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E d u c a t i o

N e i t h e rB a u h a u l e r

n o r N e r dedu cating th e interaction designer

Pelle Ehn' Wh a t i s n e e d e d i n d e s i g n a n d u se o f t h e mo s t p o s t -mo d e rn me d i a a n d t e c h n o lo g i e s - t h e i n fo rma t i o n a n dcom mu nicat ion techn ology - i s no t a mod ern is m caught in a so lid if ied ob jec t iv i ty in the design of mo dern objec tsin s tee l, glass and concre te , bu t a co mpr ehensiv e sensuali ty in the design of me aningfu l in terac t ive and v i r tua ls t o ri e s a n d e n v i ro n me n t s .Wh at i s needed i s no t the m od ern pra ise of new technology , bu t a cr it ica l and creat ive aesthet ic- technicalp ro d u c t i o n o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t u n i t e s mo d e rn i n fo rma t i o n a n d c o m mu n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y wi t h d e si gn , a r t, c u l t u re

~ and society , and a t the sam e t ime p laces the developm ent of the new me dia t ing technologies in the i r rea l every day~ contex t o f changes in l ifes ty le , wo rk and le i sure .~hV~~ Wh a t i s n e e d e d i n th e d e v e l o p me n t o f th e a e s th e t ic s o f t h e i n fo rma t i o n a n d c o mm u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y so c i e t y~ i s a Scandinavian design tha t un i tes a democ rat ic perspect ive emp hasiz ing open d ia logue and ac t ive user~ part ic ipat ion , wi th the develo pm ent of ed i fy ing cu l tura l experiences and the produc t ion of usefu l, in terest ing ,

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Bauh~usler at the en d o fthe beginning of Bauhaus

Berlin 1933)

I N T E R A C T I ON D E S I G NThe idea of b ring ing design to software an d inform at ion techn ology to design represen ts the b i r th of a new an dchal lenging design d isc ip l ine - in terac t ion design . This d isc ip line has a design orien ted focus on hum an in terac t ionand c om mu nicat io n m edia ted by artefacts . The id ent i ty and ac tual i ty of th i s emerg ing design d isc ip l ine isempha sised by the convergen ce of d ig i ta l a r tefac ts wi th physica l space and the ob jec ts s urro undin g us (ub iq u i tousc o mp u t i n g ) a s we ll a s th e c o n v e rg e n c e b et we e n d i f fe re n t me d i a (m u l t i me d i a , n e w me d i a ) .In terac t ion design has gro wn o ut o f a merge between the t rad i t ional design f ie lds (especial ly pr oduc t design andgraphic design) and socia l ly orien ted com puter s tud ies (especial ly hum an-c om pute r in terac t ion , bu t a lso comp utersu p p o r t e d c o o p e ra t iv e wo rk a n d p a r t i c ip a t o ry d e si gn ) Ot h e r i mp o r t a n t i n it i a l c o n t r i b u t io n s c o m e f ro marchi tec ture , a r t , socio logy and media s tud ies . 'Bring ing Design to Software ' ed i ted by Terry W inogr ad a nd w i thcont ribu t ions fr om man y design f ie lds as wel l as from c om puter sc ience was an early man i festa t ion o f th i s t rend .Design of com puter ar tefac ts i s here understoo d as an ac t iv ity tha t i s conscious, is a conversa t ion w i th the m ateria l ,i s c reat ive , i s comm unica t ion , and i s a socia l ac t iv i ty tha t keeps hum an concerns in the cen ter and has socia lconsequences (Winograd 1996).However, a ques t ion tha t m ay be ra i sed about ne w m edia in prac t ice i s how n ew the design tha t i s b roug ht in rea llyis . W hat w e meet i s in man y ways c lose ly re la ted to the t rad i t ion from the Bauhaus. As Lev Ma novich observes inThe Language of New Med ia (2001 ) we c learly see the t races of 'ne w v is ion ' (Moholy-Nagy), 'new typo grap hy '(Tischold) and 'new arch i tec ture ' ( le Courbusier) .The rea l chal lenge in in terac t ion design i s perhaps the o ther way around. The rea l ly new is b ring ing computa t ionaltechnology to design and to deal wi th ub iq u i tous c om put ing (Weiser 1991). The design m ateria l s for ub iqu i tou scom put ing and the appearances of compu ta t ional ar tefac ts are bo th spat ia l and tem poral (Re dst r6m 2001 ) .With c omp uta t ional tec hnology we can bui ld temp oral s t ructures an d behavior However, to design these tempor als t ructures in to in terac t ive artefacts a lmost any m ateria l can be of use in the spat ia l configura t ion . In ter ac t iondesign deals wi th a new k ind of com bined in terac t ive narra t ive and arch i tec ture .

FROM B UH US TO SCHOOLS OF INTER CTION DESIGN Pioneering schools and inst i tu tes in the f ie ld of in terac t ion design inc lude co mp uter sc ience a t Stan ford Universi ty ,com puter re la ted design (n ow in terac t ion d esign) a t Royal Col lege of Art , Do mu s Academ y and the In terac t iveTeleco mm unicat ion pro gram at Tisch School of the Arts . Today severa l un iversi t ies and inst itu tes a l so have masterprogra ms in in terac t ion design and a t least the Scho ol of Design a t Carnegie M el lon Universi ty and a t the Schoolof Arts and Com mu nica t ion an d Maim/3 Universi ty have doctor a te program s in the discip line . M IT M edia Lab isone o f the ma jor research cont r ibu tors to the fie ld , bu t new com ers l ike the In terac t ive Inst i tu te in Sweden and notleast the n ewly estab li shed In terac t ion Design In st i tu te Ivrea i llust ra tes tha t the f ield is rap id ly growing .

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T h e b o l d p a s s a g e in t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h is p i e c e f o r c o n v e r s a t i o n c o m e s f r o m t h e f o u n d i n g v i s i o n d o c u m e n t ,Ma n i fe s t o fo r a D i g it a l B a u h a u s (E h n 9 8 ) , fo r t h e K 3 , t h e S c h o o l o f A r t s a n d Co m m u n i c a t i o n a t Ma im (5 U n i v e r s i t yi n S w e d e n . A t th i s n e o - m o d e r n i s t ' D i gi t al B a u h a u s ', b a c h e l o r p r o g r a m s i n m a t e r i a l a n d v i r tu a l d e s i g n , i n t e r a c t i o nt e c h n o l o g y , m e d i a a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n s t u d i e s a n d p e r f o r m i n g a r t s t e c h n o l o g y ; m a s t e r p r o g r a m s i n i n t e r a c t i o nd e s i g n , im a g i n e e r i n g ( a r t a n d t e c h n o l o g y ) a n d f o r c r e a ti v e p r o d u c e r s a s w e ll as a d o c t o r a t e p r o g r a m i n i n t e r a c t i o nd e s i g n a r e c o m b i n e d w i t h s t u d i o - b a s e d i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y a n d c r o s s a r t r e s e ar c h s t u d i o s a t t h e S c h o o l a n d a t t h ec o q o c a t e d In t e ra c t i v e In s t i t u t e .T h e e x p l ic i t b u t a m b i v a l e n t n e o - m o d e r n i s t r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e B a u h a u s e x p r es s f u n d a m e n t a l c h a l le n g e s t o,a n d c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i n , t h e f i e l d o f d e s i g n o f i n t e ra c t i v e s y s t e m s a n d t o i n t e ra c t i o n d e s i g n a s a n e w d i s c i p l i n e .C a n a n d s h o u l d i n t e r a c ti o n d e s i g n s t u d ie s b e s h a p e d i n t o a n a c a d e m i c s u b je c t? W h a t i s t h e r e l a ti o n b e t w e e n t h ep ro fe s s i o n a l a n d t h e s c i en t i f ic ? I s i n fo rm a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y i n c o n t e x t a t e c h n i c a l o r a s o c i a l o r e v e n a n a r t i s t i c f i el do f s t u d y ? A n d w h a t a b o u t e t h i c s a n d a e s t h e t i c s i f w e t ry t o c ro s s b o rd e r s b e t w e e n e n g i n e e r i n g a n d s o c i a l s c i e n c e s a sw e l l a s b e t w e e n a r t a n d t e c h n o l o g y ?L e t m e u s e o u r o w n g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m i n i n t e r a c t i o n d e s i g n at K 3 in a p r o v i s i o n a l a t t e m p t t o d e a l w i t h t h i sd i l e m m a i n p r a c t ic e . T h e p r o g r a m o p e n s u p f o r a n o r i e n t a t i o n t o w a r d s a d e s i g n d o c t o r a t e r a t h e r t h a n a t r a d i t i o n a lP h D d e g re e . Ex a m p l e s i n d i c a t i n g t h i s o r i e n t a t i o n a re t h a t : t h e p r o g r a m i n g e n er a l i s o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s co a c h i n g , l e a r n i n g b y d o i n g a n d r e f l e c t i o n - o n - a c t i o n , fo c u s is o n a d e s i g n o r i e n t e d s y n t h e s i s o f c o n s t ru c t i v e a c t i o n a n d c ri t ic a l r e f l e c t i o n a n d o n s y n t h e s i s o f a r t a n d

t e c h n o l o g y , s t u d e n t s h av e a c o m m i t m e n t t o d es i g n s t u d i e s b u t v e r y v a r i e d b a c k g r o u n d e .g . c o m p u t e r s c ie n c e , e n g i n e e r i n g ,

a rc h i t e c t u re , p ro d u c t d e s i g n , i n t e ra c t i o n d e s i g n , m u s i c , l i t e r a t u re , r e s e a r c h w o r k i s c a r r i ed o u t in a p r o d u c t i o n - o r i e n t e d s t u d i o - b a s e d i n t e r d i sc i p l i n a r y a n d c r o s s a r t

e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e th e s i s m a y ta k e t h e f o r m o f a p o r t f o l i o o f w o r k s a n d a r e f le c t iv e s u m m a r y , f o r m i s a l l o w e d t o fo l l o w c o n t e n t , h e n c e t h e f o r m o f t h e t h e s i s m a y b e a n i n te r a c ti v e m u l t i m e d i a p r o d u c t i o n .S u c h a d e s i g n o r i e n t a t i o n o f t h e d i s c i p l in e c h a l l e n g e s t h e ro le t r a d i t i o n a l l y e x p e c t e d t o b e p l a y e d i n a c a d e m i c l i f eb y t h e o r i e s a s e x pl i ci t , a b s t ra c t , u n iv e r s a l a n d c o n t e x t i n d e p e n d e n t c a r r i er s o f k n o w l e d g e a n d d r a w a t t e n t i o n t o t h ep r a c t i c e o f k n o w i n g , t o p o l i t ic s , s en s u o u s n e s s , e m b o d i m e n t a n d p a r t ic u l a ri t y .T h e k i n d o f s u p p o r t t o e x p e c t f r o m ' d e s ig n t h e o r y ' i s n o t s o m u c h i n t e r m s o f ' sc i e n ti f i c t h e o r i e s ' f o r p r e d i c t i o n o fr e s u l ts o f a n a c ti v it y i n d e p e n d e n t o f c o n t e x t a n d s i t u a t i o n , b u t r a t h e r s u p p o r t f o r r e f l e ct i o n s a b o u t c o n d i t i o n s f o rc h a n g e d h u m a n a c ti v it y . S u c h ' d e s ig n t h e o r i e s ' a r e r a t h e r p r a c ti c a l i n s t r u m e n t s t o s u p p o r t t h e d e s i g n e r a s are f l e c ti v e p ra c t i t i o n e r (S c h 6 n 1 9 87 ) t o i m p ro v e h i s o r h e r c o m p e t e n c e o r d e s i g n a b i l i ty t o m a k e e t h i c a l a n da e s t h e ti c j u d g m e n t s t h a t a r e a p p r o p r i a t e i n t h e i r c o n t e x t .T h e e p i s t e m o l o g i c a l b a s is f o r s u c h a n o r i e n t a t i o n o f g r a d u a t e i n t e r a c t i o n d e s i g n s tu d i e s m a y w e l l b e f o u n d i nre t h i n k i n g t h e i n t e l l e ct u a l v i r t u e s A r i s t o t l e (A r i s t o t l e 1 9 8 5) n a m e d t e c h n e a n d p h ro n e s i s ( s e e e . g . Ma c i n t y re 1 9 81 ) .

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Digital Bauh~iusler at th ebeginning of the estab l ishmentof interaction design Schoolof Ar ts and Comm unicat ion ,Maim6 University, 2002)

T E C H N ET e c h n e ma y w e l l b e a c o r n e r s t o n e i n b u i l d i n g a f i r m p l a t f o r m f o r a t e a c h a b l e d o c t r i n e o f i n t e r a c t i o n d e s i g n . I nt e c h n e a r t a n d t e c h n o l o g y a r e n o t y e t s e p a r a t e d . T e c h n e d o e s n o t s e p a r a t e me t h o d s a n d t h e o r i e s f o r s c i e n c e a n dt e c h no l o g y, a n d c r e a t i v it y a n d f r e e d o m f o r a r t , b u t f o c u s es o n p r a g m a t i c , c o n c r e te c o n t e x t d e p e n d e n t m e a n s - e n dk n o w l e d g e o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s p r o d u c t i o n . I n p r a c t i c e s t u d i e s a r e b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t a s s h a r e d p r o j e c t s i n t h ei n t e r di s c i p li n a r y s t u d i o - b a s e d r e s e a r c h e n v i r o n m e n t f o c u s i n g o n l e a r n i n g b y d o i ng , c o a c h i n g r a t h e r t h a n t e a c h i n ga n d o n d i a l o g u e o f r e c i p r o c a l r e f l e c t i o n - i n - a c t i o n i n w h a t S c h O n c a l l e d a ' r e f le c t i v e p r a c t i c u m ' . S t u d e n t s l e a r n t or e fl e ct o n t h e i r o w n t h e o r i e s - i n - a c t i o n i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f p a t t e r n s o f p h e n o m e n a o f p r ac t i c e ( t h e o r i e s o n a c t io n )a s t o o l s f o r r e f l e c ti o n a n d b u i l d u p t h e i r o w n r e p e r t o i r e o f p a r a d i g m a t i c e x e mp l a r s .F o r i n t e r a c t i o n d e s i g n a s a p r a c t i c e i n b e t w e e n a s c i e n ti f i c te c h n o l o g i c a l p r a c t i c e a n d a d e s i g n - o r i e n t e d a r t i s t i cp r a c t i c e t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t e x t a n d a r t e f a c t i n t h e t h e s i s w o r k b e c o m e s p o t e n t i a l l y c o n t r a d i c t o r y . I s a n a r t e f a c tn e w k n o w l e d g e ? A r e t e x ts t h e u l t i m a t e f o r m f o r t h e s i s a r g u me n t s ? T h a t a r t e f a c t s c a n i l l u s tr a t e t e x t u a l a r g u me n t s i sn o t t h e q u e s t i o n , b u t w h i c h a r e t h e d e m a n d s o n a r t e f a c t s i f t h e y s h o u l d b e v a lu a b l e a r g u m e n t s i n t h e i r o w n r i g h t?T h i s i s a n e s s e n t i a l q u e s t i o n t o d e a l w i t h f o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n i n i n t e r a c t i o n d e s i g n . ( F o r d i s c u s s i o n o n t h i sd i l e m m a s ee e. g. D o c t o r a l e d u c a t i o n i n d e s i g n - f o u n d a t i o n s f o r t h e f u t u r e ( D u r l i n g a n d F r i e d m a n 2 0 0 0 )) .A n o t h e r r e l a t e d d i l e mma h a s t o d o w i t h t h e l a c k o f c a n o n i c a l t e x t s a n d e x e mp l a r y a r t e f a c t s . I n t e r a c t i o n d e s i g n i sa v e r y y o u n g a n d h i g h l y i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y d e s i g n f i e l d w i t h c o n t r i b u t i o n s n o t o n l y f r o m s e v e r a l t r a d i t i o n a l d e s i g nf ie l ds a n d c o m p u t e r s c ie n c e i n c l u d i n g h u m a n c o m p u t e r i n t e r a c ti o n , b u t a l s o m e d i a s t u d ie s , p e r f o r m i n g a r ts , et c.Be y o n d i n t r o d u c t o r y r e a d i n g s l ik e t h e e a r l i e r me n t i o n e d Br i n g i n g d e s i g n t o s o f tw a r e i t i s h a r d t o p o i n t t o a na g r e e d b o d y o f c a n o n i c a l t e x t s t h a t a l l i n t e r a c t i o n d e s i g n s t u d e n t s s h o u l d d e v e l o p a s t a n c e t o . I n a s i mi l a r w a y it isn e i t h e r , a s o p p o s e d t o i n f o r e x a mp l e a r c h i t e c t u r e , o b v i o u s w h i c h e x e mp l a r y a r t e f a c t s t o p o i n t a t i n i n t e r a c t i o nd e s i g n . T h e r e s u r e l y e x i s t w e l l - k n o w n i n t e r a c t i v e a r t e f a c t s a n d s y s t e ms , b u t n o t r e a l l y a d i s c o u r s e a r o u n d ar e p e r t o i r e o f s u c h e x e mp l a r s .

P H R O N E S I SI n t h e A r i s t o t e l i a n v i r t u e o f p h r o n e s i s w i s d o m a n d a r t i s t r y a s w e l l a s a r t a n d p o l i ti c s a r e o n e . P h r o n e s i s c o n c e r n st h e c o mp e t e n c e t o k n o w h o w t o e x e r c i s e j u d g e m e n t i n p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s . I t i s o r i e n t e d t o w a r d s a n a l y s i s o f v a l u e s a n di n t e r e s ts i n p r a c t i c e , b a s e d o n a p r a c t i c a l v a l u e r a t i o n a l i t y , w h i c h i s p r a g m a t i c , a n d c o n t e x t d e p e n d e n t . P h r o n e s i s i se x p e r i e nc e - b a s e d e t h i c s o r i e n te d t o w a r d s a c t i o n . H e n c e , p h r o n e s i s i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h s t a t e m e n t so f f a c t n o r p r e s c r i p t i o n s o f w h a t o u g h t t o b e , b u t s p e c u l a t i v e p r o p o s i t i o n s e n a c t e d a s a n x i o u s a c t s o f p o l i t ic a l l o ve( a n e x p r e s s i o n I h a v e b o r r o w e d f r o m T h e F a t e o f A r t b y J .M. Be r n s t e i n 1 9 9 2) . S t u d e n t s a r e e n c o u r a g e d t o f o c u s o nt h e i r o w n h i d d e n p o l i t i c s - i n - p r a c t i c e r a t h e r t h a n o n e s p o u s e d d e s i g n p h i l o s o p h y ( e . g . s o c i o - t e c h n i c a l me t h o d s ,h u m a n r e l a t i o n s th e o r y , p a r t i c i p a t o r y d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s , e t c .) . No o n e i s s e e n a s a n a i v e n e u t r a l t e c h n i c i a n ,i n d e p e n d e n t f r e e a r t is t o r s i mp l e m a n i p u l a t o r i n t h e s e r v i c e o f p o w e r , b u t a s d e s i g n e r s w i t h a h u m a n i s t i c s t a n c e

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r e c o g n i s in g t h e c o l l e c t i v e a n d p o l i t ic a l c h a r a c t e r o f t h e d e s ig n p r o c e ss i n r e a l c ase s f a c in g d i l e m m a s l i k e: H o w d oth e y ' g e t t h in g s d o n e t h e i r wa y '? W h a t t a c t i c s a n d s t r a t e g i e s a r e e n a c t e d ? H o w a r e i n t e r v e n t io n s l e g i tim i se dt e c h n i c a ll y , e t h i c a l ly a n d a e s th e t i c a l l y ( E h n a n d B a d h a m , f o r th c o m in g ) ?H o we v e r , t h e v i r t u e o f p h r o n e s i s i n i n t e r a c t i o n d e s ig n s tu d i e s i s n o t n e c e ssa r i ly a qu e s t i o n a b o u t u se r c e n t r e di n t e r a c t io n d e s ig n . In t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y h y b r i d n e t w o r k s o f m i n d a n d m a t t e r t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p u r p o s e m i g h tn o t b e t o c o n t r i b u t e y e t a n o th e r u se f u l m o d e r n d ig i t a l p r o d u c t , b u t t o c r i t i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s t a k in g t h e f o r m o ft a n g ib l e d e s ig n p r o p o sa l s .T h i s i s th e a p p r o a c h t o i n t e r a c t i o n d e s i gn t a k e n b y A n t h o n y l ) u n n e a n d F i o na R a b y i n Design Noir (2001) . Fore x a m p le b y i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e se c r e t li fe o f e l e c t r o n i c p r o d u c t s t h e y h o p e t o s t im u la t e d e b a t e a b o u t t h e d o m in a n tp e r s p e ct i v e in p e r v a s iv e o r u b i q u i t o u s c o m p u t i n g w h e r e t h e c o n s u m e r o r t h e u s e r i s t h e h e r o t h a t n e e d s t o d oe v e r y th in g a s fa s t a n d e a s i l y as p o ss ib l e . I n s t e a d t h e y wa n t t o p r o v o k e r e f l e c t io n s a b o u t ' d e s ig n n o i r ', wh e r e t h e u se ro r c u s to m e r i s a k in d o f a n t i - h e r o a s i n f ilm n o i , wh e r e t h in g s d o n o t a lwa y s wo r k o u t o r e n d h a p p ily . H e n c e , w i thd e s ig n n o i r t h e r e i s n o c l a im to solve h u m a n n e e d s , b u t t o su g g e s t d i l e m m a s , c o n f l i c t s a n d a m b iv a l e n c e a n d t op r o v id e n a r r a t i v e s wh e r e t h e se d a r k e r f e e l in g s ar e e x p r e sse d , e x p lo r e d a n d a c t e d o u t . D e s ig n n o i r i s n o t g l a m o r o u swi th g r e a t u to p i a s a n d m o d e r n h e r o e s a s f ir e B a u h a u s , b u t i t s t i ll h a s a h u m a n i s t i c s t a n c e a n d a c o n sc io u sn e ssa b o u t p o l i t i c a l d i l e m m a s t h a t c a n t a k e u s b e y o n d m o d e r n d e s ig n a n d c h a l l e n g e b o th t h e B a u h ~ iu s l e r a n d t h en e r d a s t h e i n t e r a c t i o n d e s i g n e r o f t o m o r r o w .

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