educational psychology fourth edition
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PowerPoint Presentation to accompany. Educational Psychology Fourth Edition. by John W. Santrock. C H A P T E R 1. Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching. Learning Goals. Describe some basic ideas about the field of educational psychology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
1
Educational Psychology
Fourth Edition
Educational Psychology
Fourth Edition
by John W. Santrockby John W. Santrock
PowerPoint Presentationto accompany
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
2
C H A P T E R 1
Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Learning Goals
1. Describe some basic ideas about the field of educational psychology.
2. Identify the attitudes and skills of an effective teacher.
3. Discuss why research is important to effective teaching and how educational psychologists and teachers can conduct and evaluate research.
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Educational Psychology:A Tool for Effective Teaching
Exploring Educational Psychology
Teaching: Art
and Science Historical
Background
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Educational Psychology…
is a branch of psychology that specializes in
understanding teaching and learning in
educational settings.
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Historical Background of Ed Psych
1850 1875 195019251900
William James
John Dewey
E. L. Thorndike
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William James (1842-1910)
Emphasized the importance of observing teaching and learning in
the classroom for improving education
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John Dewey (1859-1952)
Viewed the child as an active learner
Emphasized the child’s adaptation to the environment
Pushed for competent education for all children
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E. L. Thorndike (1874-1949)
Initiated an emphasis on assessment and measurement of learning
Promoted the idea that educational psychology must have a scientific base and that measurement should be a central focus
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Educational Psychology’sHistorical Background
Leta Hollingworth (1916) - First to use the term gifted to describe students who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests.
George Sanchez (1932) - Researcher who demonstrated that intelligence tests were culturally biased against minority children.
Mamie and Kenneth Clark (1939) - Pioneering researchers who studied African American children’s self-conceptions and identity.
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Behavioral Approach
B.F. Skinner (1938) Psychology as the science of
observable behavior and controlling conditions
1950s programmed learning
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The Cognitive Revolution
1950s Bloom’s Taxonomy of Cognitive Skills
1980s Cognitive Psychology memory, thinking, reasoning – to help student learn
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Teaching as Art & Science
How is teaching both art and science?
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Educational Psychology:A Tool for Effective Teaching
Effective Teaching
Commitment and
Motivation
ProfessionalKnowledge and
Skills
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Reflection & Observation
Reflection: What were the characteristics
of the most effective teachers in your educational experience?
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Effective TeachingProfessional Knowledge and Skills
Effective Teachers: Exhibit subject matter competence Implement appropriate instructional strategies Set high goals for themselves and students and
plan for instruction Create developmentally appropriate instructional
materials and activities Manage classrooms for optimal learning
Cont…
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Effective Teachers: Use effective strategies to promote students’
motivation to learn Communicate well with students and parents Pay more than lip service to individual variations Work effectively with students from culturally
diverse backgrounds Have good assessment skills Integrate technology into the curriculum
Effective TeachingProfessional Knowledge and Skills
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Effective Teachers: Have a good attitude Care about students Invest time and effort Bring a positive attitude and enthusiasm
to the classroom
Effective TeachingCommitment and Motivation
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Characteristics of Best Teachers
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Characteristics of Worst Teachers
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Educational Psychology:A Tool for Effective Teaching
Research in Educational Psychology
Why Research Is Important
Program Evaluation
Research, Action Research, and the
Teacher-as- Researcher
Research Methods
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Research in Educational Psychology
Research Is Important Based on the scientific method, researchers
Conceptualize the problem Collect data Draw conclusions Revise research conclusions
and theory Theory Hypothesis
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The scientific research approach is objective, systematic, and testable.
STEP 1Conceptualize the Problem
STEP 2Collect Information
STEP 3Draw Conclusions
STEP 4Revise Research
Conclusions & Theory
The Scientific Research Approach
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Research Methods
Descriptive Research Observations
Laboratory Naturalistic observation Participant observation
Interviews and questionnaires Standardized tests
Cont…
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Research Methods
Descriptive Research Case studies Ethnographic Studies Focus Groups Personal Journals and Diaries
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Correlational Research
Measures the strength of a relation between two variables
Does NOT establish causal relation
Experimental Research
Random assignment Experimental vs. control
groups Independent vs.
dependent variables
Research Methods
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Possible Explanations of Correlational Data
Observed correlationObserved correlation Possible explanations for this correlationPossible explanations for this correlation
As permissiveteaching increases,children’s
self-controldecreases
As permissiveteaching increases,children’s
self-controldecreases
Permissiveteaching
Permissiveteaching
Children’s lack of self-control
Children’s lack of self-control
Children’s lackof self-control
Children’s lackof self-control
Permissiveteaching
Permissiveteaching
causes
causes
Other factors,such as genetic
tendencies,poverty, or
sociohistoricalcircumstances
Other factors,such as genetic
tendencies,poverty, or
sociohistoricalcircumstances
Permissiveteaching
Permissiveteaching
cause
bothChildren’s lackof self-control
Children’s lackof self-control
and
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Experimental Research
Independent variable: The manipulated, influential experimental factor.
Dependent variable: The factor that is measured in an experiment.
Control group: A comparison group, no manipulation.
Experimental group: The group whose experience is manipulated.
Random assignment: Participants are assigned by chance.
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A study of the effects of time management on students’ grades
Participants randomly assignedto experimental and control groupsParticipants randomly assigned
to experimental and control groups
Students’grades in school
Students’grades in school
ExperimentalGroup
(time managementprogram)
ExperimentalGroup
(time managementprogram)
Control Group(no time management
program)
Control Group(no time management
program)
Experimental Research
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Time Span of Research
Studying groups of people at one time
Researcher doesn’t have to wait until subjects grow older
Provides no information about the stability of data over time
Studying the same individuals over time
Evaluates how children change over time
Time consuming and costly
Cross-sectional Longitudinal
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Program Evaluation: Designed to make decisions about a particular program.
Action Research: Used to solve a particular classroom or school problem.
Teacher-As-Researcher: Teachers conduct their own studies to improve their teaching.
Program Evaluation, Action Research, and Teacher-As-Researcher
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Enter the Debate
Should teachers conduct research using their students as subjects?
YES NO
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Crack the CaseThe Case of the Curriculum Decision
1. What issues would need to be considered in conducting such a study?
2. What type of research would be most appropriate? Why?
3. If she compared the two different curricula and their outcomes, what would the independent variable be?
Cont...
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4. If she compared the two different curricula and their outcomes, what would the dependent variable be?
5. How should Ms. Huang go about conducting her study?
Crack the CaseThe Case of the Curriculum Decision