CHAPTER 1 SUMMARYIn this chapter, you willknow about what is childhood and Adolescencemeans. And also, you will discover the rights that every child has.Childhoodrefers to an early stage of human being as a child, the timewhere the child is developing something. It is evolving step by step, usuallyconstant, towards adulthood and is shaped by an extensive array of forces andideas, that range from ethnicity to class, from region to region and from genderto politics. They connotes a time of innocent.InChangingPatternsof Childhood, thetypical childbelongedtoahomogenoussocietywherehehadtocontendwithsimilarvalues, commonreligious precepts and expectations, and opportunities from a characteristicallyrural setting. It is confronted with more complex forces in the environment andin particular society that others varied rules and choices and institutions. Theextension of childhood was actually a stretching of adolescence, a termpopularized at the turn of the 2th century by child psychologist !. "tanley #all. Adolescence$%atinadolescentia, fromadolescere, &togrowup'( isastage of being teenage years between )* and )+ and can be considered thetransitional stage fromchildhood to adulthood. In short, it is the periodfollowing the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from achild into an adult. ,eknowthat everychildhas rights inthis world.ThePresidentialDecree No.6! dated Dece"#er 1$ 1%&' ()*ston$ et al.$ 1%%%+ listeddo,ntheRightsof ChildrenandYo*ngPersons.This lawaimedatunderstanding children better and for the -ilipino teacher to be aware of thechildren.srights. It meansthat thislawwasimplementedfor childrenandyoung persons. rights to be protected from harm and, have their basic physicaland social needs provided are a basic consideration. "ome of children have been abused by their parents or relatives. And also,some of children who have become a victims of sexual or physical abuse, childlabor, malnutrition, parental neglect, endinguproamingthestreetsherein/hilippines. They need the protection and shelter from the government so thatthey won.t abuse or be a victim again by the bad person. According to 0erlin 1.#ernando, who describe the alarming situation of the children here in/hilippineswhichisvisibleinnumerousstudiesconductedover four millionchildren are victims of child labor and half of them are exposed to hazardousconditions. About ), of them are abused every year and about *,roam the streets. The latest statistics also points to about 2 millionmalnourished children. Inmypositivereaction, that marami akongnatutunansamgatopicsnanadiscussinthischapter. Ideas that so unfamiliar to me. It helps me to know the physical changes of the two stages.And also, some ideas about how child become adult, what things they can do. As an educator, it helps me lots of things that I can used in my teaching profession. And helpsme to know how to handle the males and females students. And also, I know now what they needsas child or adolescent or what I must do to do them.It helps me to learn about the situations of the children that been abused by their parents orrelatives. And I know now that every child has a rights to live in this world and rights to have acomfortable life, and rights to have educated their self by going in school. I know as an educator Imust protect my students to those people who will hurt my students. And I realize that as educator, I must not only educate them in mind but also their souls. Imust teach them how to be a responsible person and be a good person.- positiveIn my negative reaction about this, is that some ideas I couldn.tunderstand. ,hy they put that ideas if people didn.t follow the law that beenimplemented for the children that been abused by their parents, relatives orthe people who wants to hurt them. 1ight now, I don.t have any rights to giveany negative comment about the law that been made for the children that beendiscuss in this chapter. 3ut I couldn.t 4ust stay silent about the law, it is becausesome people didn.t respect the law that been implemented, they didn.t careabout it because they 4ust want to hurt the innocent child because of mistakenthat child did. It hurts me to know about the bad doings of some people to theinnocent children. ,eknowthat therearefoundationinherein/hilippineswhoprotectsevery child that been abused but as we know not all child are protect againstthe bad people so sometimes I.m disappointed about it and then this chaptersometimes useless even if they already read this chapter.- negati-eCHAPTER . SUMMARY5verychildandyoungpersonswill havephysical changesoccur whenthey are growing older. It a6ects the height and weight of a person. In normally,a child adds 7 pound of his8her weight and 2 to * inches height every year. The "otorde-elo/"ent, it is a children.s ability to control their body.smovement frominfant spontaneous wavingandkickingmovementstotheadaptive control of reaching, locomotion, and complex sport skills.P*#ert0istheprocessofphysical changesthroughofachild.sbodymatureintoadultbody. The beginning of the menstrual cycle for females is called Menarche. Itwoman9s monthly bleeding. In males, the :rst e4aculation of semen is calledS/er"arche.1aterali2ationis theprocess that this structuregrows thefunctional specialization of the left and right hemisphere of the cerebral cortexis achieved.Maternal N*trition is the :rst factor can a6ect the developmentof a child because it is the mother who give the all supply of nutrients to herbaby through the food she intake so that she should take care for her sake andfor her baby to the danger. Child n*trition is also important factor in a6ectingthe development of a child because when they didn.t eat the amount of foodthat children should eat they might get sick and it can weaken your immunesystem. The Earl0 Sensor0 Sti"*lation, it is when the :rst two;six years oflife of a child are thought of as the sensory motor stage of development. The 3enetic Histor0, according to %ynn %evitsky, 0.Red*ced -is*al ac*it0$poor sight(,A"#l0o/ia$lazy eye(,H0/ero/ia$farsightedness(,M0o/ia$nearsightedness( andAstig"atis"$imperfect vision(.Hearingi"/air"entisahearinglossthat preventsaperson from totally receiving soundsthrough theear.1earning disa#ilitiesare problems that a6ect the brain9s ability to receive, process, analyze, or storeinformation. There are di6erent types of learning abilities>D0sle4ia$reading(,D0sgra/hia$writing(,5is*al agnosia$sight(,Motor a/hasia$speaking(,D0sarthria $stuttering(, A*ditor0 agnosia $smelling(, D0scalc*lia $math(.Attention de6cit h0/eracti-it0 disorder (ADHD+is any of a range ofbehavioral disorders occurring primarily in children, including such symptomsas poor concentration, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.0yownpositivereactionaboutthischapteristhatI.velearnedlotsofideas that I couldn.t imagine. As an educator, this chapter helps me to knowlots of things that I can use on handling on my own class. Thischapter discussedabout howthechildrenchangesphysicallyandwhat are the factors that can a6ect the growth development of a child. Andalso, discussed about the di6erent kinds of disabilities. It helps me to know thatthis topics is very important to us as an educator, it makes me become awareof this for my students. To helps me what I.m going to do if I have a studentthat she has one of these disabilities.As an educator, we must aware about our student.s disabilities. 3ecausebeing aware of it, we may know how we will help them to their disabilities andhow we will teach them. If we not aware of it, we might not be a good educatortoour students becausewefailedinknowingabout their disabilities. Andbecause I believe that as an educator, we must act like mother to our studentsand we must know everything about the students we handling.- /ositi-eIn my negative reaction in about this chapter is that I know this topics thatbeen discuss in this chapter can helpme to knoweverythingabout theenvironment, physical and motor development of a child. 3ut it is too detailedbecausesomeof ideaswroteinthischapterI couldn.tunderstandwhytheauthor put it in his book. There.s lots of ?uestion in my mind why he puts sometopics in this chapter.The person who made this book, I 4ust want to tell you that you 4ust putonlytheimportant detailsandavoidthedetailsthat arenot soimportantbecause it makes me confused about these topics that are why I don.tunderstand some topics. I know it is important to us to know this but it is toodetailed to read and some ideas in this chapter are new to me. That why I can.tunderstand some topics in this chapter.Andalso, as weknowthat some educators are being rude to theirstudents because of some mistakes thatbeencommittedand we know thatthere.s some students have disabilities but some educators are 4ust ignoringthem. "o what is the purpose of this chapter if some people are 4ust ignoringthis book@- negati-eCHAPTER ! SUMMARYThe traditional learning views hold that language development dependsupon the principle of reinforcement. 1ang*age Ac7*isition De-ice (1AD+ is ahypothetical module of the human mind posited to account for children.s innatepredisposition for language ac?uisition.1ang*age Ac7*isition S*//ortS0ste" referstotheimportanceof achild.ssocial supportnetwork, whichworks in con4unction with innate mechanisms to encourage or suppresslanguage development. )iling*alis" is commonly de:ned as the use at leasttwo languages by an individual and it is a Auctuating system in children andadults whereby use of and pro:ciency in two languages may change dependingon the opportunities to use the languages and exposure to other users of thelanguages.Code s,itchingis a special linguistic and social skill.8ast"a//ingisthechild.sabilitytomapthemeaningof anewwordontoareferentafterhearingthewordused oncontext4ust once.Holo/hraseisasingle word used to represent a phrase or sentences, typical of the :rst stage oflanguageac?uisition.5oca#*lar0e4/losionis therapidadditionof newwords to a toddler.s vocabulary which usually occurs late in the second year.E"ergent reading is a stage that children start to notice environmentalprint, can dictate stories for the teacher to record and even read predictablebooks after they have memorized the pattern.)eginning readingis a stagethat children learn phoneme;grapheme correspondences and start to decodewords.8l*ent readingstagethat childrenhavelearnedtoread, decodesunfamiliar words and recognizes words automatically. Boung children are awareof what makes a story. Cnowledge about stories is called a conce/t of stor0. Itincludes knowingtheelements, structuresuchas plot, character, setting,theme, and information about the author.s style and convention. 1ang*agedisorderrefers to any systematic deviation in the way people speak, listen,read, and write or sign that interferes with their ability to communicate withpeers. A/hasia is a loss of ability to use and understand language. Rece/ti-ea/hasiais also referred to as sensory aphasia or ,ernicke.s aphasia.E4/ressi-e a/hasia also called motor aphasia and &3roca.s aphasia,'when astrokein4ures thefrontal regions of theleft hemisphere, di6erent kinds oflanguage problems can occur.Thispartofthebrainis important forputtingwords together to form complete sentences. In4ury to the left frontal area canlead to what is called )roca9s a/hasia. 3lo#al a/hasia is a type of languagedisorder caused by damage to the brain. It is a nonAuent a/hasia with severeimpairment of both expressive and receptive skills. D0sle4ia a general term fordisorders that involve diDculty in learning to read or interpret words, letters,andothersymbols, butthatdonota6ectgeneral intelligence.Ale4iaisaninability to comprehend the meaning of written or printed words and sentencescaused by a cerebral lesion. Posterior ale4ia is a syndrome in adult that couldwrite but not read.:/tic ale4iaoften in adults with occipitallesions wheresimilarincon:gurationaremistakenfromanother.5er#al ale4iaisatypeof agnosia wherein a person might notice or acknowledge singular letters, butnot complete terms or mixtures of letters.D0sgnosiameans it is loss of theability to recognize ob4ects. Agnostic d0sle4ia involves patients that can readbut throw a slow, letter by letter by letter analysis of a word.0y positive reaction of this that in this chapter discussed about the stageson how a child learned to talk and to read. "o it helps me lots of things.To e6ectively give all students the right way to learned so as an educatorit is useful tobecauseweneedtounderstandhowstudents. patterns ofcommunication and various dialects a6ect their classroom learning. And teachthem how to read fastly and with good comprehension.And also, in these chapter discussed about the di6erent kinds ofdisabilities in reading and writing. 3ecause some of people can read but can.twrite or can write but can.t read. That.s why it is helpful to us, as an educator. 3ecause it helps us to knowhow can we help the children with alexia or any kind of disabilities. And as weknowinthis chapter explainall about howachildwill basic methods inlearnings. ; /ositi-e0y negative reaction about this chapter is that as we know, it is importanttoknowthisall topicsisreallyimportant but it.sreallyhardtomemorizeeverything or to follow every detail that been discuss. 3ecause of it, it makesme confused every time I read this chapter. ,hytheyputstagesofreadinginthischapter@,hyitisimportanttoknow@ I don.t understand. It gets me more confused. 0ore and more.aI know it.s important but some people didn.t care about it and about theirstudents that they educated, they 4ust want their salary that.s all. Eust some ofthem.And when they have a child with reading de:cits or a child with writingde:cits, they 4ust ignore it and didn.t give a special treatment to them to learnwell about the topics they been discussed.; negati-eCHAPTER ' SUMMARYCognitionis the process of learning in the broadest sense that includesperception, memory, 4udgment, and thinking.Sche"ais an organized unit ofknowledge.:rgani2ation is the predisposition to combine simple physical orpsychological structuresintomorecomplexsystems.Egocentrics/eechisthetransitionfromthesocial activityof childrentoamoreindividualizedactivitywhichinvolvesthinkinguntil theyareabletoovercomediDculties.