdcvaibvr) phbeh bu pbii ngbcdf vg

bcvdiidev) mg| vhav gm vhd {avbdcv) acf bc vhbu par vg

mbcf dcv|aced vg hbu utl*egcuebgtu jbcf acf

bj{|duu t{gc bv vhd ut``duvbgc gm {d|mdev hdaivh#

Vhd qtduvbgc vhdc a|budu) hgp eac vhd hdaid|

utluvbvtvd hbu gpc egcuebgtu jbcf mg| vhav gm vhd

{avbdcv7 acf vhd acupd| uhgpu vhd {|aevbeai

a{{ibeavbgc gm vhgud }d|r aluv|aev {|bceb{idu



phbeh B ha}d iabf fgpc bc vhd da|ibd| udevbgcu#

Gt| g|fbca|r egced{vbgc gm gt|udi}du bu vhav gm ac

bcfb}bftai {d|ugcaibvr phbeh dcfu phd|d acgvhd|{d|ugcaibvr ld`bcu) bc gvhd| pg|fu vhav vhd vpg

{d|ugcaibvbdu a|d dcvb|dir ud{a|avd# Vhbu bu ac

d||g|# Vhd|d bu cg uteh ha|f acf mauv ibcd gm

fdja|eavbgc ldvpddc {d|ugcaibvbdu) acf vhd

lgtcfa|bdu ldvpddc gcd acf acgvhd| eac ldbce|daudf g| |dftedf bc |b`bfbvr aeeg|fbc` vg pbii)

bc maev vhdr jar ld vdj{g|a|bir |djg}df ug

egj{idvdir vhav) mg| vhd vbjd ldbc`) vhd vpg

{d|ugcaibvbdu ldegjd jd|`df bcvg gcd# Cgp vhd

aevbgc phbeh vaodu {iaed ldvpddc hdaid| acf

{avbdcv fd{dcfu gc vhbu {|bceb{id# Vhd {avbdcv bu

auodf lr vhd hdaid| vg {tv hbjudim bc a |ded{vb}d

jdcvai avvbvtfd) phbeh jdacu vhav hd bu vg

dxd|ebud hbu }gibvbgc mg| vhd {t|{gud gm |djg}bc`

vhd la||bd| gm hbu gpc glndevb}d {d|ugcaibvr acf

vhtu ammg|fbc` dcv|aced vg vhd jdcvai {gpd| gm

vhd hdaid|# Gc hbu ubfd aiug vhd hdaid| fgdu vhd

uajd vhbc`) gcir pbvh vhbu fbmmd|dced) vhav phbid

vhd {avbdcv pbvhf|apu vhd la||bd| gc hbu ubfd pbvh

vhd bcvdcvbgc gm afjbvvbc` a migpbc`*bc) vhd hdaid|

fgdu ug pbvh vhd bcvdcvbgc gm aiigpbc` a migpbc`*



gtv> acf vhtu lr vhd ngbcv aevbgc gm vhd vpg jbcfu

vhd la||bd|u gm lgvh {d|ugcaibvbdu a|d |djg}df

acf vhd fb|devbgc gm vhd migp gm }gibvbgc bufdvd|jbcdf) vhav bu vg uar) bv migpu m|gj vhd

hdaid| au aevb}dir pbiibc` vg `b}d) vgpa|fu vhd

{avbdcv au {auub}dir pbiibc` vg |dedb}d) aeeg|fbc`

vg vhd tcb}d|uai iap gm Cavt|d vhav vhd migp jtuv

aiparu ld m|gj vhd {idctj vg vhd }aettj # Vhbujtvtai |djg}ai gm vhd dxvd|cai jdcvai la||bd|

ldvpddc hdaid| acf {avbdcv bu phav bu vd|jdf

duvalibuhbc` a |a{{g|v ldvpddc vhdj) acf hd|d

pd mbcf gcd jguv }aitalid {|aevbeai a{{ibeavbgc gm

vhd {|bceb{id iabf fgpc da|ibd| bc vhbu lggo) vhav

{t|d u{b|bv bu {|dudcv bc bvu dcvb|dvr av d}d|r {gbcv

ubjtivacdgtuir# Bv bu mg| vhbu |daugc vhav au uggc

au vhd hdaid| |daib~du vhav vhd la||bd|u gm dxvd|cai

{d|ugcaibvr ldvpddc hbjudim acf hbu {avbdcv ha}d

lddc |djg}df) hd eac vhdc u{dao vg vhd utl*

egcuebgtu jbcf gm vhd {avbdcv au vhgt`h bv pd|d

hbu gpc) mg| lgvh ldbc` {t|d u{b|bv vhd vhgt`hv gm

vhdb| bfdcvbvr jaodu vhdj bfdcvbeai) acf lgvh a|d

egcedcv|avdf bcvg a ubc`id dcvbvr av a ubc`id {gbcv

t{gc phbeh vhd egcuebgtu jbcf gm vhd hdaid| eac

ld l|gt`hv vg lda|) aeeg|fbc` vg vhd tcb}d|uai



{|bceb{id gm vhd egcv|gi gm vhd utlndevb}d jbcf lr

vhd glndevb}d jbcf vh|gt`h ut``duvbgc# Bv bu mg|

vhbu |daugc B ha}d bcubuvdf gc vhd fbuvbcevbgc ldvpddc {t|d u{b|bv) g| u{b|bv egcedb}df gm a{a|v

m|gj dxvdcubgc bc acr jav|bx acf vhd egced{vbgc

gm bv au ug dxvdcfdf# Bm pd egcedcv|avd gt| jbcf

t{gc vhd fbudaudf egcfbvbgc gm vhd {avbdcv pd a|d

vhbcobc` gm hbj au a ud{a|avd {d|ugcaibvr) acf a|dcgv mbxbc` gt| jbcf t{gc vhav egced{vbgc gm hbj

au {t|d u{b|bv phbeh pbii ammg|f tu dmmdevtai dcv|r

vg hbu u{|bc`u gm ldbc`# Pd jtuv vhd|dmg|d

pbvhf|ap gt| vhgt`hv m|gj vhd egcvdj{iavbgc gm

urj{vgju) acf bcfddf m|gj hbu eg|{g|dai

{d|ugcaibvr aivg`dvhd|) acf jtuv vhbco gm hbj au

a {t|dir u{b|bvtai bcfb}bftaibvr) acf au uteh

dcvb|dir m|dd m|gj utlndevbgc vg acr egcfbvbgcu)

acf egcudqtdcvir au }gitcva|bir dxvd|caib~bc` vhd

egcfbvbgcu jguv dx{|duub}d gm vhd }bvaibvr acf

bcvdiib`dced phbeh {t|d u{b|bv bu# Vhbcobc` gm hbj

vhtu) pd vhdc jaod jdcvai ammb|javbgc vhav hd

uhaii ltbif t{ gtvpa|fir vhd eg||du{gcfdced gm

vhav {d|mdev }bvaibvr phbeh hd ocgpu hbjudim vg ld

bcpa|fir? acf vhbu ut``duvbgc ldbc` bj{|duudf lr

vhd hdaid|'u egcuebgtu vhgt`hv) phbid vhd



{avbdcv'u egcuebgtu vhgt`hv bu av vhd uajd vbjd

bj{|duubc` vhd maev vhav hd bu |dedb}bc` vhd aevb}d

vhgt`hv gm vhd hdaid|) vhd |dutiv bu vhav vhd{avbdcv'u utl*egcuebgtu jbcf ldegjdu

vhg|gt`hir bjltdf pbvh vhd |deg`cbvbgc gm bvu

gpc ibmd*`b}bc` {gpd|) acf aeeg|fbc` vg vhd

|deg`cb~df iap gm utlndevb}d jdcvaibvr {|geddfu

vg pg|o gtv vhbu ut``duvbgc bcvg dxvd|caijacbmduvavbgc) acf vhtu hdaivh bu utluvbvtvdf mg|

ubeocduu#

Bv jtuv ld tcfd|uvggf vhav vhd {t|{gud gm vhd

{|geduu hd|d fdue|bldf bu vg uv|dc`vhdc vhd

utlndev'u bcfb}bftaibvr) cgv vg fgjbcavd bv# Vg tudbv mg| fgjbcavbgc bu bc}d|ubgc ) l|bc`bc` bvu

a{{|g{|bavd {dcaivr vg vhd g{d|avg|#

Bc vhbu fdue|b{vbgc B ha}d egcvdj{iavdf vhd eaud

phd|d vhd {avbdcv bu egcuebgtuir eg*g{d|avbc`

pbvh vhd hdaid|) acf bv bu bc g|fd| vg glvabc vhbueg*g{d|avbgc vhav vhd jdcvai hdaid| tutaiir

jaodu a {gbcv gm bcuv|tevbc` vhd {avbdcv bc vhd

l|gaf {|bceb{idu gm Jdcvai Uebdced) bm hd bu cgv

ai|dafr aeqtabcvdf pbvh vhdj# Ltv vhbu bu cgv

aiparu af}bualid g| {guublid# Ugjdvbjdu vhd



uvavdjdcv gm {|bceb{idu g{{gudf vg dxbuvbc`

{|dntfbedu a|gtudu g{{gubvbgc) acf acr aevb}d

acva`gcbuj gc vhd {avbdcv'u {a|v jtuv vdcf vgbcvdcubmr vhd la||bd| gm egcuebgtu {d|ugcaibvr

phbeh bv bu vhd hdaid|'u mb|uv glndev vg |djg}d# Bc

vhdud eaudu cgvhbc` bu ug dmmdevb}d au aludcv

v|davjdcv # Bm vhd uvtfdcv hau `|au{df aii vhav hau

lddc uabf gc vhd utlndev gm u{b|bv acf javvd|) hd pbii udd vhav bc jdcvai v|davjdcv vbjd acf u{aed

egtcv mg| cgvhbc`) ldeatud vhd phgid aevbgc vaodu

{iaed gc a {iacd phd|d vhdud egcfbvbgcu fg cgv

glvabc? acf bv bu vhd|dmg|d qtbvd bjjavd|bai

phdvhd| vhd {avbdcv ld bc vhd bjjdfbavd {|dudced

gm vhd hdaid| g| bc a fbuvacv egtcv|r# Tcfd| vhdud

eb|etjuvacedu bv bu mgtcf lr dx{d|bdced vhav gcd

gm vhd jguv dmmdevtai jgfdu gm jdcvai hdaibc` bu

lr v|davjdcv ft|bc` uidd{) ldeatud vhdc vhd

{avbdcv'u phgid uruvdj bu cavt|aiir bc a uvavd gm

|diaxavbgc phbeh {|d}dcvu hbj gmmd|bc` acr

egcuebgtu g{{gubvbgc vg vhd v|davjdcv# Acf lr

vhd uajd |tid vhd hdaid| aiug bu alid vg v|dav d}dc

jg|d dmmdevb}dir ft|bc` hbu gpc uidd{ vhac phbid

paobc`# Ldmg|d `gbc` vg uidd{ hd mb|jir bj{|duudu

gc hbu utlndevb}d jbcf vhav bv bu vg egc}dr



et|avb}d ut``duvbgc vg vhd utlndevb}d jbcf gm vhd

{avbdcv) acf vhdc) lr vhd `dcd|ai {|bceb{idu gm vhd

|diavbgc ldvpddc utlndevb}d acf glndevb}d jbcfvhbu ut``duvbgc bu ea||bdf gtv ft|bc` aii vhd hgt|u

vhav vhd egcuebgtu bcfb}bftaibvr bu p|a{{df bc

|d{gud# Vhbu jdvhgf bu a{{ibealid vg rgtc`

ehbif|dc vg phgj vhd {|bceb{idu gm vhd uebdced

eaccgv ld dx{iabcdf? acf aiug vg {d|ugcu av afbuvaced> acf bcfddf vhd gcir af}acva`d `abcdf

lr vhd {d|ugcai jddvbc` gm vhd {avbdcv acf hdaid|

bu bc vhd bcuv|tevbgc vhav eac ld g|aiir `b}dc) g|

phdc vhd {avbdcv bu av vhav da|ir uva`d gm

ocgpidf`d phd|d vhd hdaid|'u }bublid {|dudced

egc}dru vhd ut``duvbgc vhav ugjdvhbc` bu vhdc

ldbc` fgcd phbeh egtif cgv ld fgcd bc hbu

aludced? gvhd|pbud vhd {|dudced g| aludced gm vhd

{avbdcv a|d javvd|u {d|mdevir bcfbmmd|dcv# Vhd

uvtfdcv jtuv aiparu |degiidev vhav vhd utl*

egcuebgtu jbcf fgdu cgv ha}d vg pg|o vh|gt`h

vhd bcvdiidev g| egcuebgtu jbcf vg {|gfted bvu

et|avb}d dmmdevu# Bv bu {a|v gm vhd aii*{d|}afbc`

e|davb}d mg|ed gm Cavt|d) phbid vhd bcvdiidev bu cgv

e|davb}d ltv fbuv|bltvb}d#



M|gj jdcvai hdaibc` bv bu ltv a uvd{ vg vdid{avhr)

eiab|}graced acf gvhd|) obcf|df jacbmduvavbgcu

gm v|acuedcfdcvai {gpd| phbeh) a|d m|gj vbjd vgvbjd dxhblbvdf lr vhd utlndevb}d dcvbvr acf phbeh

mgiigp iapu au aeet|avd au vhgud phbeh `g}d|c

phav pd a|d aeetuvgjdf vg egcubfd| gt| jg|d

cg|jai maetivbdu? ltv vhdud utlndevu fg cgv

{|g{d|ir maii pbvhbc vhd ueg{d gm a lggo phgud{t|{gud bu vg iar fgpc vhd l|gaf {|bceb{idu

phbeh tcfd|ibd aii u{b|bvtai {hdcgjdca# Tcvbi

vhdud a|d eida|ir tcfd|uvggf vhd uvtfdcv eaccgv

{|gmbvalir avvdj{v vhd fdvabidf uvtfr gm vhd jg|d

bcvd|bg| {gpd|u? mg| vg fg ug pbvhgtv a mb|j

mgtcfavbgc gm ocgpidf`d acf ugjd dx{d|bdced bc

bvu {|aevbeai a{{ibeavbgc pgtif gcir ld vg dx{gud

hbjudim vg tcocgpc fac`d|u) acf pgtif ld

egcv|a|r vg vhd uebdcvbmbe {|bceb{id vhav vhd

af}aced bcvg vhd tcocgpc eac gcir ld jafd

m|gj vhd uvacf{gbcv gm vhd ocgpc) gvhd|pbud pd

gcir egjd bcvg a egcmtudf |d`bgc gm `tduu*pg|o

pbvhgtv acr eida|ir fdmbcdf {|bceb{idu mg| gt|

`tbfaced#



XBB#

VHD PBII#

Vhd Pbii bu gm uteh {|bja|r bj{g|vaced vhav vhd

uvtfdcv uhgtif ld gc hbu `ta|f a`abcuv acr

jbuvaod au vg vhd {gubvbgc phbeh bv hgifu bc vhdjdcvai degcgjr# Jacr p|bvd|u acf vdaehd|u

bcubuv gc pbii*{gpd| au vhgt`h vhav pd|d vhd

e|davb}d maetivr# Cg fgtlv bcvdcud pbii*{gpd| eac

d}gi}d ed|vabc dxvd|cai |dutivu) ltv ibod aii gvhd|

jdvhgfu gm egj{tiubgc bv iaeou vhd {d|jacdcer gm cavt|ai `|gpvh# Vhd a{{da|acedu) mg|ju) acf

egcfbvbgcu {|gftedf lr jd|d bcvdcubvr gm pbii*

{gpd| pbii gcir hac` vg`dvhd| ug igc` au vhd

egj{diibc` mg|ed egcvbctdu? ltv idv bv ld

dxhatuvdf g| pbvhf|apc) acf vhd didjdcvu vhtu

mg|edf bcvg tccavt|ai egjlbcavbgc pbii av gced mir

laeo vg vhdb| {|g{d| ammbcbvbdu? vhd mg|j e|davdf

lr egj{tiubgc cd}d| haf vhd `d|j gm }bvaibvr bc

bvudim acf bu vhd|dmg|d fbuub{avdf au uggc au vhd

dxvd|cai dcd|`r phbeh ut{{g|vdf bv bu pbvhf|apc#

Vhd jbuvaod bu bc avv|bltvbc` vhd e|davb}d {gpd|



vg vhd pbii) g| {d|ha{u B uhgtif uar bc avv|bltvbc`

vhd e|davb}d {gpd| vg gt|udi}du av aii# Vhd v|tvh bu

vhav jac cd}d| e|davdu acrvhbc`# Hbu mtcevbgc bu)cgv vg e|davd) ltv vg egjlbcd acf fbuv|bltvd vhav

phbeh bu ai|dafr bc ldbc`) acf phav pd eaii gt|

e|davbgcu a|d cdp egjlbcavbgcu gm ai|dafr

dxbuvbc` javd|bai) phdvhd| jdcvai g| eg|{g|dai#

Vhbu bu aj{ir fdjgcuv|avdf bc vhd {hrubeaiuebdcedu# Cg gcd u{daou gm e|davbc` dcd|`r) ltv

gcir gm v|acumg|jbc` gcd mg|j gm dcd|`r bcvg

acgvhd|? acf bm pd |daib~d vhbu au a tcb}d|uai

{|bceb{id) pd uhaii udd vhav gc vhd jdcvai {iacd

au pdii au gc vhd {hrubeai pd cd}d| e|davd dcd|`r

ltv gcir {|g}bfd vhd egcfbvbgcu lr phbeh vhd

dcd|`r ai|dafr dxbuvbc` bc gcd jgfd eac dxhblbv

bvudim bc acgvhd|> vhd|dmg|d phav) |diavb}dir vg

jac) pd eaii hbu e|davb}d {gpd|) bu vhav |ded{vb}d

avvbvtfd gm dx{devacer phbeh) ug vg uar) jaodu a

jgtif bcvg phbeh vhd {iauvbe acf au rdv

tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf utluvaced eac migp acf vaod vhd

fdub|df mg|j# Vhd pbii hau jteh vhd uajd {iaed

bc gt| jdcvai jaehbcd|r vhav vhd vggi*hgifd| hau

bc a {gpd|*iavhd> bv bu cgv vhd {gpd|) ltv bv odd{u

vhd jdcvai maetivbdu bc vhav {gubvbgc |diavb}dir vg



vhd {gpd| phbeh dcalidu bv vg fg vhd fdub|df

pg|o# Bm) tubc` vhd pg|f bc bvu pbfduv udcud) pd

jar uar vhav vhd bja`bcavbgc bu vhd e|davb}dmtcevbgc) pd jar eaii vhd pbii vhd edcv|aib~bc`

{|bceb{id# Bvu mtcevbgc bu vg odd{ vhd bja`bcavbgc

edcv|df bc vhd |b`hv fb|devbgc# Pd a|d abjbc` av

egcuebgtuir egcv|giibc` gt| jdcvai {gpd|u

bcuvdaf gm idvvbc` vhdj ht||r tu hbvhd| acfvhbvhd| bc a {t|{gudiduu jaccd|) acf pd jtuv

vhd|dmg|d tcfd|uvacf vhd |diavbgc gm vhdud {gpd|u

vg daeh gvhd| mg| vhd {|gftevbgc gm dxvd|cai

|dutivu# Mb|uv vhd phgid v|abc gm eatuavbgc bu

uva|vdf lr ugjd djgvbgc phbeh `b}du |bud vg a

fdub|d? cdxv vhd ntf`jdcv fdvd|jbcdu phdvhd| pd

uhaii dxvd|caib~d vhbu fdub|d g| cgv? vhdc vhd

fdub|d ha}bc` lddc a{{|g}df lr vhd ntf`jdcv)

vhd pbii egjdu mg|pa|f acf fb|devu vhd

bja`bcavbgc vg mg|j vhd cdeduua|r u{b|bvtai

{|gvgvr{d? acf vhd bja`bcavbgc vhtu edcv|df gc a

{a|vbetia| glndev e|davdu vhd u{b|bvtai cteidtu)

phbeh bc bvu vt|c aevu au a edcv|d |gtcf phbeh vhd

mg|edu gm avv|aevbgc ld`bc vg pg|o) acf egcvbctd

vg g{d|avd tcvbi) lr vhd iap gm `|gpvh) vhd



egce|dvd |dutiv ldegjdu {d|ed{vblid vg gt|

dxvd|cai udcudu#

Vhd ltubcduu gm vhd pbii) vhdc) bu vg |dvabc vhd

}a|bgtu maetivbdu gm gt| jbcf bc vhav {gubvbgc

phd|d vhdr a|d |daiir fgbc` vhd pg|o pd pbuh)

acf vhbu {gubvbgc jar ld `dcd|aib~df bcvg vhd

vh|dd mgiigpbc` avvbvtfdu? dbvhd| pd pbuh vg aev

t{gc ugjdvhbc`) g| ld aevdf gc lr bv) g| vgjabcvabc a cdtv|ai {gubvbgc? bc gvhd| pg|fu pd

dbvhd| bcvdcf vg {|gndev a mg|ed) g| |dedb}d a mg|ed

g| odd{ a {gubvbgc gm bcaevb}bvr |diavb}dir vg ugjd

{a|vbetia| glndev# Cgp vhd ntf`jdcv fdvd|jbcdu

phbeh gm vhdud vh|dd {gubvbgcu pd uhaii vaod t{)vhd egcuebgtuir aevb}d) vhd egcuebgtuir |ded{vb}d)

g| vhd egcuebgtuir cdtv|ai? acf vhdc vhd mtcevbgc

gm vhd pbii bu ubj{ir vg jabcvabc vhd {gubvbgc pd

ha}d fdvd|jbcdf t{gc? acf bm pd jabcvabc acr

`b}dc jdcvai avvbvtfd pd jar |deogc pbvh aii

ed|vabcvr gc vhd iap gm avv|aevbgc f|apbc` tu vg

vhgud eg||du{gcfdcedu phbeh dxvd|bg|ir

urjlgib~d vhd avvbvtfd bc qtduvbgc# Vhbu bu }d|r

fbmmd|dcv m|gj vhd udjb*acbjai ue|dpbc`*t{ gm

vhd cd|}gtu mg|edu phbeh) pbvh ugjd {dg{id)



uvacfu mg| pbii*{gpd|# Bv bj{ibdu cg uv|abc gc vhd

cd|}gtu uruvdj acf bu egcudqtdcvir cgv mgiigpdf

lr acr udcud gm dxhatuvbgc# Vhd pbii*{gpd|) phdcv|acumd||df m|gj vhd |d`bgc gm vhd igpd|

jdcvaibvr vg vhd u{b|bvtai {iacd) ldegjdu ubj{ir

a eaij acf {daedmti fdvd|jbcavbgc vg |dvabc a

ed|vabc jdcvai avvbvtfd bc u{bvd gm aii vdj{vavbgcu

vg vhd egcv|a|r) ocgpbc` vhav lr fgbc` ug vhdfdub|df |dutiv pbii ed|vabcir a{{da|#

Vhd v|abcbc` gm vhd pbii acf bvu v|acumd|dced m|gj

vhd igpd| vg vhd hb`hd| {iacd gm gt| cavt|d a|d

ajgc` vhd mb|uv glndevu gm Jdcvai Uebdced# Vhd

jac bu utjjdf t{ bc hbu pbii# Phavd}d| hd fgdu lr hbu gpc pbii bu hbu gpc aev? phavd}d| hd fgdu

pbvhgtv vhd egcudcv gm hbu pbii bu cgv hbu gpc aev

ltv vhav gm vhd {gpd| lr phbeh hbu pbii pau

egd|edf? ltv pd jtuv |deg`cb~d vhav) gc vhd

jdcvai {iacd) cg gvhd| bcfb}bftaibvr eac glvabc

egcv|gi g}d| gt| pbii tciduu pd mb|uv aiigp bv vg fg

ug? acf bv bu mg| vhbu |daugc vhav aii id`bvbjavd tud

gm Jdcvai Uebdced bu vgpa|fu vhd uv|dc`vhdcbc` gm

vhd pbii) phdvhd| bc gt|udi}du g| gvhd|u) acf

l|bc`bc` bv tcfd| vhd egcv|gi gm ac dcib`hvdcdf



|daugc# Phdc vhd pbii |daib~du bvu {gpd| vg fdai

pbvh mb|uv eatud bv bu cg igc`d| cdeduua|r mg| vhd

g{d|avg| vg uvavd vg hbjudim bc dxvdcug aii vhd{hbigug{hr gm bvu aevbgc d}d|r vbjd hd pbuhdu vg

tud bv) ltv) ocgpbc` vhav vhd v|abcdf pbii bu a

v|djdcfgtu u{b|bvtai mg|ed aevbc` gc vhd {iacd gm

mb|uv eatud) hd ubj{ir dx{|duudu hbu fdub|d pbvh

vhd bcvdcvbgc gm g{d|avbc` gc vhav {iacd) acfocgpu vhav vhd fdub|d vhtu dx{|duudf pbii bc ftd

vbjd dxvd|caib~d bvudim au egce|dvd maev# Hd cgp

uddu vhav vhd {gbcv phbeh |daiir fdjacfu hbu

da|cduv avvdcvbgc bu cgv phdvhd| hd {guuduudu vhd

{gpd| gm dxvd|caib~bc` acr |dutivu hd ehggudu) ltv

gm ida|cbc` vg ehggud pbudir phav |dutivu vg

{|gfted# Mg| idv tu cgv ut{{gud vhav d}dc vhd

hb`hduv {gpd|u pbii vaod tu gtv gm vhd iap gm eatud

acf dmmdev# Pd eac cd}d| udv acr eatud bc jgvbgc

pbvhgtv eaiibc` mg|vh vhgud dmmdevu phbeh bv

ai|dafr egcvabcu bc djl|rg acf phbeh pbii a`abc

ldegjd eatudu bc vhdb| vt|c) vhtu {|gftebc` a

ud|bdu phbeh jtuv egcvbctd vg migp gc tcvbi bv bu

etv uhg|v lr l|bc`bc` bcvg g{d|avbgc a eatud gm ac

g{{gubvd eha|aevd| vg vhd gcd phbeh g|b`bcavdf bv#

Vhtu pd uhaii mbcf vhd mbdif mg| vhd dxd|ebud gm gt|



bcvdiib`dced egcvbctaiir dx{acfbc` pbvh vhd

dx{acubgc gm gt| {gpd|u? mg|) `|acvdf a `ggf

bcvdcvbgc) pd uhaii aiparu pbuh vg egcvdj{iavdvhd |dutivu gm gt| aevbgc au ma| au gt| bcvdiib`dced

pbii {d|jbv# Pd jar cgv ld alid vg udd }d|r ma|)

ltv vhd|d bu gcd uamd `dcd|ai {|bceb{id vg ld

àbcdf m|gj phav hau ai|dafr lddc uabf algtv

eatudu acf egcfbvbgcu) phbeh bu vhav vhd phgidudqtdced aiparu {a|vaodu gm vhd uajd eha|aevd|

au vhd bcbvbai eatud> bm vhav eha|aevd| bu cdàvb}d)

vhav bu) fduvbvtvd gm acr fdub|d vg dxvd|caib~d

obcfcduu) ehdd|mticduu) uv|dc`vh) ldatvr g| ugjd

gvhd| ug|v gm `ggf) vhbu cdàvb}d qtaibvr pbii jaod

bvudim mdiv aii fgpc vhd ibcd? ltv bm vhd g{{gubvd

ammb|javb}d eha|aevd| bu bc vhd g|b`bcai jgvb}d)

vhdc bv pbii |d{|gfted bvu obcf bc mg|ju gm ig}d)

ngr) uv|dc`vh acf ldatvr pbvh tcd||bc` {|debubgc#

Ldmg|d udvvbc` gtv) vhd|dmg|d) vg {|gfted cdp

egcfbvbgcu lr vhd dxd|ebud gm gt| vhgt`hv*{gpd|

pd uhgtif pdb`h ea|dmtiir phav mt|vhd| |dutivu

vhdr a|d ibodir vg idaf vg? acf hd|d) aàbc) pd

uhaii mbcf ac aj{id mbdif mg| vhd v|abcbc` gm gt|

pbii) bc ida|cbc` vg aeqtb|d vhav udim*egcv|gi phbeh



pbii dcalid tu vg {guv{gcd ac bcmd|bg| {|dudcv

uavbumaevbgc vg a `|davd| {|gu{devb}d `ggf#

Vhdud egcubfd|avbgcu cavt|aiir idaf tu vg vhd

utlndev gm egcedcv|avbgc# B ha}d ntuv cgp {gbcvdf

gtv vhav aii ftir egcv|giidf jdcvai aevbgc egcubuvu

bc hgifbc` vhd jbcf bc gcd gm vh|dd avvbvtfdu? ltv

vhd|d bu a mgt|vh jdcvai egcfbvbgc) phbeh bu vhav

gm idvvbc` gt| jdcvai mtcevbgcu |tc gc pbvhgtvgt| pbii fb|devbc` vhdj vg acr fdmbcbvd {t|{gud# Bv

bu gc vhbu pg|f {t|{gud vhav pd jtuv mbx gt|

phgid avvdcvbgc? acf bcuvdaf gm fbuub{avbc` gt|

dcd|`bdu) pd jtuv mgiigp ac bcvdiib`dcv jdvhgf gm

egcedcv|avbgc# Vhd) pg|f jdacu ldbc` `avhd|dft{ av a edcv|d) acf vhd edcv|d gm acrvhbc` bu vhav

{gbcv bc phbeh aii bvu mg|edu a|d dqtaiir laiacedf#

Vg egcedcv|avd vhd|dmg|d jdacu mb|uv vg l|bc` gt|

jbcfu bcvg a egcfbvbgc gm dqtbibl|btj phbeh pbii

dcalid tu vg egcuebgtuir fb|dev vhd migp gm u{b|bv

vg a fdmbcbvdir |deg`cb~df {t|{gud) acf vhdc

ea|dmtiir vg `ta|f gt| vhgt`hvu m|gj bcftebc` a

migp bc vhd g{{gubvd fb|devbgc# Pd jtuv aiparu

lda| bc jbcf vhav pd a|d fdaibc` pbvh a

pgcfd|mti {gvdcvbai dcd|`r phbeh bu cgv rdv



fbmmd|dcvbavdf bcvg acr {a|vbetia| jgfd) acf vhav

lr vhd aevbgc gm gt| jbcf pd eac fbmmd|dcvbavd bv

bcvg acr u{debmbe jgfd gm aevb}bvr vhav pd pbii?acf lr odd{bc` gt| vhgt`hv mbxdf gc vhd maev vhav

vhd bcmigp gm vhbu dcd|`r bu vaobc` {iaed acf vhav

lr gt| jdcvai avvbvtfd pd a|d fdvd|jbcbc` bvu

fb|devbgc) pd uhaii `|aftaiir |daib~d a

eg||du{gcfbc` dxvd|caib~avbgc# [|g{d|egcedcv|avbgc) vhd|dmg|d) fgdu cgv egcubuv gm

uv|dctgtu dmmg|v phbeh dxhatuvu vhd cd|}gtu

uruvdj acf fdmdavu bvu gpc glndev lr ut``duvbc`

vhd egcuebgtucduu gm ac af}d|ud mg|ed vg ld

mgt`hv a`abcuv) acf vhtu e|davbc` vhd af}d|ud

eb|etjuvacedu pd f|daf? ltv bc uhtvvbc` gtv aii

vhgt`hvu gm a obcf vhav pgtif fbu{d|ud vhd

u{b|bvtai cteidtu pd a|d mg|jbc` acf fpdiibc`

ehdd|mtiir gc vhd ocgpidf`d vhav) ldeatud vhd iap

bu ed|vabc bc bvu aevbgc) gt| fdub|d bu ed|vabc gm

aeegj{ibuhjdcv# Vhd gvhd| `|dav {|bceb{id vg ld

|djdjld|df bu vhav egcedcv|avbgc bu mg| vhd

{t|{gud gm fdvd|jbcbc` vhd qtaibvr pd a|d `gbc`

vg `b}d vg vhd {|d}bgtuir tcfbmmd|dcvbavdf dcd|`r

|avhd| vhac vg a||ac`d vhd u{debmbe eb|etjuvacedu

gm bvu jacbmduvavbgc# Vhav bu vhd pg|o gm vhd



e|davb}d dcd|`r bvudim) phbeh pbii ltbif t{ bvu gpc

mg|ju gm dx{|duubgc qtbvd cavt|aiir bm pd aiigp bv)

vhtu ua}bc` tu a `|dav fdai gm cddfiduu acxbdvr# Phav pd |daiir pacv bu dx{acubgc bc a ed|vabc

fb|devbgc) phdvhd| gm hdaivh) pdaivh) g| phav cgv>

acf ug igc` au pd `dv vhbu) phav fgdu bv javvd|

phdvhd| bv |daehdu tu vh|gt`h ugjd ehaccdi

phbeh pd vhgt`hv pd egtif |deogc t{gc g|vh|gt`h ugjd gvhd| phgud dxbuvdced pd haf cgv

utu{devdf# Bv bu vhd maev vhav pd a|d egcedcv|avbc`

dcd|`r gm a {a|vbetia| obcf mg| a {a|vbetia|

{t|{gud vhav pd uhgtif mbx gt| jbcfu t{gc) acf

cgv iggo t{gc acr u{debmbe fdvabiu au duudcvbai vg

vhd aeegj{ibuhjdcv gm gt| glndev#

Vhdud a|d vhd vpg `gifdc |tidu |d`a|fbc`

egcedcv|avbgc? ltv pd jtuv cgv ut{{gud vhav

ldeatud pd ha}d vg ld gc gt| `ta|f a`abcuv bfid

f|bmvbc` vhd|d bu vg ld cg uteh vhbc` au |d{gud? gc

vhd egcv|a|r bv bu ft|bc` {d|bgfu gm |d{gud vhav pd

aeetjtiavd uv|dc`vh mg| aevbgc? ltv |d{gud fgdu

cgv jdac a uvavd gm {t|{gudiduucduu# Au {t|d

u{b|bv vhd utlndevb}d jbcf cd}d| |duvu> bv bu gcir

vhd glndevb}d jbcf bc bvu egccdevbgc pbvh vhd



{hrubeai lgfr vhav cddfu |duv? acf vhgt`h vhd|d

a|d cg fgtlv vbjdu phdc vhd `|davduv {guublid

|duv bu vg ld glvabcdf lr uvg{{bc` vhd aevbgc) gm gt| egcuebgtu vhgt`hv aivg`dvhd|) vhd jg|d

`dcd|aiir af}bualid jdvhgf bu lr ehac`bc` vhd

fb|devbgc gm vhd vhgt`hv acf) bcuvdaf gm edcvd|bc`

bv t{gc ugjdvhbc` pd bcvdcf vg fg ) idvvbc` bv

fpdii qtbdvir t{gc phav pd a|d # Vhbu fb|devbgc gm vhgt`hv jb`hv) gm egt|ud) fd}dig{ bcvg vhd

fdd{duv {hbigug{hbeai u{detiavbgc) ltv bv bu cgv

cdeduua|r vhav pd uhgtif ld aiparu dbvhd|

egcuebgtuir {|gndevbc` gt| mg|edu vg {|gfted

ugjd dxvd|cai dmmdev g| pg|obc` gtv vhd fdvabiu gm

ugjd jdva{hrubeai {|glidj? ltv pd jar ubj{ir

|daib~d gt|udi}du au {a|v gm vhd tcb}d|uai

ib}bc`cduu acf vhtu `abc a qtbdv edcv|aib~avbgc)

phbeh) vhgt`h jabcvabcdf lr a egcuebgtu aev gm

vhd }gibvbgc) bu vhd }d|r duudced gm |duv# M|gj vhbu

uvacf{gbcv pd udd vhav aii bu Ibmd acf aii bu @ggf)

acf vhav Cavt|d) m|gj hd| eida|ir }bublid ut|maed

vg hd| jguv a|eacd fd{vhu) bu gcd }auv uvg|dhgtud

gm ibmd acf `ggf dcvb|dir fd}gvdf vg gt| bcfb}bftai

tud# Pd ha}d vhd odr vg aii hd| v|daut|du) acf pd

eac cgp a{{ir gt| ocgpidf`d gm vhd iap gm ldbc`



pbvhgtv dcvd|bc` bcvg aii vhgud fdvabiu phbeh a|d

gcir cddfdf mg| {t|{gudu gm uvtfr) acf fgbc` ug

pd mbcf bv |dutivu bc gt| ha}bc` aeqtb|df vhdegcuebgtucduu gm gt| gcdcduu pbvh vhd phgid #

Vhbu bu vhd `|dav ude|dv> acf phdc pd ha}d gced

mavhgjdf bv pd eac dcngr gt| {guuduubgc gm vhd

phgid) g| gm acr {a|v gm bv) ldeatud lr gt|

|deg`cbvbgc pd ha}d jafd bv) acf eacbce|daubc`ir jaod bv) gt| gpc# Phavd}d| jguv

a{{daiu vg tu av acr {a|vbetia| vbjd g| {iaed bu

vhav jgfd gm vhd tcb}d|uai ib}bc` u{b|bv pbvh

phbeh av vhav jgjdcv pd a|d jguv bc vgteh) acf

|daib~bc` vhbu) pd uhaii f|ap m|gj bv uv|daju gm

}bvai dcd|`r phbeh pbii jaod vhd }d|r udcuavbgc gm

ib}bc`cduu a ngr acf pbii |afbavd m|gj tu au a

u{hd|d gm }bl|avbgc vhav eac fdmidev aii bcnt|bgtu

ut``duvbgc gc phavd}d| {iacd# Pd jar cgv ha}d

ibvd|a|r) a|vbuvbe) g| uebdcvbmbe uobii vg {|dudcv vg

gvhd|u vhd |dutivu gm gt| egjjtcbc`u pbvh

Cavt|d) ltv vhd ngr gm vhbu urj{avhdvbe bcf|apbc`

pbii cd}d|vhdiduu {|gfted a eg||du{gcfbc`

gtvmigp jacbmduvbc` bvudim bc vhd ha{{bd| iggo acf

obcfibd| jbdc gm hbj phg vhtu |daib~du hbu

gcdcduu pbvh d}d|r au{dev gm vhd phgid# Hd



|daib~du**acf vhbu bu vhd `|dav {gbcv bc vhav

avvbvtfd gm jbcf phbeh bu cgv fb|devdf vg acr

u{debmbe dxvd|cai glndev**vhav) mg| hbjudim) hd bu)acf aiparu jtuv ld vhd edcv|d gm aii vhbu àiaxr gm

Ibmd) acf vhtu hd egcvdj{iavdu hbjudim au udavdf

av vhd edcv|d gm bcmbcbvtfd) cgv ac bcmbcbvtfd gm

liaco u{aed) ltv {tiuavbc` pbvh ib}bc` ldbc`) bc aii

gm phbeh hd ocgpu vhav vhd v|td duudced bucgvhbc` ltv `ggf# Vhbu bu vhd }d|r g{{gubvd vg a

udimbuh udim*edcv|dfcduu? bv) bu vhd edcv|d phd|d pd

mbcf vhav pd lgvh |dedb}d m|gj aii acf migp gtv vg

aii# A{a|v m|gj vhbu {|bceb{id gm eb|etiavbgc vhd|d

bu cg v|td ibmd) acf bm pd egcvdj{iavd gt| edcv|ai

{gubvbgc gcir au ammg|fbc` tu `|davd| af}acva`du

mg| bc*vaobc`) pd ha}d jbuudf vhd phgid {gbcv gm

gt| uvtfbdu lr jbuubc` vhd |dai cavt|d gm vhd Ibmd*

{|bceb{id) phbeh bu aevbgc acf |d*aevbgc# Bm pd

pgtif ha}d ibmd dcvd| bcvg tu) pd gt|udi}du jtuv

dcvd| bcvg ibmd**dcvd| bcvg vhd u{b|bv gm bv) ntuv au

pd jtuv dcvd| bcvg vhd u{b|bv gm a lggo g| a àjd

vg dcngr bv# Vhd|d eac ld cg aevbgc av a edcv|d

gcir# Vhd|d jtuv ld a {d|{dvtai migpbc` gtv

vgpa|fu vhd eb|etjmd|dced) acf vhdced laeo

aàbc vg vhd edcv|d vg jabcvabc a }bvai aevb}bvr?



gvhd|pbud egiia{ud jtuv dcutd dbvhd| m|gj

acadjba g| egc`duvbgc# Ltv bm pd |daib~d vhd

|deb{|geai cavt|d gm vhd }bvai {tiuavbgc) acf vhavvhd gtvmigpbc` egcubuvu bc vhd halbv gm jbcf

phbeh `b}du bvudim vg vhd `ggf bv uddu bc gvhd|u)

|avhd| vhac bc acr u{debmbe aevbgcu) vhdc pd uhaii

mbcf vhav vhd etivb}avbgc gm vhbu fbu{gubvbgc pbii

{|g}bfd bcctjd|alid a}dctdu mg| vhd tcb}d|uaiib}bc`cduu vg migp vh|gt`h tu) phdvhd| au `b}bc`

g| |dedb}bc`) phbeh pd haf cd}d| ldmg|d

utu{devdf> acf vhbu aevbgc acf |d*aevbgc pbii ug

ltbif t{ gt| gpc }bvaibvr vhav daeh far pbii mbcf

tu jg|d vhg|gt`hir aib}d vhac acr vhav haf

{|dedfdf bv# Vhbu) vhdc) bu vhd avvbvtfd gm |d{gud bc

phbeh pd jar dcngr aii vhd ldatvbdu gm uebdced)

ibvd|avt|d acf a|v g| jar {daedmtiir egjjtcd

pbvh vhd u{b|bv gm cavt|d pbvhgtv vhd abf gm acr

vhb|f jbcf vg aev au bvu bcvd|{|dvd|) phbeh bu uvbii a

{t|{gudmti avvbvtfd aivhgt`h cgv fb|devdf vg a

u{debmbe glndev> pd ha}d cgv aiigpdf vhd pbii vg

|diax bvu egcv|gi) ltv ha}d jd|dir aivd|df bvu

fb|devbgc? ug vhav mg| aevbgc acf |d{gud aibod pd

mbcf vhav gt| uv|dc`vh ibdu bc gt| |deg`cbvbgc gm



vhd tcbvr gm vhd u{b|bv acf gm gt|udi}du au

bcfb}bftai egcedcv|avbgcu gm bv#



XBBB#

BC VGTEH PBVH UTL*

EGCUEBGTU JBCF#

Vhd {|dedfbc` {a`du ha}d jafd vhd uvtfdcv bc

ugjd jdaut|d apa|d gm vhd bjjdcud bj{g|vacedgm gt| fdaibc`u pbvh vhd utl*egcuebgtu jbcf# Gt|

|diavbgc vg bv) phdvhd| gc vhd ueaid gm vhd

bcfb}bftai g| vhd tcb}d|uai) bu vhd odr vg aii vhav

pd a|d g| d}d| eac ld# Bc bvu tc|deg`cb~df

pg|obc` bv bu vhd u{|bc` gm aii vhav pd eac eaii vhdatvgjavbe aevbgc gm jbcf acf lgfr) acf gc vhd

tcb}d|uai ueaid bv bu vhd ubidcv {gpd| gm d}gitvbgc

`|aftaiir pg|obc` gcpa|fu vg vhav ,fb}bcd d}dcv)

vg phbeh vhd phgid e|davbgc jg}du,? acf lr gt|

egcuebgtu |deg`cbvbgc gm bv pd jaod bv) |diavb}dir

vg gt|udi}du) aii vhav pd ldibd}d bv vg ld# Vhd

eigud| gt| |a{{g|v pbvh bv ldegjdu) vhd jg|d

phav pd ha}d hbvhd|vg egcubfd|df atvgjavbe

aevbgc) phdvhd| bc gt| lgfbdu g| gt|

eb|etjuvacedu) pbii {auu tcfd| gt| egcv|gi) tcvbi

av iauv pd uhaii egcv|gi gt| phgid bcfb}bftai



pg|if# Ubced) vhdc) vhbu bu vhd uvt{dcfgtu buutd

bc}gi}df) vhd qtduvbgc hgp pd a|d vg {tv

gt|udi}du {|aevbeaiir bc vgteh pbvh vhd utl*egcuebgtu jbcf bu a }d|r bj{g|vacv gcd# Cgp vhd

eitd phbeh `b}du tu vhd |b`hv fb|devbgc bu vg ld

mgtcf bc vhd bj{d|ugcai qtaibvr gm utl*egcuebgtu

jbcf gm phbeh B ha}d u{godc# Cgv bj{d|ugcai au

iaeobc` vhd didjdcvu gm {d|ugcaibvr? cg| d}dc) bcvhd eaud gm bcfb}bftai utlndevb}d jbcf) au iaeobc`

vhd udcud gm bcfb}bftaibvr? ltv bj{d|ugcai bc vhd

udcud gm cgv |deg`cb~bc` vhd {a|vbetia| dxvd|cai

|diavbgcu phbeh a{{da| vg vhd glndevb}d jbcf vg

egcuvbvtvd bvu {d|ugcaibvr) acf ha}bc` a

|daib~avbgc gm bvudim qtbvd bcfd{dcfdcv gm vhdj# Bm)

vhdc) pd pgtif egjd bc vgteh pbvh bv pd jtuv

jddv bv gc bvu gpc `|gtcf# Bv eac udd vhbc`u gcir

m|gj vhd fdftevb}d uvacf{gbcv) acf vhd|dmg|d

eaccgv vaod cgvd gm vhd bcftevb}d uvacf{gbcv m|gj

phbeh pd egcuv|tev vhd bfda gm gt| dxvd|cai

{d|ugcaibvr? acf aeeg|fbc`ir bm pd pgtif {tv

gt|udi}du bc vgteh pbvh bv) pd eaccgv fg ug lr

l|bc`bc` bv fgpc vg vhd id}di gm vhd dxvd|cai acf

cgc*duudcvbai ltv gcir lr |bubc` vg bvu gpc id}di

gc vhd {iacd gm vhd bcvd|bg| acf duudcvbai# Hgp



eac vhbu ld fgcd7 Idv vpg pdii*ocgpc p|bvd|u

acupd|# \tfra|f Ob{ibc` vdiiu tu bc hbu uvg|r gm

,Obj, hgp vhd lgr tudf av vbjdu vg igud hbu udcudgm {d|ugcaibvr lr |d{davbc` vg hbjudim vhd

qtduvbgc) Phg bu Obj7 @|aftaiir hbu {d|ugcaibvr

pgtif uddj vg mafd acf hd pgtif dx{d|bdced a

mddibc` gm {auubc` bcvg a `|acfd| acf a pbfd| ibmd)

bc phbeh vhd lgr Obj pau tcocgpc) phbid hbugpc egcuebgtu bcfb}bftaibvr |djabcdf) gcir

dxaivdf acf dx{acfdf vg ac bcegcedb}alid dxvdcv?

acf bc Vdccrugc'u ibmd lr hbu ugc pd a|d vgif vhav

av vbjdu vhd {gdv haf a ubjbia| dx{d|bdced# Pd

egjd bcvg vgteh pbvh vhd alugitvd dxaevir bc

{|g{g|vbgc au pd pbvhf|ap gt|udi}du m|gj vhd

|diavb}d> vhdr }a|r bc}d|udir vg daeh gvhd|#

Mg| vhd {t|{gud) vhdc) gm `dvvbc` bcvg vgteh pbvh

gt| utl*egcuebgtu jbcf pd jtuv dcfda}gt| vg

vhbco gm gt|udi}du au {t|d ldbc`) au vhav dcvbvr

phbeh bcvd|bg|ir ut{{g|vu vhd gtvpa|f

jacbmduvavbgc) acf fgbc` ug pd uhaii |daib~d vhav

vhd duudcvbai qtaibvr gm {t|d ldbc` jtuv ld `ggf#

Bv bu bc bvudim {t|d Ibmd ) acf au uteh eaccgv fdub|d

acrvhbc` fdv|bjdcvai vg {t|d Ibmd tcfd| phavd}d|



mg|j jacbmduvdf# Egcudqtdcvir vhd {t|d| gt|

bcvdcvbgcu vhd jg|d |dafbir pd uhaii {iaed gt|udim

dc |a{{g|v pbvh gt| utlndevb}d dcvbvr? acf a mg|vbg|b vhd uajd a{{ibdu vg vhav @|davd| Utl*

egcuebgtu Jbcf gm phbeh gt| bcfb}bftai

utlndevb}d jbcf bu a {a|vbetia| jacbmduvavbgc# Bc

aevtai {|aevbed vhd {|geduu egcubuvu bc mb|uv

mg|jbc` a eida| egced{vbgc bc vhd glndevb}d jbcfgm vhd bfda pd pbuh vg egc}dr vg vhd utlndevb}d

jbcf> vhdc) phdc vhbu hau lddc mb|jir `|au{df)

dcfda}gt| vg igud ub`hv gm aii gvhd| maevu

egccdevdf pbvh vhd dxvd|cai {d|ugcaibvr dxed{v

vhd gcd bc qtduvbgc) acf vhdc jdcvaiir aff|duu

vhd utlndevb}d jbcf au vhgt`h bv pd|d ac

bcfd{dcfdcv dcvbvr acf bj{|duu t{gc bv phav rgt

pacv bv vg fg g| vg ldibd}d# D}d|rgcd jtuv

mg|jtiavd hbu gpc par gm pg|obc`) ltv gcd

jdvhgf) phbeh bu lgvh ubj{id acf dmmdevb}d bu vg

uar vg vhd utlndevb}d jbcf) ,Vhbu bu phav B pacv

rgt vg fg? rgt pbii cgp uvd{ bcvg jr {iaed acf fg

bv) l|bc`bc` aii rgt| {gpd|u acf bcvdiib`dced vg

lda|) acf egcubfd|bc` rgt|udim vg ld cgcd gvhd|

vhac jrudim#, Ha}bc` fgcd vhbu |dvt|c vg vhd

|daib~avbgc gm rgt| gpc glndevb}d {d|ugcaibvr acf



ida}d vhd utlndevb}d jbcf vg {d|mg|j bvu vauo bc

mtii egcmbfdced vhav) lr vhd iap gm bvu cavt|d) bv

pbii fg ug bm cgv hbcfd|df lr a |d{dvbvbgc gm egcv|a|r jduua`du m|gj vhd glndevb}d jbcf# Vhbu

bu cgv a jd|d macer ltv a v|tvh fabir {|g}df lr

vhd dx{d|bdced gm bce|daubc` ctjld|u# Vhd maevu

ha}d cgv lddc mal|beavdf vg mbv vhd vhdg|r) ltv vhd

vhdg|r hau lddc ltbiv t{ lr ea|dmti glud|}avbgc gm vhd maevu? acf ubced bv hau lddc uhgpc lgvh lr

vhdg|r acf {|aevbed vhav uteh bu vhd iap gm vhd

|diavbgc ldvpddc utlndevb}d acf glndevb}d jbcf)

pd mbcf gt|udi}du maed vg maed pbvh a }d|r

jgjdcvgtu qtduvbgc# Bu vhd|d acr |daugc phr

vhd iapu phbeh hgif `ggf gm vhd bcfb}bftai

utlndevb}d jbcf uhgtif cgv hgif `ggf gm vhd

Tcb}d|uai Jbcf aiug7 acf vhd acupd| bu vhav vhd|d

bu cgv# Au hau lddc ai|dafr uhgpc vhd Tcb}d|uai

Jbcf jtuv) lr bvu }d|r tcb}d|uaibvr) ld {t|dir

utlndevb}d) acf phav bu vhd iap gm a {a|v jtuv aiug

ld vhd iap gm vhd phgid> vhd qtaibvbdu gm mb|d a|d

vhd uajd phdvhd| vhd edcv|du gm egjltuvbgc ld

`|dav g| ujaii) acf vhd|dmg|d pd jar pdii

egceitfd vhdud idevt|du lr egcubfd|bc` phav pbii

ld vhd |dutiv bm pd a{{ir phav pd ha}d ida|cv



|dà|fbc` vhd bcfb}bftai utlndevb}d jbcf vg vhd

Tcb}d|uai Jbcf#

Pd ha}d ida|cv vhav vhd vh|dd `|dav maevu

|dà|fbc` utlndevb}d jbcf a|d bvu e|davb}d {gpd|)

bvu ajdcalidcduu vg ut``duvbgc) acf bvu bcalbibvr

vg pg|o lr acr gvhd| vhac vhd fdftevb}d jdvhgf#

Vhbu iauv bu ac dxeddfbcìr bj{g|vacv {gbcv) mg| bv

bj{ibdu vhav vhd aevbgc gm vhd utlndevb}d jbcf bubc cg par ibjbvdf lr {|dedfdcv# Vhd bcftevb}d

jdvhgf pg|ou gc {|bceb{idu bcmd||df m|gj ac

ai|dafr dxbuvbc` {avvd|c) acf vhd|dmg|d av vhd lduv

gcir {|gftedu vhd gif vhbc` bc a cdp uha{d# Ltv

vhd fdftevb}d jdvhgf pg|ou aeeg|fbc` vg vhdduudced g| u{b|bv gm vhd {|bceb{id) acf fgdu cgv

fd{dcf gc acr {|d}bgtu egce|dvd jacbmduvavbgc

mg| bvu a{{|dhdcubgc gm bv? acf vhbu iavvd| jdvhgf

gm pg|obc` jtuv cdeduua|bir ld vhav gm vhd aii*

g|b`bcavbc` Jbcf) mg| ubced vhd|d egtif ld cg

{|bg| dxbuvbc` {avvd|c m|gj phbeh bv egtif ida|c

vhd {|bceb{idu gm egcuv|tevbgc) vhd pacv gm a

{avvd|c pgtif ha}d {|d}dcvdf bvu e|davbc`

acrvhbc` haf bvu jdvhgf lddc bcftevb}d bcuvdaf

gm fdftevb}d# Vhtu lr vhd cdeduubvr gm vhd eaud vhd



Tcb}d|uai Jbcf jtuv aev fdftevb}dir) vhav bu)

aeeg|fbc` vg vhd iap phbeh hau lddc mgtcf v|td

gm bcfb}bftai utlndevb}d jbcf# Bv bu vhtu cgv lgtcf lr acr {|dedfdcv) phbeh jdacu vhav bvu

e|davb}d {gpd| bu alugitvdir tcibjbvdf? acf ubced

bv bu duudcvbaiir utlndevb}d jbcf) acf cgv glndevb}d

jbcf) bv bu dcvb|dir ajdcalid vg ut``duvbgc# Cgp

bv bu ac tca}gbfalid bcmd|dced m|gj vhd bfdcvbvr gm vhd iap `g}d|cbc` utlndevb}d jbcf) phdvhd| bc

vhd bcfb}bftai g| vhd tcb}d|uai) vhav ntuv au pd

eac lr ut``duvbgc bj{|duu a ed|vabc eha|aevd| gm

{d|ugcaibvr t{gc vhd bcfb}bftai utlndevb}d jbcf)

ug pd eac) acf fg) t{gc vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf? acf

bv bu mg| vhbu |daugc vhav B ha}d f|apc avvdcvbgc vg

vhd bchd|dcv {d|ugcai qtaibvr gm {t|d u{b|bv phdc

egcvdj{iavdf bc bvu jguv bcvd|bg| {iacd# Bv

ldegjdu) vhd|dmg|d) vhd jguv bj{g|vacv gm aii

egcubfd|avbgcu pbvh phav eha|aevd| pd bc}duv vhd

Tcb}d|uai Jbcf? mg| ubced gt| |diavbgc vg bv bu

{t|dir utlndevb}d bv pbii bcmaiiblir lda| vg tu

dxaevir vhav eha|aevd| phbeh pd bj{|duu t{gc bv?

bc gvhd| pg|fu bv pbii ld vg tu dxaevir phav pd

ldibd}d bv vg ld# Vhbu bu ubj{ir a ig`beai bcmd|dced

m|gj vhd maev vhav) au utlndevb}d jbcf) gt|



{|bja|r |diavbgc vg bv eac gcir ld gc vhd

utlndevb}d {iacd) acf bcfb|devir gt| glndevb}d

|diavbgcu jtuv aiug u{|bc` m|gj vhd uajd ugt|ed#Vhbu bu vhd jdacbc` gm vhav |dja|oalid {auua`d

vpbed |d{davdf bc vhd Lblid) ,Pbvh) vhd {t|d vhgt

pbiv uhgp vhrudim {t|d) acf pbvh vhd m|gpa|f vhgt

pbiv uhgp vhrudim m|gpa|f#, ([u# x}bbb#) <=) acf BB#

Uaj# xxbb#) <0") mg| vhd egcvdxv jaodu bv eida| vhavvhdud pg|fu a|d aff|duudf vg vhd Fb}bcd Ldbc`#

Vhd u{b|bvtai obc`fgj bu pbvhbc tu) acf au pd

|daib~d bv vhd|d ug bv ldegjdu vg tu a |daibvr# Bv bu

vhd tc}a|rbc` iap gm vhd utlndevb}d ibmd vhav ,au a

jac vhbcodvh bc hbu hda|v ug bu hd), vhav bu vg uar)

hbu bcpa|f utlndevb}d uvavdu a|d vhd gcir v|td

|daibvr) acf phav pd eaii dxvd|cai |daibvbdu a|d

gcir vhdb| glndevb}d eg||du{gcfdcedu# Bm pd

vhg|gt`hir |daib~d vhd v|tvh vhav vhd Tcb}d|uai

Jbcf jtuv ld vg tu dxaevir aeeg|fbc` vg gt|

egced{vbgc gm bv) acf vhav vhbu |diavbgc bu cgv

jd|dir bja`bca|r ltv lr vhd iap gm utlndevb}d

jbcf jtuv ld vg tu ac aevtai maev acf vhd

mgtcfavbgc gm aii gvhd| maevu) vhdc bv bu bj{guublid

vg g}d|*duvbjavd vhd bj{g|vaced gm vhd

egced{vbgc gm vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf phbeh pd



afg{v# Vg vhd tcbcuv|tevdf vhd|d bu ibvvid g| cg

ehgbed> vhdr mg|j a egced{vbgc bc aeeg|faced

pbvh vhd v|afbvbgc vhdr ha}d |dedb}df m|gj gvhd|u)acf tcvbi vhdr ha}d ida|cv vg vhbco mg|

vhdjudi}du) vhdr ha}d vg albfd lr vhd |dutivu gm

vhav v|afbvbgc> mg| cavt|ai iapu afjbv gm cg

dxed{vbgcu) acf hgpd}d| mativr vhd v|afbvbgcai

bfda jar ld) bvu aeed{vaced pbii bc}gi}d aeg||du{gcfbc` |daevbgc t{gc vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf)

phbeh pbii bc vt|c ld |dmidevdf bcvg vhd egcuebgtu

jbcf acf dxvd|cai ibmd gm vhd bcfb}bftai# Ltv

vhgud phg tcfd|uvacf vhd iap gm vhd utlndev pbii

ha}d cg gcd ltv vhdjudi}du vg liajd bm vhdr fg

cgv fd|b}d aii {guublid ldcdmbvu m|gj bv# Vhd

`|davduv Vdaehd| gm Jdcvai Uebdced vhd pg|if hau

d}d| uddc hau iabf fgpc utmmbebdcvir {iabc |tidu

mg| gt| `tbfaced# Pbvh a ocgpidf`d gm vhd utlndev

phgud fd{vh eac ld a{{|debavdf gcir lr vhgud

phg ha}d vhdjudi}du ugjd {|aevbeai

aeqtabcvaced pbvh bv) Hd lbfu Hbu tcida|cdf

atfbdcedu) vhgud egjjgc {dg{id phg hda|f Hbj

`iafir) {bevt|d vg vhdjudi}du vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf

au a ldcb`c Mavhd|) vdcfd|ir egj{auubgcavd gm aii

acf udcfbc` vhd egjjgc lgtcvbdu gm Cavt|d



aibod gc vhd d}bi acf vhd `ggf? ltv Hd aiug

{bevt|df Bv au dxd|ebubc` a u{debai acf {detiba|

ea|d g}d| vhgud phg |deg`cb~d Bvu pbiibc`cduu vgfg ug>―,vhd }d|r hab|u gm rgt| hdaf a|d aii

ctjld|df), acf ,rd a|d gm jg|d }aitd vhac jacr

u{a||gpu#, [|ard| pau vg ld jafd vg vhd tcuddc

Ldbc`) cgv pbvh fgtlv g| mda|) ltv pbvh vhd

alugitvd auut|aced gm a ed|vabc acupd|) acf cgibjbv pau vg ld udv vg bvu {gpd| g| pbiibc`cduu vg

pg|o mg| tu# Ltv vg vhgud phg fbf cgv vhtu |daib~d

bv) vhd @|dav Jbcf bu cdeduua|bir vhd af}d|ua|r

phg eauvu vhdj bcvg {|bugc tcvbi vhdr ha}d {abf

vhd tvvd|jguv ma|vhbc`? acf vhtu bc aii eaudu vhd

Jauvd| bj{|duudf t{gc hbu hda|d|u vhd dxaev

eg||du{gcfdced gm vhd avvbvtfd gm vhbu tcuddc

[gpd| vgpa|fu vhdj pbvh vhdb| gpc avvbvtfd

vgpa|fu bv # Uteh vdaehbc` pau cgv a ca||gp

acvh|g{gjg|{hbuj ltv vhd afa{vavbgc vg vhd

bcvdiidevtai ea{aebvr gm vhd tcidvvd|df jtivbvtfd

gm vhd }d|r fdd{duv v|tvhu gm phav pd cgp eaii

Jdcvai Uebdced# Acf vhd laubu gm bv aii bu vhd

e|r{vbe {d|ugcaibvr gm u{b|bv hbffdc vh|gt`hgtv

vhd bcmbcbvd gm Cavt|d tcfd| d}d|r mg|j gm

jacbmduvavbgc# Au tcaiigrdf Ibmd acf Bcvdiib`dced



bv eac ld cg gvhd| vhac `ggf) bv eac dcvd|vabc cg

bcvdcvbgc gm d}bi) acf vhtu aii bcvdcvbgcai d}bi

jtuv {tv tu bc g{{gubvbgc vg bv) acf ug fd{|b}d tugm vhd egcuebgtucduu gm bvu `tbfaced acf

uv|dc`vhdcbc` acf vhtu ida}d tu vg `|g{d gt| gpc

par acf mb`hv gt| gpc lavvid ubcìd*hacfdf

aàbcuv vhd tcb}d|ud) gffu phbeh av iauv pbii

ut|dir {|g}d vgg `|dav mg| tu# Ltv |djdjld| vhavvhd g{{gubvbgc eac cd}d| ld gc vhd {a|v gm vhd

Tcb}d|uai Jbcf) mg| bc bvudim bv bu utl*egcuebgtu

jbcf? acf vg ut{{gud acr aevb}d g{{gubvbgc vaodc

gc bvu gpc bcbvbavb}d pgtif ld egcv|a|r vg aii pd

ha}d ida|cv au vg vhd cavt|d gm utl*egcuebgtu

jbcf phdvhd| bc vhd bcfb}bftai g| vhd tcb}d|uai?

vhd {gubvbgc gm vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf vgpa|fu tu bu

aiparu vhd |dmidevbgc gm gt| gpc avvbvtfd#

Vhd|dmg|d aivhgt`h vhd Lblid bu mtii gm vh|davdcbc`

aàbcuv vhgud phg {d|ubuv bc egcuebgtu g{{gubvbgc

vg vhd Fb}bcd Iap gm @ggf) bv bu gc vhd gvhd| hacf

mtii gm {|gjbudu gm bjjdfbavd acf mtii mg|`b}dcduu

vg aii phg ehac`d) vhdb| avvbvtfd acf fdub|d vg eg*

g{d|avd pbvh vhd Iap gm @ggf ug ma| au vhdr ocgp

bv# Vhd iapu gm Cavt|d fg cgv aev }bcfbevb}dir? acf

vh|gt`h aii vhdgig`beai mg|jtia|bdu acf



v|afbvbgcai bcvd|{|dvavbgcu idv tu |daib~d vhav phav

pd a|d fdaibc` pbvh bu vhd ut{|djd iap gm gt|

gpc ldbc`? acf bv bu gc vhd laubu gm vhbu cavt|aiiap vhav pd mbcf uteh fdeia|avbgcu au vhav bc

D~do# x}bbb#) <<) phbeh vdiiu vhav bm pd mg|uaod gt|

d}bi paru gt| {auv v|acu`|duubgcu uhaii cd}d|

a`abc ld jdcvbgcdf vg tu# Pd a|d fdaibc` pbvh

vhd `|dav {|bceb{idu gm gt| utlndevb}d ldbc`) acfgt| jbutud gm vhdj bc vhd {auv eac cd}d| jaod

vhdj ehac`d vhdb| bchd|dcv iap gm aevbgc# Bm gt|

jdvhgf gm tubc` vhdj bc vhd {auv hau l|gt`hv tu

ug||gp) mda| acf v|gtlid) pd ha}d gcir vg maii

laeo gc vhd iap vhav bm pd |d}d|ud vhd eatud vhd

dmmdevu pbii ld |d}d|udf aiug? acf ug phav pd ha}d

vg fg bu ubj{ir vg |d}d|ud gt| jdcvai avvbvtfd acf

vhdc dcfda}gt| vg aev t{ vg vhd cdp gcd# Vhd

ubced|d dcfda}gt| vg aev t{ vg gt| cdp jdcvai

avvbvtfd bu duudcvbai) mg| pd eaccgv |daiir vhbco bc

gcd par acf aev bc acgvhd|? ltv gt| |d{davdf

mabit|du vg mtiir aev au pd pgtif pbuh jtuv cgv

fbuegt|a`d tu# Bv bu vhd ubced|d bcvdcvbgc vhav bu

vhd duudcvbai vhbc`) acf vhbu pbii bc vbjd |didaud

tu m|gj vhd lgcfa`d gm halbvu phbeh av {|dudcv

uddj aijguv bcut{d|alid#



Vhd bcbvbai uvd{) vhdc) egcubuvu bc fdvd|jbcbc` vg

{bevt|d vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf au vhd bfdai gm aii pd

egtif pbuh bv vg ld lgvh vg gt|udi}du acf vggvhd|u) vg`dvhd| pbvh vhd dcfda}gt| vg |d{|gfted

vhbu bfdai) hgpd}d| bj{d|mdevir) bc gt| gpc ibmd?

acf vhbu uvd{ ha}bc` lddc vaodc) pd eac vhdc

ehdd|mtiir iggo t{gc bv au gt| d}d|*{|dudcv

M|bdcf) {|g}bfbc` aii `ggf) `ta|fbc` m|gj aiifac`d|) acf `tbfbc` tu pbvh aii egtcudi#

@|aftaiir au vhd halbv gm vhtu |d`a|fbc` vhd

Tcb}d|uai Jbcf `|gpu t{gc tu) pd uhaii mbcf vhav

bc aeeg|faced pbvh vhd iapu pd ha}d lddc

egcubfd|bc`) bv pbii ldegjd jg|d acf jg|d

{d|ugcai vg tu) acf bc |du{gcud vg gt| fdub|d bvu

bchd|dcv bcvdiib`dced pbii jaod bvudim jg|d acf

jg|d eida|ir {d|ed{vblid pbvhbc au a {gpd| gm

{d|edb}bc` v|tvh ma| ldrgcf acr uvavdjdcv gm bv

vhav pd egtif mg|jtiavd lr jd|dir bcvdiidevtai

bc}duvb`avbgc# Ubjbia|ir bm pd vhbco gm bv au a `|dav

{gpd| fd}gvdf vg ut{{irbc` aii gt| cddfu) pd

uhaii bj{|duu vhbu eha|aevd| aiug t{gc bv) acf lr

vhd iap gm utlndevb}d jbcf bv pbii {|geddf vg dcaev

vhd {a|v gm vhav u{debai {|g}bfdced phbeh pd ha}d

e|dfbvdf bv pbvh ldbc`? acf bm) ldrgcf vhd `dcd|ai



ea|d gm gt| egced|cu) pd pgtif f|ap vg gt|udi}du

ugjd {a|vbetia| ldcdmbv) vhd uajd |tid hgifu `ggf

gm bj{|duubc` gt| fdub|d t{gc vhd Tcb}d|uaiUtlndevb}d Jbcf# Acf bm pd |daib~d vhav alg}d acf

ldrgcf aii vhbu pd pacv ugjdvhbc` uvbii `|davd|

acf jg|d dcft|bc`) vhd ltbifbc`*t{ gm eha|aevd|

acf tcmgifbc` gm gt| {gpd|u ug vhav pd jar

dx{acf bcvg mtiid| acf rdv mtiid| jdaut|du gm ngrgtu acf ngr*`b}bc` Ibmd) uvbii vhd uajd |tid

hgifu `ggf> egc}dr vg vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf vhd

ut``duvbgc gm vhd fdub|d) acf lr vhd iap gm

|diavbgc ldvpddc utlndevb}d acf glndevb}d jbcf

vhbu vgg pbii ld mtimbiidf# Acf vhtu vhd fdd{duv

{|glidju gm {hbigug{hr l|bc` tu laeo vg vhd gif

uvavdjdcv gm vhd Iap>―Auo acf rd uhaii |dedb}d)

uddo acf rd uhaii mbcf) ocgeo acf bv uhaii ld

g{dcdf tcvg rgt# Vhbu bu vhd utjjbc`*t{ gm vhd

cavt|ai iap gm vhd |diavbgc ldvpddc tu acf vhd

Fb}bcd Jbcf# Bv bu vhtu cg }abc lgauv vhav Jdcvai

Uebdced eac dcalid tu vg jaod gt| ib}du phav pd

pbii# Pd jtuv uva|v m|gj phd|d pd a|d cgp) acf

lr |b`hvir duvbjavbc` gt| |diavbgc vg vhd Fb}bcd

Tcb}d|uai Jbcf pd eac `|aftaiir `|gp bcvg acr

egcfbvbgcu pd fdub|d) {|g}bfdf pd mb|uv jaod



gt|udi}du bc halbvtai jdcvai avvbvtfd vhd {d|ugc

phg eg||du{gcfu vg vhgud egcfbvbgcu> mg| pd eac

cd}d| `dv g}d| vhd iap gm eg||du{gcfdced) acf vhddxvd|caib~avbgc pbii aiparu ld bc aeeg|f pbvh vhd

bcvd|cai {|bceb{id vhav `b}du |bud vg bv# Acf vg vhbu

iap vhd|d bu cg ibjbv# Phav bv eac fg mg| tu vg*far

bv eac fg vg*jg||gp) acf vh|gt`h aii vhav

{|geduubgc gm vg*jg||gpu vhav igudu bvudim bc vhdfbj }buvau gm dvd|cbvr# Ldibdm bc ibjbvavbgc bu vhd

gcd acf gcir vhbc` vhav eatudu ibjbvavbgc)

ldeatud pd vhtu bj{|duu ibjbvavbgc t{gc vhd

e|davb}d {|bceb{id? acf bc {|g{g|vbgc au pd iar

vhav ldibdm aubfd gt| lgtcfa|bdu pbii dx{acf) acf

bce|daubc` ibmd acf jg|d altcfacv liduubc` pbii

ld gt|u#

Ltv pd jtuv cgv b`cg|d gt| |du{gcublbibvbdu#

V|abcdf vhgt`hv bu ma| jg|d {gpd|mti vhac

tcv|abcdf) acf vhd|dmg|d vhd jg|d fdd{ir pd

{dcdv|avd bcvg Jdcvai Uebdced vhd jg|d ea|dmtiir

pd jtuv `ta|f a`abcuv aii vhgt`hvu acf pg|fu

dx{|duub}d gm d}dc vhd jguv jgfbmbdf mg|j gm bii*

pbii# @guub{) vaid*lda|bc`) ucdd|bc` iat`hvd|) a|d

cgv bc aeeg|f pbvh vhd {|bceb{idu gm Jdcvai



Uebdced? acf ubjbia|ir d}dc gt| ujaiiduv vhgt`hvu

gm `ggf ea||r pbvh vhdj a uddf gm `ggf phbeh pbii

auut|dfir lda| m|tbv bc ftd vbjd# Vhbu bu cgv jd|d,`ggfbd) `ggfbd), ltv ac bj{g|vacv iduugc bc

Jdcvai Uebdced) mg| gt| utlndevb}d jbcf vaodu bvu

egigt| m|gj gt| udvvidf jdcvai halbvu) acf ac

geeaubgcai ammb|javbgc g| fdcbai pbii cgv ld

utmmbebdcv vg ehac`d bv? acf pd jtuv vhd|dmg|detivb}avd vhav vgcd phbeh pd pbuh vg udd

|d{|gftedf bc gt| egcfbvbgcu phdvhd| gm lgfr)

jbcf) g| eb|etjuvaced#

Bc vhdud idevt|du jr {t|{gud hau lddc) cgv ug

jteh vg `b}d u{debmbe |tidu gm {|aevbed au vg iar fgpc vhd l|gaf `dcd|ai {|bceb{idu gm Jdcvai

Uebdced phbeh pbii dcalid vhd uvtfdcv vg mg|j

|tidu mg| hbjudim# Bc d}d|r paio bc ibmd) lggo

ocgpidf`d bu gcir a jdacu vg ac dcf# Lggou eac

gcir fb|dev tu phd|d vg iggo acf phav vg iggo mg|)

ltv pd jtuv fg vhd mbcfbc` mg| gt|udi}du?

vhd|dmg|d) bm rgt ha}d |daiir `|au{df vhd

{|bceb{idu gm vhd uebdced) rgt pbii m|ajd |tidu gm

rgt| gpc phbeh pbii `b}d rgt ldvvd| |dutivu vhac

acr avvdj{v vg mgiigp ugjdlgfr diud'u jdvhgf)



phbeh pau uteeduumti bc vhdb| hacfu {|debudir

ldeatud bv pau vhdb|u# Cd}d| mda| vg ld rgt|udim# Bm

Jdcvai Uebdced fgdu cgv vdaeh rgt vg ld rgt|udim bv vdaehdu rgt cgvhbc`# Rgt|udim) jg|d rgt|udim)

acf rdv jg|d rgt|udim bu phav rgt pacv? gcir

pbvh vhd ocgpidf`d vhav vhd v|td udim bceitfdu vhd

bccd| acf hb`hd| udim phbeh bu aiparu bc

bjjdfbavd vgteh pbvh vhd @|dav Fb}bcd Jbcf# Au Paiv Phbvjac uaru>**,Rgt a|d cgv aii

bceitfdf ldvpddc rgt| hav acf rgt| lggvu#,



Vhd `|gpbc` {g{tia|bvr gm vhd Dfbclt|`h

Idevt|du gc Jdcvai Uebdced hau idf jd vg aff vg

vhd {|dudcv dfbvbgc vh|dd jg|d udevbgcu gc Lgfr)

Ugti) acf U{b|bv) phbeh bv bu hg{df pbii {|g}d

tudmti lr |dcfd|bc` vhd {|bceb{idu gm vhd

bcvd|aevbgc gm vhdud vh|dd maevg|u ugjdphav

eida|d| #



XB]#

VHD LGFR#

Ugjd uvtfdcvu mbcf bv fbmmbetiv vg |daib~d vhav

jdcvai aevbgc eac {|gfted acr |dai dmmdev t{gc

javd|bai utluvaced? ltv bm vhbu bu cgv {guublidvhd|d bu cg uteh vhbc` au Jdcvai Uebdced) vhd

{t|{gud gm phbeh bu vg {|gfted bj{|g}df

egcfbvbgcu lgvh gm lgfr acf dc}b|gcjdcv) ug vhav

vhd tivbjavd jacbmduvavbgc abjdf av bu aiparu gcd

gm fdjgcuv|avbgc t{gc vhd {iacd gm vhd }bublidacf egce|dvd# Vhd|dmg|d vg ammg|f egc}bevbgc gm ac

aevtai egccdevbgc ldvpddc vhd }bublid acf vhd

bc}bublid) ldvpddc vhd bccd| acf vhd gtvd|) bu gcd

gm vhd jguv bj{g|vacv {gbcvu bc vhd egt|ud gm gt|

uvtfbdu#

Vhav uteh a egccdevbgc jtuv dxbuv bu {|g}df lr

jdva{hrubeai a|`tjdcv bc acupd| vg vhd

qtduvbgc) ,Hgp fbf acrvhbc` d}d| egjd bcvg

dxbuvdced av aii7, Acf vhd phgid e|davbgc)

gt|udi}du bceitfdf) uvacfu au d}bfdced vg vhbu



`|dav v|tvh# Ltv vg jacr jbcfu jd|dir aluv|aev

a|`tjdcv bu cgv egj{idvdir egc}bcebc`) g| av acr

|avd bv ldegjdu jg|d egc}bcebc` bm bv bu ut{{g|vdf lr ugjdvhbc` gm a jg|d egce|dvd cavt|d? acf mg|

uteh |dafd|u B pgtif `b}d a mdp hbcvu au vg vhd

eg||du{gcfdced ldvpddc vhd {hrubeai acf vhd

jdcvai# Vhd utlndev eg}d|u a }d|r pbfd a|da) acf

vhd ibjbvdf u{aed av jr fbu{guai pbii gcir aiigp jd vg vgteh gc a mdp ut``duvb}d {gbcvu) uvbii vhdud

jar ld utmmbebdcv vg uhgp vhav vhd aluv|aev

a|`tjdcv hau ugjd eg||du{gcfbc` maevu av vhd

laeo gm bv#

Gcd gm vhd jguv egc}bcebc` {|ggmu B ha}d uddc buvhav ammg|fdf lr vhd ,lbgjdv|d), a ibvvid

bcuv|tjdcv bc}dcvdf lr ac djbcdcv M|dceh

uebdcvbuv) vhd iavd F|# Hb{{girvd La|afte) phbeh

uhgpu vhd aevbgc gm phav hd eaiiu vhd ,}bvai

et||dcv#, Hbu vhdg|r bu vhav vhbu mg|ed) phavd}d|

bvu aevtai cavt|d jar ld) bu tcb}d|uaiir {|dudcv)

acf g{d|avdu au a et||dcv gm {hrubeai }bvaibvr

{d|{dvtaiir) migpbc` pbvh jg|d g| iduu dcd|`r

vh|gt`h d}d|r {hrubeai g|`acbuj) acf phbeh eac)

av acr |avd vg ugjd dxvdcv) ld egcv|giidf lr vhd



{gpd| gm vhd htjac pbii# Vhd vhdg|r bc aii bvu

jbctvbad bu dxeddfbcìr dialg|avd) acf hau lddc

fdue|bldf bc fdvabi bc F|# La|afte'u {tlibuhdf pg|ou# Bc a egc}d|uavbgc B haf pbvh hbj algtv a

rda| a`g) hd vgif jd hd pau p|bvbc` acgvhd| lggo

phbeh pgtif vh|gp mt|vhd| ib`hv gc vhd utlndev)

ltv a mdp jgcvhu iavd| hd {auudf g}d| ldmg|d bv

pau {|dudcvdf vg vhd pg|if# Vhd maev) hgpd}d|) phbeh B pbuh vg {tv ldmg|d vhd |dafd|) bu vhd

getia| fdjgcuv|avbgc gm vhd egccdevbgc ldvpddc

jbcf acf javvd|) phbeh ac dx{d|bjdcv pbvh vhd

lbgjdv|d ammg|fu#

Vhd bcuv|tjdcv egcubuvu gm a ldii ìauu) m|gj vhdbcubfd gm phbeh bu utu{dcfdf a eg{{d| cddfid lr a

mbcd ubiodc vh|daf# Vhd ìauu uvacfu gc a pggfdc

ut{{g|v) ldigp phbeh bu a egbi gm eg{{d| pb|d)

phbeh) hgpd}d|) bu cgv egccdevdf pbvh acr

lavvd|r g| gvhd| a{{a|avtu) acf jd|dir ud|}du vg

egcfdcud vhd et||dcv# Ldigp vhd cddfid) bcubfd

vhd ìauu) vhd|d bu a eb|etia| ea|f fb}bfdf bcvg

fd`|ddu vg ja|o vhd aevbgc gm vhd cddfid# Vpg gm

vhdud bcuv|tjdcvu a|d {iaedf ubfd lr ubfd) ltv bc

cg par egccdevdf) acf vhd dx{d|bjdcvd| vhdc



hgifu gtv vhd mbc`d|u gm lgvh hacfu vg pbvhbc

algtv ac bceh gm vhd `iauudu# Aeeg|fbc` vg vhd

vhdg|r) vhd et||dcv dcvd|u av vhd idmv hacf)eb|etiavdu vh|gt`h vhd lgfr) acf {auudu gtv av vhd

|b`hv hacf) vhav bu vg uar) vhd|d bu ac bcf|apbc` av

vhd idmv acf a `b}bc`*gtv av vhd |b`hv) vhtu

a`|ddbc` pbvh \dbehdclaeh'u dx{d|bjdcvu gc vhd

{gia|bvr gm vhd htjac lgfr#B jtuv egcmduu vhav) aivhgt`h B haf |daf F|#

La|afte'u lggo) ,Idu ]bl|avbgcu Htjabcdu), B

a{{|gaehdf vhd bcuv|tjdcv bc a }d|r ued{vbeai

m|ajd gm jbcf? ltv B pau uggc egc}bcedf gm jr

d||g|# Av mb|uv) hgifbc` a jdcvai avvbvtfd gm dcvb|d|diaxavbgc) B mgtcf vhav vhd idmv*hacf cddfid pau

avv|aevdf vh|gt`h vpdcvr fd`|ddu) phbid vhd

|b`hv*hacf cddfid) vhd gcd ammdevdf lr vhd gtv*

`gbc` et||dcv) pau |d{diidf vh|gt`h vdc fd`|ddu#

Amvd| aiigpbc` vhd bcuv|tjdcv vg |dvt|c vg bvu

cg|jai dqtbibl|btj B a`abc a{{|gaehdf bv pbvh

vhd {t|{gud gm uddbc` phdvhd| a ehac`d gm jdcvai

avvbvtfd pgtif bc vhd idauv jgfbmr vhd migp gm

et||dcv# Vhbu vbjd B auutjdf vhd uv|gc`duv

jdcvai avvbvtfd B egtif pbvh vhd bcvdcvbgc gm



udcfbc` gtv a migp vh|gt`h vhd |b`hv hacf) acf

vhd |dutiv au egj{a|df pbvh vhd {|d}bgtu gcd pau

|dja|oalid# Vhd idmv*hacf cddfid pau cgp avv|aevdf gcir vh|gt`h vdc fd`|ddu) phbid vhd

|b`hv*hacf gcd pau fdmidevdf vh|gt`h ugjdvhbc`

g}d| vhb|vr) vhtu eida|ir bcfbeavbc` vhd bcmitdced

gm vhd jdcvai maetivbdu bc jgfbmrbc` vhd aevbgc gm

vhd et||dcv# B jar jdcvbgc vhav vhd dx{d|bjdcv pau jafd bc vhd {|dudced gm vpg jdfbeai jdc

phg cgvdf vhd jg}djdcv gm vhd cddfidu#

B pbii cgv hd|d uvg{ vg fbuetuu vhd qtduvbgc gm

phav vhd aevtai egcuvbvtvbgc gm vhbu et||dcv gm

}bvai dcd|`r jar ld―bv bu utmmbebdcv mg| gt|{|dudcv {t|{gud vhav bv bu vhd|d) acf vhd

dx{d|bjdcv B ha}d fdue|bldf l|bc`u tu maed vg

maed pbvh vhd maev gm a eg||du{gcfdced ldvpddc

gt| gpc jdcvai avvbvtfd acf vhd bc}bublid mg|edu

gm cavt|d# D}dc bm pd uar vhav vhbu et||dcv bu ugjd

mg|j gm didev|bebvr) acf vhav vhd }a|bavbgc gm bvu

aevbgc bu fdvd|jbcdf lr ehac`du bc vhd

{gia|b~avbgc gm vhd avgju gm vhd lgfr) vhdc vhbu

ehac`d gm {gia|bvr bu vhd |dutiv gm jdcvai aevbgc?

ug vhav vhd qtbeodcbc` g| |dva|fbc` gm vhd egujbe



et||dcv bu dqtaiir vhd |dutiv gm vhd jdcvai

avvbvtfd phdvhd| pd ut{{gud gt| jdcvai mg|ed vg

aev fb|devir t{gc vhd et||dcv bvudim g| bcfb|devir lr bcftebc` ehac`du bc vhd jgidetia| uv|tevt|d gm

vhd lgfr# Phbehd}d| hr{gvhdubu pd afg{v vhd

egceitubgc bu vhd uajd) cajdir) vhav vhd jbcf

hau {gpd| vg g{dc g| eigud vhd fgg| vg bc}bublid

mg|edu bc uteh a par vhav vhd |dutiv gm vhd jdcvaiaevbgc ldegjdu a{{a|dcv gc vhd javd|bai {iacd#

Cgp) bc}duvbàvbgc uhgpu vhav vhd {hrubeai lgfr)

bu a jdehacbuj u{debaiir afa{vdf mg| vhd

v|acujtvavbgc gm vhd bccd| g| jdcvai {gpd| bcvg

jgfdu gm dxvd|cai aevb}bvr# Pd ocgp m|gjjdfbeai uebdced vhav vhd phgid lgfr bu v|a}d|udf

lr a cdvpg|o gm cd|}du phbeh ud|}d au vhd

ehaccdiu gm egjjtcbeavbgc ldvpddc vhd

bcfpdiibc` u{b|bvtai d`g) phbeh pd eaii jbcf) acf

vhd mtcevbgcu gm vhd dxvd|cai g|àcbuj# Vhbu

cd|}gtu uruvdj bu ftai# Gcd uruvdj) ocgpc au

vhd Urj{avhdvbe) bu vhd ehaccdi mg| aii vhgud

aevb}bvbdu phbeh a|d cgv egcuebgtuir fb|devdf lr

gt| }gibvbgc) uteh au vhd g{d|avbgc gm vhd

fb`duvb}d g|àcu) vhd |d{ab| gm vhd fabir pda| acf



vda| gm vhd vbuutdu) acf vhd ibod# Vhd gvhd| uruvdj)

ocgpc au vhd ]gitcva|r g| Ed|dl|g*u{bcai

uruvdj) bu vhd ehaccdi vh|gt`h phbeh pd |dedb}degcuebgtu {d|ed{vbgc m|gj vhd {hrubeai udcudu

acf dxd|ebud egcv|gi g}d| vhd jg}djdcvu gm vhd

lgfr# Vhbu uruvdj hau bvu edcv|d bc vhd l|abc)

phbid vhd gvhd| hau bvu edcv|d bc a àcìbgcbe

jauu av vhd laeo gm vhd uvgjaeh ocgpc au vhdugia| {idxtu) acf ugjdvbjdu u{godc gm au vhd

alfgjbcai l|abc# Vhd ed|dl|g*u{bcai uruvdj bu

vhd ehaccdi gm gt| }gibvbgcai g| egcuebgtu jdcvai

aevbgc) acf vhd urj{avhdvbe uruvdj bu vhd ehaccdi

gm vhav jdcvai aevbgc phbeh tcegcuebgtuir

ut{{g|vu vhd }bvai mtcevbgcu gm vhd lgfr# Vhtu vhd

ed|dl|g*u{bcai uruvdj bu vhd g|àc gm egcuebgtu

jbcf acf vhd urj{avhdvbe bu vhav gm utl*

egcuebgtu jbcf#

Ltv vhd bcvd|aevbgc gm egcuebgtu acf

utlegcuebgtu jbcf |dqtb|du a ubjbia| bcvd|aevbgc

ldvpddc vhd eg||du{gcfbc` uruvdju gm cd|}du)

acf gcd egcu{betgtu egccdevbgc lr phbeh vhbu bu

{|g}bfdf bu vhd ,}a`tu, cd|}d# Vhbu cd|}d {auudu

gtv gm vhd ed|dl|ai |d`bgc au a {g|vbgc gm vhd



}gitcva|r uruvdj) acf vh|gt`h bv pd egcv|gi vhd

}geai g|àcu? vhdc bv {auudu gcpa|fu vg vhd

vhg|ax udcfbc` gtv l|acehdu vg vhd hda|v acfitcù? acf mbcaiir) {auubc` vh|gt`h vhd

fba{h|a`j) bv igudu vhd gtvd| egavbc` phbeh

fbuvbc`tbuhdu vhd cd|}du gm vhd }gitcva|r uruvdj

acf ldegjdu bfdcvbmbdf pbvh vhgud gm vhd

urj{avhdvbe uruvdj) ug mg|jbc` a egccdevbc` ibco ldvpddc vhd vpg acf jaobc` vhd jac {hrubeaiir

a ubcìd dcvbvr#

Ubjbia|ir fbmmd|dcv a|dau gm vhd l|abc bcfbeavd)

vhdb| egccdevbgc pbvh vhd glndevb}d acf utlndevb}d

aevb}bvbdu gm vhd jbcf |du{devb}dir) acf u{daobc`bc a `dcd|ai par pd jar auub`c vhd m|gcvai

{g|vbgc gm vhd l|abc vg vhd mg|jd| acf vhd

{guvd|bg| {g|vbgc vg vhd iavvd|) phbid vhd

bcvd|jdfbavd {g|vbgc {a|vaodu gm vhd eha|aevd| gm

lgvh#

Vhd bcvtbvbgcai maetivr hau bvu eg||du{gcfdced bc

vhbu t{{d| a|da gm vhd l|abc ubvtavdf ldvpddc vhd

m|gcvai acf {guvd|bg| {g|vbgcu) acf

{hrubgig`beaiir u{daobc`) bv bu hd|d vhav bcvtbvb}d

bfdau mbcf dcv|aced# Vhdud av mb|uv a|d jg|d g|



iduu tcmg|jdf acf `dcd|aib~df bc eha|aevd|) ltv

a|d cd}d|vhdiduu {d|edb}df lr vhd egcuebgtu

jbcf) gvhd|pbud pd uhgtif cgv ld apa|d gm vhdjav aii# Vhdc vhd dmmg|v gm cavt|d bu vg l|bc` vhdud

bfdau bcvg jg|d fdmbcbvd acf tualid uha{d) ug vhd

egcuebgtu jbcf iaru hgif gm vhdj acf bcftedu a

eg||du{gcfbc` }bl|avg|r et||dcv bc vhd }gitcva|r

uruvdj gm cd|}du) acf vhbu bc vt|c bcftedu aubjbia| et||dcv bc vhd bc}gitcva|r uruvdj) vhtu

hacfbc` vhd bfda g}d| vg vhd utlndevb}d jbcf# Vhd

}bl|avg|r et||dcv phbeh haf mb|uv fduedcfdf m|gj

vhd a{dx gm vhd l|abc vg vhd m|gcvai l|abc acf vhtu

vh|gt`h vhd }gitcva|r uruvdj vg vhd ugia| {idxtu

bu cgp |d}d|udf acf auedcfu m|gj vhd ugia|

{idxtu vh|gt`h vhd urj{avhdvbe uruvdj vg vhd

{guvd|bg| l|abc) vhbu |dvt|c et||dcv bcfbeavbc` vhd

aevbgc gm vhd utlndevb}d jbcf#

Bm pd pd|d vg |djg}d vhd ut|maed {g|vbgc gm vhd

a{dx gm vhd l|abc pd uhgtif mbcf bjjdfbavdir

ldigp bv vhd uhbcbc` ldiv gm l|abc utluvaced eaiidf

vhd ,eg|{tu eaiigutj#, Vhbu bu vhd {gbcv gm tcbgc

ldvpddc vhd utlndevb}d acf glndevb}d) acf au vhd

et||dcv |dvt|cu m|gj vhd ugia| {idxtu vg vhbu



{gbcv bv bu |duvg|df vg vhd glndevb}d {g|vbgc gm vhd

l|abc bc a m|duh mg|j phbeh bv hau aeqtb|df lr vhd

ubidcv aiehdjr gm vhd utlndevb}d jbcf# Vhtu vhdegced{vbgc phbeh pau av mb|uv gcir }a`tdir

|deg`cb~df bu |duvg|df vg vhd glndevb}d jbcf bc a

fdmbcbvd acf pg|oalid mg|j) acf vhdc vhd

glndevb}d jbcf) aevbc` vh|gt`h vhd m|gcvai l|abc**

vhd a|da gm egj{a|bugc acf acairubu**{|geddfu vg pg|o t{gc a eida|ir {d|edb}df bfda acf vg l|bc`

gtv vhd {gvdcvbaibvbdu vhav a|d iavdcv bc bv#

Bv jtuv gm egt|ud ld lg|cd bc jbcf vhav B aj hd|d

u{daobc` gm vhd jdcvai d`g bc vhav) jgfd gm bvu

dxbuvdced pbvh phbeh pd a|d jguv majbiba|) vhav buau eigvhdf bc miduh) vhgt`h vhd|d jar ld jteh vg

uar au vg gvhd| jgfdu gm bvu aevb}bvr# Ltv mg| gt|

fabir ibmd pd ha}d vg egcubfd| gt|udi}du au pd a|d

bc vhav au{dev gm ibmd) acf m|gj vhbu {gbcv gm }bdp

vhd {hrubgig`beai eg||du{gcfdced gm vhd lgfr vg

vhd aevbgc gm vhd jbcf bu ac bj{g|vacv bvdj? acf

vhd|dmg|d) aivhgt`h pd jtuv aiparu |djdjld|

vhav vhd g|b`bc gm bfdau bu {t|dir jdcvai) pd jtuv

cgv mg|`dv vhav gc vhd {hrubeai {iacd d}d|r jdcvai



aevbgc bj{ibdu a eg||du{gcfbc` jgidetia| aevbgc

bc vhd l|abc acf bc vhd vpg*mgif cd|}gtu uruvdj#

Bm) au vhd gif Dib~aldvhac {gdv uaru) ,vhd ugti bu

mg|j) acf fgvh vhd lgfr jaod), vhdc bv bu eida|

vhav vhd {hrubeai g|`acbuj jtuv ld a jdehacbeai

a||ac`djdcv au u{debaiir afa{vdf mg| vhd tud gm

vhd ugti'u {gpd|u au a uvdaj*dc`bcd bu mg| vhd

{gpd| gm uvdaj? acf bv bu vhd |deg`cbvbgc gm vhbu|deb{|gebvr ldvpddc vhd vpg vhav bu vhd laubu gm aii

u{b|bvtai g| jdcvai hdaibc`) acf vhd|dmg|d vhd

uvtfr gm vhbu jdehacbeai afa{vavbgc bu ac

bj{g|vacv l|aceh gm Jdcvai Uebdced# Gcir pd

jtuv cgv mg|`dv vhav bv bu vhd dmmdev acf cgv vhdeatud#

Av vhd uajd vbjd bv bu bj{g|vacv vg |djdjld|

vhav uteh a vhbc` au |d}d|uai gm vhd |diavbgc

ldvpddc eatud acf dmmdev bu {guublid) ntuv au vhd

uajd a{{a|avtu jar ld jafd vg `dcd|avdjdehacbeai {gpd| lr vhd a{{ibeavbgc gm

didev|bebvr) g| vg `dcd|avd didev|bebvr lr vhd

a{{ibeavbgc gm jdehacbeai {gpd|# Acf vhd

bj{g|vaced gm vhbu {|bceb{id egcubuvu bc vhbu#

Vhd|d bu aiparu a vdcfdcer mg| aevbgcu phbeh



pd|d av mb|uv }gitcva|r vg ldegjd atvgjavbe) vhav

bu) vg {auu m|gj vhd |d`bgc gm egcuebgtu jbcf bcvg

vhav gm utlegcuebgtu jbcf) acf vg aeqtb|d a{d|jacdcv fgjbebid vhd|d# [|gmduug| Dijd|

@avdu) gm Pauhbc`vgc) hau fdjgcuv|avdf vhbu

{hrubgig`beaiir bc hbu uvtfbdu gm l|abc mg|javbgc#

Hd vdiiu tu vhav d}d|r vhgt`hv {|gftedu a uib`hv

jgidetia| ehac`d bc vhd utluvaced gm vhd l|abc)acf vhd |d{dvbvbgc gm vhd uajd ug|v gm vhgt`hv

eatudu a |d{dvbvbgc gm vhd uajd jgidetia| aevbgc

tcvbi av iauv a }d|bvalid ehaccdi bu mg|jdf bc vhd

l|abc utluvaced) phbeh eac gcir ld d|afbeavdf lr

a |d}d|ud {|geduu gm vhgt`hv# Bc vhbu par ,`|gg}du

gm vhgt`hv, a|d }d|r ibvd|ai vhbc`u) acf phdc gced

duvalibuhdf vhd }bl|avbgcu gm vhd egujbe et||dcvu

migp atvgjavbeaiir vh|gt`h vhdj acf vhtu |daev

t{gc vhd jbcf lr a {|geduu vhd |d}d|ud gm vhav lr

phbeh gt| }gitcva|r acf bcvdcvbgcai bc*f|apbc`

m|gj vhd bc}bublid bu ammdevdf# Bc vhbu par a|d

mg|jdf phav pd eaii ,halbvu), acf hdced vhd

bj{g|vaced gm egcv|giibc` gt| vhbcobc` acf

`ta|fbc` bv a`abcuv tcfdub|alid bfdau#



Ltv gc vhd gvhd| hacf vhbu |daevbgca|r {|geduu

jar ld tudf vg egcmb|j `ggf acf ibmd*`b}bc`

jgfdu gm vhgt`hv) ug vhav lr a ocgpidf`d gm bvuiapu pd jar dcibuv d}dc vhd {hrubeai lgfr bvudim

bc vhd ltbifbc` t{ gm vhav {d|mdevir phgid

{d|ugcaibvr) vhd avvabcjdcv gm phbeh bu vhd abj

acf glndev gm gt| uvtfbdu#



X]#

VHD UGTI#

Ha}bc` cgp glvabcdf a ìbj{ud gm vhd afa{vavbgc

gm vhd {hrubeai g|àcbuj vg vhd aevbgc gm vhd jbcf

pd jtuv cdxv |daib~d vhav vhd jbcf bvudim bu acg|àcbuj phbeh bu bc ibod jaccd| afa{vdf vg vhd

aevbgc gm a uvbii hb`hd| {gpd|) gcir hd|d vhd

afa{vavbgc bu gcd gm jdcvai maetivr# Au pbvh gvhd|

bc}bublid mg|edu aii pd eac ocgp gm vhd jbcf bu lr

glud|}bc` phav bv fgdu) ltv pbvh vhbu fbmmd|dced)vhav ubced pd gt|udi}du a|d vhbu jbcf) gt|

glud|}avbgc bu ac bcvd|bg| glud|}avbgc gm uvavdu gm

egcuebgtucduu# Bc vhbu par pd |deg`cb~d ed|vabc

maetivbdu gm gt| jbcf) vhd pg|obc` g|fd| gm phbeh

B ha}d egcubfd|df av {a`d 86? ltv vhd {gbcv vg

phbeh B pgtif cgp f|ap avvdcvbgc bu vhav vhdud

maetivbdu aiparu pg|o tcfd| vhd bcmitdced gm

ugjdvhbc` phbeh uvbjtiavdu vhdj) acf vhbu

uvbjtitu jar egjd dbvhd| m|gj pbvhgtv vh|gt`h

vhd dxvd|cai udcudu) g| m|gj pbvhbc lr vhd

egcuebgtucduu gm ugjdvhbc` cgv {d|ed{vblid gc



vhd {hrubeai {iacd# Cgp vhd |deg`cbvbgc gm vhdud

bcvd|bg| ugt|edu gm uvbjtitu vg gt| jdcvai

maetivbdu) bu ac bj{g|vacv l|aceh gm JdcvaiUebdced) ldeatud vhd jdcvai aevbgc vhtu udv t{

pg|ou ntuv au aeet|avdir vh|gt`h vhd {hrubeai

eg||du{gcfdcedu au vhgud phbeh uva|v m|gj vhd

|deg`cbvbgc gm dxvd|cai maevu) acf vhd|dmg|d vhd

egcv|gi acf |b`hv fb|devbgc gm vhdud bccd|{d|ed{vbgcu bu a javvd| gm vhd mb|uv jgjdcv#

Vhd maetivbdu jguv bjjdfbavdir egced|cdf a|d

vhd bcvtbvbgc acf vhd bja`bcavbgc) ltv bv bu av mb|uv

fbmmbetiv vg udd hgp vhd bcvtbvbgc) phbeh bu dcvb|dir

u{gcvacdgtu) eac ld l|gt`hv tcfd| vhd egcv|gi gm vhd pbii# Gm egt|ud) vhd u{gcvacdgtucduu gm vhd

bcvtbvbgc eaccgv bc acr par ld bcvd|md|df pbvh)

mg| bm bv edaudf vg aev u{gcvacdgtuir bv pgtif

edaud vg ld vhd bcvtbvbgc# Bvu {|g}bced bu) au bv

pd|d) vg ea{vt|d bfdau m|gj vhd bcmbcbvd acf

{|dudcv vhdj vg vhd jbcf vg ld fdaiv pbvh av bvu

fbue|dvbgc# Bc gt| jdcvai egcuvbvtvbgc vhd

bcvtbvbgc bu vhd {gbcv gm g|b`bcavbgc acf)

vhd|dmg|d) mg| bv vg edaud vg aev u{gcvacdgtuir

pgtif ld mg| bv vg edaud vg aev av aii# Ltv vhd



dx{d|bdced gm a igc` uteeduubgc gm glud|}d|u

uhgpu vhav vhd bcvtbvbgc eac ld v|abcdf ug au vg

aeqtb|d bce|daudf udcubvb}dcduu bc ugjd){a|vbetia| fb|devbgc) acf vhd ehgbed gm vhd `dcd|ai

fb|devbgc bu fdvd|jbcdf lr vhd pbii gm vhd

bcfb}bftai#

Bv pbii ld mgtcf vhav vhd bcvtbvbgc pg|ou jguv

|dafbir bc |du{dev vg vhgud utlndevu phbeh jguvhalbvtaiir geet{r gt| vhgt`hv? acf aeeg|fbc` vg

vhd {hrubgig`beai eg||du{gcfdcedu phbeh pd ha}d

lddc egcubfd|bc` vhbu jb`hv ld aeegtcvdf mg| gc

vhd {hrubeai {iacd lr vhd mg|javbgc gm l|abc*

ehaccdiu u{debaiir afa{vdf mg| vhd bcftevbgc bcvhd jgidetia| uruvdj gm }bl|avbgcu eg||du{gcfbc`

vg vhd {a|vbetia| eiauu gm bfdau bc qtduvbgc# Ltv gm

egt|ud pd jtuv |djdjld| vhav vhd bfdau

vhdjudi}du a|d cgv eatudf lr vhd jgidetia|

ehac`du ltv gc vhd egcv|a|r a|d vhd eatud gm

vhdj? acf bv bu bc vhbu v|acuiavbgc gm vhgt`hv

aevbgc bcvg {hrubeai aevbgc vhav pd a|d l|gt`hv

maed vg maed pbvh vhd dvd|cai jruvd|r gm vhd

fduedcv gm u{b|bv bcvg javvd|? acf vhav vhgt`h pd

jar v|aed javvd| vh|gt`h uteeduub}d fd`|ddu gm



|dmbcdjdcv vbii bv ldegjdu phav) bc egj{a|bugc

pbvh vhgud fdcud| jgfdu vhav a|d jguv majbiba|)

pd jb`hv eaii a u{b|bvtai utluvaced) rdv av vhd dcfgm bv bv bu cgv vhd bcvdiib`dcv vhbcobc` {|bceb{id

bvudim# Vhd e|bvd|bgc bu bc vhd pg|f ,}bl|avbgcu#,

Hgpd}d| fdibeavdir dvhd|be vhd utluvaced bvu

jg}djdcv egjjdcedu lr vhd }bl|avbgc gm bvu

{a|vbeidu) acf a }bl|avbgc bu a pa}d ha}bc` aed|vabc idc`vh) aj{ibvtfd) acf {d|bgfbebvr) vhav bu

vg uar) ugjdvhbc` phbeh eac dxbuv gcir bc vd|ju

gm u{aed acf vbjd? acf au uggc au pd a|d fdaibc`

pbvh acrvhbc` ea{alid gm vhd egced{vbgc gm

jdaut|djdcv pd jar ld qtbvd ed|vabc vhav pd

a|d cgv fdaibc` pbvh U{b|bv ltv gcir pbvh gcd gm bvu

}dhbeidu# Vhd|dmg|d aivhgt`h pd jar {tuh gt|

acairubu gm javvd| mt|vhd| acf d}d| mt|vhd| laeo**

acf gc vhbu ibcd vhd|d bu a `|dav fdai gm ocgpidf`d

vg ld `abcdf**pd uhaii mbcf vhav vhd {gbcv av

phbeh u{b|bvtai {gpd| g| vhgt`hv*mg|ed bu

v|acuiavdf bcvg dvhd|be g| avgjbe }bl|avbgc pbii

aiparu ditfd tu# Vhd|dmg|d pd jtuv cgv avv|bltvd

vhd g|b`bcavbgc gm bfdau vg jgidetia|

fbu{iaedjdcv bc vhd l|abc) vhgt`h) lr vhd

|daevbgc gm vhd {hrubeai t{gc vhd jdcvai phbeh B



ha}d u{godc gm alg}d) vhd mg|javbgc gm vhgt`hv*

ehaccdiu bc vhd `|dr javvd| gm vhd l|abc jar vdcf

vg maebibvavd vhd |ded{vbgc gm ed|vabc bfdau# Ugjd{dg{id a|d aevtaiir egcuebgtu gm vhd aevbgc gm vhd

t{{d| {g|vbgc gm vhd l|abc ft|bc` vhd bcmitx gm ac

bcvtbvbgc) vhd udcuavbgc ldbc` vhav gm a ug|v gm

dx{acubgc bc vhav l|abc a|da) phbeh jb`hv ld

egj{a|df vg vhd g{dcbc` gm a }ai}d g| fgg|? ltvaii avvdj{vu vg bcfted vhd bcmigp gm bcvtbvb}d bfdau

lr vhd {hrubgig`beai dx{dfbdcv gm v|rbc` vg g{dc

vhbu }ai}d lr vhd dxd|ebud gm vhd pbii uhgtif ld

fbuegt|a`df au ibodir vg {|g}d bcnt|bgtu vg vhd

l|abc# B ldibd}d ugjd G|bdcvai uruvdju af}geavd

vhbu jdvhgf) ltv pd jar pdii v|tuv vhd jbcf vg

|d`tiavd vhd aevbgc gm bvu {hrubeai ehaccdiu bc a

jaccd| utbvalid vg bvu gpc |dqtb|djdcvu) bcuvdaf

gm v|rbc` vg jacb{tiavd vhd jbcf lr vhd

tccavt|ai mg|ebc` gm bvu jdehacbeai bcuv|tjdcv#

Bc aii gt| uvtfbdu gc vhdud ibcdu pd jtuv

|djdjld| vhav fd}dig{jdcv bu aiparu lr

{d|mdevir cavt|ai `|gpvh acf bu cgv l|gt`hv algtv

lr tcftir uv|abcbc` acr {g|vbgc gm vhd uruvdj#



Vhd maev) hgpd}d|) |djabcu vhav vhd bcvtbvbgc

pg|ou jguv m|ddir bc vhav fb|devbgc bc phbeh pd

jguv halbvtaiir egcedcv|avd gt| vhgt`hv? acf bc{|aevbed bv pbii ld mgtcf vhav vhd lduv par vg

etivb}avd vhd bcvtbvbgc bc acr {a|vbetia| fb|devbgc

bu vg jdfbvavd t{gc vhd aluv|aev {|bceb{idu gm vhav

{a|vbetia| eiauu gm utlndevu |avhd| vhac gcir vg

egcubfd| {a|vbetia| eaudu# [d|ha{u vhd |daugc buvhav {a|vbetia| eaudu ha}d vg fg pbvh u{debmbe

{hdcgjdca) vhav bu pbvh vhd iap pg|obc` tcfd|

ed|vabc ibjbvbc` egcfbvbgcu) phd|dau vhd

{|bceb{idu gm vhd iap a|d cgv ibjbvdf lr igeai

egcfbvbgcu) acf ug halbvtai jdfbvavbgc gc vhdj

udvu gt| bcvtbvbgc m|dd vg |ac`d bc ac bcmbcbvtfd

phd|d vhd egced{vbgc gm acvdedfdcv egcfbvbgcu

fgdu cgv ibjbv bv# Acrpar) phavd}d| jar ld vhd

vhdg|dvbeai dx{iacavbgc) rgt pbii mbcf vhav vhd

eida| `|au{ gm aluv|aev {|bceb{idu bc acr fb|devbgc

hau a pgcfd|mtiir qtbeodcbc` dmmdev t{gc vhd

bcvtbvbgc bc vhav {a|vbetia| fb|devbgc#

Vhd bj{g|vaced gm |deg`cb~bc` gt| {gpd| gm vhtu

`b}bc` fb|devbgc vg vhd bcvtbvbgc eaccgv ld

dxa``d|avdf) mg| bm vhd jbcf bu avvtcdf vg



urj{avhr pbvh vhd hb`hduv {haudu gm u{b|bv vhbu

{gpd| g{dcu vhd fgg| vg ibjbviduu {guublbibvbdu gm

ocgpidf`d# Bc bvu hb`hduv pg|obc`u bcvtbvbgc ldegjdu bcu{b|avbgc) acf ed|vabc `|dav |deg|fu gm

mtcfajdcvai v|tvhu acf ut{|djd jruvd|bdu

phbeh ha}d egjd fgpc vg tu m|gj vhgtuacfu gm

`dcd|avbgcu ldqtdavhdf lr fdd{ vhbcod|u gm gif

eac gcir ld aeegtcvdf mg| gc vhd ut{{gubvbgc vhavvhdb| da|cduv vhgt`hv gc vhd G|b`bcavbc` U{b|bv)

egt{idf pbvh a |d}d|dcv pg|uhb{ gm Bv) g{dcdf vhd

fgg|) vh|gt`h vhdb| bcvtbvb}d maetivr) vg vhd jguv

utlibjd bcu{b|avbgcu |d`a|fbc` vhd ut{|djd

v|tvhu gm vhd tcb}d|ud lgvh pbvh |du{dev vg vhd

d}gitvbgc gm vhd egujgu acf vg vhd d}gitvbgc gm

vhd bcfb}bftai# Ajgc` uteh |deg|fu dx{iacavg|r

gm vhd ut{|djd jruvd|bdu vh|dd uvacf gtv {|d*

djbcdcv) aii lda|bc` pbvcduu vg vhd uajd GCD

V|tvh) acf daeh vh|gpbc` ib`hv t{gc vhd gvhd|?

acf vhdud vh|dd a|d vhd Lblid) vhd @|dav [r|ajbf)

acf vhd [aeo gm Ea|fu**a et|bgtu egjlbcavbgc

ugjd pbii vhbco) ltv B hg{d bc acgvhd| }gitjd gm

vhbu ud|bdu vg ld alid vg ntuvbmr jr {|dudcv

uvavdjdcv# B aiitfd vg vhdud vh|dd |deg|fu hd|d

ldeatud vhd tcbvr gm {|bceb{id phbeh vhdr dxhblbv)



cgvpbvhuvacfbc` vhdb| pbfd fb}d|`dced gm

jdvhgf) ammg|fu a uvacfbc` {|ggm vhav vhd

fb|devbgc vaodc lr vhd bcvtbvbgc bu ia|`dir fdvd|jbcdf lr vhd pbii gm vhd bcfb}bftai g{dcbc`

vhd jbcf bc vhav {a|vbetia| fb|devbgc#

]d|r eigudir aiibdf vg vhd bcvtbvbgc bu vhd maetivr gm

bja`bcavbgc# Vhbu fgdu cgv jdac jd|d macebdu)

phbeh pd fbujbuu pbvhgtv mt|vhd| egcubfd|avbgc) ltv gt| {gpd| gm mg|jbc` jdcvai bja`du t{gc

phbeh pd fpdii# Vhdud) au B ha}d uabf bc vhd

da|ibd| {a|v gm vhbu lggo) mg|j a cteidtu phbeh)

gc bvu gpc {iacd) eaiiu bcvg aevbgc vhd tcb}d|uai

Iap gm Avv|aevbgc) vhtu `b}bc` |bud vg vhd{|bceb{id gm @|gpvh# Vhd |diavbgc gm vhd bcvtbvbgc

vg vhd bja`bcavbgc bu vhav vhd bcvtbvbgc `|au{u ac

bfda m|gj vhd @|dav Tcb}d|uai Jbcf) bc phbeh aii

vhbc`u utlubuv au {gvdcvbaiu ) acf {|dudcvu bv vg vhd

bja`bcavbgc bc bvu duudced |avhd| vhac bc a

fdmbcbvd mg|j) acf vhdc gt| bja`d*ltbifbc`

maetivr `b}du bv a eida| acf fdmbcbvd mg|j phbeh bv

{|dudcvu ldmg|d vhd jdcvai }bubgc) acf phbeh pd

vhdc }b}bmr lr idvvbc` gt| vhgt`hv fpdii t{gc bv)

vhtu bcmtubc` gt| gpc {d|ugcaibvr bcvg bv) acf ug



{|g}bfbc` vhav {d|ugcai didjdcv vh|gt`h phbeh

vhd u{debmbe aevbgc gm vhd tcb}d|uai iap |diavb}dir

vg vhd {a|vbetia| bcfb}bftai aiparu vaodu {iaed#_1Z

Phdvhd| gt| vhgt`hv uhaii ld aiigpdf vhtu vg

fpdii t{gc a {a|vbetia| jdcvai bja`d fd{dcfu gc

gt| gpc pbii) acf gt| dxd|ebud gm gt| pbii

fd{dcfu gc gt| ldibdm bc gt| {gpd| vg tud bv ug au

vg fbu{d|ud g| egcugibfavd a `b}dc jdcvai bja`d?acf mbcaiir gt| ldibdm bc gt| {gpd| vg fg vhbu

fd{dcfu gc gt| |deg`cbvbgc gm gt| |diavbgc vg

@gf) Phg bu vhd ugt|ed gm aii {gpd|? mg| bv bu ac

bc}a|balid v|tvh vhav gt| ibmd pbii vaod bvu phgid

mg|j) vgcd) acf egig| m|gj gt| egced{vbgc gm

@gf) phdvhd| vhav egced{vbgc ld {gubvb}d g|

cd`avb}d) acf vhd udqtdced lr phbeh bv fgdu ug bu

vhav cgp `b}dc#

Bc vhbu par) vhdc) gt| bcvtbvbgc bu |diavdf vg gt|

bja`bcavbgc) acf vhbu |diavbgc hau bvu

{hrubgig`beai eg||du{gcfdced bc vhd eb|etitu gm

jgidetia| }bl|avbgcu B ha}d fdue|bldf alg}d)

phbeh) ha}bc` bvu egjjdcedjdcv bc vhd hb`hd| g|

,bfdai, {g|vbgc gm vhd l|abc migpu vh|gt`h vhd

}gitcva|r cd|}gtu uruvdj) vhd {hrubeai ehaccdi



gm glndevb}d jbcf) |dvt|cbc` vh|gt`h vhd

urj{avhdvbe uruvdj) vhd {hrubeai ehaccdi gm

utlndevb}d jbcf) vhtu egj{idvbc` vhd eb|etbv acf ldbc` vhdc |duvg|df vg vhd m|gcvai l|abc) phd|d bv

bu egcuebgtuir jgfdiidf bcvg eida|*etv mg|ju

utbvdf vg a u{debmbe {t|{gud#

Bc aii vhbu vhd {gpd| gm vhd pbii au |d`tiavbc` vhd

aevbgc lgvh gm vhd bcvtbvbgc acf vhd bja`bcavbgcjtuv cd}d| ld iguv ub`hv gm) mg| pbvhgtv uteh a

edcv|ai egcv|giibc` {gpd| pd uhgtif igud aii udcud

gm bcfb}bftaibvr? acf hdced vhd tivbjavd abj gm

vhd d}gitvbgca|r {|geduu bu vg d}gi}d bcfb}bftai

pbiiu aevtavdf lr uteh ldcdmbedced acfdcib`hvdcjdcv au uhaii jaod vhdj mbvvbc` }dhbeidu

mg| vhd gtvmigpbc` gm vhd Ut{|djd U{b|bv) phbeh

hau hbvhd|vg e|davdf egujbeaiir) acf eac cgp

ea||r gc vhd e|davb}d {|geduu vg bvu hb`hduv uva`du

gcir vh|gt`h egcuebgtu tcbgc pbvh vhd

bcfb}bftai? mg| vhbu bu vhd gcir {guublid ugitvbgc gm

vhd `|dav {|glidj) Hgp eac vhd Tcb}d|uai Jbcf

aev bc aii bvu mticduu t{gc vhd {iacd gm vhd

bcfb}bftai acf {a|vbetia|7



Vhbu bu vhd tivbjavd gm d}gitvbgc) acf vhd

uteeduumti d}gitvbgc gm vhd bcfb}bftai fd{dcfu gc

hbu |deg`cb~bc` vhbu tivbjavd acf pg|obc`vgpa|fu bv? acf vhd|dmg|d vhbu uhgtif ld vhd `|dav

dcf gm gt| uvtfbdu# Vhd|d bu a eg||du{gcfdced bc

vhd egcuvbvtvbgc gm vhd lgfr vg vhd maetivbdu gm vhd

ugti) acf vhd|d bu a ubjbia| eg||du{gcfdced bc vhd

maetivbdu gm vhd ugti vg vhd {gpd| gm vhd Aii*g|b`bcavbc` U{b|bv? acf au bc aii gvhd| afa{vavbgcu

gm u{debmbe }dhbeidu ug aiug hd|d) pd eac cd}d|

eg||devir tcfd|uvacf vhd cavt|d gm vhd }dhbeid

acf tud bv |b`hvir tcvbi pd |daib~d vhd cavt|d gm

vhd {gpd| mg| vhd pg|obc` gm phbeh bv bu u{debaiir

afa{vdf# Idv tu) vhdc) bc egceitubgc l|bdmir

egcubfd| vhd cavt|d gm vhav {gpd|#



X]B#

VHD U[B\BV#

Phav jtuv vhd Ut{|djd Aii*g|b`bcavbc` U{b|bv ld

bc bvudim7 Vhav bu vhd qtduvbgc ldmg|d tu# Idv tu

uva|v pbvh gcd maev |d`a|fbc` bv algtv phbeh pdeaccgv ha}d acr {guublid fgtlv―bv bu e|davb}d # Bm

bv pd|d cgv e|davb}d cgvhbc` egtif egjd bcvg

dxbuvdced? vhd|dmg|d pd ocgp vhav bvu {t|{gud) g|

Iap gm Vdcfdcer) jtuv ld vg l|bc` bcfb}bftai

ib}du bcvg dxbuvdced acf vg ut||gtcf vhdj pbvh autbvalid dc}b|gcjdcv# Cgp a {gpd| phbeh hau

vhbu mg| bvu bchd|dcv cavt|d jtuv ld a obcfir

{gpd|# Vhd U{b|bv gm Ibmd uddobc` dx{|duubgc bc

bcfb}bftai ib}du eac ha}d cg gvhd| bcvdcvbgc

vgpa|fu vhdj vhac ,vhav vhdr jb`hv ha}d ibmd)

acf vhav vhdr jb`hv ha}d bv jg|d altcfacvir#, Vg

ut{{gud vhd g{{gubvd pgtif ld a egcv|afbevbgc bc

vd|ju# Bv pgtif ld vg ut{{gud vhd Dvd|cai

[|bceb{id gm Ibmd aevbc` a`abcuv bvudim) dx{|duubc`

bvudim au vhd |d}d|ud gm phav bv bu) bc phbeh eaud bv

pgtif cgv ld dx{|duubc` bvudim ltv dx{|duubc` bvu



g{{gubvd? ug vhav bv bu bj{guublid vg egcedb}d gm

vhd U{b|bv gm Ibmd aevbc` gvhd|pbud vhac vg vhd

bce|daud gm ibmd# Vhbu bu au rdv gcir bj{d|mdevir a{{a|dcv lr |daugc gm gt| bj{d|mdev

a{{|dhdcubgc gm vhd {gubvbgc) acf gt|

egcudqtdcv pacv gm egcuebgtu tcbvr pbvh vhd

GCD Dvd|cai Ibmd# Au gt| egcuebgtucduu gm tcbvr

ldegjdu jg|d {d|mdev ug pbii vhd ibmd*`b}bc`cduugm vhd U{b|bv ldegjd jg|d a{{a|dcv# Ltv bc vhd

|daij gm {|bceb{idu vhd {t|dir Ammb|javb}d acf

Ibmd*`b}bc` cavt|d gm vhd Aii*g|b`bcavbc` U{b|bv bu

ac tca}gbfalid egceitubgc# Cgp lr phav cajd

eac pd eaii uteh ac bchd|dcv fdub|d vg aff vg vhd

mticduu gm acr bcfb}bftai ibmd**vhav bu) vg jaod bv

uv|gc`d|) l|b`hvd|) acf ha{{bd|7 Bm vhbu bu cgv

Ig}d) vhdc B fg cgv ocgp phav diud bv bu? acf ug

pd a|d {hbigug{hbeaiir idf vg vhd egceitubgc vhav

Ig}d bu vhd {|bjd jg}bc` {gpd| gm vhd E|davbc`

U{b|bv#

Ltv dx{|duubgc bu bj{guublid pbvhgtv Mg|j# Phav

Mg|j) vhdc) uhgtif Ig}d `b}d vg vhd }dhbeidu gm bvu

dx{|duubgc7 Lr vhd hr{gvhdubu gm vhd eaud bv egtif

cgv mbcf udim*dx{|duubgc bc mg|ju vhav pd|d



havdmti g| |d{t`cacv vg bv**vhd|dmg|d vhd gcir

ig`beai eg||diavb}d gm Ig}d bu Ldatvr# Ldatvr bu cgv

rdv tcb}d|uaiir jacbmduvdf mg| vhd uajd |daugcvhav Ibmd bu cgv) cajdir) iaeo gm |deg`cbvbgc gm bvu

[|bceb{id? ltv) vhav vhd {|bceb{id gm Ldatvr bu

bchd|dcv bc vhd Dvd|cai Jbcf bu fdjgcuv|avdf lr

aii vhav bu ldatvbmti bc vhd pg|if bc phbeh pd ib}d#

Vhdud egcubfd|avbgcu uhgp tu vhav vhd bchd|dcvcavt|d gm vhd U{b|bv jtuv egcubuv bc vhd dvd|cai

bcvd|aevbgc gm Ig}d acf Ldatvr au vhd Aevb}d acf

[auub}d {gia|bvr gm Ldbc`# Vhdc vhbu bu vhd [gpd|

mg| vhd pg|obc` gm phbeh gt| ugti maetivbdu a|d

u{debaiir afa{vdf# Acf phdc vhbu {t|{gud gm vhdafa{vavbgc bu |deg`cb~df pd ld`bc vg `dv ugjd

bcub`hv bcvg vhd par bc phbeh gt| bcvtbvbgc)

bja`bcavbgc) acf pbii uhgtif ld dxd|eb~df# Lr

v|abcbc` gt| vhgt`hv vg halbvtaiir fpdii t{gc vhbu

ftai*tcbvr gm vhd G|b`bcavbc` Mg|edu gm Ig}d acf

Ldatvr vhd bcvtbvbgc bu |dcfd|df jg|d acf jg|d

udcubvb}d vg bfdau djacavbc` m|gj vhbu ut{|djd

ugt|ed) acf vhd bja`bcbc` maetivr bu v|abcdf bc vhd

mg|javbgc gm bja`du eg||du{gcfbc` vg uteh bfdau?

phbid gc vhd {hrubeai ubfd vhd jgidetia|



uv|tevt|d gm vhd l|abc acf lgfr ldegjdu jg|d

acf jg|d {d|mdevir afntuvdf vg vhd `dcd|avbc` gm

}bl|avg|r et||dcvu vdcfbc` vg vhd gtvpa|fjacbmduvavbgc gm vhd G|b`bcavbc` [|bceb{id# Vhtu

vhd phgid jac bu l|gt`hv bcvg tcbugc pbvh

hbjudim acf pbvh vhd Ut{|djd Ugt|ed gm Ibmd) ug

vhav) bc vhd pg|fu gm Uv# [ati) hd bu ldbc` far lr

far |dcdpdf amvd| vhd bja`d gm Hbj vhav e|davdfhbj#

Gt| jg|d bjjdfbavdir {d|ugcai |deg`cbvbgc gm

vhd Aii*g|b`bcavbc` Ig}d acf Ldatvr pbii vhtu migp

gtv au {daed gm jbcf) hdaivh gm lgfr) fbue|dvbgc

bc vhd jaca`djdcv gm gt| ammab|u) acf {gpd| bcvhd ea||rbc` gtv gm gt| tcfd|vaobc`u? acf au pd

af}aced vg a pbfd| egced{vbgc gm vhd pg|obc` gm

vhd U{b|bv gm Ig}d acf Ldatvr bc bvu bcmbcbvd

{guublbibvbdu) ug gt| bcvtbvbgc pbii mbcf a pbfd|

ueg{d acf gt| mbdif gm aevb}bvr pbii dx{acf aigc`

pbvh bv**bc a pg|f pd uhaii fbueg}d| vhav gt|

bcfb}bftaibvr bu `|gpbc`) acf vhav pd a|d

ldegjbc` jg|d v|tir gt|udi}du vhac pd d}d| pd|d

ldmg|d#



Vhd qtduvbgc gm vhd u{debmbe ibcdu gc phbeh vhd

bcfb}bftai jar ld jguv {d|mdevir v|abcdf bcvg

uteh |deg`cbvbgc gm hbu v|td |diavbgc vg vhd Aii*djl|aebc` U{b|bv gm Ibmd bu vhd|dmg|d gm ut{|djd

bj{g|vaced) ltv bv bu aiug gm uteh ja`cbvtfd vhav

d}dc vg l|bdmir uodveh bvu l|gaf gtvibcdu pgtif

|dqtb|d a }gitjd vg bvudim) acf B pbii vhd|dmg|d cgv

avvdj{v vg dcvd| t{gc bv hd|d) jr {|dudcv{t|{gud ldbc` gcir vg gmmd| ugjd hbcvu gm vhd

{|bceb{idu tcfd|irbc` vhav pgcfd|mti vh|dd*mgif

tcbvr gm Lgfr) Ugti) acf U{b|bv phbeh pd aii ocgp

gt|udi}du vg ld#

Pd a|d au rdv gcir av vhd egjjdcedjdcv gm vhd{avh phbeh idafu vg vhd |daib~avbgc gm vhbu tcbvr bc

vhd mtii fd}dig{jdcv gm aii bvu {gpd|u) ltv gvhd|u

ha}d v|gffdc vhd par ldmg|d tu) m|gj phgud

dx{d|bdcedu pd jar ida|c? acf cgv idauv ajgc`

vhdud pau vhd biituv|bgtu mgtcfd| gm vhd Jguv

Eh|buvbac M|avd|cbvr gm vhd \gube|tebacu# Vhbu

jauvd|*jbcf) udvvbc` gtv bc hbu rgtvh pbvh vhd

bcvdcvbgc gm `gbc` vg Nd|tuaidj) ehac`df vhd

g|fd| gm hbu ngt|cdr acf mb|uv ugngt|cdf mg| vh|dd

rda|u bc vhd urjlgibeai ebvr gm Fajea|) bc vhd



jruvbeai egtcv|r gm A|alba) vhdc mg| algtv a rda|

bc vhd jruvbeai egtcv|r gm D`r{v) acf vhdc mg| vpg

rda|u bc vhd jruvbeai egtcv|r gm Md~# Vhdc) ha}bc`ft|bc` vhdud ubx rda|u ida|cdf aii vhav pau vg ld

aeqtb|df bc vhgud egtcv|bdu) hd |dvt|cdf vg hbu

cavb}d iacf gm @d|jacr) phd|d) gc vhd laubu gm

vhd ocgpidf`d hd haf vhtu `abcdf) hd mgtcfdf

vhd M|avd|cbvr \#E#) mg| phgud bcuv|tevbgc hd p|gvd vhd jruvbeai lggou J# acf V# Vhdc) phdc

hd |daib~df vhav hbu pg|o bc bvu {|dudcv uva`d pau

aeegj{ibuhdf) hd gm hbu gpc m|dd pbii iabf aubfd

vhd {hrubeai lgfr) cgv) bv bu |deg|fdf) lr fdear) g|

fbudaud) g| g|fbca|r fdavh) ltv lr vhd dx{|duu

fb|devbgc gm vhd U{b|bv gm Ibmd) utjjbc` t{ aii hbu

ocgpidf`d bc vhd pg|fu)

,Ndutu jbhb gjcba#,

Acf cgp hbu mgiigpd|u apabv vhd egjbc` gm ,vhd

A|vbuv Dibau), phg uhaii l|bc` vhd Ja`ctj G{tu

vg bvu egj{idvbgc#

,Idv hbj vhav |dafdvh tcfd|uvacf#,



MGGVCGVDU

1# Udd jr ,Fg|â Idevt|du#,

edinburgh lectures on mental science - thomas troward

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