Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

The advent of technology has changed the way we live, work, and spends leisure time.

Even before a long time ago, technology already develops and still continues to evolve as

long as people have been around. The rise of this creation of a man made ones life easier

and help build a better lifestyle. It can be considered that technology was the lifeblood of

society, a basic necessity, a livelihood, an income, and means of support. Bill Gates once said

that I think it's fair to say that personal computers have become the most empowering tool

we've ever created. They're tools of communication, they're tools of creativity, and they can

be shaped by their user, from his quotation, any individual wouldnt resist the truth that

technology is one of the best things a man invented because of its benefits and advantages in

our lives. Because technology provided the world with so many benefits, it already became

an important part in our lives.

As technology changes and improves at a rapid pace, businesses and institutions have

come up with it. Many machineries are often utilized among people and inventions spread

out to replace the work of human beings. Due to the fast advancements of technologies, the

daily lives of humans have become more accommodating and convenient. Because most of

the works nowadays are done using computers, machinery have given mankind the ability to

live longer and more efficiently. Likewise, through technology, different transactions and

processing have become computerized for greater ease and accuracy. The use of automated

systems have become one of the techniques of many companies, offices, institutions and

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industries brought about the use of automated systems which decreases their works and

hassle free.

The popularity of technology has caught up the voting industry and developing

computerized voting systems counterparts the traditional method of voting. Voting is a way

of participating in an election, expressing your chosen candidate and preference, and

deciding a group in an election. It is the most vital citizen participation process in democracy

because a citizen is given an essential right to vote a candidate that will make a big difference

in the society. In modern days, Election is an important part of our societys Democratic

Government. The brief history of Election started in the ancient Athens in Rome where

selection of popes and holy roman emperors happens but the origins of election lies in the

government of Europe and North America in the 17th century while election in Asia

including India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines started in 1970s. In the Philippines,

election began in 1935 after the sanction of the 1935 constitution of the Philippines where

Manual Quezon was elected as the President. Election is a formal process of selecting a

person for public office or of accepting or rejecting a political proposition by voting

(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/182308/election). (Heinz Eulau / Emeritus

Professor of Political Science, Stanford University, California. Author of The Politics of

Representation and others/ Last Updated 2-6-2014). Through election, the voters will have

the power to elect their chosen and deserving candidates to be the leaders of the society. The

voters will be given the chance to express their thoughts on how they should be governed.

Because technology had reached the voting industry, many elections have become automated

to make voting easier and to lessen the work of the people involved. Even in our country,

automation of elections has led to a much smoother and modern way, more convenient and

user friendly. Automated election uses technology for voting and electronic machines as a

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means to count votes and canvass or combine the results; it decreases election costs and

expand public participation through appropriate voting process. While technology

influenced the modern age, it is unmistakable that some institutions still do not adopt the use

of these machineries particularly in some schools and their organizations, were manual

operations are still used. As years passed by, the number of students grow and various cases

about the manual method is no longer useful. The Supreme Student Council of City College

of Calamba would consider to have a fast and hassle free voting process which reduces time

consumption.

City College of Calamba is a non-sectarian, public institution of higher learning

established on 2006 and founded by Justin Marc Sb. Chipeco. The establishment is located

in Burgos St., Barangay 7 (Poblacion), Calamba City. The school have several organizations

and one is the Supreme Student Council (SSC) which is under the Office of Student Affairs

and the highest governing body in City College of Calamba because it works for all the

students. The SSC is a group of students working together which is broadly recognized and

respected by the students because it influence and mold student leaders to be vigilant and

active citizens in their community. This organization is the arm of the school in

implementing student activities. Election of Supreme Student Council leaders is a decision

making process where the whole collegiate population of CCC chooses a student candidate

to govern the Council. It has always been a perennial and important event of the school

where the students is given a power to elect a candidate that will speak on behalf of them.

The election taught and encouraged the students to exercise the right of suffrage. The

Council form a committee called Nominations in Elections composed of two different

students for every courses. It is the arm of the Supreme Student Council which handles the

election in the school. The history of election in CCC started the year it is established where

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Representational Voting were done. By that time, there will be a section representative

coming from block sections and among that representatives, they will vote who will be their

leaders. There was no actual direct voting from the students. The direct voting started on

2008 where students vote for candidates from different courses. This is the year where

manual process of voting begun. The voting process in CCC always starts at the end of

second semester and last for only a day. Participating in the election is not required which

means the candidates should find a way to encourage the students to vote them.

The election process Supreme Student Council begins with posting an announcement

about the candidacy for election a month prior to scheduled day of voting. The

announcement is about the qualifications in different positions and the deadline of the

requirements. The candidates will send the candidacy form at the SSC office and approved

only if they finished passing the requirements. Individual candidacy is accepted but they can

also form their own party. The candidates will be given a week for candidacy and campaign

to convince every students to vote them. The voting process proceeds with a particular date

set by the Office of Student Affairs. Watchers from a party list or candidate are present in

the voting premises. The students lines up at a given voting area only at their vacant time.

Chairs are already organize and a ballot paper is given to the voters. There will be a list of

candidates in every election room as a guideline for the voters to choose the candidate he or

she likes. After listing their chosen candidates, the voters will drop the filled-up ballot form

in the ballot box in order for the votes to be cast. Signing on the list given by the Supreme

Student Council is the indication that the student already voted in the election. When all the

ballot box are collected, it is the time that the Nomelec counts and tally the votes. Normally,

the counting starts from evening and ends till midnight until the results are acquired. The

whole voting process involves a lot of manual operations. The computing of votes manually

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and organizing the election have always been a burden to the Nomelec. It also consumes

time and effort because the results should be announced immediately. The process is slow

and tedious and it takes a lot of time in voting, checking and counting. Also, the election is

not appealing since some of the students choose not to vote.

The researchers also notices some problems in the process. One is the security of the

voting process. Because tallying the votes is manual, one can alter with the results or with the

ballot papers. The voting process is not environment friendly since it requires an enormous

amount of paper. Another problem the researchers observes is the lack of information about

the candidates. Some voters dont know anything about the candidate, or dont know the

candidate at all. This leads to voting anyone on the list and sometimes choosing not to vote.

Students also hesitate to vote because the election for them is dull, a waste of time, have

classes, and feels that their votes are not counted.

After the gathering of data, the researchers come up with an idea and a solution that will

address the problems encountered in the voting process of SSC of City College of Calamba.

The researcher plans to develop a system that will eliminate the problems encountered by

the client and improve the existing process. The need for a fast and efficient system was

idealized. This system will provide a more convenient way to vote and lessen the effort of

the people involved in the process. It will carry a database that will hold the data of the

students use in accessing the system where an identification card is check to prove an eligible

voter and information about the candidates, Nomelec, SSC officers, and other data. It will

help in presenting an accurate tally votes and avoid time wastage. This system also aims to

promote the client to be recognized which will encourage more students to participate and

vote in the election.

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Statement of the Problem

Guided by the fact that Supreme Student Council still use tedious process of voting and

manually counting of votes, the proposed study intends to manage and implement a web

based voting system which will give a fast, easier procedure and convenient way of voting.

Specifically, the following are the problems that aim to answer by the researchers:

1. How to inform the students about the background of the candidates?

2. How to speed up the counting of votes and proclamation of winners?

3. How to make the election process easier and more simplified for the voters?

4. How to motivate the students to participate in the election?

5. How to reduce the work of the Council and Nomelec and minimize the time consumed

during the election?

6. How to measure the effectiveness of the proposed system in terms of:

6.1 Accuracy

6.2 Reliability

6.3 Security

6.4 Efficiency

6.5 Environment friendly

7. How does the proposed system satisfy the user in adopting a web based technology?

Objectives of the Study

The purpose of the study is to develop a system that will support the current voting

process of Supreme Student Council and eliminate the problems encountered by the client.

Specifically, the study aims to provide the following:

1. To inform the students about the background of the candidates.

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2. To develop a system that will speed up the counting of votes and proclamation of

winners.

3. To develop a system that will make the election process easier and more simplified for the

voters.

4. To create a system that will motivate the students to participate in the election.

5. To develop a system that will reduce the work of the Council and Nomelec and minimize

the time consumed during the election

6. To measure the effectiveness of the system following the ISO 9162 in terms of:

6.1 Accuracy

6.2 Reliability

6.3 Security

6.4 Efficiency

6.5 Environment friendly

7. To develop a system that will satisfy the user in adopting a web based technology.

Conceptual Framework

In this study, the researcher made a conceptual framework which will serve as a guide and

provide a quick outlook of the whole research work. The conceptual framework illustrates

the process of input and output that occurs in the system. The information of the candidates

and students are the information needed in the voting process.

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INPUT

Log in details

Admin

(Username and

password)

Student

(Student id no.

and password)

Votes

Encoding of

Candidates and

their Profile

OUTPUT

Result of Votes

Tally of Votes

List of previous

candidates and

votes gained

PROCESS

Supreme Student

Council Web based

Voting System in City

College of Calamba

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

The first frame illustrates the input part which contains the student log in details, votes, and

the encoding of candidates profile. The student log in details contains the student id

number and username for each voter. The input part also includes the votes, and the profile

of the candidates. Under the profile of the candidates are name, year and section, position,

and their aims for the school. All the information needed to work for the system are

processed which helps the researchers to analyze and design a system. The output of the

study generates the result and tally of votes.

Significance of the Study

Because of the continuous use of manual operations which brought to the slow and

tedious process of voting, the study will formulate and provide a system that will generate an

accurate result of votes and minimizes the time and effort during the voting process. The

design will serve and help the council to facilitate a fair election and will make it easier and

convenient for the people involved in the system.

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The researchers are presently students of City College of Calamba who wants to put the

study in notion in the near future as possible.

They will give paramount importance to the following:

Institution. The study will help the Institution encourage more students to vote because

voting will be much easier with the system.

Students. One of the beneficiaries of the system is the Students. It will provide them a

faster way of voting and time falling in line will be lessened. It will give a fair result of votes

wherein voters (students) can ensure that their votes are counted and a will serve as a

guideline for knowing the candidates information easier.

Election Committee. The Election Committee will be benefited with the system by

lessening their time and effort for the whole voting process. The system will reduce their

work from the preparation of the voting, the voting itself and until the end were the votes

are counted and results are presented. It will provide them convenience, prevent stress, and

give them time for their studies.

Administrator. The Administrator will be benefited with the system by giving them control

over the system. They will be able to monitor the elections real time. The system will also

help them keep the votes secured to guarantee a fair election.

Researchers. The study will bring awareness to the researchers about the voting process in

their school and will significantly add more knowledge and idea to them.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a guideline and reference for future

researchers in developing such system. It will help them in understanding clearly the voting

process of the Supreme Student Council and will be aware of the existing problems

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experienced in the past few years. It will provide detailed information regarding the

developments of the system.

Scope and Limitation

The study entitled Supreme Student Council Web based Voting System is a system that

specifically designed for Supreme Student Council of City College of Calamba.

The voting system includes the profile of the candidates, all the basic information about

the candidate such as name, year and section, position running for, course, their aims for the

school, description, picture of the candidate, and the status indicating if the candidate is an

old or new elector. It also includes the party list profile where the candidates are in and the

information about the SSC officers and Nomelec.

The proposed system will focus on the voting process of the Supreme Student Council

where the students or the voters have the capability to choose who to vote that will be added

to the points of the selected candidate.

The system will cover the counting of the votes and will generate an accurate tally of

votes for every candidate that will show the number of votes for them and record the final

result of the election. It will also generate a report of the previous election of the SSC.

Creating an account of the students will also be covered by the system that will be used

by the students in accessing into the system and voting for their selected candidate. The

voters can only vote once and blocked by the system if the voter will vote again. The

election personnel will check the identification card of the student to prove that he or she is

an eligible voter.

The system will allow authorized person like the Administrator to interact with the

system. The admin have the capability to add, edit, delete, update, and upload data into the

system. It is designed to provide security to the voting process and in accessing the records

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of the system. The proposed Administrators of the system is the Adviser of SSC and the

President of the Council.

The system will secure all the data protected by a restricted username and password.

The system will provide convenience for the students and lessen the burden of the

council of election because it will do more jobs than the council. The election personnel will

only monitor, evaluate and guide the students if they are still following the correct procedure

of the system.

The process of selecting, approving a candidate, and passing of form will not be covered

by the system; it will be under the council's work.

Although having the privileges to interact with the system, the admin has the limitation of

adding, editing, or deleting a portion of data where the voting tally and results lie. It also

limits the admin to edit the data of the students in terms of logging into the system, only

adding and deleting.

It will not include the registration of a candidate from the students or voters to the

system and adding a candidate the day of the voting itself.

Definition of Terms

There are some terms in this study that need to be elaborated to acquire the necessary

meaning. This portion is made for a better understanding of the study. The researchers

prepared some words and terminologies that need to be defined.

CCC. City College of Calamba, a young institution with its goal to provide highest possible

quality of college education.

Computerized Voting System. It is a Computer-based voting system.

Database. It is an organized collection of data.

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Database Management System (DBMS). It is a software package with computer

programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and use of database.

Information. Data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the

recipient.

Information System. It refers to any combination of information technology a peoples

activities that support operations, management, and decision making.

Information Technology. It is concerned with the development, management, and use of

computer-based information systems.

Internet. It is a massive network that connects large computer networks.

Manual process. Business process that require human effort or sometimes only a little help

from other devices to accomplish.

Password. A sequence of characters that one must input to gain access to a computer

system.

Voting. The process where in the voters make a choice and select a candidate in an election.

Voting System. A system that will provide a way of storing information to a computer

system and a faster, more convenient way of generating final result from a counted vote that

will lessen the effort of the users.

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter entails the discussion of concepts and ideas related to the web based voting

system presented by the researchers to the Supreme Student Council of CCC. The review is

based on literature and study, both foreign and local, done by other researchers as relevant

to the proposed study.

Related Literature

Information

Information can be found everywhere it is always a part in managing businesses or

organizations. When finding a solution for significant business issues and problems,

employees must obtain and analyze all the related information to the issues, so they can

make the best decision possible. Organizational information comes at different levels and in

different formats and granularities. Information levels consists of the individual knowledge,

goals and strategies, the departmental goals, revenues, expenses, processes and strategies and

the enterprise revenues, expenses, processes and strategies. Information formats consists of

documents (letters, memos, faxes, emails, report, marketing materials, and training materials),

presentation (product, strategy, process, financial customer and competitor), and spreadsheet

(sales, marketing, industry, financial, competitor, customer and order spreadsheets). (Baltzan

& Phillips, 2011)

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Information Technology

It is obvious that the field of Information Technology is very dynamic. From time to

time, changes happens in the IT industry and with the tools the IT people use. Many

programmers and developers are fond of using Visual Basic 6.0 in developing application

because of its simplicity in coding styles and syntax and easy to understand. Most of the

students today who wanted to learn Visual Programming, they use VB6.0 even Microsoft

release a new version of Visual Studio. Both the Microsoft .Net Platform and the

programming language called C#.Net is a framework that covers all the layers of software

development from the operating system. Still, according to the researcher, it is not the kind

of programming language being use by the programmer or the developer is the major factor

of being a good IT person but it depends only with what field of expertise one belong.

(http://jansoftsolutions.blogspot.com/2011/04/information-technology.html)

Information System

Information systems collect, store, analyze and disseminate information, Information

Systems can be found almost everywhere. Nowadays most information systems can be

found on computers which makes it more efficient. (Cegielski, et.al, 2011)

An information system refers to an integrated set of components for collecting, storing,

processing, and communicating information. Businesses, other entities, and individuals

usually rely on information systems to manage their operations, supply services, and enhance

personal lives. Information systems process financial accounts and manage human resources,

government agencies rely on similar systems to provide basic services to citizens and

individuals use the same system to study, shop, and bank. (Diaz, 2011)

Information is used as a weapon in the battle to increase productivity, deliver quality

products and services, maintain loyalty and make sound decision. In global economy with

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intense competition, information technology can make a difference between success and

failure.

Information systems combine information technology, people and data to support

business requirements. For example, information systems handle daily business transactions,

improve productivity of companies and help managers make good decisions. Large

businesses with thousands or millions of sales transactions require company-wide

information systems and powerful servers.

Information systems are sets of formal procedures by which data are collected, processed

into information and distributed to the users.

An information system has five key components: 1. Hardware that consists of everything

in the physical layer of the information system like computers, server and work stations, 2.

Software that refers to the programs that control the hardware and produced the desired

information or results, 3. Data which is the raw material that an is transform into useful

information, 4. Information processes that describes the tasks and business functions that

users, managers and it staff members perform to achieve specific results, 5. People the

primary purpose of an information system is to provide valuable information to users.

(Cashman, 2009)

Database

Databases are used as the preferred method of storage for large multiuser applications,

where coordination between many users is much needed. Databases can be found in many

applications, spanning almost the entire range of the computer software. Many users find

databases convenient and many computer programs base their programs on the standard

database technology. (Richmond, et.al, 2011)

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Databases can be found almost anywhere. Every day the knowledge about database

technology increases in importance. They are the heart of e-commerce and other web based

applications. It is used by thousands of workgroups and millions of individuals. The

estimated number of active databases in the world are more than 10 million. (Coraes, et.al,

2005)

Internet

There are a number of benefits that can be gained from the presence of the internet at

home, in school and at work. In government, for instance, the potential of new media like

the internet to enhance service delivery is seen in the growing on e-government and

governance. (Homburg, 2008)

Web based

The greatest advantage of web based systems is the fact that it can be access from

anywhere in the world as long as you have an internet connection and a browser. Web based

systems can be fast and efficient, it can be accessed with or without a password and

communication is fast and efficient. A manager or any other employee can easily exchange

data with any of the companys departments outside of the company anytime. This can be

useful for individuals who prefer to work at their homes or usually work outside of the

office. It also allows them to quickly communicate with their customer and serve them better

and it also make their work a lot easier. (Mutt, 2011)

Database Benefits

The use of databases has brought about many advantages in technology. It provides

useful functions and features that helps in utilizing a system. With the use of tools it has

provided many opportunities and benefits close at hand one of which is, it makes inputted

data to become customizable in different places. Datasets are also possible to be

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manipulated in multiple ways. Data organization and sorting can also be managed even in

large quantities. Easier analysis of information, automatic computations and up-to date

reports are also some of the advantages of a database. The possibility for the collaborations

and different locations or disciplinary boundaries are also improved. (Uribe, 2011).

Data Security

Data security is the means of ensuring that data is protected from corruption and that

access to it is suitably controlled. Thus, data security helps ensuring privacy and protection

of personal data.

In the UK, the data protection act is used to ensure that personal data is accessible to

those whom it concerns. And provides redress to individuals if there are inaccuracies. This is

necessary to ensure individuals are treated fairly. The data protection act states that only

individuals and companies with legitimate and lawful reasons can process personal

information.

The international standard ISO/ISE 17799 covers data security the topic of information

security, and one of its main principles is that all stored information must be owned so that

it is to protected and control access to that data.

VB.Net

The existence of visual basic.net created new ways in making different IS. Like Java, it is

much easier to use unlike other programming languages. It provides functionality that

includes set of class libraries. It also has a full-objected programming functionality that has

the ability to write console-based applications. In terms of producing reports, this type of

language is preferred to be used because of its well organized functionality and ability to

make transaction processing much easier. (Pepito, 2009)

Transaction Processing System

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Transaction is the occurrence of series of steps in doing an action. It makes these steps

more automated in the process with the use of a system. Transaction processing system

(TPS) is designed to handle processing and tracking of transactions. This kind of

information system creates a program for managing a data or transaction to keep it in a

consistent state. TPS can handle engaging a certain institution to protect it in discrepancies,

misinterpretation and loss of data. It is efficient for it process transaction related-commands

by group instead of individually. When a single element fails, the system does not continue

the rest of the operations. (Bernstein, 2009)

Computerized Voting System

Since the beginning of computer systems, people have invented Voting machines in the

field of politics to prevent irregularities and fraudulent voting. Voting machines are used to

accept, record and tabulate votes cast during an election so that the election results can be

obtainable in a matter of few hours after the polls are closed instead of several hours or days.

It removed some voting irregularities such as the problem of stuffing ballot boxes which

occurred with paper ballots and speeds up the voting process. Problems still exist in the

modern voting machines. One problem encountered is ensuring that the person voting is

actually the registered person permitted to vote and not a pretender. Voter identification,

sometimes, is not checked at the polling place. For some, identification is verified by

associating a voters vehicle drivers license or passport with the registered voter list. The

invention of computerized voting system is used as a method and device for positive

identification of voters to avoid duplicate or fraudulent voting. A computerized voting

system is composed of central computer, regional computers and voting modules. The

central computer database is access by the voting module. The voter data is created at the

voting modules and stored into the database. During the election, the input voter data for a

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given voter is compared to the stored data to verify that the given voter is eligible to vote. A

given voter is restricted to access the stored data to prevent a voter from voting more than

once during the election.

Students in Dagupan elect officers via automated polls

In Dagupan City, the students of La Salette School conducted their automated student

council elections were theyre able to vote a candidate without using pens, ballots, and

manual counting. The online voting system was patterned from the University of the

Philippines. Rex Lor, La Salette, the developer of the system and the Vice President for

Administrative Services and Development told that The on-line voting system does not just

teach different applications of Information Technology, but also integrates values important

in ensuring a just society. This will teach the students that there are other more efficient

alternatives to the traditional manual voting system. He also added that, It was designed to

be as user-friendly as possible to ensure that even grade school students can easily use it. It

follows a three-step process: Step 1: log-in; Step 2: vote; Step 3: confirm vote. Students will

be able to view the profile of each candidate by clicking an icon beside their names. A

username and password is provided to the students just before the voting starts as the

school's official enrolment list will be the basis for the registration. The system immediately

counts the votes cast every after a voter is done. The results were viewed, printed and

validated after the last vote is cast and the winners are proclaimed by the designated school

poll official. Lor explained, We are not wowing our students with high technology but we

are instilling in them values -- the sanctity of their votes, honesty and integrity in the

elections, and efficiency of the technology. Vote-buying in whatever form was strictly

prohibited, they followed guidelines during the short campaign period; the candidates

presented themselves during the miting de avance. Bottomline, it was their kind of

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leadership which they presented to their fellow students. (Liway C. Manantan-

Yparraguirre/Sunnex)

Online voting system

The Online Voting System is about the automation of present voting system which is

done manually. The system aims to increase the voting percentage and improve and maintain

the security of voting system with valid votes. The proposed system also intends to increase

accuracy in the voting process, diminish the work pressure of maintaining details manually,

and enhance the performance of the system. The process follows with a person needs to fill

the registration form to register and the details in the form are validated with the details

loaded in the database. The username and password will be given to the user to utilize his

voting if the details match with the details in the database but if both the details didnt

matched, the transaction is rejected. The online voting system is a web application designed

in PHP and use My SQL as the database to store the details. The voters and administrators

handle the system. It can be presumed that through the system, the voting percentage

increases and the cost and maintenance are controlled. Still, the voters need to be educated

so that the present system can be employed properly and security should be implemented.

Online voting system

The automation of voting system in India is developed for a threat free and user oriented

voting process and is made for the people of the country. The existing system is the paper

ballot election which is manual and paper based where the voters vote through paper and

counted manually. The new kind of voting system is the automated ballot election called

electronic voting. The system will generate accurate and immediate result and the voting

process will be done by the internet so it can be called the Internet Voting. The electronic

voting systems nowadays are different because it uses punch cards, mark sense, and digital

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pen voting system. Using the electronic ballot marker, it will be easier for the voters to vote

by providing the selections on the display to vote on the electronic machine. The electronic

voting machine provides a list when the voter touches the display which consist of

mechanical and electro optical buttons, where the votes are accepted and possesses an image

or symbol on the display. The electronic ballots are connected to the central ballot system

where it directly accepts and updates the record of all the ballots and calculates all the votes

present at polling centers. Immediate results will be displayed because votes are counted

electronically.

Related Studies

Foreign Studies

Electronic Voting Machine

Bhardwaj, et.al (2013) defined voting machine as a mechanism that the system uses to

generate votes and grouped by the location where the system tabulates the votes. With the

utilization of an Electronic Voting Machine, it has produced many usages. The Electronic

Voting Machine ensures unblemished voting and retains all the characteristics of voting

while making it more convenient, thus becoming more well-known. The EVM is also more

accessible to all voters and to those with certain disabilities. The system has two modes of

selection. One is the Voting mode, which when the user toggle switch on, a display message

comes out (Please vote) and enables voting again after control switch is being pressed by

the Authority. The other mode is the Counting mode where the total number of votes of a

respective candidate is displayed on the screen. The advantages of an EVM are convenient

on the part of the voter, economical, less manpower required, time conscious because less

time is required for voting and counting, avoids invalid voting, and saves transportation cost

due to its compact size. The application of an EVM allows for an easy development and

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deployment of voting equipment that maintains system security and people valuing their

democracy would be paying attention to the quality of the software that is used for their

elections.

E-voting

The study E-Voting of ElAgamy, et.al (2011) stated that Electronic voting system is

increasingly replacing the traditional paper-based voting system. The system can make the

voting process more convenient and may lead to improved voters. The electronic counting

of votes could be faster, more accurate and less labor intensive. According to the

researchers, Elections is being manipulated in order to influence its result. Whether

electronic, traditional paper ballots, or mechanical devices, a good voting system must satisfy

a number of criteria. One is that a voters ballot must be protected to guarantee the voters

safety when voting against a malicious candidate and that voters have no evidence that

shows which candidates received their votes because presence of such evidence may lead to

purchasing of votes by a candidate. A good voting system must also be tampered-free from a

wide range of attacks such as ballot stuffing by the voters and incorrect tallying by the

insiders. Additionally, it must be understandable to and usable by the entire voting

population, regardless of age, infirmity, or disability. An electronic voting could be a great

improvement over current paper systems if security is done well in providing accessibility to

a diverse population, however, mistakes in a voting system can lead to uncertain and

incorrect election results.

The goal of the study is to automate the voting process, help in solving fraud, decreasing

the voting time, and the process of counting. The system will provide a service that allows

the people to vote from any poll site in the country electronically without the use of runaway

ballots and adding convenience and security to the voting process. It will lessen the number

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of authentic votes not counted by reducing the number of over-votes, decrease vote

tampering, and improve the registration process. The systems also increase the voters

confidence and improve voting experience. The system is being tested to detect the

differences between the existing and required conditions and to evaluate the features of the

system. Several changes and enhancements still need to be implemented in the e-voting

which will allow for a smooth introduction of the system in the province of Egypt. The

usability of the system will help guaranteeing security and build trust on the new voting

machines.

An Overview of E-Voting Systems and Vote Verification Techniques

Al-Shammari discussed about the E-Voting Systems and different Vote Verification

Techniques. E-voting, as defined in the study, is the use of technology to facilitate one or

more election processes such as record, store and count votes electronically; announce

results, and authorization of voters. There are two types of E-voting systems namely In-

person e-voting and Online (Internet) e-voting. In an In-person e-voting, a voter still needs

to visit a polling station and uses a dedicated machine in a controlled environment. It uses

Direct Recording Electronics (DRE) and Optical Scan Systems. While in Online (Internet) e-

voting, a voter can vote at home using a personal device (PC, smartphone, etc.) and doesnt

need to visit a polling station. It uses online voting to vote. Because Electronic Systems are

transparent enough for the voter, adoption of the system has been slow and criticized. The

major causes of this transparency are machines are subject to programming error, equipment

malfunction and malicious tampering; programs are proprietary information and are not

open to inspection, procedural and environmental implications, and do officials can be

trusted. Officials use Verifiability and Vote Verification to monitor the election results and

to cover the major causes. Verifiability support a voter, election official, and public entities

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with an evidence about the integrity of election results. It is used as an evidence to prove

the truth. There are three types of Verifiability specifically Individual (Voter) verifiability,

Universal (Public) verifiability, and Eligibility (Public) verifiability. Individual verifiability

supports a voter with evidence that his/her vote has been captured, cast, and counted as

intended. Universal verifiability supports the election officials and public entities with

evidence that the counted votes are the same with the intended votes by the voters. Lastly,

Eligibility verifiability is each counted vote comes from a single eligible voter. It is also stated

in the study the meaning of vote verification. Vote Verification could support integrity and

verifiability requirements and used to verify a vote. There are techniques to verify a vote:

1. Voter Verified Audio Audit Transcript Trail (VVAATT) uses DRE systems and

votes are verified over a voice message heard through a headset.

2. In a Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT), a voter verifies his/her vote by

reading a printed paper trail and voters cant take the printed trail.

3. In an Electronic Trails, votes are verified using an electronic verification device and

the electronic copy of verified votes are stored in the verification device to be used for

recounting.

4. VoteHere, Votegrity, Scantegrity, and Pret is a voter has a partial information about

the ballot encrypted in receipt and is given to a voter for an end-to-end verifications.

After performing the study, the researcher concluded that any critical system could be

compromised by a failure and an attack from an insider or outsider, and regular system

provides receipt to any user to verify the integrity of his/her data. In E-voting system, it is

not possible to provide such receipts because a vote must be anonymous and a voter must

not be able to approve to anyone about how he/she voted. However, Academic and

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Industrial sectors provide some techniques that balance between allowing vote verification

and keeping the privacy and receipt freeness requirements.

Electronic Voting System Security

A study conducted by Javaid (2014) which examine thes main security problems in

electronic voting systems, particularly security threats to DRE voting systems and security

threats to the Internet voting systems. Security in using electronic voting system is one of

the most significant current discussions in Computer Science; it plays a vital role in

democratic organizations and a new technology which helps the voters to cast their ballots in

an election using computerized systems. It is more convenient in making ballots, precision in

the voting process, quickness of implementation, and accessibility. However, electronic

voting systems have a number of limitations in security issues and it has been a controversial

issue in democratic societies because electronic voting can lead to electoral fraud. Javaid

enumerated the security problems in an electronic voting system.

One security problem is the Security threats to DRE Voting systems. DRE voting system

is manufactured by Diebold Corporation in United States and one of the most serious

weaknesses is the program or source code comprising a set of instructions written in

computer programming language is not revealed to the public. It is closed-source software

having a protected copyright and does not allow other programmers to modify it or examine

it. Because it is used to conduct elections, it may be exposed to a wide range of

modifications to influence the voting process, raising concerns about integrity of the voting

results. The Diebold machines, having been reliable and secure, still doubt by the public

because the programmers of the software could manipulate the source code in support to a

specific candidate through allowing more votes to be counted. Inside the system is the

Global Election Management System (GEMS) which is the software that runs on Diebold

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DRE machines. The software uses Microsoft Access database as the database management

system (DBMS) to store the votes, where the deficiency of security is it has insufficient

protection and susceptible to hacking. The database can be access by ordinary or

professional users thus tampering the voting outcome and fairness in the voting process.

The security feature of the GEMS is deficient and vulnerable to a series of attacks. Another

security threats to DRE Voting systems is the Audit ability and Verifiability. DRE systems

do not include verification to prove that votes have been counted. One example of

verification is the Voter-Verified Audit Trail (VVAT) which is a printer used to print a

paper-based record of the voters elections and an essential factor in verifying and auditing

votes to prevent an adversary from modifying and tampering of the voting outcome. Lack of

verification may lead to security breach and results to negative reflection on the integrity of

the election process.

Another security problem is the Security Threats to Internet Voting Systems. Denial of

Service Attacks (DoS) is a security threat wherein an attacker attempts to make a server

unavailable which aims to prevent rightful citizens from accessing the election web through

disturbing a host server. These attacks may result in serious security problems and influence

the fairness of the election because it prevents the voters from voting through making the

web server unreachable. Another is the Virus Infestation and Malicious Software which also

threaten the democratic societies. Malicious software can affect the voting process without

the voters awareness because it may be difficult to detect it for some anti-virus programs

cannot identify new viruses. Lastly, Spoofing Attacks is also a security threat to Internet

voting system. Spoofing attacks tricks the voters that they are communicating with the

election web server. For instance, the attacker would redirect the voters to another fake

election web server when the voter type the name of an official election website in the

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browser. This deceive the voters knowing that they are at a real voting website tampering the

votes and favoring a particular party.

The researcher suggest effective solutions to the security problems of electronic voting

system. One is the use of Open-Source Software which can enhance some security

limitations of electronic voting software and a solution to closed-source software. It enables

developers and experts to determine errors and modifications that can influence the voting

results. Using Open-source software, security and reliability of electronic voting system

improves and persuades the public in depending on the system, and developing electors

confidence in the electoral process. Second solution to lack of verifiability is using the Voter

Verifiable Audit Trails (VVAT) which minimizes errors and tampering with the vote results.

The VVAT assure voters that their votes have been recorded correctly and as proof if there

is some doubt about the integrity of the electronic record. Another is using Layer (SSL)

Protocol which is a possible solution to Spoofing attacks. The Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

protocol protects the sensitive data sent between a voter and a voting server over the

network through the process of encryption. The use of encryption prevents a third party

from manipulating the voting outcome and guarantees data integrity because the data

transmitted is only between the voter and the voting server. Lastly is with the use of digital

signature scheme (a type of cryptography) as a solution to Diebold DRE. The use of

cryptographic techniques protects the input data in the database, voters privacy can be

protected, and helps to verify that a voter is an eligible and that the digital document is sent

by a legal sender.

The research aims a reliable and accurate record of electors votes to make the voting

process fair and transparent. Javaid (2014) concludes that electronic voting systems may

offer significant benefits to democratic societies. The system should meet the security

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requirements to build a more secure, reliable, and confidential voting process. The researcher

also noted that voting systems lacks protection that can be easily exposed and vulnerable to

various malicious attacks.

Online election system

Election representatives is an important activity within a democracy, a way to express an

electorates will, and a very delicate process where various disturbances, attempts of fraud

and etc. happens. It is the backbone of democracy where people has to elect their states

leader. In the study Online Election System - A proposed election system for Pakistan,

online system is treated as a good solution to replace the current system of Pakistan which is

manual election system where people go to the polling booths and given two ballot papers

after checking their identity. The collection of data is done manually where representatives of

Election Commission distribute election forms to each home and collected after a few days.

Wrong information or mistakes in the registration would remove the voters ability to cast

their votes. The current Paper Polling System (manual) of Pakistan had brought problems to

the election system such as Speed, Intelligibility, Accessibility, and Transparency. Manual

counting of votes is time consuming, results can be uncertain when using pens, stamps,

punch cards or ballot papers and can be manipulated, and some people hesitate to vote

because of disabilities, duty-bound, weather conditions, expenses and trouble of

transportation, and youngsters who doesnt have charm to cast the vote. Reviewing the

problems would lead to building a system that will solve and speed up the election system.

The researcher conducted the study to boost the turnout of votes and to avoid difficulty in

committing fraud and cheating during an election. The study will allow people to cast votes

in a more convenient way by using available resources which facilitates the voters during

elections. An Interview and analysis is performed and finds out that it is necessary to design

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a centralized system that will cover the problems, a need for a secure and efficient electronic

system. The researcher concluded that the system proposed in this thesis will not just

convert the current manual system to an electronic equivalent but will be possible to run in

parallel with the current system and thus make it easier for the people who are not able to

cast their votes due to different reasons as related above. This online system will be helpful

for casting votes by different electronic ways. People will be able to cast votes through their

home PC, through polling booths, and Netcafes. This multitude of opportunities will make

voting more accessible, and thereby hopefully create more attraction for those people who

do not cast their votes today. Aziz (2011).

Online Voting System

Online voting uses electronic machines to choose leaders via web driven application. The

voters have choices of how they will vote at their own free time. It minimizes the errors in

vote counting where the votes are submitted in a database to find out who has the highest

number of votes for a given post. Bashin (2013) defined Online Voting System as an online

voting technique and a term encompassing several different types of voting embracing both

electronic means of counting votes. Electronic voting technology can include punched cards,

optical scan voting systems and DRE. It can also involve transmission of ballots and votes

via telephones, private computer networks, or the internet. The existing manual system of

Kenya brought problems such as expensive and time consuming, too much paper work,

errors during data entry, loss of registration forms, short time provided to view the voter

register, and a number of voters end up being locked out from voting. The proposed Online

voting system will help the people of Kenya in voting without going to any physical polling

station. The voters registered to the system through the System administrator by sending

their details to the admin and registering the voters on a special site visited only by the admin

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for security reasons. The voters are given a secret voter ID after register is done which he or

she can use to log into the system. The online voting will provide a means for a fast and

convenient voting, allowing people to vote from any part of the globe, helping people to get

used to work with the computers, miscount votes will be solved, and reduce time spend in

casting the votes during the voting. The objectives of the study is to review the existing

voting process in Kenya, coming up with an automated voting system, applying the system,

and validate the system to guarantee that only eligible voters are allowed to vote.

After a series of research, Bashin concluded that Online Voting system will manage the

Voters information by which voter can login and use his voting rights. The system will

incorporate all features of voting system. It provides the tools for maintaining voters vote

to every party and it count total no. of votes of every party. There is a database which is

maintained by the Election Commission of India in which all the names of voter with

complete information is stored. The system lessens the cost and time of voting process, and

easy to use and debug.

Applying Trustworthy Computing to End-To-End Electronic Voting

Fink (2010) conducted a study on adding Trustworthy Computing (TC) in an End-to-

End (E2E) voting system to manage election secrets inside a Trustworthy hardware,

improve usability and accessibility while maintaining security. The voting system has several

principles to ensure that everyone can vote and votes are casted and counted. One principle

is the Voter utility that provides a usable and efficient election system which is accessible to

voters especially to disabled person, easy to use, does not need training in computer systems,

ensures that the procedures and equipment are understandable, and transparency which

enables the voter to understand whats going on with their votes and the election. Another is

the Information assurance which includes integrity, privacy, availability, and non-repudiation.

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Last principle is Ease of administration where election systems must be easy to administer,

one that is efficient, scalable, and affordable. Votes should be easy to tally and verify. Voting

system also have risk which could tamper the election results by a smart and determined

adversary, obstruct the certification of winners, and affects the entire voting system which

alarms the public. Because the research aims to provide usable, transparent, and secure

voting system, an End-to-End voting is combined with Trustworthy Computing for greater

trust, privacy, accessibility, and usability. An End-to-End Cryptographic voting system as

defined in the study, is a system that guarantees integrity through software independence by

giving the voter a proof that his votes are cast and added in the final election tally. It is a

software that ensures that the outcome of the election is not manipulated by the actions of

the software; helps in printing ballots, record the results, and forwarding of data for tallying;

and provides flexible user interface. Malicious software affects the E2E system by changing

the selections and frequency for the voters, interrupt the voter privacy, manipulates the

election outcome, and reduce system availability and reliability. Applying the TC could help

in detecting and preventing the misconfiguration attacks, and safeguards the vital election

secrets by storing them in a tamper-resistant hardware. Trustworthy Computing (TC)

improves the security of software systems significantly. The Trusted Platform Module

(TPM) protects secrets and enforces security policy in a self-contained cryptographic co-

processor. Joining TC to E2E can lead to the main benefits of TC in guaranteeing privacy

by binding public-key cryptography to correct software state to protect the commitment

codes and scanned ballot images from exposure to malicious software. The TC can

improve E2Es three goals. In Administration, it can be benefited through auditability and

policy enforcement. In Assurance, the benefits that can be achieved are accuracy,

authenticity, availability, integrity, privacy, public confidence in dispute resolution, and

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custody chain. While benefits can be achieved in voter utility by accessibility, usability, and

identifying the problems in precinct.

After analyzing and conducting the study, it is concluded that it is practical and possible

to apply TC to voting systems, and enhances privacy even in E2E systems is managing the

election. The TC has a place in voting systems that uses computer technology. Privacy

should be ensured through secure hardware. Fink also added that by using Trustworthy

Computing, we enable the safe addition of accessibility interfaces, automatic vote verification

by third party voting rights groups, and improve the usability of the election systems for

voters. Applying TC to the systems architecture of E2E voting systems can help achieve

greater privacy, usability, and accessibility without weakening E2Es strong integrity

properties.

The Design of an Electronic Voting System

According to the study done by Ofori-Dwumfuo and Paatey (2011), an electronic voting

is a recent method devised to improve existing methods along with the changes happened in

all aspects of life influenced by information technology. It is used to replace the outdated

paper ballot, punched cards, and other mechanical voting systems with paperless electronic

or online voting systems. Elections will became simple while reducing the total cost of the

election. Voting allows a group of individuals to choose between a numbers of options. A

Voting system must also satisfy the voters and the election candidates. It must be reliable for

the voters and candidates to accept the results; and transparent and understandable to avoid

inaccurate election results. Privacy of a voters ballot must also be well-preserved to ensure

voters safeness and guarantees that there are no evidence to prove which candidate received

the voters vote. Another is the tamper-proof characteristics of the voting system to prevent

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wide range of attacks, and lastly it should be user-friendly for the entire voting population to

easily understand and use the voting system.

The aim of the study is to develop an online voting system (OVS) based upon the current

voting procedures in Ghana and to simplify the electoral process. The OVS seeks to ensure

proper management of the personal data of voters, reduce election costs, prevent double

voting, ensure that invalid votes are not issued, ensure quick, effective and efficient

processing of votes cast during elections, and speed up the release of election results. The

electoral process of Ghana involves the voter registration, voter register exhibition, voting,

vote counting, and collation and publication of results. The first process comes with the

registration of voters to enable them to be an eligible voter and should be 18 years of age or

above. The next process is the exhibition of the voter register where voters polling station

are displayed after the registration is over to avoid inconsistencies. The third process is the

actual voting for casting the ballots. The eligible voter goes to the polling station with his

voter registration number for him to be issued a ballot paper given by the official and

marked the left thumb with ab indelible ink. He fill up the ballot paper and deposits into the

ballot box. The last process is the counting of votes and publication of the results where

ballots are counted manually and publishes the final results. The manual electoral process of

Ghana are associated with problems such as invalid votes, long voting process, delays in

result publication, and high cost of election organizing. The development of an Online

voting system will help the electoral process more simplified, and has several security

requirements which makes it secure and reliable. It is also user friendly making the voting

easy and enjoyable. The design of the OVIS comes with a top-down structure which

includes Online Voter Registration System (OVRS, manages the voter registration where

voters can enter records and update their records), Online Ballot System (OBS, manages the

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online balloting activities where voters cast their votes), Election Statistics System (ESS,

responsible for tallying votes automatically) and OVIS Database Manager (ODM, part that

stores all information of the OVIS). After conducting and finishing the study, the researcher

discussed that online voting offers convenience and accuracy in acquiring election results.

Having a number of advantages, computerized voting still must overcome challenges to fully

realize its benefits. These challenges are high initial costs of implementing the system,

electorate needs to be educated on the use of online voting, security of the system to avoid

hackers and fraudsters, and electronic voting systems must be examined by experts to ensure

public confidence into the system. Accordingly, the study presented offers a number of

advantages over the conventional manual paper-based voting system employed in Ghana.

Secured and Transparent Computerized Voting System

The study Secured and Transparent Computerized Voting System (STCVS) accessible

everywhere is a new way of processing the votes secured and transparent. The STCVS uses

computerized devices for voting procedures, counting of votes, and analysis. Voters can

used their own computerized communicator devices such as smart phone, PC, laptop, tablet,

and other devices. The researcher introduce an approach of implementing a computerized

voting system that is secured, and supported by the Internet. The need for an electronic

voting system would reduce early voting systems disadvantages such as overcrowding of

people at the polling stations, vulnerability of the documents and forgery, and difficulty in

achieving counted votes. Through Elgamal cryptography (enables to store sensitive

information or transmit across vulnerable networks which cannot be read by anyone except

the expected recipient) algorithm with hashed base data structures, a secured system will be

achieved. Using a feedback, an acknowledgement SMS is sent to the voters registered phone

to verify their vote. Voting data is also encrypted from the client-side to eliminate risk of

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attacks and for reliability. According to the researchers, the Elgamal Encryption works for

reasons such as it is an effective algorithm and still not attacked, do not need large memory,

do not share private keys, and could save the processing time. The structure of the proposed

voting system starts with accessing the system using computerized communicator devices

and filling up the record that is stored in the database (MySQL) to access the voting. The

voting data that is sent to the Host server is encrypted using Asymmetric Encryption

Algorithm to prevent attacks. After the data has been sent, the user should receive a

feedback on the registered phone regardless of what communicator device is used in the

voting process. Vote attacks will be prevented since a voter pass-code will only be used once

and cannot be used again because it would be expired. Also, voters can only vote once using

the system which prevents the voting duplication. After a series of studies, the researcher

concluded that STCVS is a multipurpose system because it can be access everywhere and

using computerized communicator devices which helps in achieving the voting process. The

system saves the cost of massive number of electronic voting machines, and eliminates the

overcrowding of people at polling stations. The data of the votes are secured and protected;

and cheating, counterfeiting and hacking would be eliminated. The STCVS saves the time of

the voters spent in voting, and assures that votes will not be influenced (Elbarbary,

Abdelhady, Elbehiery, and Zekry, 2014).

Design and Implementation of an Online Voting System

According to Gboyega (2011) on his study the Design and Implementation of an Online

Voting System, the profound progress of the internet determines the possibilities of online

systems to arise such as online voting. The internet voting opens the door to all sorts of

possibilities for our state voting future. Gboyega defines voting as a means of selecting or

choosing leaders. The conduct of elections in a democratic society is very important not

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only because through it, a change of government is effected but also because voting is the

main form of political participation for most people. Democracy should be anchored on

election free from fraud, for it to be sound.

Over the years, the voting operation has been put under a manual system of operation

which mostly results to inaccurate and ineffective election. It is gradually being realized that

much faster, accurate, effective and efficient system is needed to be adopted. Here, online is

institute to handle voting.

With an online voting, votes can be cast only once. It will also offend people who are

sick and unable to go to the polling stations to cast their votes, to do so. It should be noted,

however, that an online voting will not replace the existing ballot forms, but is offered as a

supplementary way of casting ballot.

The researcher found out that the inefficiency of voting process has resulted to a lot of

problems such as a single voter cast its vote multiple times, inefficiency and inaccuracy of

votes by officials concerned, illegal voters casting their votes without being noticed by the

poll watchers, long lines observed at polling stations, and the loss of votes due to either

wrong voting of the use of case of any accident occurring during transportation of the

statement of result and other electoral materials to the collection centers. Designing and

implementing an online voting system will solve the major problems associated with the old

system and will remove the difficult administrative task of the electoral body. The study

analyzes the political nature of voting system in Oyo State which with the use of online

voting will result into prevention of multiple votes by any single voter irrespective of the

different polling site he/she might use, eliminating the illegal means of acquiring more votes

to favor a particular party or candidates and a more convenient way of voting, the voting

process in the state, as the researcher found out, should be updated and made electronic, a

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system that is free and fair voting should be put in place to instate a sound democracy and

stability in the political system of Oyo State.

Local Studies

The May 2010 National Elections: An Assessment on the First National Automated

Elections in the Philippines

Amangan (2010) conducted a research entitled The May 2010 National Elections: An

Assessment on the First National Automated Elections in the Philippines to assess the

outcome of the elections through feedback from the voters which it will be analyzed

systematically through a series of guide questions that leads the study towards an improved

and more credible automated election system. According to Amangan, from the beginning

of elections in the Philippines, the electoral process has been generally characterized by the

wrongdoings of the people such as terrorism, violence, fraud, corruption, vote-buying, ballot

snatching and cheating. This affects the credibility of the whole democratic process and

mocks at the sacred right to suffrage, he said. Another problem in the research is the

traditional way of writing the name of their chosen candidate in a piece of paper covered

with a folder. For so many years, the manual counting of votes has always been a problem

for the canvassers and the long process has been the cause of countless election fraud. The

slow results of the winners is also a burden because the counting of votes is performed

manually, this becomes the reasons why many candidates appeals to the Commission on

Elections and to the court that they have been cheated. It gave rise to the illegal election

practices like tampering of election returns and statements of votes.

The study uses descriptive method and the instrument used to collect data are

questionnaire which will gather feedback of the voters on the automated election system,

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and interview used in gathering necessary data which will help in arriving a more complex

and valid information.

The researcher finds the study to be relevant and significant in achieving an honest and

clean election exercise in the Philippines. He found out that Through automation a credible

transition of power as well as a clean, honest and orderly election can be ensured. Setting up

the countrys automated and electoral system is a crucial step towards clean and honest

election. While it will not be a cure-all election, consolidation and transmission of documents

will be an order, transparent and credible, and the results will be cast faster, accurate and

reflective of the genuine will of the people.

Automated Supreme Student Council Election System for Consolacion Community

College

The study Automated Supreme Student Council Election System for Consolacion

Community College researched by Deuna, et.al (2010) was conducted to improve the

existing election system of Consolacion Community College as well as to alleviate the

burdensome of election operations of the school personnel involved. According to the

researchers, the election Supreme Student Council was done manually since the history. A

lot of problems happened when ballot based election is used because the ballot-based cast

and count the votes manually. The researchers develop a system which allows the voters to

vote through online using their computers or laptops through the web. The proposed system

used a specialized computer to vote a candidate instead of using the usual process which is

paper and ballot boxes where the voters cast their votes by writing on the paper. The

automated system will reduced the election costs and increase student participation by

making the voting process more appropriate. The study will also significantly avoid the

chances of errors and tampering, minimizes the task of election officers, automates the

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counting and tally of votes without human intervention and helps the election process in a

more effective way.

Computerized Voting System of Putlod National High School

Mactal, et.al (2013) conducted their study in Putlod National High School at Gapan City

and proposed a system entitled Computerized Voting System of Putlod National High

School. The researchers found out that the voting process of the school is manually

operated. The students undergo several process such as they go to the Administration Office

for verification, follows the voting area and filling up the paper ballot. The student submits

the filled up ballot form to the voting administrator in order for his votes to be cast. An

indelible ink is marked to the student to signify that he has already voted. The votes are

collected and counted manually which could take several hours to several days. It produces

inconvenience not only to the voters but also to the election facilitators. The proponent then

aims to convert the existing manual system of Putlod into a Computerized Voting System

which will enhance and facilitate the process of voting and vote counting, prevents fraud,

permit only eligible voters and ensure that each voter can only vote once, and minimize the

time of gathering files and data; a system for fast, secure, accurate, and user-friendly voting

process. According to the researchers, "The computerized voting system has a central

computer, regional computers and voting modules connected to a data transfer link for

communication with one another. The voting modules access the central computer database

under control of the central computer control center. Voter data is created at one of the

voting modules and communicated to the database for storage. Input voter data for a given

voter at any one of the plurality of voting modules during an election is compared to the

stored data for the given voter to verify that the given voter is eligible to vote. Access to the

stored voter data for the given voter during an election is restricted to prevent the given

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voter from voting more than once during the election." The registration of the voters

signifies the purpose of being allowed to vote in elections. A database containing the voter

registration information can be searched by a proctor or official at the polling station to

determine whether a voter is eligible to vote. The design of the system will be carried out

using Microsoft Office Access 2007. Based on the research, the proposed system will lessen

the difficulty of filling up the ballot paper, accurately and faster counting of votes, lessen the

way they vote, handy and convenient, and minimizes the paper works of the election

officials.

Automated Voting System for Isabela State University-Roxas Campus

Election is a beginning and an ending process. It is in the hands of the people to change

our world through election by using the automated electoral system machine which will

significantly reduce the chances of errors, because vote counting is based on an internal

machine count rather than on individual ballots. The votes are properly viewed, stored,

approved, processed, documented and accurately coded for accounting and distribution.

Computation of the votes are accurate.

The election of student leaders in Isabela State University-Roxas Campus uses the

traditional way of voting and computing the votes of the students. The process is not easy

due to the manual counting and performing the task consumes more time and money. The

results is inaccurate because it causes duplicity of votes or errors. Working in the manual

basis brings so much stress and pressure to the election personnel and the university

experienced all the consequences. They encounter acts such as malicious acts and flying

voters appeared during the election. Cheaters could not easily noticed. The creation of an

Automated Voting System for Isabela State University-Roxas Campus will help the work of

the election personnel a lot easier and more effective. Using the system, errors will be

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avoided and display results faster. Based on the data gathered, the system will improve the

traditional way of voting and lessen the burden of the students, election personnel, and

candidates. The votes are quickly and automatically counted with accurate and correct result.

Cheating, dishonesty and flying voters will be prevented.

Mindanao State University at Naawan Campus Computerized Voting System

Since the institution was founded, the Mindanao State University at Naawan Campus had

already conducted many major university election of officers for the Supreme Student

Council for many years. It is apparent that the turnover of the election had turned to be slow

and tiresome. According to the researchers, it was slow because of the following scenarios:

1. The election is done manually, so the canvassing is consuming a big amount of time,

in fact in most of the elections, the canvassing of votes took a long hours and more time

consume.

2. Miscount of votes that may cause for under vote or otherwise over vote.

3. Incorrect tally and misstated vote for a candidate.

On the part of the election facilitators, it was hard and tiresome because it requirements a

lot energy and time to overcome the difficulty of the preparations and conducting of the

election until the canvassing of votes. The researchers concluded that by implementing a

computerized voting system, the existing traditional and manual voting system will be

replaced, reformed, and revitalized. Through the formulation of the system, the students will

be self-assured that the whole election process will be fast, quick, accurate and precise,

secure, and user-friendly. It will help in eliminating frauds and maneuvers canvassing because

the computer will be the one to count the votes. It will also provide convenience to the

students and facilitators in terms of time consumption and hassles. (Echavez, Garay, &

Ratunil, 2011)

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Philippine Science High School Ilocos Region Campus Web Portal

This study determined the profile of the PSHS-IRC; level of awareness and need for

inclusion in the development; level of accessibility and adequacy of facilities and sources for

Internet access ;) development of the school web portal prototype, its degree of usability;

and the development of web portal for PSHSIRC and developed a web portal for the

Philippine Science High School Ilocos Region Campus (PSHSIRC). This study is a

descriptive-developmental research they used questionnaire and conducted interviews to

gather data for Phase I. Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) was used to tackle Phase

2 of the study (Development of the Web Portal). It was determined that the school, users,

stakeholders background, and technical requirements are essential data to be considered to

address constraints and weaknesses in the development. Awareness and need for school

information plays an important role in the development of this web portal. PSHS-IRC Web

Portal is ready for use with the url: www.irc.pshs.edu.ph.

Descriptive developmental research design was used in the study. Descriptive research

design is a scientific method which involves observing and describing the behavior of a

subject. Developmental research was utilized because this study further focused on the

development of a prototype web portal based from the gathered information from the

respondents. The final output was the usable or acceptable web portal for Philippine Science

High School Ilocos Region Campus. (Viloria, 2012)

Online Student Information System of Benguet State University (OSIS-BSU),

Philippines

Advances in technology allowed schools to utilize databases and applications such as

Online Student Information System (OSIS) thus, making the accessing of records easier and

centralized. One of the changes that came about is the onlinebased applications. These

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applications improved the traditional transaction processing systems. Thus, most

universities switch to the onlinebased system because of its effectivity to acquire, process,

store and retrieve information from the Internet. Furthermore, the system can be easily

accessed by all students as long as they can connect to the internet. Benguet State University

(BSU) is still uses a semicomputer based system and paperbased student information

system. The staff finds it difficult in searching and preparing reports on students

information and also painstaking due to repetition of processes done in filling and updating

of records. The main goal of the school to generate and disseminate new knowledge and

technologies that will promote sustainable resource development and enrich the competent

and effective services geared towards efficiency and economy the current system doesnt

fulfill the schools main goal. The methodology used in the study was Rapid Application

Development (RAD). RAD is designed to provide quick software methodology that involves

iterative development and quick construction of prototypes. (Pacio, 2013)

Online Hotel Reservation and Management System for the College of International

Tourism and Hospitality Management (CITHM)

This study aims to develop and design an online hotel reservation and management

system for the College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management of the Lyceum

of the Philippines University, Batangas Campus. It offers user-friendly features that will help

familiarize CITHM students on the online hotel reservation system, evaluate it and highlight

the benefits it can provide to the college and staff. In addition, it will purvey supplement

material in their front desk operation course. The researchers used the System Development

Life Cycle and Microsoft Web Developer 2008 as the programming language. The developed

software served as a tool for teaching the students of CITHM on how to operate an online

hotel reservation system. The developed software helped the instructors a lot in teaching the

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basic operations of hotel reservation system to their students. It also provided online security

to protect privacy and financial information of clients.

The system can be accessed via the Internet. The researchers used Microsoft Web

Developer 2008 as a programming language. Microsoft Visual Web Developer was used to

create web sites, web applications and web services using ASP.NET. It is an Integrated

Development Environment (IDE) that provides a set of tools and utilities for developing

ASP.Net 2.0 web applications. It is a part of Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 that can be used

to