editorial board - gunadarma...

Editorial Board

Dr. Salisu Muhammad Sani University Putra Malaysia Malaysia

Dr. J P S Kumaravel Madurai Kamaraj University India

Dr. Prakash Vithoba Rajguru JagdishPrasad Jhabarmal Tribrewala University, Jhunjhunu India

Dr. Shrikant Tiwari IIT (BHU), Varanasi India

Dr. Mukta Bhatele MANIT India

Dr. Zhengzhang Chen Northwestern University United States

Dr. Senthilkumaran N. Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed University India

Prof. Zhiqiang Shao Fuzhou University, China

Prof. Prafulla Eknathrao Ajmire S G B Amravati University India

Prof. pawan kumar goel mewar university India

Dr. Jha Kumar Vijay Department Of It, Bit Mesra, Ranchi India

Prof. Patibandla R S M Lakshmi vignan university India

Dr. Saini Ramdass Jatinderkumar Veer Narmad South Gujarat University India

Dr. Shivaji Dattu Mundhe Shivaji University India

Prof. Las Johansen Balios Caluza Leyte Normal University Philippines

Prof. Sudarshan Nandy West Bengal University of Technology India

Dr. V Baby Deepa anna university,chennai India

Prof. Thirupathi Regula Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Oman

Dr. Himansu Sekhar Behera Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT) India

Dr. Riktesh Srivastava Skyline University College United Arab Emirates

Dr. Agrawal Jitendra Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal India

Dr. s Prabaharan Vinayaka Missions University India

Dr. Santhosh baboo Sethuraman University of Madras India

Prof. Kamal Vyas under RTU Kota India

Dr. E.George Dharma Prakash Raj Bharathidasan University - Trichy - India

Prof. Patibandla R S M Lakshmi vignan university India

Dr. Fei Huang Microsoft United States

Dr. Dulani Meedeniya University of Moratuwa Sri Lanka

Prof. Yellasiri Ramadevi Osmania University India

Prof. Pothukuchi Rama Kishore Krishna India

Prof. Gurudatt Ani Kulkarni Shivaji University India

Dr. Homero Toral University of Quintana Roo (UQROO) Mexico

Prof. Kiran Sree Pokkuluri JNTUH R S, India

Prof. Hitesh Bhupendrabhai Shah Gujarat Technological University, India

Dr. Dariusz Jacek Jakóbczak Technical University of Koszalin, Poland

Prof. Abdullah Gani malaya, Malaysia

Dr. A SN CHAKRAVARTHY j.n.tu.kakinada univ. college of engg. Vizianagaram, Andhra Pardesh, India

Dr. Aftab Alam Alam King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia

Dr. AJEET SINGH POONIA Sardar Patel University of Police Security and Criminal Justice, India

Dr. ANAND KUMAR VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, India

Prof. Anjan Babu Gudisi Sri Venkateswara University, India

Dr. Arjun P Ghatule Solapur University, Solapur, India

Prof. BABU MUNI MUMMELA JNTUA College of Engineering - Pulivendula, India

Dr. Binod Kumar JSPM JAYAWANT TECHNICAL CAMPUS, PUNE, INDIA

Dr. BRIGHT KESWANI University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

Dr. Brijender Kahanwal GGGI, Ambala, Haryana, India

Dr. chitta venkata phani krishna KL University, India

Prof. D P Sharma AMIT, AMU MOEFDRE UNDER UNDP, India

Dr. Dharam Veer Sharma Punjabi University, India

Prof. Fan-Gang Tseng National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan

Prof. Francis Xavier Christopher Daniel Bharathiar university, India

Dr. Gurjeet Singh Dhillon PTU India

Dr. IBRAHIM ADEPOJU ADEYANJU LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OGBOMOSO, NIGERIA

Dr. Maheshwari Prasad Singh NIT Patna, India

Prof. Manojkumar Karathiya GTU India

Dr. Manuj Darbari BBD University, Lucknow, India

Prof. Mary Immaculate Sheela Lourdusamy R.M.D. Engineering College, India

Dr. Mayank Singh Uttar Pradesh Technical University, India

Dr. Maziar Shajari Islamic Azad University, Dehaghan Branch, Iran

Dr. MOHAMAD AFENDEE MOHAMED UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA, Malaysia

Dr. Mohammed Ali Hussain KL University, India

Prof. MOHAN PATSARIYA RGPV, Bhopal, India

Prof. Mohd Nazri Ismail National Defence University of Malaysia, Malaysia

Prof. MOKKALLA PADMAVATHAMMA S.V.UNIVERSITY, India

Dr. Nagappan Krishnaraj Anna University, India

Dr. om prakash RISHI UNIVERSITY OF KOTA, India

Dr. Pourya Nikfard University Technology Malaysia, Malaysia

Prof. Pragati Prakash Shivaji, India

Dr. Radhakrishnan Palanikumar King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia

Prof. Ragupathy Rengaswamy Annamalai University, India

Dr. Rajinigirinath Dhandapani Anna University, India

Dr. Rajiv Mahajan PTU Kapurthala, India

Prof. Ramaswamy Gonuguntla JNTUK, India

Dr. rao krishna sala Andhra University, India

Dr. Raviraj P Kalaignar karunanidhi Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India

Prof. RODOLFO DUFO-LÓPEZ University of Zaragoza, Spain

Dr. Sanjay Thakur Dr. H.S. Gour University,Sagar,MP,INDIA India

Prof. Sandip Vijay IIT Roorkee, India

Prof. Sateesh Kumar Peddoju Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India

Prof. Sattar B Sadkhan University of Babylon, Iraq

Dr. SAURABH PAL VBS Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India

Prof. SELVAKUMAR SURAMANI anna university, India

Dr. Shaikh Abdul Hannan Albaha University, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Shamim H Ripon East West University, Bangladesh, Bangladesh

Dr. Subbaraman Bhuvaneswari Pondicherry University, India

Dr. Sunil Kumar Jha Kyushu University, Japan

Dr. Tarakeswara Rao Balaga Acharya Nagarjuna University, India

Dr. Vijayarani Mohan Bharathiar University, India

Dr. Vinay Rishiwal MJP Rohilkhand University, India

Prof. Vivek s Deshpande Pune University, India

Dr. VPS Naidu CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, India

Dr. Yaser Miaji IUKL Malaysia

Prof. Yoon-Ho Choi Kyonggi University, South Korea

Dr. Zuber Mohammed University of Allahabad , India

Prof. Mohammed Rizwan Beg Integral University, India

Prof. RAJENDRA Kumar Uttar Pradesh Tech. University, India

Prof. Kok Swee Sim National University of Singapore, Malaysia

Dr. Swati Sharma J.N.V.U (Studies), J.N.U.(working), India

i

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications – IJCSIA Volume 3 : Issue 2 [ISSN 2250 – 3765]

Publication Date : 05 June 2013

Table of Contents

S.NO. PAPER TITLE PG NO.

1. Smart Home Safety Arrangement 1 – 5

2. Asterisk text steganography tool A highly secure text steganography approach 6 – 9

3. SAW Sensor Array Data Fusion for Chemical Class Recognition of Volatile Organic 10 – 13

Compounds

4. A Conceptual Method for Searching A positive integer searching algorithm 14 – 15

5. A Novel DWT based Encrypted Watermarking 16 – 19

6. Survey on Semantic Caching and Query Processing in Databases. 20 – 24

7. A Regenerative Feedback Approach to Green Computing 25 – 28

8. Security Metric Framework for the Software Architecture and Design Level 29 – 40

An Empirical Evaluation

9. Naive Bayesian Classifier for Uncertain Data using Exponential Distribution 41 – 45

10. jMAD- A small Java Mobile Agent Development platform 46 – 50

11. Implementation of Hybrid Algorithm for Secured Multimedia Messaging Service 51 – 56

System Using Android

12. E-Commerce & Law Trends & Challenges 57 – 61

13. Significance Research Review on Real Time Digital Video Watermarking System 62 – 67

for Video Authentication

14. Digital Watermarking And Modulation Techniques Used By CTS For Secure 68 – 71

Transmission of Bank Cheques Images.

15. TAMIL BRAILLE SYSTEM: A Conversion methodology of Tamil into Contracted Braille 72 – 76

Script (Grade2)

16. Region Specific Crop Yield Analysis A Data Mining Approach 77 – 80

17. Security Framework for eHealth Services: A Study 81 – 85

18. Face Detection based on Video 86 – 88

19. Background Estimation Using 3 Parameter Based Running Average Method 89 – 92

20. Image Retrieval Using Navigation Pattern for Relevance Feedback: A Survey 93 – 97

21. E-Learning Implementation: Benefits and Challenges in Developing Countries 98 – 102

22. Introspection of various K-Nearest Neighbor Techniques 103 – 106

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterisk_(disambiguation)

ii

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Science and its Applications – IJCSIA

Volume 3 : Issue 2 [ISSN 2250 – 3765]


23. Interactive animation for user verification with the help of audio-visual parameters 107 – 111

for enhanced Human Computer Interaction (HCI)

24. An effective stemmer in Devanagari script 112 – 115

25. DWT based Self-Embedding watermarking 116 – 119

26. Effect of music on autonomic nervous system through the study of symbolic 120 – 124

dynamics of heart rate variability signals

27. Software Security Testing Process 125 – 129

28. Comparison Of Various Software Quality Models 130 – 133

29. A Novel Method of HASBE with Improved Efficiency and Delegation Mechanism in 134 – 139

Cloud

30. E-Textiles Desinged for Biomedical Applications- A Survey 140 – 144

31. Image Steganography : Self Extraction Mechanism 145 – 148

32. Biometrics : Echelon of Secured Authentication 149 – 153

33. Cloud Query Language for Cloud Databases 154 – 158

34. Support vector machine scheduler for uncertain communication demand in 159 – 163

computational grid

35. Global Prospect of Distributed Agile Software Development: A Review 164 – 168

36. An Evolution of Static Priority Scheduling in Real Time System 169 – 174

37. Localization of Region-Based Active Contours 175 – 179

38. An Ecological Model of Genetic Algorithm for Interpretation of the Data 180 – 182

39. Fish Stock Prediction Using Data Mining and Image Processing Techniques 183 – 187

Based on Salinity, Temperature and Chlorophyll distribution

40. Use of mobile agent in E-commerce 188 – 191

41. A Multi-round Algorithm for Minimum Processor in Real-time Divisible Load 192 – 195

Scheduling

42. Using the Technology Enhanced Interaction Framework for Interaction Scenarios 196 – 201

involving Disabled People

43. Investigating the Asymmetric Effects of Website Quality on Customer Satisfaction 202 – 206

and Trust:An application of information system success model

44. Synote Mobile HTML5 Responsive Design Video Annotation Application 207 – 211

45. Exploring Indonesian Web Based Career Center Discrepancy of Web Popularity 212 – 216

and Type of Services

iii




46. Effect of Financial Information Transparency on Website Popularity Case of 217 – 221

Indonesian General Insurance Company

47. A Prototype driven approach for the migration of legacy systems to current 222 – 226

Eclipse technology

48. E-Portfolio in Indonesian Private University Differences in Blogging Behavior, 227 – 231

Productivity, and Popularity of Student’s Blog

49. Digital Divide between Indonesian Provincial Governance Based on Web Evaluation 232 – 236

50. Evaluating Open Content Policy in Indonesian HEIs Divide and Effect of Internet 237 – 241

Based Resources

51. Students’ Activities and Behaviors in Virtual Class Environment Lesson Learnt from 242 – 246

Indonesian Private University

52. Graph Embedding Framework on Relevance Feedback: A Survey 247 – 250

53. Petri Nets Approach in Optimizing Container Loading and Offloading Process in 251 – 254

Inter Terminal Transfer Operation: A Research Framework

54. Digital Divide in Indonesian Higher Education Evidence from Website Popularity 255 – 259

and Reputation

55. Opinion Mining Results in the Education Domain 260 – 264

56. Different Software Security Requirements in Engineering 265 – 268

57. Earthquake Prediction System Based on The Earth’s Electric Field Signal Prior to 269 – 272

The Earthquake: Location Determination

58. Performance Measurements Analysis of Dual Stack IPv4-IPv6 273 – 280

59. Extensible Database Communication Modification Framework 281 – 285

60. Quality of the Website at Private Banks and National Government Banks in Indonesia: 286 – 289

Review from the Perspective of the Customer

61. A Novel and Efficient Data Structure to Facilitate Dictionary Search using Wildcards 290 – 294

62. Constructing a Competence Structure in Recommending Study Materials Links 295 – 299

63. Evaluation on Financial Information Disclosure on The Web of Indonesian City 300 – 304

Government

64. A Critical Analysis of the Uses and Gratifications experienced by the Users of 305 – 307

Digital Doorways

65. Optimal Design of a Bengali Virtual Keyboard seeking improved user perception 308 – 312

for a better text entry rate (Human Computer Interaction)

iv




66. Eye Position Estimation using Distance between Eyes Calibration base on Iris Tracking 313 – 317

67. IMG2XMI : Enhancement of Environment-Independent Data Exchange 318 – 322

68. Software Changes: Related Software Artifacts and their relationships 323 – 327

232

Digital Divide between Indonesian Provincial

Governance Based on Web Evaluation

Ivan Maurits

Department of Computer Engineering

Gunadarma University

Depok, Indonesia

[email protected]

Dessy Wulandari Asfary Putri

Department of Informatics Management


Depok, Indonesia

[email protected]

Muhammad Achsan Isa Al Anshori

Department of Informatics Management


Depok, Indonesia

[email protected]

Abdus Syakur

Department of Informatics Engineeering


Depok, Indonesia

[email protected]

Abstract—All provinces in Indonesia have implemented

websites as the information and communication media for public.

The number of provinces involved as the samples in this research

are 33 provinces. The URL name structure and minimal content

of the websites have been in accordance with rules and policies

stated by the government. The ideal numbers of features are 18

for each websites. However, based on the observation toward the

ideal number of the features, it is found that most of the websites

have not fulfilled the amount yet. Province websites are rarely

accessed by visitors. They prefer visiting the websites of

companies or education institutions. The popularity of the

websites is measured based on Alexa Global Traffic Rank, the

number of referring domain, and external back link. The

research also reveals that there is a digital divide between

provinces in Java island and other islands based on the

discriminant analysis using four independent variables, namely

feature index, total backlink, global traffic rank, and total

webpage.

Keywords—geographical, indonesian, provincial, digital

I. Introduction The total land area of Indonesia is 1.904.556 km

2. It

consists of 17504 islands and 9634 of them have not got the

names yet. Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in

the world with a population of 238,452,952. These

demographical and geographical data denote potentials as well

as challenges in the globalization and information era. This is

due to the fact that information technology can be used as a

means to integrate the spreading islands. However, such kind

of technology has not been optimized by the Indonesian

government yet. Provincial governments, districts, and cities

located outside the island of Java relatively have less

information as well as services on their websites [1].

The development of e-government must be in accordance

with the readiness and constraints of under-developing

countries, especially Indonesia. The constraints encountered

can be in the forms computer networks and database

communications that have not been equally implemented by

all provinces in Indonesia. This condition will bring into

digital divide in the use of information and communication

technology by certain group of people in different areas.

Indonesian government must be able to find the solutions of

the problems, so that the e-government will be successfully

implemented. The success of the e-government

implementation in Indonesia will result in the betterment of

public sector services.

One of the media that can be used to improve the public

service quality is websites. This can be used by the local

government as the information and communication media as

well as transactions between government and public. The

digital government is a global phenomenon and public

servants around the world are adopting novel ways to leverage

IT to better serve their constituents [2]. There remains

significant variation in the extent to which county

governments delivers Internet-based services and information

to their citizens [3].

Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago with more than

17.000 islands that consists of 33 provinces, 399 districts, and

98 municipalities. Having areas that are located separately and

various societies, Indonesia is able to utilize ICT as the

alternatives to integrate all administrative areas. Using of

ICTs, and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better

government [4].

Indonesia is still left behind in the development of e-government comparing to other countries. Since 2003 some e-government policies has been issued by the government but in facts year by year, the global rank of e-government readiness as well as regional rank of Indonesia still in low rank [5]. Website of local government in Indonesia has not provided



233

good service for the four types of services: the FAQ, electronic procurement, site map, and geographical information [1]. The digital divide between Java and outside Java is still significant relative to the information richness and popularity of the web [6].

II. Theoretical Background Over the past ten years the dramatic advances made in

information and communications technology (ICT) have

transformed much of the world into a digitally interconnected

community that is increasingly functioning on a ―365/24/7‖

basis [7]. But, It is not difficult for people in developed

countries to imagine a situation in which all interaction with

government can be done through one counter 24 hours a day, 7

days a week, without waiting in lines. However to achieve this

same level of efficiency and flexibility for developing

countries is going to be difficult [8]. According to Henry,

although the link between technology, growth and poverty

reduction is not as empirically solid as one might expect, the

fact remains that technologically advanced countries have

higher incomes [26].

The e-Gov field (also called Electronic Government, Digital

Government, Electronic Governance, and similar names)

emerged in the late 1990´s [9]. According to Worldbank

definition, E-Government refers to the use by government

agencies of information technologies (such as Wide Area

Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing) that have the

ability to transform relations with citizens, businesses, and

other arms of government. ICTs—with the exception of the

institutional efficiency and sustainability factor—have a

positive relationship with governance indicators. ICTs

therefore, have the potential to promote good governance [10].

The Stages of E-Government are (1) Emerging: an official

government online presence is established; (2) Enhanced:

Government sites increase; information becomes more

dynamic; (3) Interactive: Users can download forms, e-mail

officials and interact through the web; (4) Transactional: Users

can actually pay for services and other transactions online; and

(5) Seamless: Full integration of e-services across

administrative boundaries [7].

The internet provides a powerful tool for reinventing local

government [11]. It encourages transformation from the

traditional bureaucratic paradigm, which emphasizes

standardization, departmentalization, and operational cost-

efficiency, to the ―e-government‖ paradigm, which

emphasizes coordinated network building, external

collaboration, and costumer services. Websites become an

important tool that the government used to market their

institution to prospective customers and, to provide

government information and services available on-line [12].

Virtually all government services can be classified under one

of three fundamental categories: informational, interactive and

transactional [7]. There are some impediments to the

improvement of the usability of government websites, such as

lack of testing and monitoring, lack of involvement of end-

users, lack of a clear framework of collaboration and

coordination, poor standardization, and lack of

trust/satisfaction [13].

Anything available on an e-government site can be taken

down or altered with little evidence that corrections were

made, there may be a reduced effort to perform duties

correctly [14]. There are a number of factors that may help to

explain the variation of county government websites. This

investigation considered two of those factors, income and

population, and found that a significant correlation exists

between each of these factors and e-government involvement

[3]. E-governance is more than just a government website on

the Internet [8]. Adoption of e-government portals was highly

associated with certain social and economic factors [15].

Government portal websites are the core components of e-

Government because it is a platform integrating different

government resources [16].

Website popularity does not depend on information richness

and number of web features. The amount of information and

the number of service features have not been able to increase

the popularity of the provinces website in Indonesia[6]. There

were no significant improvements on information richness and

website features in Indonesia local government website. This

indicates that the most websites of local governments in

Indonesia have not been fully utilized for public services [1].

The citizen’s higher perception of usefulness, ease of use,

quality and trust of e-Government services directly enhanced

the level of adoption of e-Government [17].

The assessment toward the utilization of websites covers all

aspects and attributes that might result in different judgments

amongst experts and researchers. However, the different point

of view is still focused on the different categories of the

attributes and parameters used. One of the aspects used to

assess the website usability is how the content of the websites

provides valuable information to the users [18]. Criteria or

attributes to assess websites managed by the government in 6

categories, namely (1) Security and Privacy; (2) Usability; (3)

Content; (4) Services; (5) Citizen Participation; and (6)

Features [19].

III. Methodology The procedures and models used in this research referred to

the research done by [6] and [1] that employed webmetrics

and website evaluation approach toward 33 province websites

in Indonesia. Two other variables are employed in this

research namely total backlink and referring domain. The

province websites used as samples are 7 in which located in

Java and Bali. They are assumed as the provinces that have

higher economic conditions and advancement in technology

than the 26 other provinces.

The website features were evaluated by 4 researchers using

standard worksheet containing ideal features from the

government websites that referred to the reasearch done by

Silfianti and Suhatril [6]. The number of features observed

were 19 features. One feature was added in this research



234

namely the availability of GIS-based map. The richness of

information was measured based on the number of webpages

indexed in google search engine with syntax: ―site:url

address―. The range of the richness was measured in 0 which

means no feature and 1 which means there is a feature in the

website. At first, the total scores were counted for each

website, then the feature index was obtained by dividing score

total in each website province with the highest score of the

province website.

The measurement was done in the same time to avoid the fluctuation of the query result in the search engine. The data were retrieved in the end of December 2012. The data collected were the number of webpages, alexa traffic, and the evaluation toward website features. The popularity of the websites is measured using Alexa Traffic Rank. Other variables are total backlink that measured using ahrefs.com. Web metric differences between Java and outside-Java tested by independent sample t test. Discriminant analysis used for classification predictiton based on feature index, webpage number, global traffic rank, and total backlink.

IV. Result and Discussion

A. Variability of Web Feature All provinces in Indonesia have implemented websites

with the URL names which refer to the government

regulations. The name of the URL must include the

abbreviation of the province and combined with ―prov‖ such

as www.jabarprov.go.id. That regulation is not applied equally

for Jakarta as the capital city of Indonesia. The URL name of

Jakarta Special Province is www.jakarta.go.id. The way of

naming URL is regulated in the Decree of Minister of

Communication and Informatics, number:

28/PER/M.KOMINFO/9/2006 about the use of domain name

go.id for official websites of central and local governments.

The ministry of Informatics and Communication has

determined specific criteria to evaluate the websites content of

local government. One of the guidelines to evaluate is ―Buku

Panduan Pembangunan Situs Web Pemerintah Daerah Peserta

USDRP (Urban Sector Development Reform Project)‖.

Referring to this book, every website must have ―overview‖,

―organizational structure‖, ―geography‖, ―local map and

resources‖, ―rules and policy of local government, and

―news‖. Beside those six minimal features, a website of local

government must be able to interact with public through

―discussion forum‖ and ―guests‖.

The observation toward local government website in this research covers web features, the number of webpage, and the popularity which are measured using alexa global rank and total backlink retrieved from SEO. The description of scores of each variable can be seen in the following table.

TABLE I Descriptive Statistics

N Min. Max. Mean Std. Deviation

Global Rank 33 79416 12446673 1600597.24 2319450.709

Total Backlink

33 1340 37598 19389.91 6626.517

webpage 33 1270 7240000 562256.06 1662616.775

Feature Index 33 .0000 .8421 .618820 .1969427

The table above shows that provincial websites are not

popular, incomplete features, inadequate information. The

scores or information usability is not discussed in this

research. The traffic does not depend on information richness

and number of web features. There were differences in

information richness and real traffic rank among the provinces

outside Java with Java [6]. From 19 features that are observed, the highest three

features are news, local government features, and link to other sites. The lowest features are FAQ and GIS. In overall, the websites features have not directed to the transactions and have not involved public participations. Most activities done by people in the websites include-either searching for relevant information or doing online transaction- online registration, online request, access to the database, downloading, proposing complaint, and others [20].

The number of features found in the websites has not reflected a guarantee that the websites are popular or frequently visited by public. One of the parameters to measure the popularity is the total backlink or global traffic rank using Majesticseo.com or alexa.com. The number of the contents that are measured based on webpage using google.com is not a guarantee that the number of the visits in the province websites will increase. This condition is described in the following figure.

Figure 1. Global traffic rank and number of webpage

The above graphic shows that there is pattern that shows the correlation between the completeness of the features and the web popularity. The visit to the web is not caused by the completeness of the web, or in other words the popularity of the web is not caused by the completeness of the web. It is assumed that there are other factors, such as the usefulness of the information provided, and search engine friendliness. The



http://www.jabarprov.go.id/

http://www.jakarta.go.id/

235

latter will make the information provided by the website is easy to be found using search engine by typing relevant keywords. However, based on the global rank or total backlink of the local government websites, it can be identified that in general the local government websites are rarely visited or not popular. This condition shows that the local government websites usability is still low. This result is in line with the research done by Harfoushi [13] who stated that government websites generally do not have a high level of usability, and that there is a lack of understanding of the needs and requirements of the end-users.

B. Geographical Digital Divide The dichotomy between provinces located in Java and out

of Java has become sensitive issue for the politicians. The

polemic is usually directed to the economic divide between the

two areas. Java islands are regarded as the central economy

and modernizations. However, they have relatively lower

economic condition the islands out of Java, although they have

wider areas and abandon natural resources. The government

has tried to decrease the divide and renew the

telecommunication infrastructures so that this can cover

thousands islands along the archipelago. For e-government to

be effective within a nation, the necessary technological

infrastructure must be present and provide service to all

citizens [14].

Regardless of the perception of the dichotomy Java and

outside of Java in politics or economy, this research is focused

on the possible digital divide based on the evaluations toward

provincial websites. In general the provincial websites in Java

have more contents, traffic, and the higher completeness of the

features than the websites of provinces out of Java. The

difference on the total webpage and global traffic rank can be

seen in the following figure.

Figure 3. Differences of webpage and global traffic rank between regions

Global traffic rank and total webpage can be easily

identified as the predictors rather than two other variables

called feature index and external backlink. The difference of

the website evaluations between provinces in java and outside

of Java is analyzed using t test.

The result of independent sample t test shows that

statistically only the number of webpage (size) and Alexa

Global Rank which is different significantly. This regards that

the variances that different: equal variances are assumed for

size and equal variance is not assumed. The next analysis is to

predict the divide between local government in Java and

outside of Java based on discriminant analysis. To prove the

digital divide, 4 parameters are employed. They are webpage

(size), alexa global rank, total backlink, and feature index. The

levels of predictions using discriminant analysis can be seen in

the following table.

TABLE II Classification results of discriminat analysisa

Region

Predicted Group Membership

Total 1 2

Original Count 1 3 3 6

2 1 26 27

% 1 50.0 50.0 100.0

2 3.7 96.3 100.0

a. 87.9% of original grouped cases correctly classified.

The result shows that the four variables are regarded as the

predictors toward the locations of the local government,

namely Java and outside of Java. The level of prediction is

quite high, that is 87.9%. This means that digital divide is very

high. The discriminating power can be put in order as the

following: webpage number, global rank, backlink, and feature

index. This result is line with Hermana and Silfianti who

stated that there are digital divide between Java and outside

Java for a webpage, inbound links and traffic [25].

The digital divide found in this research hopefully will be

taken into considerations by the government so that such

phenomenon can be decreased or eliminated. Indonesia needs

strategic and integrative policies to improve their e-

government system. The government should comprehend that

digital divide is not just about the inequality between those

who have access and those who do not, and therefore,

providing access is not the only policy needed to close the

digital divide [21]. The latest development shows that the

Indonesians are now quite literate to the internet. This

condition is supported by the availability of the

telecommunication infrastructures which gets better. In such

conditions, the technical skills of the website administrator

must be improved.

E-Government adoption is a function of financial, technical,

and human resources. Two factors that may result in the

digital divide are human resource competence and

infrastructures of telecommunications, particularly the internet

accessibality to public [22]. This is in line with the statement

that the success of e-initiatives depends largely on human

skills and capabilities [23]. Related with internet access,

egovernment will only be successful when access to the

Internet is widespread and available to every citizen [24]. The

challenge faced by the government is the width of Indonesia

and the number populations with different levels of



236

educations. This will be a further homework for the

Indonesian government.

V. Conclusion The popularity and content number of the provincial

websites in Indonesia are still low based on global traffic rank,

total webpage, and total backlink. From content point of view,

the websites features have not been optimal, although they

have fulfilled the minimum criteria determined by the

government. Technically, the transaction stage in the context

of e-government development has not been fully achieved.

The interaction and two-way communication between

government and public were also rarely implemented in the

provincial websites.

Provincial websites in Java island show higher webpages,

traffic, feature, and total backlink than those in other islands.

The digital divide needs government attention particularly the

the human resource competence of the local province, the

distribution of telecommunication infrastructures and internet

accessibility enabling to cover all areas within Indonesia. The

enrichment of the features must take into account by the

website managers so that the transactions and website usability

of the provincial websites can be improved in the future.

References [1] B. Hermana, A. Tarigan, H. Medyawati and W. Silfianti, "E-Government

Implementation in Indonesia: Financial Transparency on the Web," 3rd International Conference on e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning IPEDR, vol. 27, 2012.

[2] G. Marchionini, H. Samet and L. Brandt, "Digital Government," Communications Of The ACM, vol. 46, no. 1, 2003.

[3] Victor O. Wilkinson and James J. Cappel, "Impact Of Economic Prosperity And Population On E-Government Involvement," Issues in Information Systems, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 204-209, 2005

[4] OECD, The e-Government Imperative, OECD, Ed., OECD e-Government Studies, 2003.

[5] A. Rokhman, "E-Government Adoption in Developing Countries; the Case of Indonesia," Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 2, no. 5, 2011.

[6] W. Silfianti and R. J. Suhatril, "Do Indonesian Province Website Rich and Popular ?," World of Computer Science and Information Technology Journal (WCSIT), vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 253-259, 2011.

[7] U. N. Public, "Benchmarking E-government: A Global Perspective," 2002.

[8] S. Basu, "E-Government and Developing Countries: An Overview,"International Review Of Law Computers \& Technology, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 109–132, 2004.

[9] Å. Grönlund and T. A. Horan, "Introducing E-Gov: History,Definitions,and Issues," Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 15, pp. 713-729, 2004.

[10] W. Raghupathi and S. J. Wu, "The Relationship Between Information and Communication Technologies and Country Governance: An Exploratory Study," Communications of the Association for Information Systems, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 181-198, 2011.

[11] A. T.-K. Ho, "Reinventing Local Government and The Government Inniciative," Public Administration Review, vol. 64, no. 4, 2002.

[12] M. H. Abdul and M. N. Masrek, "Accessibility Evaluation on Malaysian E-Government Websites," Journal of e-Government Studies and Best Practices, vol. 2010, p. 11, 2010.

[13] O. Harfoushi, B. A. Fawwaz, R. Obiedat, H. Faris and R. Al-Sayyed, "Usability Assessment of the Government Web Services in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan," Journal of American Science, vol. 8, no. 12, p. 12, 2012.

[14] P. T. Jaeger and K. M. Thompson, "E-government around the world: Lessons, challenges, and future directions," Government Information Quarterly, vol. 20, pp. 389-394, 2003.

[15] Z. Huang, "E-Government Practices At Local Levels: An Analysis Of U.S. Counties’ Websites," Issues in Information Systems, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 165-170, 2006.

[16] X. C. Yuan and X. Wang, "Evaluating Government Portal Websites in China," 2010.

[17] S. E. Colesca and D. Liliana, "E-government Adoption in Romania," 2008.

[18] Q. A. Al-Radaideh, E. Abu-Shanab, S. Hamam and H. Abu-Salem, "Usability Evaluation of Online News Websites: A User Perspective Approach," International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, vol. 6, no. 2, 2011.

[19] M. R. Middleton, "Approaches to Evaluation of Websites for Public Sector Services," in Proceedings IADIS Conference on e-Society, Lisbon, 2007.

[20] L. Wang, S. Bretschneider and J. Gant, "Evaluating Web-based e-government services with a citizen-centric approach," 2005.

[21] A. Rahman and M. Quaddus, "Qualitative Investigation of Digital Divide in Indonesia: Toward a Comprehensive Framework," 2012.

[22] R. W. Schwester, "Examining the Barriers to e-Government Adoption," Electronic Journal of e-Government, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 113-122, 2009.

[23] V. Ndou, "E–Government for Developing Countries: Opportunities and Challenges," The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, EJISDC, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-24, 2004.

[24] S. Dillon, E. Deakins and W. J. Chen, "e-Local Government in New Zealand: the Shifting Policymaker View," The Electronic Journal of e-Government, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 9-18, 2006.

[25] B. Hermana and W. Silfianti, "Evaluating E-government Implementation by Local Government: Digital Divide in Internet Based Public Services in Indonesia," International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 2, no. 3, 2011.

[26] L. Henry, The Digital Divide, Economic Growth and Potential Poverty Reduction: The Case of the English Speaking Caribbean, 2013.



editorial board - gunadarma...

Documents