educational psychology - marathi study material/s.y.b.a... · 4 17. santrock john w. (2010)...

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Syllabus

S.Y.B.A.

EDUCATION PAPER - II, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

(From academic year 2013-14 to IDOL Students)

SECTION - I

Unit 1:

A) Nature, meaning, scope and functions of Educational

Psychology.

B) Methods of Studying Behavior - Introspection, Observation and

Experimental method.

Unit 2:

A) Growth and Development – Meaning, stages; Mental, Emotional

and Social Development during - childhood, adolescence.

B) Individual Differences - Meaning, significance and causes.

Units 3:

A) Learning – concept, characteristics, learning process, learning

curve.

B) Theories of Learning - Trial and Error, Classical Conditioning.

C) Transfer of Learning - Concept, types, educational implications.

Unit 4: Factors affecting learning (only concept, educational

implications)

A) Attention

B) Perception

C) Motivation

Practical: To perform the following experiments and record them:

I) Learning curve

II) Transfer of learning

III) Motivation

IV) Distraction of Attention

V) Division of Attention

VI) Perception

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SECTION - II

Unit 5: Mental Processes Related to Learning

A) Thinking – concept, types - divergent, convergent, critical

reflective, lateral.

B) Memory - Concept, types, factors affecting memory.

C) Forgetting - Concept, types, causes, educational implications.

Unit 6: Intelligence and Creativity :

A) Concept, Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence.

B) Emotional Intelligence - concept, educational implications;

C) Creativity - concept, educational implications.

Unit 7:

A) Personality - Concept ; Self concept, Self Esteem;

B) Mental Health - Concept and importance

C) Maladjustment - Causes and prevention

Unit 8: Group Psychology : Group Dynamics - meaning, process,

importance; Sociometry.

Practical : To perform the following experiments and record them.

i) Concept formation

ii) Lateral thinking

iii) Memory - Recall and Recognition

iv) Memory-Rote and Logical

v) Creativity

vi) Sociometry

Objectives:

i. To acquire knowledge of the characteristics of growth anddevelopment during childhood and adolescence.

ii. To develop an understanding of the nature, scope and methodsof educational psychology.

iii. To develop an understanding of the nature, concept and factorsaffecting learning.

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iv. To develop and awareness of the influence of intelligence,creativity and personality on learning.

v. To acquaint learners with the concept and process or groupdynamics.

Reference :

1. Aggarwal J. C., Essentials of Educational Psychology, VikasPublishing House.

2. Aggarwal J. C., (1995) Essentials of Educational Psychology,Shipra Publishers, Delhi.

3. Aggarwal J. C., (2001) Basic Ideas in Educational Psychology,Shipra Publishers, Delhi.

4. Aggarwal J. C., (2004) Psychology of Learning &Development, Shipra Publishers, Delhi.

5. Bhatia & Bhatia (1981) Textbook of Educational Psychology,Doaba House, Delhi.

6. Bhatia H. R. (1997) A Textbook of Educational Psychology,MacMillan, New Delhi.

7. Chatterjee S. K. (2000) Advanced Educational PsychologyBooks & Allied Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.

8. Chauhan S. S. (1990) Advanced Educational Psychology,Vikas Publication House, Delhi.

9. Cros L.D. & Crow Educational Psychology.

10. Dandekar W. N. (1995) Fundamentals of EducationalPsychology, M. Prakashan, Poona.

11. Lahey R.B. Graham J. E., & others (2000) An Introduction toEducational Psychology, 6th Ed., Tata McGraw Hill Publishers,New Delhi.

12. Mangal S. K. (2000) An Introduction to Psychology, PrakashBrothers, Ludhiana.

13. Mangal S. K. (1999) Essentials of Educational Psychology,Prentice Hall of India, Delhi.

14. Mangal, S.K. (2004) Educational Psychology, TandonPublishers, Ludhiana.

15. Mangal, S. K. Educational Psychology, Tandon Publications,Ludhiana.

16. Mathur S.S. Advanced Educational Psychology.

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17. Santrock John W. (2010) Educational Psychology, InwinProfessional Publishers, Delhi.

18. Sharma R.N. & Sharma R.K. (2003) Advanced EducationalPsychology, Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.

19. Sharma, P.N. & R. K. Sharma (1996) Advanced EducationalPsychology, Surjeet Publications, Delhi.

20. Walia J.S. Foundations of Educational Psychology, PaulPublishers, Jalandhar.

21. Woolfolk Anita (2004) Educational Psychology, 9th Edition,Alyyn and Bacon, Boston.

22. Woolfolk Anita & Woolfolk Hoy Anita (2008) EducationalPsychology, Pearson, New Delhi.

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1efJeYeeie - 1

A) e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó(A - EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY)

c) e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mg nÕVr(B - METHODS OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY)

KQ>H$ aMZm :

A ) e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó

1.0 C{Ôï>o

1.1 àñVmdZm

1.2 ì xËnÎmrZwgma _mZgemómMm AW©

1.3 _mZgemómÀ`m ì`m»`m§_Yrc n[adV©Z

1.4 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó … AW©-ì`m»`m

1.5 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMo ñdê$n

1.6 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr ì`mßVr

1.7 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr H$m }

c´ e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mg nÕVr

1.8 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mg nÕVr

1.8.1 Deelceefveefj#eCe HeOoleer

1.8.2 efveefj#eCe HeOoleer

1.8.3 Òee³eesefiekeÀ HeOoleer

1.9 gmam§e

1.10 ñdmÜ`m` - àíZ

1.11 g§X ©J«§W gyMr

1.0 C{Ôï>o

`m àHaUmMm AH;mg HoY;mZaVa Ami.mml ixTry ckch ñnï> djrk ;srhy]

_mZgemómMm AW© ñnï> H$aUo.

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e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMm AW© ñnï> H$aUo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMo ñdê$n {deX H$aUo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr ì`már ñnï> H$aUo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr H$m } ñnï> H$aUo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m AmË_{ZarjU nÕVrMo ñdê$n, JwUd¡{eîQ>ço Am{U_`m©Xm ñnï> H$aUo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m {ZarjU nÕVrMo ñdê$n, JwUd¡{eîQ>ço Am{U _`m©Xmñnï> H$aUo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m àm`mo{JH$ nÕVrMo ñdê$n, JwUd¡{eîQ>ço Am{U _`m©Xmñnï> H$aUo.

1.1 àñVmdZm

_mZgemó hm nydu VÎdkmZmMm {df` hmoVm. F$fr, VÎdkmZr qMVZ H$ê$Z _Z,AmË_m `m {df`r _Vo _m§S>V. `m àmMrZ H$mcmdYrV {ejUmer _mZgemómMm àË`jg§~§Y ZìhVm. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r AZoH$ emór` g§emoYZmcm Zdm Moham àmáPmcm. d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo _mZgemómMm Aä`mg Ho$cm nm{hOo Ago nwîH$iemAä`mgH$m§Zm dmQy> cmJco Am{U VÎdkmZ (Xe©Zemó) `m {df`mÀ`m H$joV Agcoco_mZgemó emór`VoH$S>o PwH$co. qH$~hþZm {dkmZmcm Ano{jV Agcoë`mAä`mgnÕVrMm dmna _mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r hmoD$ cmJcm.

_mZgemómÀ`m {dH$mgm~amo~aM Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY emIm CX`mg Amë`mAm{U Aä`mgmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr aMmhr {dH$mg KS>V Jocm. e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`mAZoH$ Aä`mgnÕVr AmhoV Ë`mn¡H$s AmË_{ZarjU, {ZarjU Am{U àm`mo{JH$ `mAä`mgnÕVr _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV.

1.2 ì`wËnÎmrZwgma _mZgemómMm AW©

_mZgemómcm B§J«Or nm[a^m{fH$ eãX 'Psychology' hm Amho 'Psyche'

åhUOo AmË_m Am{U 'Logos' åhUOo {dMma H$aUo, MMm© qH$dm nÕVera Aä`mg. ømXmoZ eãXm§nmgyZ 'Psychology' (_mZgemó) hm eãX V`ma Pmcm.

Psychology = Psyche + Logos

Ago Oar Agco Var _mZgemómÀ`m ì`m» o_Ü o H$mcm§VamZo n[adV©Z hmoV Joco.n[adV©ZmZwgma _mZgemómÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m Imcrc à_mUo AmhoV.

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1.3 _mZgemómÀ`m ì`m»`m§_Yrc n[adV©Z

J«rH$ H$mimV _mZgemómMr ì`m»`m 'Science of Soul' Aer hmoVr._mZgemó åhUOo AmËå`m{df`r MMm© H$aUmao emó Ago _mZco OmB©. na§Vw AmËå`mMoñdê$n H$go? Ë`mMo dmñVì` Hw$R>o? `mMr CÎmao emór` Aä`mgmZo XoVm oV ZmhrV.VmËn © "AmË_m' AmË_{dÚm, AÜ`mË_{dÚm hm emómÀ`m H$joV oUmam {df` Zmhr.åhUyZ hm _Vàdmh _mJo nS>cm.

nwT>o _mZgemómcm 'Science of Mind' (_ZmMo emó) Ago åhQ>co Joco."_Z' hm eãX "AmË_m' øm eãXmnojm H$_r JwT> Varhr _ZmMr ì`m»`m, ñdén ddmñVì` ho {ZH$f cjmV KoVm emómÀ`m H$gmoQ>rcm hr ì`m»`m nyU© R>acr Zmhr.

19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V earaemómÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§_wio _mZgemómÀ`mAä`mgmcm MmcZm {_imcr. do~a (Weber), _w„a (Muller), \o$íMZ²a Am{U {dë`_dwBªQ> (Wunat) ho Aä`mgH$ AmKmS>rda hmoVo. 1979 `m dfu O_©ZrVrc Lepzing

({cnqPJ) {dÚmnrR>mV "dwBªQ>' `m§Zr n{hcr _mZgemór` à`moJemim ñWmnZ Ho$crdwBªQ> hm àm`mo{JH$ _mZgemómMm OZH$. (Father of Experimental

Psychology) _mZcm OmVmo. 1890 _Ü o {dë`_ Ooåg (William Jems) `m§Zr'Principle of Psychology' ho nwñVH$ {c{hco.

_mZgemó åhUOo ~moYmdñWoMo (Om{UdoMo) emó (Science of

Consciousness) Aer _mZgemómMr ì`m»`m. dwBªQ> d Ë`mMm {eî` {Q>MZa `m§ZrHo$cr. ~moYmdñWoMo _`m©{XV ñdén Am{U A§V{ZarjUmÀ`m _`m©Xm cjmV KoVm hr ì`m»`m_mJo nS>cr.

1905 _Ü o {dë`_ _°H²$Sy>Jc `mZo 'Psychological Psychology' honwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$co Ë`mV _mZgemó åhUOo "gOrd àmÊ`m§À`m dV©ZmMo gH$mamË_H${dkmZ' Ago åhQ>co Amho. 1908 _Ü o _°H²$Sy>JcZo 'Introduction of Social

Psychology' hm J«§W àH$m{eV Ho$cm nwT>o H$mcm§VamZo 'An outline of

Psychology' ho hr nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$co. `mM H$mcI§S>mV Mmc©g S>m{d©ZZo Theory

of Evolution (CËH«$m§VrdmXmMm {gÕm§V) _m§S>cm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio _mZgemókm§Mo cjnewdV©ZmH$S>o Joco hmoVo H$maU gOrdm§_Ü o ney§Mmhr g_mdoe Amho. na§Vw ney§À`m~moYmdñWoMm Aä`mg H$gm H$aUma? hmhr àíZ hmoVmM.

nwT>o 1913 _Ü o dV©ZdmXr {dMmaYmaoMm OZH$ Oo.~r.dm°Q>gZ (J.B. Watson)

`mZo _mZgemó åhUOo dV©ZmMo emó (Science of Behaviour) Aer ì`m»`mHo$cr. dV©Z åhUOo EImÚm C{ÔnH$mZo KS>cocr à{V{H«$`m hmo .

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~mø à{V{H«$`m§~amo~aM Am§V[aH$ à{H«$`mhr _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV `m ~m~rH$S>o cjZ {Xë`m_wio _mZgemó ho C{ÔnH$ - à{V{H«$`m (C R ) `m§Mo emó ~Zco. H$mhrì`m»`m Imcrc à_mUo -

""n[apñWVrÀ`m (dmVmdaUmÀ`m) AZwf§JmZo ì`º$sÀ`m Á`m {H«$`m KS>VmV Ë`m{H«$`m§Mo emó åhUOo _mZgemó'' - Wood Worth

"Psychology today concern itself with the Scientificinvestigation of behaviour"- N. L. Munn.

" Psychology may be most satisfactorily defined as Science ofhuman behavior ( _mZdr dV©ZmMo emó)" - Pilisbury.

"Psychology can be broadly defined as investigation of human &animal behavior and of the mental and psychological processesassociate with the behaviour" - Desiderato, Howiencon & Jackson(1976).

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm1. _mZgemó åhUOo .........................

(A) AmËå`mMo emó(~) _ZmMo emó(H$) dV©ZmMo emó(S>) ~moYmdñWMo emó

2. _mZgemómMr n{hcr à`moJemim ................... {dÚmnrR>mV CX`mg Amcr.(A) H|$~«rO (~) {cnqPJ (H$) _w§~B© (S>) hm°dS>©

1.4 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó … AW©-ì`m»`m

_mZgemó (Psychology)

ewÕ _mZgemó Cn`mo{OV _mZgemó(Fundamental / pure) (Applied)1. gm_mÝ` _mZgemó 1. e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó2. Angm_mÝ` _mZgemó 2. {M{H$Ëgm _mZgemó3. à`moJmË_H$ _mZgemó 3. Am¡Úmo{JH$ _mZgemó4. O¡d_mZgemó 4. {dYr _mZgemó5. {dH$mgmË_H$ _mZgemó 5. g¡{ZH$ _mZgemó6. gm_m{OH$ _mZgemó 6. amOH$s` _mZgemó BË`mXr..7. nam_mZgemó BË`mXr.

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e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó hr _mZgemómMr Cn`mo{OV emIm (Applied branch)

Amho.

Ho$di Ame`kmZ Am{U AÜ`mnZ V§Ì AdJV Pmco åhUOo {ejH$mcm Mm§Jco{eH${dVm oB©cM Ago Zmhr. {eH$Uo åhUOo H$m`? {dÚmWu H$go {eH$VmV? ho àíZOgo {ejUemómÀ`m H$joV oVmV Vgo Vo _mZgemómÀ`m H$joVhr oVmV.

AÜ``ZmÀ`m à{H«$ oMo ñdê$n Am{U AÜ`mnZmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVrÀ`mn[aUm_H$maH$VoMm Aä`mg H$éZ _mZgemók Oo {Z`_ gm§JVmV Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ H$éZM{ejH$mcm Amnco AÜ`mnZ H$m © `eñdr H$aVm oVo. Ho$di AÜ``ZmÀ`m {Z`_m§Mm,{gÕm§Vm§Mm Aä`mg H$éZ {ejH$mMo H$m ©nyU© hmoV Zmhr {ejH$m§g_moa AZoH$ g_ñ`mAgVmV CXm. _wcm§Mm emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$, ^md{ZH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ {dH$mg H$gmhmoVmo? {dH$mgmMr VÎdo H$moUVr? AdñWm H$moUË`m? {dÚmÏ`mªZm AÜ``Zmg H$go àoarVH$aVm oB©c? dJ© {Z §ÌU H$go H$amdo? ì`{º${^ÞVo_wio H$moUË`m g_ñ`m {Z_m©UhmoVmV? ì`{º$_Îd {dH$mg H$gm gmYmdm? ì`º$sÀ`m dV©Zmda g_whmMm H$mhr n[aUm_hmoVmo H$m? {dÚmÏ`m©cm H$moUVo d H$go e¡j{UH$ AZw^d ÚmdoV B. àíZm§Mr CÎmaoAmnUmg e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómV {_iVmV. H$maU {ejU d _mZgemó `m§Mm {ZH$Q>Mmg§~§Y Amho. e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMm AW© Imcrc ì`m»`m§À`m _XVrZo A{YH$ ñnï>hmoVmo.

· gr. B©. pñH$Za (Skinner - 1958 ) -

""{ejU `m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$ o g§X^m©V ì`º$sMo hmoUmao dV©Z {VMm ì`{º$_Îd{dH$mg Am{U Ë`m g§~§YrMo _mJ©Xe©Z `m§À`mer g§~§{YV emó åhUOo e¡j{UH$_mZgemó.''

· S>r. EcH$mB©S> (D. Elkind -1973) -

""_mZgemómVrc {gÕm§V, {ZîH$f©, nÕVr Am{U gmYZm§Mm e¡j{UH$ hoVygmR>rCn`moJ H$aUmao Cn`mo{OV _mZgemó åhUOo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó hmo`''

· J«wW«r B. Ama d nm°dg© E\²$ E\²$ (Guthrie E. R. & Powers F F) -

""e¡j{UH$ joÌmVrc H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r _mZgemór`VÎdm§Mm dmna H$aUmao emó åhUOo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó.''

· H«$mo Am{U H«$mo (Crow & Crow - 1973) -

""ì`º$scm OÝ_mnmgyZ Vo d¥ÕmdñWon ªV AÜ``Z AZw^yVrMo dU©Z d ñnï>rH$aUÁ`m emómV Ho$co OmVo Vo emó åhUOo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó.''

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· _°H$\$ac§S> (Macferlund)-

""~mcH$mcm {ejU XoÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo Ë`mÀ`m dV©ZmV d Ë`m§Zm {Xë`m OmUmè`mAZw^dm§Mm ì`dpñWV Aä`mg H$aUmao emó åhUOo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó'' _°H$\$ac§S>`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m 'psychology & Teaching' `m J«§WmV Cnamoº$ ì`m»`m Ho$cr Amho.

· OÈ> (Judd) -

""~mcH$mÀ`m OÝ_mnmgyZ àm¡T>mdñWon ªV Ë`mÀ`m {dH$mgmdñWm§Mm emór` Ñ{ï>ZoAä`mg H$aUmao emó åhUOo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó.'WmoS>Š`mV,

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó hr _mZgemómMr EH$ Cn`mo{OV emIm AgyZ Ë`mVAÜ``Z H$aUmar ì`º$s ({dÚmWu) {VMo ì`º$s_Îd (Personality), {dÚmWu{dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY AdñWm, AÜ``Z nÕVr d Ë`mMm {dÚmÏ`m©cm hmoUmam cm^,AÜ`mnZ nÕVr d Ë`m§Mr {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m, {ejH$mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo Bï>-A{Zï>Vm, ì`º$s {dH$mgm~m~VÀ`m Anojm, ì`º$s {dH$mgmV oUmè`m g_ñ`m, {dÚmÏ`m©cm {Xco OmUmao e¡j{UH$AZw^d BË`mXrMm Aä`mg d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrZo Ho$cm OmVmo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho dmñVddmXr emó Amho. e¡j{UH$ VÎdkmZmV {ejU H$mÚmdo. H$moUVo Úmdo `m~ÔcMm {dMma hmoVmo. Va e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó hm {dMma {ZpíMVPmë`mZ§Va {ejU H$go Úmdo, H$moUr Úmdo, H|$ìhm Úmdo `m àíZm§Mm {dMma H$aVo.nm[aUm_H$maH$ AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ {dÚmÏ`m©À`m ~m~VrV H$go gmÜ` H$aVm oB©c `mMr{M{H$Ëgm e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó H$aVo.

1. 5 e¡j{UH$ _ZmgemómMo ñdê$n

1.5.1 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho EH$ Cn`mo{OV (Applied) emó -

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómV _mZgemór` CnnÎmr qH$dm {gÕm§V àñWm{nV H$amdoVAer Anojm ZgVo. _mZgemómVrc àñWm{nV {gÕm§VmMm, VÎdm§Mm, gyÌm§Mm dmna{ejU joÌmVrc g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mMm CÔoe e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMmAgVmo.

1.5.2 {dÚmÏ`m©Mo e¡j{UH$ dV©Z d dmVmdaU `m§Mm Aä`mg.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho {dÚmÏ`m©Mo e¡j{UH$ dV©Z d e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaUmMmMAä`mg H$aVo. WmoS>Š`mV , H$moUË`mhr joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m ì`º$sMo dV©Z d Ë`m^modVrAgUmao dmVmdaU `mMm Aä`mg e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómV Ano{jV Zmhr (Vmo Aä`mg_mZgemómV Ho$cm OmVmo)

{dÚmÏ`m©À`m ì`{º$_ÎdmMm {dH$mg hmoV AgVm§Zm Ë`mÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm,Ë`m {dH$mg AdñWm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço, {dH$mgmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$, {dH$mgmÀ`m doJmcm

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AZwd§e d n[apñWVr H$er H$maUr yV R>aVo B. ~m~tMm e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómV Aä`mgHo$cm OmVmo. {dÚmÏ`m©À`m ^moodVr AgUmao e¡j{UH$ dmVmdaU Am{U Ë`mMm Ë`mÀ`mAÜ``mZmer Agcocm g§~§Y `mMmhr Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. `m{edm` {dÚmÏ`m©À`m {d{dYj_Vm d Ë`mMm Ë`mÀ`m dV©Zmda hmoUmam n[aUm_, ì`º$s^oXmMm Ë`mÀ`m e¡j{UH$OrdZmda hmoUmam n[aUm_, ì`{º$_Îd Am{U {dÚmÏ`m©Mm ì`{º$_Îd {dH$mg, Ë`mMoemar[aH$ Amamo½`, _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`, A{^éMr, A{^d¥Îmr `m§Mmhr Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

1.5.3 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho gH$mamË_H$ (Positive Science) emó hmo`.

{dÚmWu dV©ZmMo ho gH$mamË_H$ emó hmo`. {dÚmWu dV©Zm~m~V {Z §ÌU, dU©Zd ^m{H$V `mV Ho$co OmVo. {dÚmÏ`mª~amo~aM emco` dmVmdaUmVrc _mZdr KQ>H$m§MmXoIrc Aä`mg `mV hmoVmo.

1.5.4 {ejU H$go Úmdo `m~ÔcMr _m{hVr e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó XoVo.

{ejUmMm Ame` H$m` Agmdm, {ejU H$m Úmdo ho H$m_ e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMoZmhr na§Vw {ejU H$go Úmdo `m~ÔcMr _m{hVr e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó XoVo. {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`mj_Vm, d`, AmH$cZeº$s, ^mdZm cjmV KoD$Z Aä`mgH«$_mMm ñVa Am{U AÜ`mnZmMoV§Ì `m ~m~V _m{hVr AmnUmg e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómVyZ CncãY hmoVo.

1.5.5 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho n[anyU© (Perfect) emó Zmhr Va Vo dV©ZdmXr emóAmho.

^m¡{VH$emóm_Ü o Á`mà_mUo AJXr R>m_nUo AWdm dñVw{Zð> {ZîH$f© H$mT>VmoVmV d Vo ghgm ~XcV ZmhrV Vgo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemóm~m~V KS>V Zmhr. e¡j{UH$

_mZgemó ho _mZdr dV©ZdmXr emó Amho d _mZdr dV©Z EImÚm àg§JmV AWdm {d{eï>n[apñWVrV H$go KS>oc `mMm V§VmoV§V A§XmO KoVm oV Zmhr, Ë`m_wio e¡j{UH$_mZgemómZo EImÚm ì`º$sÀ`m dV©Zm~m~V Ho$coco ^mH$sV (Prediction) V§VmoV§V IaoR>aoc Ago _mZÊ`mMo H$maU Zmhr. `mMm AW© e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó hr EH$ ^m|Ji emImAmho Agohr Zmhr H$maU Vo EH$ emó Amho.

1.5.6 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho n[anyU© ho d¡km{ZH$ Ñï>rMm (Scientific

Approach) pñdH$ma H$aVo.

d¡km{ZH$ nÕVrV (Scientific Method) Á`m nm`è`m dmnaë`m OmVmV Ë`mMnm`è`m e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r dmnaVmV åhUOoM e¡j{UH$ _mZgemóho d¡km{ZH$ Ñ{ï>Mm pñdH$ma H$aVo {dkmZmVrc `m nm`è`m Imcrc à_mUo -

(A) {ZarjU (Observation)

(~) {ZarjUmMr Zm|X (Recording of the observations)

(H$) VÏ`m§Mo dJuH$aU (Classification of facts)

(S>) {dícofU Am{U gm_mÝ`rH$aU (Analysis & Generalization)

(B) VnmgUr /nS>Vmim (Verification)

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1.5.7 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómV emór` V§ÌmMm dmna hmoVmo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómV ~hþXm {ZarjU (Observation) àm`mo{JH$sH$aU(Experimentation), d¥Îmmä`mg (Case Study), àíZmdcr (Questionnaire),

_wcmIV (Interview), àjonr V§Ìo (Protective technique) Am{U à`moJ nÕVr(Experiment Method) Aem emór` V§ÌmMm (Scientific techniques) dmnahmoVmo.

1.5.8 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó VÏèmoYH$ (Factual) d AZw^dOÝ` (Empirical)

AgVo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómV VÏèmoYZ Ho$co OmVo. Vo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m dV©ZmMo dU©ZH$aVo Am{U Ë`mdê$Z gm_mÝ` {Z`_ H$mT>Ê`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo. CXm. AÜ``ZmMo {Z`_.

1.5.9 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr VÎdo (Principles) hr d¡pídH$ (Universal)

AgVmV.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómV àmá Pmcoco {ZîH$f© ho ~hþXm gd©H$mir d gd©{R>H$mUrcmJy hmoVmV. CXm. AÜ``ZmMo gm_mÝ` {Z`_ Am{U ì`º$sV Agcoco A§VJ©V KQ>H$ `mMmg§~§Y AgVmoo. Ogo àoaU, V`mar, j_Vm, n[an¹$Vm, ì`{º$_Îd cjUo B. KQ>H$m§_Ü od¡pídH$ gà_mUVm (Universal Validity) AmT>iVo. Z¡amí`mMr H$maUo gd©Ì cmJyhmoVmV.

1.5.10 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho {dH$mgmË_H$ emó (Developing Science) Amho.

BVa emóm§à_mUoM `m emómVhr ì`már, _`m©Xm, C{Ôï>o, ZdrZ g§H$ënZmAgVmV. ZdZdrZ g§emoYZm_wio ZdrZ _m{hVr, gyÌo, nÕVr BË`mXtMr â nS>V AgVoVa H$mhr H$ënZm ~XcVmV. ZdrZ H$ënZm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmoo Ë`m_wio e¡j{UH$_mZgemómMo ñdê$n J{Verc AgVo. H°$Q>oc (Cattle) åhUVmo H$s, ""ZdZdrZ à`moJ,g§emoYZo `mVyZ {ZînÞ Pmcoë`m {ZîH$fm©À`m AmYmao {Z{_©V g§H$ënZm, gyÌo, {gÕm§V,CnnÎmr {dH${gV hmoVrc d gmVË`mZo ^mdr H$mimV e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMo ñdê$n~XcV OmB©c.''

1.5.11 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó H$maUo Am{U n[aUm_ g§~§Ymda àH$me Q>mH$Vo.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho, à{V^memcr (Gifted), _mJmgcoco (Backward),

An§J (Handicapped) Am{U gm_mÝ` /Am¡nMm[aH$ AÜ``ZH$Vm© (Former

Learner) `m§À`m dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aVo. Ë`m§À`m AÜ``Z dV©ZmMr H$maUo dË`m§À`mda hmoUmam n[apñWVrMm n[aUm_ `m§À`m g§~§Ym~m~V àH$me Q>mH$Vo.

WmooS>Š`mV, {ejU, AÜ``ZH$Vm©, Cn`mo{OV _mZgemó, e¡j{UH$_mZgemómMr C{ÔîQ>ço, e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m g_ñ`m, e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMo n¡cy

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(Aspects) `m _wÚm§Mm {dMma e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMo ñdén Aä`mgVm§Zm H$amdmcmJVmo.

1.6 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr ì`mßVr (Scope)

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho EH$ ñdV§Ì emó Amho. `m emómMm B{Vhmg nm{hcmAgVm 1960 nmgzZ `m Cn`mo{OV emIoMm {dH$mg Pmcocm AmT>iVmo. e¡j{UH$_mZgemómÀ`m ñdénmdéZ Ë`mMr ì`már Imcrc à_wI KQ>H$m§er {ZJS>rV Agë`mMoOmUdVo.

(A) AÜ``ZH$Vm© (Learner)

(~) AÜ``Z à{H«$`m (Process of Learning)

(H$) AÜ`mnZ nÕVr (Teaching Methods)

(S>) AÜ``Zmda à^md H$aUmao KQ>H$ (Conditions of Learning)

(B) _yë`_mnZ (Evaluation)

(B©) {dÚmWu Am{U g_yhOrdZ (Learner & Group life)

(C) _mJ©Xe©Z d g_wnXoeZ (Guidance & Counselling)

(D$) g§emoYZ (Research)

1.6.1 AÜ``ZH$Vm©-

{dÚmÏ`m©Mm {dH$mg hmoV AgVm§Zm Vmo OÝ_nydm©dñWo nmgyZ gwê$ hmoVmo.{dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY AdñWm d Ë`m AdñWm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço H$moUH$moUVr AmhoV. {dÚmÏ`m©À`m{dH$mgmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao H$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$ O~m~Xma AmhoV. {dÚmWu Á`m n[agamV,g_mOmV dmdaVmo, dmT>Vmo Ë`m gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUmMm Ë`mÀ`m dV©Zmda H$mhr n[aUm_hmoVmo H$m? Ë`mMà_mUo {dÚmWu Á`m Hw$Qw>§~mV OÝ_ KoVmo VoWrc AZwdm§{eH$ JwUY_m©MmË`mÀ`m AÜ``Zmda H$mhr n[aUm_ hmoVmo H$m? B. ~m~tMm Aä`mg e¡j{UH$ _mZgemóH$aVo. H$maU `m {dH$mgmdaM Ë`m ì`º$sMr AÜ``Z j_Vm Adc§~yZ AgVo.{dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o AÜ``Zj_Vo ì`{V[aº$ BVa j_Vmhr AgVmV Ë`m§Mm Ë`m§À`m dV©Zmda{H$Vr d H$gm n[aUm_ hmoVmo `mMm {dMma e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó H$aVo.

àË oH$ XmoZ ì`º$sV \$aH$ AgVmo `m AWm©Zo àË oH$ ì`ŠVr hr EH$ ñdV§ÌAm{U A{ÛVr` (Unique) Aer AgVo. ì`º$sVrc oX doJdoJù`m àH$maMo AgVmV dË`mMm n[aUm_ Ho$di ì`º$sÀ`m AÜ``ZmdaM Zìho Va g§nyU© OrdZmda hmoV AgVmo.`mMm XoIrc {dMma e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó H$aVo.

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{ejUmMo EH$ à_wI Ü o åhUOo ì`º$rMm ì`{º$_Îd{dH$mg H$aUo ho hmo`. na§Vwì`{º$_Îd åhUOo H$m`? ì`{º$_Îd {dH$mg H$gm KS>dyZ AmUmd`mMm? `m {dH$mgmVrcAS>ga H$moUVo? `mMm {dMma e¡j{UH$ _mZgemóM H$aVo.

ì`º$sMm H$c (Attitude), A{^ê$Mr, ~wÕr_Îmm `m§Mm {dMma AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZmV H$amdm cmJVmo. na§Vw Ë`mgmR>r ì`º$sMr A{^ê$Mr, ~wÕr_Îmm B. AmoiIVm`m`cm hì`mV. Ë`m§Mo _mnZ H$go H$aUma? Va e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mgm{edm`ho eŠ` Zmhr.

_mZ{gH$ Amamo½` Ë`mMm ì`{º$À`m {ejUmda hmoUmam n[aUm_, Ë`mMr H$miOr hoXoIrc e¡j{UH$ _mZgemóM gm§JVo.

1.6.2 AÜ``Z à{H«$`m

{dÚmÏ`m©Mo AÜ``Z à^mdr ìhmdo, n[aUm_ H$maH$ ìhmdo Aer emioMr,{ejH$mMr Anojm AgVo. na§Vw AÜ``Z à{H«$`m åhUOo H$m`? AÜ``Z H$go hmoVo?AÜ``Z Pmco åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` Pmco? Aem `m AÜ``Z à{H«$ oMo ñdê$n g_OyZKoÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`mcm e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómH$S>o dimdoM cmJVo. Ho$coë`m AÜ``ZmMoñ_aU H$go R>odco OmVo? {dñ_aU H$m KS>Vo? `mMm XoIrc {dMma e¡j{UH$ _mZgemóH$aVo.

1.6.3 AÜ`mnZ nÕVr

n[aUm_H$maH$ AÜ`mnZ åhUOo H$m`? H$moUVo AÜ``Z AZw^d, àg§J {Z_m©UHo$ë`mZ§Va à^mdr AÜ`mnZ hmoB©c? ho R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMrM _XV¿`mdr cmJVo. CXm. ÑH$-lmì` _mÜ`_m§Mm AÜ`mnZmV dmna Ho$cm, à`moJ H¥$VrMm dmnaAÜ`mnZmV Ho$cm åhUOo {dÚmÏ`mªMo EoH$Uo, nmhUo, AZw dUo ho Ë`m§§À`m AÜ``ZmÀ`mÑï>rZo d ñ_aUmÀ`m Ñï>rZo A{YH$ n[aUm_ H$maH$ AgVo. {dÚmÏ`mªMr ~m¡{ÕH$ j_Vm,A{^ê$Mr, H$c Am{U BVa j_Vm cjmV KoD$Z AÜ`mnZ H$amdo cmJVo. {dÚmÏ`mªZmH$moUË`m AÜ`mnZ nÕVrZo {eH$dmdo H$s OoUoH$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm WH$dm AWdm H§$Q>mim oUmaZmhr `mMm {dMma H$aVm§Zm e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMm {dMma H$amdmM cmJVmo.

{dÚmÏ`m©Mo AÜ``Z Mm§Jco hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àoaUoMr (Motivation) JaOAgVo. àoaUm åhUOo H$m`? Vr H$er XoVm oVo ho {ejH$mcm _m{hV AgUo Amdí`H$AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r e¡j{UH$ _mZgemóM {ejH$mcm {Xem XmI{dVo.

1.6.4 AÜ``Zmda à^md H$aUmao KQ>H$

AÜ``Z à{H«$`m Am{U AÜ``ZmWu `mda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Zm à^mdH$aUmao KQ>H$ qH$dm H$maHo$ (Conditions Factor) åhUVmV CXm. dJ©ImocrV nwaogmCOoS> AgUo, ~¡R>H$ ì`dñWm Amamo½`Xm`r AgUo, Imocrcm dm w {dOZmMr gmo` AgUo,ñdÀN> ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho B. gmo`r gw{dYm `m Xþæ`_ àH$maMo AÜ``Zmda à^md Q>mH$Umè`m

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AmhoV Va {ejH$mÀ`m ì`{º$_ÎdmMm n[aUm_ hm {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m AÜ``Zmda hmoV AgVmo,{dÚmÏ`m©Mr A{^éMr, AdYmZ, nmcH$m§Mm e¡j{UH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUhr {dÚmÏ`m©À`mAÜ``Zmda à^md H$aVmo VgoM Vmo Á`m n[agamV amhVmo, Ë`mMmhr à^md hmoVmo.

1.6.5 _yë`_mnZ

{dÚmÏ`m©_Ü o AÜ``ZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo dV©Z n[adV©Z ìhmdo åhUyZ {ejH$ {d{dYAÜ``Z AZw^d ¿`m`cm {dÚmÏ`mªZm àoarV H$arV AgVmo. na§Vw IamoIaM Amnë`mcm({ejH$mcm) Ano{jV Agm dV©Z~Xc Pmcm qH$dm Zmhr ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`m©Mo_yë`_mnZ H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. H$moUË`m MmMÊ`m§Mm dmna H$amdm? MmMÊ`m H$em¿`mì`mV? {dÚmÏ`m©À`m ì`{º$_ÎdmÀ`m H$moUË`m n¡cyMo _mnZ H$go H$amdo? `mgmR>re¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMm Aä`mg Cn wº$ R>aVmo.

1.6.6 {dÚmWu Am{U g_yhOrdZ

emim hr g_mOmMr chmZ à{VH¥$Vr /N>moQ>r à{VH¥$Vr Amho. doJdoJù`mg_mOmVyZ Am{U ñVamVyZ emioV {dÚmWu oVmV. {dÚmWu d {dÚmÏ`m©_YrcAm§Va{H«$`m, {dÚmWu g_yh àH$ma {dÚmÏ`mªMo ZoV¥Îd VgoM {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m gm_y{hH$OrdZmVyZ {dÚmÏ`m©À`m ì`º$s_ÎdmMm {dH$mg `mhr ~m~r _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. emco`g_yhOrdZmMm VgoM Ë`m§À`m n[agamMm Ë`m§À`m EHy$UM ì`{º$_Îdmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. hoe¡j{UH$ _mZgemóm{edm` H$go g_Ooc?

1.6.7 _mJ©Xe©Z d g_wnXoeZ (Guidance & Counselling)

{dÚmÏ`m©cm Ë`mÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m àË oH$ AdñWoda {ejH$mcm _mJ©Xe©Z H$amdocmJVo. qH$~hÿZm ho Ë`mMo H$V©ì`M R>aVo. égmoÀ`m åhUÊ`mZwgma ""~mcH$ ({dÚmWu) hmnwñVH$mà_mUo AgVmo H$s Á`m nwñVH$mÀ`m àË oH$ nmZmMm Aä`mg {ejH$mZo H$amd`mMmAgVmo'' `mMm AW© {ejH$mZo {dÚmÏ`m©cm _mZgemór`, e¡j{UH$ _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUoAmdí`H$ AgVo VgoM Ë`mMo g_wnXoeZ H$aUohr JaOoMo AgVo. VaM ,{dÚmÏ`m©Mo`eñdr AÜ``Z KS>oc.

1.6.8 g§emoYZ (Research)

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m g§emoYZmda AmYm[aV ({ejH$) {dÚmÏ`mªZm {Z §{ÌVH$é eH$Vmo, {Xem XoD$ eH$Vmo VgoM Ë`m§À`m dV©Zm~m~V ^m{H$Vhr H$ê$ eH$Vmo.{ejH$mcm dJ© AÜ`mnZmV oUmè`m g_ñ`m§Mo {ZagZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vmo H¥$Vr g§emoYZhmVr KoVmo, Ë`mÀ`m AS>MUrda Cnm`hr emoYVmo Ë`m_xio Ë`mMo g_mYmZ hmoVo.

gmam§e, OoWo {ejU VoWo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMm g§~§Y oVmo. e¡j{UH$_mZgemómMr ì`mßVr hr {ejUmBVH$sM ì`mnH$ Amho åhUyZM nrc (Peel) hme¡j{UH$ _mZgemók åhUVmoo H$s, "e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho {ejUmMo emó Amho.

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1.7 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr H$m`}

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómH$Sy>Z H$moUVr H$m } Ano{jV AmhoV. e¡j{UH$_mZgemómMr Zo_H$s y{_H$m H$moUVr `m ~m~V Imcrc _wÚm§À`m AmYmao ñnï>rH$aU XoVmoB©c. VgoM {ejH$mcm e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌ H$go Cn`moJr R>aVo `mMmhr {dMma H$aVmoB©c.

1.7.1 {d{dY e¡j{UH$ àíZm§Mm Aä`mg

AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ, emco` ì`dñWmnZ, g§ñWoMo YmoaU, emgZmMo YmoaU Am{U{ejH$, nmcH$, d {dÚmÏ`mªMo g_m`moOZ B. ~m~VMm {dMma ÑîQ>rg_moa R>odyZ AÜ``Z dAÜ`mnZmV gwYmaUm Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$Vm H$er AmUmdr B. e¡j{UH$ àíZm§MmAä`mg H$aUo ho e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMo H$m © Amho.

1.7.2 _mZgemómVrc VÎdo, {Z`_ `m§Mo Cn`moOZ

_mZgemómVrc gm_mÝ`rH$aUo, {Z`_, VÎdo, CnnÎmr g_OwZ KoD$Z e¡j{UH$g_ñ`m§À`m g§X^m©V Ë`mMo Cn`moOZ H$aUo ho H$m © e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómcmM H$amdocmJVo.

1.7.3 {dH$mg à{H«$ oMo kmZ d `mo½` _mJ©Xe©Z

{dÚmÏ`m©Mm {dH$mg H$gm hmoVmo. Ë`mVrc à{H«$`m, AdñWm g_OyZ KoD$Z{dH$mg à{H«$ oÛmao {dÚmÏ`m©Mo `mo½` nÕVrZo g_m`moOZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm _mJ©Xe©ZH$aUo. {dH$mg d AÜ``Z `m§Mm g§~§Y CcJS>Uo.

1.7.4 AZwd§e d n[apñWVr `m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg

{dÚmÏ`m©À`m {dH$mgmda AZwd§e d n[apñWVr `m§Mm H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo hocjmV KoD$Z {dÚmÏ`m©Mm ì`{º$_Îd {dH$mg gmYÊ`mMo H$m © e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómcmH$amdo cmJVo.

1.7.5 ~w{Õ_Îmm, ñ_aU -{dñ_aU Am{U AÜ``Z

~w{Õ_Îmm, ~wÜ`m§H$ ô`m g§H$ënZm g_Oë`mZ§Va ~wÕr_mZ AWdm Hw$emJ«{dÚmÏ`mªZm H$go AÜ`mnZ H$amdo VgoM gm_mÝ` AWdm gamgar emco` A{^`mo½`VmAgUmè`m {dÚmÏ`m©g H$go _mJ©Xe©Z H$amdo ho gm§JUo {dÚmWu AÜ``Z H$arV AgVm§Zmñ_aUmV H$go R>odmdo Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr H$moUË`m? {dñ_aU H$m hmoVo `mMr H$maUog_OmD$Z gm§JUo. AÜ``ZmMm Am{U ñ_aU; {dñ_aUmMm g§~§Y cjmV KoD$Z `mo½`_mJ©Xe©Z H$a.;mMo H$m © e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómcm H$amdo cmJVo.

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1.7.6 {dÚmWu-_mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` d AÜ``Z

{dÚmÏ`m©Mo, {ejH$mMo _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ`, Vo {~KS>Ê`mMr H$maUo Am{U _mZ{gH$Amamo½` H$go {Q>H${dVm oB©c `mMo Cnm` cjmV KoD$Z _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` Am{U AÜ``Z`mVrc ghg~§Y ñnîQ> H$aUo.

1.7.7 {ejH$m§_Ü o gH$mamË_H$ d ghmZw yVr d¥Îmr {dH$mg

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho {dÚmWu dV©ZmMm gH$mamË_H$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mg{ejH$m§Zm àd¥Îm H$aVo. {dÚmÏ`m©{df`r ghmZw yVrnyd©H$ {dMma H$aÊ`mg Vo ghmæ`H$marR>aVo.

1.7.8 e¡j{UH$ _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo

e¡j{UH$ g_ñ`m øm gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU, {dÚmÏ`m©_Yrc {eñV, {dÚmÏ`m©MrdV©UyH$ Am{U dJ© ì`dñWm `m§À`mer g§~{YV amhÿ eH$VmV. `m ~m~V {ejH$m§Zm_mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo H$m © e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó H$aVo.

1.7.9 {dÚmWu j_Vm {dH$mgm~m~V _mJ©Xe©Z

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó ho g_m{OH$ g§~§YmMo _hÎd Am{U gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y H$go{Z_m©U H$amdoV. gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVwZ gm_wXm{`H$ OrdZ H$go OJmdo `m~m~V {ejH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo. {dÚmÏ`m©À`m {d[dY j_Vm§Mm {dH$mg H$gm gmYmdm hoH$m © e¡j{UH$ _mZgemóM H$aVo.

1.7.10 ì`{º$ oX d AÜ`mnZ

emioV AÜ``Z H$aUmao {dÚmWu ho doJdoJù`m g_mOmVyZ, doJdoJù`mn[apñWVrVyZ Am{U doJdoJù`m dmVmdaUmVyZ Amcoco AgVmV Ë`m§Mm gm_m{OH$ d~m¡{ÕH$ XOm© doJdoJim AgVmo. Ë`m§À`mV ì`º$r oX _moR>çm à_mUmda AmT>iyZ oVmo.ì`º$s oX cjmV KoD$Z H$go AÜ`mnZ H$amdo ho gm§JUo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMo H$m © hmo`.

1.7.11 {dÚmWu JaOm, A{^ê$Mr cjmV KoD$Z g_ñ`m [ZamH$aU

{dÚmÏ`m©À`m JaOm Am{U AmdS>r-{ZdS>t~m~V {ejH$mZo H$moUVmhr XþOm^md{H$§dm Ang_O qH$dm J¡ag_O H$ê$Z Z KoVm Ë`m g_ñ`m ghOVoZo H$em gmoS>dmì`mV`m ~m~V {ejH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo ho e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMo H$m © Amho.

1.7.12 ì`{º$_Îd {dH$mg KS>{dÊ`mg MmcZm

{dÚmÏ`m©À`m dV©Zm{df`H$ g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg gmH$ë`nyU© Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ H$aUo.Ë`mÀ`m dV©Z {df`H$ g_ñ`m§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$ê$Z `mo½` g_m`moOZ gmYwZ ì`{º$_Îd{dH$mg H$gm KS>dyZ AmUmdm. `m ~m~V {ejH$mcm e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó _mJ©Xe©Z H$aVo.

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1.7.13 {dÚmÏ`m©À`m àJVrMo _yë`_mnZ

AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ H$aVm§Zm {ejH$mcm {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m àJVrMo _yë`_mnZ H$amdocmJVo. AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ à{H«$ oVrc {dÚmÏ`m©Mo _yë`_mnZ hr eodQ>Mr à{H«$`m hrà{H«$`m H$arV AgVm§Zm {dÚmÏ`m©Mo AÜ``Z, {ejH$mMr AÜ`mnZ nÕVr, AÜ`mnZgm{hË`, C{Ôï>o, AÜ``Z, AZw^d `m KQ>H$m§H$S>o cj Úmdo cmJVo `m ~m~V e¡j{UH$_mJ©Xe©Z ghmæ` H$aVo.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm :

1) ì`{º$cm OÝ_mnmgyZ Vo d¥ÕmdñWon ªV AÜ``Z AZw yVtMo dU©Z d ñnï>rH$aUÁ`m emñÌmV Ho$co OmVo Vo emñÌ åhUOo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemó hmo` Ago _V................ `m§Zr _m§S>co.

(A) _°H$\$ac§S>

(~) H«$mo Am{U H«$mo

(H$) gr. B©. pñH$Za

2) e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌ ho .....................

(A) nyU© emñÌ Amho.

(~) _yc yV emñÌ Amho.

(H$) n[anyU© (Perfect) emñÌ Zmhr.

(~) e¡j{UH$ _ZmgemómÀ`m Aä`mgnÕVr

1.8 e¡j{UH$ _ZmgemómÀ`m Aä`mgnÕVr

1.8.1 AmË_{ZarjU {H$§dm Am§Va{ZarjU nÕVr (Method of Introspection)

àm`mo{JH$ _mZgemómMm OZH$ aMZmdmXr _mZgemók dwBªQ> (Wunat) dË`mMm ghH$mar {Q>MZoa (Tichner) `m§Zr {cnqPJ {dÚmnrR>m_Ü`o AmË_{ZarjUnÕVrcm àm`mo{JH$ _mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mgmMr EH$ nÕVr åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm {Xcr.

AmË_{ZarjU åhUOo H$m`?

"AmË_{ZarjU åhUOo {ZarjH$mZo ñdV:À`m _Zmoì`mnmamMo ñdV:M Ho$coco{ZarjU hmo`' `m {ZarjUmdê$Z gd©gm_mÝ` _Zmoì`mnmam~Ôc AZw_mZ H$mT>Uo hmo`.

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"_Z' hr Ñí` dñVw Zgë`mZo Xþgè`mÀ`m _ZmMo àË`j AdcmoH$Z H$goH$aUma? Ë`mgmR>r ñdV:À`mM _Zmoì`mnmam§Mo {ZarjU H$amd`mMo. WmoS>Š`mVñdV:dê$Z OJ AmoiIÊ`mMr hr nÕVr Amho.

CXm.- (A) ~è`mMdoim Zoh_rÀ`m ì`dhmamV _moR>r _mUgo AmË_{ZarjU H$arVAgVmV- "_r Ë`mdoir Ago H$go ~S>~S>cmo ho _mPo _cmM g_OV Zmhr.'

(~) H$mc _cm hÿahÿa cmJcr hmoVr.

(H$) Vr ~mV_r EoHy$Z _r AmZ§XmZo ZmMy cmJcmo.

(S>) Ë`mÀ`m OmJr _r AgVmo Va VmS>H$Z CÎma {Xco AgVo - BË`mXr.

AmË_{ZarjU nÕVrMo \$m`Xo AWdm JwUd¡{eîQ>ço

· `m nÕVrV ì`º$s ñdV:À`m _mZ{gH$ {H«$`m§Mo {ZarjU H$arV AgVo.Á`mMo {ZarjU H$amd`mMo Vo ñdV:Mo _Z Zoh_rM ñdV:~amoo~a AgVo åhUyZ`m nÕVrMm Cn`moJ Ho$ìhmhr d Hw$R>ohr H$aVm òVmo.

· Ho$di A§V_w©I hmoD$Z {ZarjU H$amd`mMo Agë`m_wio `m nÕVrVCnH$aUm§Mr qH$dm `§Ì gm_J«rMr JaO AgV Zmhr `m ÑîQ>rZo hr nÕVrgwc^ d {~ZIMm©Mr Amho.

· H$mhr _Zmoì`mnma Ago AmhoV H$s Ë`mMm ~moY `m nÕVr_xioM hmooD$ eH$Vmo.CXm.- "_cm ImÊ`mMr BÀN>m hmoV Zmhr', "_cm CËgmh dmQ>V Zmhr' AgoO|ìhm amoJr S>m°ŠQ>am§Zm gm§JVmo Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zm H$mhr ~moY hmoD$ eH$Vmo.amo½`mcm ho gm§JVm Amco Zmhr Va {ZXmZ H$aUo H$R>rU OmVo.

· Xþgè`mMo dV©Z nmhÿZ H$mhr {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mnydu Ë`m dV©ZmMr {M{H$ËgmAmnU AmË_{ZarjUmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo H$aVmo.

· [dMma, ^mdZm BË`mXr_Yrc pOd§VnUm `m nÕVr_wio AZw^dmg òVmo.CXm. "_mVoMo dmËgë`' `mMr à{MVr AmË_{ZarjUmVyZ ì`º$s gm§Jy eH$Vo.Xþgè`mMo dV©Z nmhÿZ hm [Od§VnUm AZw^dVm òUma Zmhr.

· `m nÕVr_Üò ñdmZw^dmdê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>co OmV Agë`m_wio Vo A{YH${dídmgmh© _mZÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. CXm. àËòH$ doir ZrM OmVrÀ`mC„oImZo hmoUmè`m _mZI§S>ZoMo Xþ:I ho Ho$di Vr ì`º$sM AZw^dy eH$Vo.{VMo Xþ:I BVam§Zm {VVŠ`mM Vrd«VoZo OmUdoc Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`mXþ:ImÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$coco dU©Z {H$§dm H$mT>coco {ZîH$f© A{YH$ {dídmgmh©AgVrc.

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· ñdV:_Yrc Xmof {ZdmaÊ`mgmR>r `m nÕVrMm Mm§Jë`m àH$mao Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

· à`mo{JH$ {ZarjU nÕVrZo H$mT>coco {ZîH$f© nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ`mgmR>r~è`mMdoim `m nÕVrMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. CXm. Amnë`m dV©Zm~m~V AZoH$gyMZm AZoH$m§H$Sy>Z òVmV. g_wnXoeH$, _mJ©Xe©H$, nmcH$, S>m°ŠQ>a,dH$sc, {ejH$ AmnUm§g AZoH$ dV©Z àoaUm XoVmV. V|ìhm ho gd© dV©ZàoaUñdV:g§~§YrMo Agë`m_wio Amnë`mcm ñdV:cm Vo AmË_{ZarjU nÕVrZoVnmgyZ-nS>VmiyZ nmhVm òVmV.

· AmË_{ZarjUmÛmao Am§V[aH$ àoaH$m§Mr (Urges) VnmgUr ghO H$aVmòVo. CXm. "EImÚm {^Þ{c§Jr ì`º$s~Ôc _mÂ`m _ZmV H$m_oÀN>m {Z_m©UPmcr qH$dm Zmhr' `mMr VnmgUr ì`º$s ñdV:M ghO H$é eH$Vo.

· AmË_{ZarjUmgmR>r à`moJemioV Omdo cmJV Zmhr. ñdV:Mo "_Z' hrMà`moJemim.

AmË_{ZarjU nÕVrÀ`m _`m©Xm, Xmof, CUrdm, VmoQ>o.

· `m nÕVrZo IaoIwao emóewÕ AmË_{ZarjU H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr H$maU à`moJH$aUmam d Á`mda à`moJ Ho$cm OmVmoo Vr ì`º$s `m XmoKr EH$M AmhoV.CXm.- "AmVm _r Iyn amJmdcmo Amho nmhÿ`m _ZmV H$m` KS>Vo Vo' åhUyZH$moUr {ZarjU H$é cmJë`mg amJmMm nmamM Imcr OmB©c. amJmdcocrì`º$s ñdV:À`m amJmMo {ZarjU H$go H$aUma? WmoS>Š`mV ñdV:À`m^mdZm§Mo VQ>ñWnUo {ZarjU H$aUo H$R>rU Amho.

· chmZ _xco, _mZ{gH$ Xm¡~©ë` Agcoë`m ì`º$s, {Z~w©Õ _mUgo Am{U_mZdoÎma àmUr `m§À`m~m~VrV `m nÕVrMm \$magm Cn`moJ H$aVm òVZmhr. Varhr Ë`m§À`m dV©ZmMm Aä`mg Amdí`H$ AgVmo.

· AmË_{ZarjUm_Üò {df` JwßV amIcm OmVmo. CXm.- (i) EImÚm ì`º$s{df`r Amnë`m _ZmV Agy`m AgyZhr ~mhoa ~mocVm§Zm Ë`mMr ñVwVrM~è`mMdoim Ho$cr OmVo. (ii) d¡f{`H$ dmgZm§Mm _Zm_Üò {H$Vr à_mUmV dHo$§ìhm CÐoH$ hmoVmo? Ago {dMmaco Va {H$Vr à_mUmV gË` gm§{JVcoOmB©c?

· \«$mB©S>À`m _Zmo{dícofU CnnÎmr Zwgma _ZmMm ~amM ^mJ Amnë`mcmAkmV amhVmo. Aën Aem kmV _ZmMo {ZarjU {H$Vr {dídgZr` AgweH$Vo?

21

· AmË_{ZarjU ho ì`º$sJV ñdénmMo Agë`mZo ì`º$sMo nyd©J«h AmdS>r-{ZdS>r `m§Mm Ë`mda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CXm.- EImXm {MÌnQ> nm{hë`mdaAmnë`mcm Vmo AmdS>cm H$s Zmhr ho gm§JVm§Zm ~mocnQ>mVrc Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m, {X½Xe©H$ `mVrc KQ>Zm `mg§~§Yr Amnco nyd©J«h AmS> òVmV åhUyZXmoZ ì`º$s¨Zm EH$M AZw^d g_ñdê$nmV AZw^dVm òV Zmhr.

· `m nÕVrMm AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV dmna Ho$cm OmV Zmhr hr EH$ _mZgemór`àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmVrc nÕVr 18 ì`m eVH$mV dmnacr OmV hmoVr.

· hr nÕVr AmË_{ZîR> Amho. dñVw{Zð> (Objective) Zmhr. CXm.- {ZarjUH$aVm§Zm ì`º$sMo ({ZarjH$mMo) ^md ~XcV AgVmV Ë`mdoirAmË_{ZarjU H$aUmè`m ì`º$sZo Oo H$mhr gm§[JVco Agoc Vo _mÝ` Ho$conm{hOo.

· AmË_{ZarjUmdê$Z H$mT>coco ho {ZîH$f© EH$m ì`º$sÀ`m AZw^dmdê$ZH$mT>coco AgVmV. gd©g_mÝ` {Z`_ qH$dm {ZîH$f© åhUyZ ñdrH$maUoAemñÌr` hmo`.

Oar H$mhr CUrdm `m nÕVrV Agë`mVar àË`j àMrVr hm `mAmË_{ZarjU nÕVrMm {deof JwU Amho. Ë`m_wio Aä`mg H$aÊ`mg hr nÕVrCn`wº$ åhUVm òB©c.

1.8.2 {ZarjU (Observation) nÕVr/dñVw{ZîR> {ZarjU AdWm ~mô`{ZarjU nÕVr

"EH$m ì`º$sZo Xþgè`m ì`º$sÀ`m dV©ZmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z Ë`mdê$Z {ZîH$f©H$mT>Uo åhUOo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr {ZarjU Aä`mg nÕVr hmo`.

"Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVrV ì`º$sÀ`m qH$dm àmÊ`mÀ`m dV©ZmMo Ho$coco {ZarjUåhUOo ~mô`{ZarjU hmo`. `m {ZarjUmcm dñVw{ZîR {ZarjU Agohr åhUVmV.

CXm.- (i) {Za{Zamù`m d`mo_mZmMr _xco Amncm amJ H$gm ì`º$ H$aVmV?

(ii) _Zwî` AmOmar Agoc Va Ë`mÀ`m _Zmoì`mnmamda H$m` n{aUm_{XgyZ òVmo?

(iii) Xm[aX² Œ`mMm n[aUm_ ì`º$rda H$gm {XgwZ òVmo?

(iv) AZmW _wcm§À`m dV©Ms H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço {Z_m©U hmoVmV H$m?BË`mXr

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· {ZarjU - J¥hrVHo$-

(i) ì`º$sMo ~mô` dV©Z åhUOo ì`º$sÀ`m Am§VarH$ KQ>H$m§Mo àH$Q>rH$aUAgVo.

(ii) {ZarjU H$aUmar ì`º$s hr VÁk qH$dm à{e{jV AgVo.

(iii) {ZarjU H$aUmam {ZarjH$ hm dñVw{ZîR>nUo {ZarjU H$aUmam Amho.

· {ZarjUmMo àH$ma - (i) Z¡g{J©H$ {ZarjU (ii) gh [ZarjU

(i) Z¡g{J©H$ {ZarjU - Á`mMo {ZarjU H$amd`mMo Ë`mcm Amnco H$moUr{ZarjU H$arV Amho `mMr OmUrd ZgVo. CXm.- emioV _wco IoiVm§Zm,dJm©V ~mocVm§Zm, BVaÌ {\$aVm§Zm, dmMZmc`mV AgVm§Zm {ZarjH$ Ë`m§À`mdV©ZmMr Zm|X H$aVmo.

(ii) gh [ZarjU - `m àH$mamV {ZarjH$ hm {Zarú`m~amo~a {_iyZ- {_giyZdmJVmo Ë`m_wio _wco Amnë`m g_ñ`m ghO àH$Q> H$aVmV. Km~aV ZmhrV{H$§dm dV©ZmV Am¡nMmarH$nUm XmI{dV ZmhrV.

· {ZarjU H$aVm§Zm {ZarjH$mZo ¿`md`mMr H$miOr {H$§dm I~aXmar. -

- {ZarjU ho dñVw{Zð>nUo d `mo½` àH$mao H$amdo.

- `mo½` {ZarjUmZ§Va Ë`mMr Ë`mMdoir Zm|X H$amdr H$maU Zm|Xr~m~V {dñ_aUhmoD$ eH$Vo.

- {ZarjU H$aVm§Zm {ZarjH$mMr VQ>ñWVoMr ^y{_H$m Agmdr. Ë`mVì`{º${ZîR>Vm, nyd©J«h AmS> `oVm H$m_m Z`o.

- {ZarjU AMyH$ hmoB©c `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.

- {ZarjU H$emMo H$amd`mMo Am{U H$go H$am`Mo `mMr H$ënZm {Z{íMVr{ZarjH$mZo {ZarjU H$aÊ`mnydu H$amdr. Ë`mZo à{ejU ¿`mdo.

- {ZarjUmda Amnë`m AmdS>s-{ZdS>rMm n[aUm_ hmoD$ XoD$ Z o.

- em{ãXH$ d A aaH$mË_H$ Zm|Xr {chrVm§Zm {ZîH$miOrnUm Zgmdm.

- {ZarjU H$aVm§Zm Á`mMo {ZarjU H$amd`mMo Amho Ë`mMo AZw^d d{ZarjH$mMm AZw^d `mVrc \$aH$ cjmV ¿`mdm.

23

{ZarjU nÕVrMo \$m`Xo, JwUd¡{eîQ>ço -

· `m nÕVrZo Z¡g{J©H$ dV©ZmMm dñVw{ZîR> Aä`mg H$aVm òVmo.

· `m nÕVrV _mZd d BVa àmUr `m§Mm gm_m{OH$ Aä`mg H$aVm òVmo.

· `m nÕVrV AmYw{ZH$ gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z AMyH$Vm AmUVm òVo.

· chmZ _xco, _{V_§X, _Zmo{dH¥$V AgUmar _mUgo `m§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>rdñVw{ZîR> {ZarjU nÕVr `mo½` Amho.

· {ZarjU ho nwÝhm-nwÝhm H$aVm òVo Ë`m_wio VwcZm H$ê$Z `mo½` Zm|X H$aVmòVo.

· hr nÕVr gmonr d ñdñV Amho.

· {ZarjH$ {ZarjU$ H$arV AgVm§ZmM Zm|Xr R>odV Agë`mZo {dñ_aUmMmYmoH$m g§^dV Zmhr.

· EH$m {ZarjH$mH$Sy>Z {ZarjUmV ÌwQ>r amhVo Ago dmQ>V Agë`mgEH$mMdoir AZoH$ OUm§Zm {ZarjU H$aÊ`mg gm§JVm òVo d Ë`m_wio{ZîH$fm©_Üò òUmar g§^mì` ì`{º${ZîR>Vm H$_r H$aVm òVo.

· ì`{º$ oX ({dÚmÏ`mªMo {dÚmÏ`mª_Yrc ôX), {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ^mdZm,^mdZm§Mm CÐoH$ B. ~m~VMo {ZarjU H$aVm§Zm hr nÕVr Cn`wŠV R>aVo.

· ~mcH$, nmcH$, _mcH$, MmcH$ `m§À`m dV©ZmV AndmXmË_H$Vm,Agm_mÝ`Vm Agë`mg Ë`m§Mo g_wnXoeZ H$ê$Z dV©ZàoaU XoVm òVo.

{ZarjU nÕVrÀ`m _`m©Xm/CUrdm/Xmof/VmoQ>o.

· dñVw{ZîR> {ZarjU ho ì`º$sÀ`m Am§V[aH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>rCn`wŠV R>aV Zmhr.

· Á`m ì`º$sÀ`m dV©ZmMo {ZarjU H$aÊ`mV òV Amho, ho Oa Ë`m ì`º$scmH$ico Va Ë`m ì`º$sMo dV©Z Z¡g{J©H$ amhV Zmhr. Vo H¥${Ì_ ñdê$nmMohmoVo.

· {ZarjU nÕVrZo \$º$ ì`º$sMo dV©Z KS>Vo qH$dm Zmhr EdT>oM nmhVm òVo.Vo Vgo H$m KS>Vo `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU `m nÕVrZo Jmoim Ho$coë`m _m{hVrdê$ZXoVm òV Zmhr.

24

· {ZarjU H$aUo hr AË`§V doiImD$ nÕVr Agë`mZo {ZarjH$mcm WH$dmòD$Z Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Ë`mÀ`m {ZarjUmda hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

· ì`º$sZo {H$Vrhr dñVx{ZîR>nUo ahmd`mMo R>a{dco Var Ë`m_Üò {Zarú`ì`º$s~XcMo _V {H$§dm EImÚm KQ>Zo g§~§YrMm nyd©J«h hm Ë`m {ZarjUmVyZS>moH$mdVmoM.

· àË oH$ dV©ZmMm AW© cmdVm§Zm {ZarjU nydm©Zw^dmMr Ë`mg OmoS> XoVAgë`mZo Vo dV©Z Ë`m {ZarjH$mZo {Xcoco AZw^dOÝ` ñnîQ>rH$aU hmoVo,Ë`mdéZ {ZîH$f©/AZw_mZ {ZKV ZmhrV. CXm- ÁòîR> ì`º$sZm Vê$Um§ModV©Z CWi dmQ>Vo Va Vê$Um§Zm d`mod¥Õm§Mo dV©Z à{VJm_r dmQ>Vo.

· àË oH$ {Z[aú` ì`º$sda qH$dm àmÊ`mda {ZarjH$mMm Vm~m ZgVmo.

· {ZarjH$mZo à{ejU KoVco Zgoc Va {ZîH$f© {dídgZr` Agy eH$V Zmhr.

· {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm§Zm gmdYJrar ~miJcr Zmhr Va MwH$sMm {ZîH$f© hmVr òD$eH$Vmo. CXm. Jmê$S>rÀ`m nw§JrÀ`m AmdmOmZo gmn S>mocVmo Ago {ZarjU.(dñVwV: gmnmcm H$mZ ZgVmV Vmo n§w§JrH$S>o nmhÿZ Ë`m {XeoZo S>moocVmo.)

· {ZarjU H$aUmè`m ì`º$sMr kmZ|{Ðò (S>moim, H$mZ, ZmH$, ËdMm, Orìhm)g§doXZerc d g§ñH$maj_ Agmdr cmJVmV.

1.8.3 àm`mo{JH$ nÕVr {H$§dm àm`mo{JH$ {ZarjU nÕVr (Experimental

Method)

_mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mgmV H$mQ>oH$moanUm d AMyH$nUm `md`mMm AgocVa ^m¡{VH$emó, agm`Zemó, BË`mXr emómà_mUo àm`mo{JH$ nÕVrMm Adc§~H$aVm òVmo.

à`moJ nÕVrV gm_mÝ`nUo XmoZ JQ> Ho$co OmVmV. EH$m JQ>mda à`moJ Ho$cmOmVmo Va Xþgam JQ> Zoh_rÀ`m n[apñWVrV R>odcm OmVmo. `mcm {Z`§{ÌV JQ>(Controlled Group) Ago åhUVmV. `m XmoÝhr JQ>mÀ`m dV©ZmMm Vm¡c{ZH$Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

CXm.- g§ñH¥$V {eH$Ê`m_wio _amR>rÀ`m AÜ``Zmda H$mhr n[aUm_ hmoVmo H$m? `mCXmhaUmV {dÚmÏ`m©Mo gma»`m XOm©Mo XmoZ g_yh Ho$co OmVrc. EH$m JQ>mcmg§ñH¥$V {eH${dco OmB©c d Xþgè`m JQ>mcm g§ñH¥$V {eH${dco OmUma Zmhr. XmoÝhrJQ>m§Zm _amR>r hm {df` _mÌ EH$mM {ejH$mH$S>yZ {eH${dcm OmB©c. R>am{dH$H$mimZ§Va, Ë`mÀ`m àJVrMr VwcZm Ho$cr OmB©c.

25

à`moJ nÕVr_Ü`o ~mø KQ>H$m§da AmnU {Z`§ÌU R>ody eH$Vmo. CXm.- Cnamoº$CXmhaUmV EH$M {ejH$ XmoÝhr JQ>m§Zm gmaImM doi _amR>r hm {df` {eH$dVrc,XmoÝhr dJm©V g_mZ _wco amhVrc. J«§Wmc`mMm Cn`moJ, {Z~§Y coIZ dJ¡ao Jmoï>rXmoÝhr JQ>m§Zm gma»`mM amhVrc. \$º$ EH$M Mc> {^Þ amhrc. Vo åhUOo g§ñH¥$VMoAÜ``Z àm`mo{JH$ nÕVrZo AZoH$ g_ñ`m§Mm Chmnmoh H$aVm oB©c-CXm.-~mcJwÝhoJma _wcm§Zm Mm§Jë`m dmVmdaUmV R>odco Va Ë`m§À`mV gwYmaUm hmoB©c H$m?Mm§Jë`m H$m_m~Ôc ~{jg {Xco Va H$maImÝ`mV H$m_ H$aUmè`m _OwamH$Sy>Z OmñVH$m_ hmoB©c H$m? Amnë`m H$m_m_Ü o Á`m§Zm ì`dgm` g_mYmZ (Job

Satisfaction) dmQ>Vo Ago {ejH$ BVam§nojm OmñV Mm§Jco H$m_ H$aVmV H$m`? B.WmoS>Š`mV -

àm`mo{JH$ nÕVr hr _mZgemór` Aä`mgmMr emóewÕ nÕVr Amho `mV à`moJmMrAmIUr, _m§S>Ur, {Z`moOZ nyd© A§_c~OmdUr, Mcm§darc (A§VJ©V d ~mÜ`Mco){Z`§ÌU R>odyZ Á`m KQ>H$mMm n[aUm_ Aä`mgmd`mMm Amho Ë`mMo Cn`moOZàm`mo{JH$ JQ>mda H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m n[aUm_m§À`m \${cVm§Mm Aä`mg $aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrgàm`mo{JH$ {ZarjU nÕVr åhUVmV.

· `m nÕVrÀ`m nm`è`m d A§_c~OmdUr (Steps & Implementation) `mnÕVrMm dmna H$aVm§Zm gmYmaUV: Imcrc nm`è`m§Mm dmna H$amdm cmJVmo. -

1. g_ñ`m {ZpíMV H$aUo.

2. àm`mo{JH$ nÕVr d àH$mamMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z {VMo àmê$n (Design) R>a{dUo.

3. JQ>mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUo.

4. à`moJmMr A§_c~OmdUr H$aUo.

5. Zm|Xr H$ê$Z _m{hVrMo g§H$cZ H$aUo.

6. _m{hVrMo {dícofU H$aUo.

7. {ZîH$f© /AZw_mZ H$mT>Uo.

àm`mo{JH$ {ZarjU nÕVrV {Z`moOZ, {Z`§ÌU, à`moJmMrA§_c~OmdUr d dV©ZmÀ`m Zm|Xr `mda cj Ho$§{X«V H$ê$Z à`moJ am~{dcm OmVmo d{ZîH$f© emoYco OmVmV.

26

àm`mo{JH$ {ZarjU nÕVrMo \$m`Xo/JwUd¡{eîQ>ço

· hr emór` nÕVr AgyZ `mVyZ {_imcoco {ZîH$f© ho dñVw{ZîR> AgVmV.

· `m nÕVrV Amcoco {ZîH$f© AmnU nwÝhm nS>VmiyZ nmhÿ eH$Vmo. Ë`m_wio{ZîH$fm©_Yrc {dídgZr`Vm dmT>Vo.

· EImÚm KQ>ZoMm gdmªJrU Aä`mg H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

- CXm - AÜ``Zm_Üò àcmo^Zm§Mm n[aUm_ H$m` hmoVmo? {H$Vr doim hmoVmoo? hoJQ>m§Mr VwcZm Ho$ë`mdaM g_Ooc.

· `m nÕVrZo {_imcoë`m {ZîH$fm©Mo gm_mÝ`rH$aU (Generalization)

H$aVm òVo.

· e¡j{UH$ _mZgemór` AZoH$ g§H$ënZm§Mr VnmgUr, nS>Vmim d Ë`mdaà`moJ H$ê$Z nmhVm òVmV.

· `m nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z ZdZdrZ emoY, _m{hVrV â, {dMma, H$ënZm,{d_eu{M§VZ `mg {Xem XoVm òVo.

· e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m {dH$gZ à{H«$ oV `m nÕVrZo _mocmMo H$m`© Ho$cAmho d H$arV Amho.

· `m nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z EImÚm dV©ZmMm qH$dm dV©Z ~XcmMm gdmªJrUAä`mg H$aVm òVmo.

CXm.- WH$ì`mMm H$m_mda H$gm n[aUm_ hmoVmo? ho H$_r A{YH$ WH$coë`m_mUgm§Zm EH$mM àH$maMo H$m_ H$amd`mg cmdyZ, EH$mM {d{eï> JQ>mg{Za{Zamù`m àH$maMr H$m_o H$amd`mg cmdyZ, BË`mXr àH$maMo {Za{Zamioà`moJ H$ê$Z nmhVm òVo Ë`m_wio Aä`mg gImoc hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

àm`mo{JH$ {ZarjU nÕVrÀ`m _`m©Xm/CUrdm/Xmof/VmooQ>o -

· Á`m ì`º$sda à`moJ hmoVmo Ë`mcm Amnë`mda à`moJ hmoV Amho AgoH$imë`mg Vr ì`º$s à{VgmX H¥${Ì_ VèhoZo XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. Ë`m_wio\$gJV hmoD$ eH$Vo.

· H$mhr g_ñ`m§À`m ~m~VrV à`moJ H$aUo A`mo½` AgVo. CXm. A`mo½`dmVmdaUmMm _wcm§da H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `mgmR>r _wcm§Zm A`mo½`dmVmdaUmV R>odUo `mo½` Zmhr.

27

· `m nÕVrV à`moÁ`mMo (Á`mÀ`mda à`moJ H$arV AmhmoV Ë`mMo) Am§V[aH$KQ>H$ AmnU ({ZarjH$) {Z`§{ÌV H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. CXm.- A{^éMr,WH$dm, Aä`mgmMr CËgwH$Vm BË`mXr.

· H$mhr doim à`moÁ`mMo ghH$m © {_idUo H$R>rU OmVo. Á`mÀ`mnmgyZ ÌmghmoVmo Ago à`moJ H$aÊ`mg ì`º$s _ZmnmgyZ V`ma ZgVmV. CXm. Vrd«àH$memMm PmoV, {dOoMm em°H$ Á`m_Üò ~gÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho Agoà`moJ.

· `m nÕVrV à`moJmgmR>r cmJUmar à`moJemim Am{U CnH$aUo I{M©H$Agë`mZo à`moJnÕVrMm Cn`moJ H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.

· EImÚm ì`º$sMo ImOJr dV©Z {H$§dm ¹${MV KSUm-`m KQ>Zm§Mo dV©Zà`moJnÕVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ghO H$aVm òV Zmhr. CXm.- narjoV H$m°nrH$aV Agcoë`m Vê$UrMo dV©Z à`moJmÛmao VnmgVm òV Zmhr.

· `m nÕVrV Á`m KQ>H$m§da à`moJ H$amd`mMo AmhoV, Ë`m KQ>H$mMr _mZ{gH$pñWVr Am{U _ZmV hmoV Agcocr Kmc_oc, Ë`m§Mo OrdZ {df`H$ àíZAm{U OrdZmVrc Jw§VmJw§V `m ~m~r H¥${Ì_ hmd^mdmÛmao cndyZR>odë`mJoë`mg Ë`mMo ghO {dícofU hmoV Zmhr. åhUOoM àmßV hmoUmao{ZîH$f© MwH$sMo hmoD$ eH$VmV.

· à`moJH$Vm© hm nyd©J«hXþ{fV {dMmagaUrMm Agë`mg {Z`§{ÌV JQ>mnojmàm`mo{JH$ JQ> hm gag R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Vmo H$arc Ë`m_wio à`moJmMm CÔoegmÜ` hmoUma Zmhr.

· àm`mo{JH$ pñWVrV A§VJ©V Am{U ~møMcmda {Z`§ÌU R>odmdo cmJVo. hrMco nyU©Vm {Zîà^ H$aVm òVrcM Ago Zmhr.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm

à - `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1) IaoIwao emóewÕ AmË_{ZarjU H$aUo eŠ` Zmhr H$maU ..................

A) hr nÕVr \$maer à^mdr Zmhr.

~) à`mooÁ` d à`moOH$ EH$M AmhoV.

H$) CnH$aUm§Mr, gm_J«rMr JaO ^mgVo.

28

2) dñVw{ZîR> {ZarjU ho ì`º$sÀ`m .................... KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mgH$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV Zmhr.

A) Am§V[aH$

~) ~mø

3) ......................... nÕVr emór` AgyZ `mVwZ {_imcoco {ZîH$f© hodñVw{Zð> AgVmV.

A) AmË_{ZarjU

~) {ZarjU

H$) àm`mo{JH$

1.9 gmam§e

_mZdr dV©ZmMo emñÌ åhUOo _mZgemñÌ hmo`.

{ejU `m gm_m{OH$ à{H«$ og§X^m©V ì`{º$Mo hmooUmao dV©Z, {VMm ì`{º$_Îd {dH$mgAm{U Ë`m g§~§YrMo _mJ©Xe©Z `m§À`mer g§~{YV emó åhUOo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌhmo`.

e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌmÀ`m ñdê$nmV {dÚmÏ`m©Mo e¡j{UH$ dV©Z d dmVmdaU `m§MmAä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

AÜ``ZH$Vm©, AÜ``Zà{H«$`m, AÜ`mnZnÕVr, _yë`_mnZ BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mmg_mdoe e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m ì`mßVrV Ho$cm OmVmo.

_mZgemñÌmVrc VÎdo, {Z`_, {gÕm§V `m§Mo Cn`moOZ H$aUo ho e¡j{UH$_mZgemómMo à_wI H$m © Amho.

AmË_{ZarjU nÕVrV ì`ŠVr ñdV:À`m _mZ{gH$ {H«$`m§Mo {ZarjU ñdV:MH$arV AgVo.

ñdV:_Yrc Xmof {ZdmaÊ`mgmR>r `m nÕVrMm Mm§Jcm Cn`moJ hmoVmo.

EH$m ì`º$sZo Xþgè`m ì`º$sÀ`m dV©ZmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z Ë`mdê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>UoåhUOo e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr {ZarjU Aä`mg nÕVr hmo`.

{ZarjU H$aVm§Zm ì`{º${Zð>Vm `oUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr {ZarjH$mcm ¿`mdrcmJVo.

29


1. e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m Z_yX H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌmMm AW©ñnîQ> H$am.

2. e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌ åhUOo H$m`? e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌmMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.

3. e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$Z e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌmMr ì`mßVr ñnï>H$am.

4. e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌmMr H$m } ñnï> H$am.

5. "{ejH$mcm e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌ Cn`moJr Amho' `m {dYmZmMr MMm© e¡j{UH$_mZgemñÌmMr H$m`} cjmV KoD$Z H$am.

6 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌmÀ`m {d{dY Aä`mgnÕVr Z_yX H$ê$Z Ë`mn¡H$sH$moUË`mhr EH$m Aä`mgnÕVrMo g{dñVa dU©Z H$am.

7 AmË_{ZarjU nÕVr åhUOo H$m`? `m nÕVrMr JwUd¡{eîQ>ço Am{U _`m©XmñnîQ> H$am.

8 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemñÌmÀ`m {ZarjU nÕVrMo g{dñVa dU©Z H$ê$Z `m nÕVrMo\$m`Xo Am{U CUrdm ñnï> H$am.

9 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m AmË_{ZarjU Am{U {ZarjU `m Aä`mgnÕVrMrVwcZm H$am.

10 e¡j{UH$ _mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mgmMr àm`moo{OH$ nÕVr åhUOo H$m`? `mnÕVrÀ`m nm`è`m Z_yX H$ê$Z \$m`Xo Am{U _`m©Xm ñnîQ> H$am.

30

2De)ok< vkf.k fodkl (GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT)

ye) J³ekeÌleeriele Yeso (INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES)

?kVd jpuk :

De) Jee{ DeeefCe efJekeÀeme

2-0 mfn~n”Vs2-1 izLrkouk2-2 ok<&ladYiuk o rRos & ¼oSf’k”V;s½2-3 fodkl*&ladYiuk o rRos2-4 ok< o fodkl ;krhy Qjd2-5 fodklkP;k fofo/k voLFkk vkf.k R;kaph ‘kkjhfjd] cksf/nd]

Hkkofud vkf.k lkekftd oSf’k”V;s@y{k.ks2-5-1 ‘kS’kkoLFkk@ckY;koLFkk (Infancy)

2-5-2 mRrj fd’kksjkoLFkk (PostChildhood)

2.5.3 dkSek;kZoLFkk@ikSxaMkoLFkk (AdolescenceStage)

ye) J³ekeÌleeriele Yeso

2.6 J³ekeÌleeriele Yesoe®ee DeLe& DeeefCe mJeªHe2.7 J³ekeÌleeriele Yesoe®es µew#eefCekeÀ cenlJe2.8 J³ekeÌleeriele Yesoe®es keÀejCes2-9 lkjka’k2-10 Lok/;k; & iz’u

2-0 mfn~n”Vs %

`m àHaUmMm AH;mg HoY;mZaVa Ami.mml ixTry ckch ñnï> djrk ;srhy]1- ^ok<* o fodkl* ;kaP;k ladYiuk Li”V dj.ks-2- ^ok<* o fodkl* ;krhy Qjd Li”V dj.ks-3- fodklkP;k fofo/k voLFksph ‘kkfjfjd] ckSf/nd] Hkkofud o lkekftd

oSf’k”V;s Li”V dj.ks-4- J³ekeÌleeriele Yesoe®ee DeLe& DeeefCe mJeªHe, keÀejCes DeeefCe µew#eefCekeÀ cenÊJe mHe<ì keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

31

2-1 izLrkouk%

ok< vkf.k fodkl gh nksu ‘kCn nSuafnu O;ogkjkr ,dkp vFkkZusokijys tkrkr ijarq rs rls okij.ks ;ksX; ukgh- ok< o fodkl cjkscjgksrks i.k efrean eqykaph ‘kkfjfjd ok< gksrs R;kaP;k cq/nhP;k fodklgksrksp vls ukgh- ;kizek.ks myVgh ?kMw ‘kdrs- ,[kk|k eqykpk ckSf/ndfodkl gksrks i.k R;k izek.kkr ‘kkjhfjd ok< gksrsp vls ukgh- fof’k”Vo;kuarj O;Drhph ‘kkjhfjd ok< Fkkacrs i.k fodkl ek= pkyw vlrks-;kpk vFkZ ok< vkf.k fodkl cjkscjhus gksr vlys rjh R;kr Qjd vkgs-

2-2 ok<&ladYiuk o rRos & ¼oSf’k”V;s½ %

ok< % ok< Eg.kts ifjek.kkRed o ekstrk ;sbZy vlk cny gks;-

‘kjhjkps vkdkjeku] out vkf.k maph ;kP;kr >kysyk cnyvki.k ekstrks Eg.kts fof’k”V ifjek.k vki.k ykorks- mnk- otukps ekiudj.;klkBh fdyksxzWe vFkok maphps ekiu dj.;klkBh lsaVhehVj gh ,dds¼ifjek.k½ vki.k okijrks-

‘kkfjfjd ok<he/;s gn;kps vkdkjeku ok<rs] out ok<rs] gkMkaphykach ok<rs] R;kaps out ok<rs- ;k loZ xks”Vhpk lekos’k vki.kok<he/;s djrks-

‘kkjhfjd vo;okaP;k ok<heqGs dkghosGk ekufld ok< >kysyhvki.kkl fnlqu ;srs- mnk- esanwph ok< >kyh dh Lefr{kerk ok<ysyhfnlrs] ok< gk ‘kCn vkdkjkus eksBk gks.ks] otukus ok<.ks ;k lanHkkZrlkekU;i.ks okijrkr-

ok< gh la[;kRed vlrs- vkf.k ,dk fof’k”V o;kr ok<c&;kp izek.kkr Fkkacrs- ok< gk fodklkpk vfoHkkT; ?kVd vlrks-ewy tUekyk vkY;kuarj t’kh R;kph ok< gksrs r’kh ekrsP;k mnjkrxHkZ/kkj.kk >kY;kiklwu tUeki;Zar ok< gksrs- ok< lokZafx.k gksr vlrs-ok<he/;s vuqoa’kkps dk;Z fnlqu ;srs- vuqoa’kkeqGs ekrk&firk vkf.kiwoZt ;kaps xq.k/keZ eqykae/;s ladzfer gksrkr- maph] vo;o] izek.k] :Ikfyax b- vuqoa’kkeqGs izkIr gksrkr-

FkksMD;kr ‘kjhjkpk vkdkj] out] vo;okaph ykach] :anh ;krgks.kkjh ok< fdaok izlj.k ;kyk ok< (Growth) vls Eg.krkr-

32

ok<hph rRos@oSf’k”V;s%&

ok< gh la[;kRed vlrs-

ok< ekstrk ;srs-

ok<he/;s vuqoa’kkps dk;Z fnlwu ;srs-

ok< fof’k”V o;ki;Zar vlrs Eg.kts e;kZfnr vlrs-

‘kkfjfjd ok< >kyh Eg.kts fodkl gksrksp vls ukgh-

ok< gh lokZaxh.k gksr vlrs-

ok<hpk izkjaHk ekrsP;k mnjkr xHkZ/kkj.ksiklwu gksrks-

^ok<* gk ,d ifjek.kkRed cny vlrks-

ok< gh lrr o gGwokj pkyw vlrs fof’k”V o;kr rh Fkkacrs-

ok<hpk osx leku ulrks- ¼mnk- ik;kaph ok< gkrkis{kk vf/kd osxkusgksrs-½

thoukP;k izkjaHkhP;k dkGkr ok<hpk osx vf/kd vlrks-

mnk- ifgY;k lgk efgU;kaP;k dkGkr ok<hpk osx vf/kd vlrks uarj rkslk/kkj.kr% 14 O;k o”khZ rqyusus deh gksrks-

ok<hph fn’kk lkekU;kdMwu fof’k”VkdMs vlrs fdaok leqgkdMwuO;fDrdMs vlrs- ;kl foyxhdj.k izfd;k- (Process of

Differentiation) vls Eg.krkr-

2-3 fodkl*&ladYiuk o rRos (Development – Concept &

Principles)

v½ fodkl&ladYiuk& (Concept)

fuf’pr fn’ksus dze’k% lqlaxri.ks o izkxfrd Lo:ikr cny gks.;kphfdz;k Eg.kts fodkl izfdz;k gks;-

O;fDre/;s tUeiwoZ voLFksiklwu ¼Eg.kts ekrsP;k mnjkr xHkZ/kkj.ksiklwu½ O;DrhP;k eR;wi;Zar lkrR;kus] i/nr’khji.ks ts izxrh’khycny gksrkr R;kauk fodkl Eg.krk ;srks-

fodkl Eg.kts xq.kkRed cny gks;-

fodklkr ok< vkf.k lq{e vkarfjd cny ;k nksUghapk lekos’k gksrks-

fodklkr ok< vkf.k &gkl nksUgh ijLij fo:/n izfdz;k lekfo”Vgksrkr mnk- fodklkRed cny o;kP;k lq:okrhyk Qkj tyn gksrkrijarq e/;arjhP;k dkGkr rs fLFkjkorkr] O;Drh o/n >kY;kl dkghcny eankorkr- dkgh &gklkRed cny lq/nk gksrkr-

33

c½ fodklkph rRos&Lo:Ik (Principles of Development) :

gjykWd (Hurloch) ;kauh fodklkph dkgh rRos lkafxryh vkgsr rh[kkyhyizek.ks&

fodkl izfdz;k ijLojkoyach vlwu R;kr xq.kkRedcny gksrkr- mnk-&cqf/neRrsP;k fodklkeqGs Hkko Hkkoukaoj fu;a=.k feGfork ;srs-

ckydkpk ckyi.khpk ¼lq:okrhpk½ fodkl vf/kd egRokpk vlrksR;kr vkysys vMFkGs O;Drhoj nwjxkeh ifj.kke djrkr-

mnk-& QkbZM (Freud) ;k ekul’kkL=KkP;k ers] eksBsi.khP;k fo”kelek;kstukph fcts eqykaP;k ygkui.khP;k vuqHkokr nMysyh vlrkr-

ckydkr dkgh lqIr {kerk vlrkr- ;k {kerkaps fodklkP;k fof’k”VVII;kojp R;kaps izdVhdj.k gksrs ;k izdVhdj.k izfdz;sykp ifjiOdrkEg.krkr-

ifjiOdrk vkf.k v/;;u ;k ijLij lacaf/kr vkf.k ijLojkoyachizfdz;kaP;k vkarjfdz;srwu O;Drhpk fodkl ?kMrks- mnk-& dks.krsghewy tUr% mHks jkgw ‘kdr ukgh fdaok cksyw ‘kdr ukgh ijarq ;k fdz;kdj.;kP;k lqIr {kerk R;kaP;kr vlrkr vkf.k ;ksX; osGh R;kpsizxVhdj.k gksrs-

fodkl fof’k”V dzekus gksrks-mnk-&jkax.ks&cl.ks&mHks jkg.ks&pky.ks&mM;k ekj.ks-

fodkl ,dk fof’k”V fn’ksus gksrks-mnk-& O;Drhpk fodkl MksD;kdMwu ik;kdMs vkf.k e/;orhZ HkkxkdMwu

ifjljh; HkkxkdMs >kysyk vk<GRkks-

fodklkr O;DrhfHkUurk vk<Grs- izR;sd O;DrhP;k fodklkr frph,d Lora= xrh o i/nrh vk<Grs-

mnk-& ygkui.kkiklwu map vl.kkjh eqys fodklkP;k loZ voLFkkae/;sleoLdkais{kk map vlrkr- cqf/neku eqys loZ o;kr vf/kd ckSf/ndfodkl n’kZforkr-

fodklkP;k vkdrhca/kkr dkgh VIis oSf’k”V;iw.kZ voLFksrp ;srkr-fodkl tj fujarj pky.kkjh fdz;k vlyh rjh fof’k”V o;kr dkghy{k.ks izkeq[;kus o tynxrhus fodflr gksrkr-

mnk-& tUeiwoZ dkGkr eq[;r% ‘kkjhfjd fodkl tyn xrhus gksrks-tUekuarj ifgY;k nksu vkBoM;kr uotkr vHkZdkyk laiq.kZr% fHkUuokrkoj.kk’kh lek;kstu djkos ykxrs R;kosGh ok< toG toG fLFkjvlrs-

izR;sd fodklleL;s ckcr dkgh lkekftd vis{kk vlrkr-fodklkP;k izR;sd voLFksr O;Drhus fof’k”V orZu ok dkS’kY;ssnk[koyh ikfgtsr gh vis{kk vlrs- gsfoaxgLVZ (Hevinghurst) ;kvesfjdsu rTKkus ,d o”kkZP;k eqykyk mHks jkgrk vkys ikfgts] ikp

34

o”ksZ iw.kZ dsysY;k eqykus v/;;u lq: dsys ikfgts v’kh visf{krfodkl dk;sZ O;Dr dsyh vkgsr-

fodklkP;k izR;sd voLFksr dkgh /kksds laHkorkr- tj ;k /kksD;kaphtk.kho vlsy rj fodklkckcr enr vkf.k ekxZn’kZu dj.ks lqyHkgksrs-

mnk-& uqdrhp cksyw ykxysyh eqys tkLr mYgkflr] ¼izHkkfor½ >kyh rjrh rksrjs cksyw ykxrkr v’kkosGh R;kauk osGksosGh ‘kkard:u letqu?ksÅu rksrjsi.kkph lo; ?kkyfork ;srs-

fodkl gh lrr pky.kkjh izfdz;k vkgs i.k frpk osx lkj[kk ulrks-mnk-& ltZu’khyrl fd’kksjkoLFksr fnlw ykxrs vkf.k dqekjkoLFksr ghijhlhek xkBrs-

fodkl {ks=krhy fofo/k ikrG;kapk lekarj fodkl gksrkauk gk fodklijLijkoyach vlrks- mnk-& ‘kkjhfjd fodkl gksr vlrkuk Hkkofudo lkekftd fodklgh gksrks-

fodkl gk ladfyr Lo:ikr (Cumulative) fnlrks-mnk-& nkr dkgh ,dk,dh fuekZ.k >kyk ukgh- R;kph iwoZ r;kjh lq:p

gksrh-

fodkl gk LFkwykdMwu (General) lw{ekdMs (Specific) gksr tkrks-mnk-&tsOgk ewy pkyw ykxrs rsaOgk ik;kojhy fu;a=.k ,o<s ulrs iq<s rsuR;gh d: ykxrs- lq:okrhyk ewy nknk] ckck] vls ‘kCn cksyrslw{e fodkl >kY;koj vizrhe ejkBh cksyw ykxrs] oDrRogh izkIrgksrs-

fodklkph fofo/k vaxs vlwu ¼lkekftd] Hkkofud] ‘kkjhfjd bR;knh-½rks lafd.kZ (Complex) Lo:ikpk vlrks-

mnk-& o;kP;k ngkO;k o”khZ ySfxad bafnz;kpk fodkl tserse ngkVDds] ‘kkjhfjd iUukl VDds rj esanwpk uOon VDds fodkl vk<Grks-

fodklkps Lo:Ik ,dthulh (Unified) vlrs-fodklkP;k fHkUu vaxkaph ¼’kkjhfjd] ekufld] ckSf/nd] lkekftd b-½ xrh

fHkUu tjh vlyh rjh R;kpk ,dkesdkoj ifj.kke gksrks- mnk-&‘kkjhfjd fodkl lek/kkudkjd ulsy rj R;kpk Hkkofud o lkekftdfodklkoj ifj.kke gksrks-

O;Drh vkf.k ifjfLFkrh ;kaP;k vkarjfdz;soj fodkl voyaacwu vlrks-

O;DrhP;k vuqoa’kkojgh fodkl voyacwu vlrks-

fodkl la’ys”k.kkRed (Integrative) vkf.k fo’ys”k.kkRed (Differentiative)

vlrks-mnk-& vk;foZu (Irwin) ;kP;k ers uotkr ckydkps orZu ^lkeqfgd

fdz;k* (Mass activity) ;k Lo:ikps vlrs uarj fof’k”V izdkjP;k

35

izfrfdz;k lkdkj gksÅ ykxrkr- uotkr ckydkps jM.ks gs ^lkeqfgdfdz;k* ;k izdkjkr eksMrs- uarjP;k dkGkr Hkwd ykxY;koj ts jM.ksvlrs rs fo’ys”k.kkRed Lo:ikps vlrs- ¼fo’ys”k.kkRed fodkl &mnk- gkrkaP;k cksVkapk okij d:u oLrw idM.ks] Hkk”kspk ;ksX; mi;ksx]fp=dysrhy izxrh b-½izkS< O;Drhaph dkS’kY;iw.kZ izfrfdz’l vH;klY;kl R;ke/;s vki.kklvusd fof’k”V izfrfdz;kaps la?kVu >kysyss vk<Grs-

rkRi;Z fo’ys”k.kkRed fodklkrwu la’ys”k.kkRed fodkl ?kMr vlrks-

‘kkjhfjd fodkl gk ‘kkjhfjd ok<hoj voyacwu vlyk rjh ‘kkjhfjdok<heqGs ‘kkjhfjd fodkl gksrksp vls ukgh- mnk-& O;Drh [kwiyB~B gksrs] otu ok<rs Eg.kwu R;kpk ‘kkjhfjd fodkl >kyk vkgsvls Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh- ‘kjhjkP;k vkdkjkr gks.kkjh ok<] ‘kkjhfjdvo;okaP;k vkdkjkr gks.kkjs cny vkf.k vo;okaph dk;Z{kerk ;klokZapk lekos’k fodklke/;s gksrks-

2-4 ok< o fodkl ;krhy Qjd ¼rqyuk½ %

Okk< fodkl1- ok<hpk laca/k dsoG

‘kkjhfjd vFkkZus ?;ko;kpkvlrks- g;kr ykach]maph] vkdkjeku] otubR;knhpk laca/k ;srks- gscny ifj.kke lwpd fdaokekiu ;ksX; vlrkr-

1- fodkl g;k laKsus Lo:Ik] vkdkjb-e/khy loZd”k ifjorZus lwfprgksrkr vkf.k R;krwu lq/kkkfjrdk;Z{kerk fu”izé gksrs- Eg.ktspfodklkP;k Onkjk dk;Z{kerspk xq.kvkf.k Lo:Ik ;kr lq/kkj.kk gksrs-

2- ok< gk fodkl izfdz;spkdsoG ,d ?kVd gks;-

2- fodkl gh vf/kd O;kid vkf.kfoLrkjhr laKk vkgs- ok< gkfodklkpk dsoG ,d va’k gks;-

3- ‘kjhjkP;k fof’k”V vaxkae/;sts dkgh cny ?kMwu ;srkrR;kauk vuql:u ^ok<* ghlaKk okijrkr-

3- fodklkP;k vk/kkjs ‘kjhjkP;k fof’k”Vvaxkrhy cny lwfpr u gksrkO;Drhae/khy lokZaxh.k cny lqfprgksrks-

4- ifjiDdrsP;k voLFksi;Zarok< gksrs vkf.k uarj rhLFkfxr gksrs vk;q”;Hkj ok<gksr ukgh-

4- fodkl gh lkrR;kus ?kMwu ;s.kkjhizfdz;k gks;- rh tUekiklwuvk;q”;Hkj pkyw jkgrs-

36

5- ok<heqGs fodklkyk pkyukfeGw ‘kdsy vkf.kR;kpizek.ks dkghifjfLFkrhr pkyuk feG.kkjukgh- mnk & eqykpsok<.kkjs otu dkghe;kZnsP;k vkr R;kP;kdk;Z{kersr lq/kkj.kk ?kMowuvk.kw ‘kdrs ijarqotukrhy vokLro ok<dk;Z{kersyk ekjdgh B:‘kdrs-

5- ok< u gksrkgh fodkl gksÅ ‘kdrksmnk & ,[kk|k eqykph maph ok<rulyh rjh R;kph dk;Z{kerk ek=ok<w ‘kdrs vkf.k rks lkekftd]HkkoukRed vkf.k ckSf/nd ckcrhrvf/kdkf/kd l{ke gksÅ ‘kdrks-

6- ok< gh la[;kRed vlrs- 6- fodkl gk xq.kkRed vlrks-7- ok< ekstrk ;srs- 7- fodklkps vpwd ekiu djrk ;sr

ukgh-8- ok<he/;s vuqoa’kkps dk;Z

fnlrs-8- fodklke/;s vuqoaf’kd xq.k]

ifjfLFkrh ljko o izf’k{k.k ;kxks”Vhapk ifj.kke gksrks- Eg.ktsfodkl feJ Lo:ikpk vlrks-

Jee{erJej HeefjCeece keÀjCeejs IeìkeÀ

DeVe J³ee³eece DevegJebµe Deblem$eeJe efuebie

efJekeÀemeeJej HeefjCeece keÀjCeejs IeìkeÀ

DevegJebµe HeefjefmLeleer efJeµes<e Òeefµe#eCe mejeJe

2-5 fodklkP;k fofo/k voLFkk vkf.k R;kaph ‘kkjhfjd] ckSf/nd]¼cks/kkRed½ Hkkofud vkf.k lkekftd oSf’k”V;s@y{k.ks :

tUekiklwu eR;wi;ZarP;k dkye;kZnsps dkgh VIis ¼voLFkk½ vlrkr-R;k izR;sd VII;kph fodklkP;k n”Vhus o orZukP;k n”Vhus dkgh oSf’k”V;svkgsr- Eg.kwu ;k VII;kauk fodkl voLFkk* (Stage of Development)

Eg.krkr- vFkkZrp fodklkP;k ;k voLFkk LFkwy ekukus ?;ko;kP;kvlrkr- mnk & ehukyk 12 os o”kZ iw.kZ gksÅu 13 os o”kZ ykxysEg.kts ifgY;kp fno’kh frP;kr dkSek;kZoLFksph (Adolescent) y{k.ks fdaokoSf’k”V;s fnlrhy vls uOgs- LFkwy ekukus ;k voLFkk [kkyhy izek.ks :

37

1- tUeiwoZ voLFkk (Prenatal)& xHkZ/kkj.ksiklwu tUeki;Zar-2- ‘kS’kkoLFkk (Infancy) & o; o”ksZ 1 rs 5-3- fd’kksjkoLFkk ¼iwoZ½ (Early Childhood) & o; o”ksZ 6 rs 8-

fd’kksjoLFkk ¼mRrj½ (Post Childhood) & o; o”ksZ 9 rs 12-4- dkSek;kZoLFkk @ ikSxaMkoLFkk (Adolescence Stage) & o; o”ksZ 13 rs

17-5- rk:.;koLFkk (Yong Stage) & o; o”ksZ 18 rs 40-6- izkS<koLFkk (Adult Stage) & o; o”ksZ 40 rs 60-7- o/nkoLFkk (Senescence Stage) & o; o”ksZ 60 rs --------

2-5-1 ‘kS’kkoLFkk @ ckY;koLFkk (Infancy) & o; 1 rs 5 o”ksZ%v½ ‘kkjhfjd fodkl& ¼o; 1 rs 5 o”ksZ½ (Physical Development) o

uotkr ckydkps otu lqekjs 7 ikSaM vlrs rj maph lqekjs 18 bapvlrs- 5 O;k o”khZ otu 30 ikSaM gksrs rj maph 38 rs 40 bapgksrs- tUer% MksD;kph ykach ‘kjhjP;k 1@4 iV vlrs- o;ok<Y;koj izek.k cnyrs-uotkr ckyd >ksi iznh?kZdkG ?ksrs- vksBkaph gkypky] tkaHk;k]f’akdk]Hkkokn’kZukFkZ lkjs vax xnkxnk gyo.ks] Jo.kk[ksjht brj Kkusafnz;sFkksMhQkj dk;Z{ke vlrkr-ân; gGwgGw ok<r tkrs ¼vkdkjkus½] rj ukMhps Bksds lgkO;k o”kkZi;Zar140 iklwu rs lqekjs 100 rj ;srkr-

eyew= foltZukP;k ckcrhr fnM o”kkZi;aaZr eqykpk rkck bafnz;kojok<r ukgh-

eTtklaLFkspk fodkl gksrks- Luk;qaph ok< gksrs-

var%L=ko xazFkhrwu L=ko L=orkr- gkMs V.kd curkr-

nq/kkps nkr ;srkr-

tUekpsosGh Qq¶Qqls vxnh ygku vlrkr ifgY;k 3&4 o”kkZar R;kaphok< tyn xrhus gksrs vkf.k uarj rh eankors-

ckSf/nd fodkl & ¼o; 1 rs 5 o”ksZ½ @ cks/kkRed fodkl (Congentive

Development)

cqf/neRrk vuqoaf’kd vkgs- eqy cq/nhP;k tksjkoj vusd ‘kCn laikfnrdjrs- 4 o”ksZ o; vl.kkÚ;k eqykpk 50 VDds ckSf/nd fodkl>kysyk vlrks-

cq/nheRrk vuqoaf’kd vlYkh rjh ckSf/nd fodklkokj lHkksorkyP;kifjfLFkrhpk ifj.kke ?kMr vlrks gs fuf’pr-

ikp o”kkZi;Zar dkycks/k] x.ku b- ckchapk fodkl gksrk mnk- vkt]m|k] ijok] vkRrk] vad ekst.ks] b- ‘kCankps vFkZ dGrkr-

38

fopkj ‘kDrhp fodkl gksrks- mnk- vls dk\ rls dk\ vls iz’uewy ikpO;k o”khZ fopkjrs-

uotkr ckydkyk Lej.k’kDrh ulrs- vewrZ fopkjkaph ik=rk ulrs-

dYiuk ‘kDrhpk fodkl >kysyk vlrks- mnk- vkrkscakph dkBh ?ksÅudkBhpk ?kksMk rj {k.kk/kkZr canwd djrkr-

^rw* o ^eh* gk Qjd gGw&gGw letw ykxrks ¼o; o”ksZ 1 rs 3½

Lej.k’kDrh rhoz vlrs- cMcM xhrs vkoMrkr- vki.k cMcMxhrpqdyks rj ewy rkRdkG vkiyh pwd n’kZfors-

ifjdFkk] nardFkk ;kaps vkd”kZ.k vlrs-

vkbZ] oMhy] vktksck ;kaP;k Hkwfedk ewy djrs-

vo/kku dkgh osG rjh dasnzhr djrs-

Hkkofud fodkl ¼o; 1 rs 5 o”ksZ½ Emotional Development

Hkhrh jkx g”kZ] izhrh] lgkuqHkwrh] n;k] {kek b- vfo”dkj Hkkofudfodklkr eksMrkr-%

tUer% vHkZdkpk Hkkoukfo”dkj Eg.kts ,d izdkjpk mnszd vlrks-R;kuarj rks lkdkj gksÅ ykxrks-

ifgY;k o”kkZrhy Hkkoukfo”dkj gk izkeq[;kus ‘kkjhjhd xjtka’kh fuxMhrvlrks- dq=k] ekatj] lki] ok?k ;kaph Hkhrh 4&6 efgU;kaP;k eqykaukulrs- gh Hkhrh ok<R;k o;kcjkscj eqy laikfnr djrs-

ifgY;k o”kkZrhy ewy Hkkofud mnzsdkP;kosGh lokZaxkphvknG&vkiV] jM.ks&vksjM.ks ;k izdkjps orZu fnlrs- Hkwd ykxyh]diMs vksys >kys dh ewy jMw ykxrs- vkbZus dqjokGys] FkksiVys]nw/k iktys dh rs lq[kkors-

2&3 o”kkZP;k eqykyk ek= va/kkjkph Hkhrh okVw ykxrs- vxnh ygkuo;kr eksBk vkokt o ‘kjhjkpk rksy lqV.ks ;k nksu xks”Vhacaíyeqykyk Hkhrh okVr vlrs-

nksu rs pkj o”kkZi;Zar eqy vkiY;k HkkoukaPkk vfo”dkj rhozrsus djrs-oLrwaph eksMrksM dj.ks] oLrw Qsd.ks] pko.ks] mM;k ekj.ks b- izdkjsvfo”dkj dsyk tkrks- vkuan >kyk dh VkG;k fiV.ks] pko.ks] ekj.ksb- izdkjs vfo”dkj dsyk tkrks-

‘kS’kkoLFkse/;s vewrZ xks”Vhaph Hkhrh okVr ukgh- mnk- egkxkbZ] eanh]oMhyakP;k bHkzrhyk /kDdk] vi;’k oxSjs-

ikp o”kkZps ewy] vknG&vkiV d:u jkx O;Dr djk;pk ulrks gs?kjkrwu f’kdrs- mnk- HkkaM.k >kys dh NksVh fudhrk lat; cjkscj^xVVhQw* djrs- FkksM;k&FkksM;k osGkus [kkÅ feGkyk ukgh dh iqUgkvkuankus lat; cjkscj [ksGw ykxrs-

39

lkekftd fodkl ¼o; 1 rs 5 o”ksZ½ Social Development

uotkr ckydkps thou gs ‘kkjhjhd xjtkauqlkj fu;af=r dsys tkrs

R;keqGs lkekftd fodklkpk iz’up mn~Hkor ukgh-

ifgY;k o”kkZi;Zar vkbZdMs eqy Vd ykowu ikgrs] glrs] rksaMkrwu dkghvkokt dk<.;kpk iz;Ru djrs gkp R;kpk lkekftd fodkl gks;-

ifgY;k o”khZ R;kpk lkekftd fodkl R;kP;k ?kjkrhy izkS< O;Drh’khe;kZfnr vlrks- R;kP;kp o;kP;k brj eqykaph gs ewy n[ky ?ksrukgh- ifjfpr O;Drh toG vkyh dh] gl.ks] gkr iq<s dj.ks] R;kauhmpywu ?ksrY;koj lq[kko.ks] [kkyh BsoY;koj jM.ks b-y{k.ks lkekftdfodkl n’kZforkr-

o;kP;k nqlÚ;k o”khZgh ewy vkRedsafnzr vlrs- v|ki rs brjeqyka’kh [ksGr ukgh- ?kjkrhy eksB;k O;Drhcjkscj [ksGrs o Lor%ph[ksG.kh [ksGrs-

frlÚ;k o”khZgh eqys ,d= [ksGr ukghr- [ksGkrhy rj yxsp HkakM.kdjrhy- vkiys [ksG.ks nqlÚ;kyk |ko;kps ukgh- teY;kl [ksG.ksek= fgldkowu ?;ko;kps gk R;kapk f’kjLrk vlrks-

Pkkj& ikp o”kkZph eqys ,desdka’kh [ksGw ykxrkr vkf.k R;ke/;s jewykxrkr- [ksGrkuk R;kaP;k LoHkkokps fofo/k iSyw igko;kyk feGrkr-vkØedi.kk] lgdk;Z] usrRo] ekxZn’kZd bR;kfn ikgq.ks vkys dhueLdkj dj.ks] [kkÅlkBh gVV~ u /kj.ks] fopkjysY;k iz’ukaph mRrjsns.ks v’kk ckch lkekftd fodklkP;k fun’kZd vlrkr-

‘kkjhjhd fodkl ¼o; 6 rs 8 Ok”ksZ½ Physical Development

maph njo”khZ vankts 2 bap ok<rs

otu njo”khZ vankts 3 rs 5 ikSaM ok<rs

nq/kkps nkr tkÅu iDds nkr ;srkr-

dkat.;k] xksoj] nsoh] MkaX;k [kksdyk b- vktkj ;srkr-

,dk fBdk.kh QkjdkG clw ‘kdr ukgh-

vkiY;k izdfrcíy eqys ;k o;kr csfQdhj vlrkr-

Mksds ‘kjhjkP;k eukus eksBs vlY;keqGs vkdkj FkksMk csMkSy vlrks rksvkrk deh deh gksrks-

ckSf/nd fodkl ¼o; 6 rs 8 o”ksZ½ Congestive Development

esanqpk fodkl 80 VDds >kY;keqGs ‘kkGsr tkÅu f’kd.;klkBhekufldn”v;k leFkZ vlrks-

vktwcktwP;k ?kVukacíy iz’u fopkjrks-

fyfg.;kr FkksMh Qkj izxrh >kyh rjh vfHkeku okVrks-

40

uohu ‘kCn okpyk rj vkuan gksrks-

vo/kkukph d{kk e;kZfnr vlrs-

oLrqaph rqyuk] lkE;] Hksn lakxw ‘kdrks-

izse] ‘kkS;Z] lgkuqHkwfr] U;k; bR;knh ‘kCnkapk vFkZ lkaxw ‘kdr ukgh-

f’k{kdkacíy R;kP;k eukr vknjHkko vlrks- f’k{kd pqdw ‘kdrukgh] R;kyk loZ dkgh dGrs v’kh dYiuk vlrs- f’k{kd lkaxsy rsekU; djrks-

tknqdFkk] ifjdFkk] nardFkk vkoMrkr-

Hkk”kk pkaxyh cksyrks- Hkk”ksrhy dkG dGrkr-

dkgh fouksn pqVds letw ykxrkr-

Hkkofud fodkl ¼o; 6 rs 8 o”ksZ½ Emotional Development

;k o;kP;k eqykauk ‘kkGk vkf.k ?kj ;kryk ,dne Qjd tk.korks-‘kkGse/;s ^vusdkaiSdh ,d* v’kh R;akph fLFkrh vlrs- R;kP;k izR;sddrhdMs ckbZ y{k nsrhyp vls ukgh- R;kps dkSrqd gksbZyp vlsugkh- R;kP;k eukoj ,d rk.k iMrks vkf.k udGr rks ‘kS’kokLFksdMs¼vaxBk pks[k.ks] vkjMk vksjMk dj.ks] Hkhrhus pMMh vksyh gks.ks½tk.;kph ‘kD;rk vlrs-

oMhy/kkÚ;k ek.klkauk vkiys dke nk[kowu R;kph ilarh feGfo.;kphR;kph /kMiM vlrs- ikVhoj osMh&okdMh tj js?k dk,yh rjhrh js?krks ckbZauk nk[kfoy o R;kaP;kdMwu ‘kkCckldhph vis{kk djhy-

;k o;kr R;kauk izkeq[;kus dkYiuhd xks”Vhaph Hkhrh okVrs- mnk-Hkwrs&[ksrs] <xkaps xMxM.ks] fotk ped.ks] izsr] cs’kq/n O;Drh] va/kkj]Lor% ,dVs vl.ks] ukikl gks.ks] bR;knh xks”Vhaphgh Hkhrh okVrs-

vkiys vkbZoMhy& vkiY;kyk lksMwu xsys rj] R;kaps izse ukghls>kys rj vlY;k fopkjkaeqGs fd’kksjkyk dkGth okVw ykxrs-

lkekftd fodkl ¼o; 6 rs 8 o”ksZ½ Social Development

ewy laiw.kZr% vkisy ^Lo* foljk;yk r;kj ulrs-

R;kP;k fBdk.kh iwohZis{kk FkksMk tkLr vkRefo’okl vkysyk vlrksvkf.k Eg.kwu vkbZ OkMhyakoj dhaok f’kf{kdsoj voyacwu u jkgrk Lor%drh dj.;klkBh mRlqd vlrks- fdacgwuk ofMy/kkÚ;k ek.klkauhlkafxrysyh drh u ,sdrk vkiY;k eukuks drh djrks-

vkrk rks xVkr lkfey gksÅu [ksGkr Hkkx ?ksÅ ykxrks- ;k o;krhyeqys xVkxVkus [ksGrkr o xVke/;s [kwi osG jerkrgh- vkiY;kxVkph f’kLr ikG.ks] xV uk;dkps gqdwe eku.ks] xVkph xqfirs jk[k.ks]ikydkatoGgh xVkph xqfirs u QksM.ks gh ca/kus rks ikGrks-

41

eqyxs o eqyh Lora=i.ks [ksGrkr- ,d= [ksGrkuk eqyhauh dkghloyr ekxhryh rj rh |ko;kyk eqyxs r;kj ulrkr-

eqyhaP;k [ksGkr dkgh leL;k fuekZ.k >kyh rj cgq/kk R;k fudjkoj;sr ukghr i.k eqyxs vkilkr HkkaMrhy o ’kkjhjhd n”V;kgh naxkeLrhdjrhy- eqyh ek= ‘kkfCnd HkkaM.k ykorhy-

eqykaps xV r;kj gks.ks gh uSlfxZd ckc vkgs- R;ke/;s vfu”V dkghukgh- eqykapk lkekftd fodkl ?kMwu R;ke/;s usrRo] lgdk;Z bR;kfnxq.kakpk fodkl gksrks- th eqys ?kjh ykMkoysyh vlrkr R;kauklkekftd thoukrhy nsok.k&?ksok.k ter ukgh- ikydkauh Qkj ykMu djrk vkiY;k eqykyk brj eqyka’kh letkoqu ?ks.;kph la/kh fnyhikfgts-

2-5-2 mRrj fd’kksjkoLFkk o; 9 rs 12 o”ksZ Post Childhood

‘kkjhjhd fodkl o; 9 rs 12 o”ksZ Physical Development

;k o;kr ‘kkjhjhd fodkl eanxrhus pkyrks-

;k o;kr eqyh eqyX;kais{kk lkekU;i.ks maphus ,d bap o otukus 1ikSaM dehp Hkjrkr-

‘kjhjkPk; ojP;k Hkkxkis{kk ik;kaph yakch tkLr ok<rs- R;keqGs‘kkjhjhd Bso.khe/;s gh eqys fofp= fnlw ykxrkr-

MksG;kaPk vkdkj izkS< O;Drh izek.ks >kysyk vlrks vkf.k R;kpkfodklgh iw.kZ >kysyk vlrks- R;keqGs MksG;koj rk.k u iMrklkrR;kus okpukoh fØ;k rks d: ‘kdrks-

;k o;kr R;kaP;k /kkoiGhP;k [ksGkaeqGs ân;koj tkLr rk.k iM.;kph‘kD;rk vlrs Eg.kwu ;k o;kr 10 rs 11 rkl >ksi ?ks.ks vko’;dvlrs-

Luk;w fodflr >kY;kewGs gkrkaP;k cksVkoj rkck ;srks- R;keqGs ,[kknsok| okto.ks] gR;kj okij.ks b- xks”Vh eqy dq’kyrsus djrs-

eqyxs o eqyh vkrk ,d= [ksGr ukghr- R;kaP;krhy Qjd R;kauktk.kow ykxrks-

ckSf/nd fodkl ¼o; 9 rs 12 o”ksZ½ cks/kkRed fodkl congenetive

Development

easnwpk fodkl toG&toG 80 VDds brdk >kyk vlY;kus‘kkGsrhy v/;;ukl rks l{ke >kysyk vlrks-

vkrk vki.k fygkos o okpkos vls R;kyk okVrs- jLR;kaoj eksVkjfnljyh dh R;krhy uacj rks okpwu nk[korks- uohu dBh.k tksMk{kjvlysyk ‘kCn okpyk dh vkuan gksrks-

42

v|ki rks fpfdRld cqf/nus fopkj d: ‘kdr ukgh- vewrZ xks”Vhvtwugh dGr ukgh- ,[kkn;k oLrwph O;k[;k fopkjyh rj rksmi;qDrrk lkaxsy-

^lkSan;Z*] fo’okl*] ^lksU;kpk fnol*] ^dkGkcktkj*] ^ek.kqldh* v’kkrÚgsP;k dYiukapk lw{e vFkZ R;kyk dGr ukgh-

cqf/nyk vkOgku feGsy vls dwV iz’u lksMfo.;kpk rks iz;Ru djrks-

Lej.k’kDrh toG toG izkS<akbrdh fodflr >kysyh vlrs-

vkdyu {kerk fodflr >kysyh vlrs-

nardFkk o ifjdFkk ;kaps vkd”kZ.k deh >kysys vlrs-

Hkkofud fodkl o; 9 rs 12 o”ksZ Emotional Development

ygkui.kh T;k xks”Vhaph Hkhrh okVr vls rh vkrk R;kyk okVr ukgh-i.k R;kph tkxk vU; izdkjP;k Hkhrhus O;kiyh vlrs-

?kjh vkbZ&oMhy tj ygku HkkoaMkps tkLr dkSrqd djhr vlrhy rjR;k HkkoaMkPkk gsok okVw ykxrks- vkbZ oMhykaP;k izsekcíy rksvfr’k; laosnu’khy curks-

;k o;kr rks vkiY;k Hkkoukauk oG.k ykorks- ^vki.k vkrk ygkuukgh* gh Hkkouk izcG gksr vlrs- rks vkrk lglk jM.kkj ukgh-MksG;kr vJw ;s.ks gs rks fHk=si.kkps y{k.k letrks-

jkx vkyk rj eqyxs vcksyk /kjrhy] eqyh dkgh osGk jMrhy i.keksB;kus ukgh rj eqGw eqGw jMrhy-

;k o;kr Hkkofud vfo”dkjke/;s lkSE;rk ;srs dkj.k eqy gs eksB;ek.klkaps vuqdj.k d:u f’kdr vlrs-

lkekftd fodkl o; 9 rs 12 o”ksZ Social Development

‘kkGsrhy nSuafnu dk;Zøekr O;ofLFkr Hkkx ?ksrks-

daiwr usrRo djrks- daiw r;kj djrks- okVVsy R;k eqykyk daiqr?ksrys tkr ukgh- xqIrrk jk[k.;klkBh lkadsfrd Hkk”kk ¼mnk- ^p*phHkk”kk½ okijrks & ^pEgkykvk* ptvk pgk;yk[ks p;pstk pgsvkbR;knh-

eqyhapsgh daiq r;kj gksrkr- R;k vkiY;k xVkr eqyX;akuk ?ksr ukghr-vkiY;k xVkr th fHkUUk fyaxh O;Drh vlsy R;kaP;k’kh rqVdi.ksdaiqrhy loZ lnL; okxrkr

eqyhapk xVk vlsy rj R;k ,desdhauk izsekus feBh ekjrhy fdaokgkrkr gkr ?kkywu mH;k jkgrhy-

eqykapk xV vlsy rj ,desdkaP;k [kka|koj gkr Vkd.ks fdaok izsekus,desdkauk <dy.ks] dqLrh dj.ks vls izdkj fnlrkr-

43

HkkÅ cfg.kh’kh HkkaMrks] :ckc xktorks] dqj?kksMh dj.ks bR;knh drhdjrks-

2-5-3 dkSek;ZoLFkk@ikSxaMkoLFkk o; 13 rs 19 o”ksZ Adolescence Stage

eqykaP;k thoukrhy vfr’k; egRokpk vkf.k oknGh vlk dky[kaMvlrks- fodkl izfØ;syk ,dne xrh feGwu vusd cny ?kMwu ;srkr-gs cny gksr vlrkuk O;Drh xksa/kGwu tkrs- dkgh leL;k fuekZ.kgksrkr- f’k{kdakuk ;k voLFksrhy leL;akpk fopkj djkok ykxrksvkf.k v/;kiukcjkscjp ekxZn’kZdkph Hkwfedkgh djkoh ykxrs-

‘kkjhjhd fodkl o; 13 rs 19 o”ksZ Physical Development

maphr 4 rs 5 bap ok< o otukr 15 ikSaM brdh ok< ;ko;ksxVkrhy eqykae/;s gksrs- 12 o”kkZP;k eqyh maph o otukP;k rqyusr12 o”kkZP;k eqqykais{kk tkLr Hkjrkr- ijarw 14 rs 16 ;k o;kr eqysout o maph ckcr ekxs Vkdrkr-

daBLFk xzaFkhrhy vkarL=kokeqGs vkoktkr cny gksrks-

eqykae/;s Jksrkoj fe’kk QqVw ykxrkr- ySaxhd bafnz;s vkdkjkus o‘kDrhus fodkl ikorkr-

;k o;krhy eqykauk gLreSFkqukph ¼gkrkus f’k’ukrwu oh;Z irudj.;kph½ bPNk gksrs-

eqyhaps o{k ¼Lru½] ekaM;k] furac vkdkj ?ksÅ ykxrkr-

psg&;koj iqVdG;k ;sÅ ykxrkr-

Hkwd ok<rs] Luk;qaoj fu;a=.k ;srs-

lq:okrhyk csMkSy ‘kjhj r;kj gksrs uarj lqMkSyrk ;srs-

ckSf/nd fodkl ¼o; 13 rs 19 o”ksZ½ @ cks/kkRed fodkl (Congenetive

Development)

;k o;ksxVkrhy eqykaph vo/kku d{kk ok<ysyh vlrs- gh eqyslgtklgth fopyhr gksr ukghr R;keqGs rkl~urkl ,[kk|k fo”k;krx<wu tkrkr-

‘kkS;Z] LokFkZ] lkSan;Z] piGkbZ] diV] fo’okl] lksU;kpk fnol v’kkladYiukpk cks/k gksrks- gh eqys vewrZ fopkj letwu ?ksÅ ykxrkr-

vfHk:phph f{krhts foLrkjrkr] xf.kr] foKku] bfrgkl v’kk fo”k;krvkoM fuekZ.k gksrs- eqyhauk izkeq[;kus Hkk”ksrhy x|] i| vkoMrs-

nardFks ,soth orZekui=s] ekflds okpw ykxrkr-

leqgkr ¼xVkr½ Lor%ps er ekaM.;kr vfHkeku okVrks-

f’k{kdkaps fo/kku tlsP;krls fLodkjys tkr ukgh-

44

rdZ ‘kDrhpk fodkl gksÅ ykxrks- ,[kk|k xks”Vhe/khy dk;Zdkj.kHkkoy{kkr ?ksryk tkrks-

eqys drZRokpk fopkj djrkr rj eqyh lkSan;kZpk fopkj djrkr-

dsoG J/nsus ,[kknh xks”V djk;yk r;kj ulrkr- mnk&iwtk&vpkZ]J/nk o va/kJ/nk ;krhy Qjd letwu ?ks.;kr ftKklk vlrs-

eqyh ckjhd&lkjhd eq|ko:u vkbZ’kh okn ?kkyrkr rj eqyxsfiR;k’kh okn djrkr ‘kaHkj VDds vkKkikyu dj.ks VkGrkr-

;k o;krhy ckSf/nd fu.kZ; gs c&;kp izek.kkr Hkkoukf/k”Bhr vlrkr-

Hkkofud fodkl ¼o; 13 rs 19 o”ksZ½ (Emotional Development)

eqyk&eqyhauk fo”kefyaxh O;Drhcn~ny vkd”kZ.k okVw ykxrs- eqykaukeqyha’kh dls cksykos \ gs letr ukgh ijarq cksy.;kph bPNk ek=gksrs- eqykauk gLreSFkqukph okjaokj bPNk gksrs-

eqyhauk o{k] furac ;krhy >kysY;k cnykcn~ny ladksp fuekZ.k gksrks-

eukr vki.k izkS< vkgksr dh ygku vlk la?k”kZ fuekZ.k gksrks- mnk &^vkrk rw ygku jkfgyk ukgh cfg.kh’kh HkkaMk;yk] pkaxyk ?kksMk>kykl* & vkbZpk lYyk-

mnk & lafni lgyhyk tk.;kps Eg.krkp ^ cjkscj eksBh O;Drh vkgsdk \** vlk oMhykapk iz’u-

;k o;ksxVkrhy eqys] eqyh diMs dks.krs ?kkykosr] dk; [kkos] ;kckcrhr vki.kkyk Lokra«; vkgs vls okVw ykxrs-

,dV;kusp fopkj djrkr- Hkkoukaps dkgwj mBY;kus vieku lgugksr ukgh- ^Lo* yk /kDdk iksgpY;kl jkx vukoj gksrk-

^uSfrdrk* ;kfo”k;h laHkze r;kj gksrks-

oMhy/kkÚ;k ek.klkauh mins’k dsysyk vkoMr ukgh-

izse] lgkuqHkwrh goh vlrs- ,[kk|k eqyhcn~ny izse okVr vlY;klR;kps izn’kZu u djrk rks izsei= fyfgrks-

vkbZ&oMhy R;kaP;k bPNk vkiY;koj yknrkr vls R;kauk okVrs- ;kla?k”kkZe/kwu ,[kk|kosGh eqys caM[kksj oRrh izxV djrkr-

,[kknk inkFkZ [kk.;kckcrpk vrh vkxzg] vV~Vkgkl vkoMr ukgh-eh dk; djkos] [kkos gs Bjfo.;kpk vf/kdkj ek>k vkgs vls okVwykxrs- brjkauh e/;s yqMcqM d: uls vls okVrs- ¼dkjys] ikydb- HkkT;k [kk.;kckcrpk vkbZpk vkxzg eqys VkGrkr-½

;k o;ksxVkrhy eqykauk f’k{kdkauh fdaok brjkauh dsysyk vieku lgugksr ukgh- T;kus vieku dsyk R;kus {kek ekxkoh v’kh vis{kkvlrs-

45

;k o;krhy eqys dMoV Hkk”kk izlaxh ,[kknh f’koh* oki:u vkiykjkx O;Dr djrkr-

vkiY;k Hkkoh thoufo”k;h je.kh; lq[k&LoIu jaxfo.ks] dYiukfoyklkr jaxwu tk.ks] oLrqfLFkrhdMs nqyZ{k dj.ks gs ;k o;ksxVkrhyeqykaP;k Hkkofud thoukps oSf’k”V; gks;-

lkekftd fodkl ¼o; 13 rs 19 o”ksZ½ (Social Development)

fe=kapk lgokl vkoMrks xIik ekj.ks] usrRo dj.ks] lkeqfgdleo;Ldkaleosr fQjk;yk vkoMrs-

vkbZ] oMhy vkf.k f’kf{kdk ;kaP;k vkarjfdz;srwu la?k”kZ fuekZ.k gksrkr-

fp=iVkrhy uk;d] ukf;dk] xkf;dk] [ksGkMw bR;knhaps QksVks Bso.ksvkoMrs-

Lor% vkn’kkZP;k ‘kks/kkr vlrkr-

vki.k izkS< vkgksr vlk let >kysyk vlrks Eg.kwu flxkjsV vks<.ks]f’kohxkG dj.ks bR;knh izdkj ?kMrkr-

fd’kksjkoLFksps fe= vkrk cnyrkr] ;k o;kr >kysyh eS=h c&;kpizek.kkr fLFkj Lo:ikph vlrs- dkj.k oRrh] vfHk:ph vkf.k ewY;s;k fud”kkoj rh >kysyh vlrs-

fHkUu fyaxh lgoklkph vks< ykxysyh vlrs- Eg.kwu lewgxk;u]ukVd b- vH;kliwjd dk;Zdzekr gh eqys lgHkkx n’kZforkr-

fe=] lewg] lekt] ‘kkGk] dkWyst ;ke/;s okojrkauk rks lek;kstulk/kw ykxrks- ^Lo* vkf.k ifjfLFkrh ;kr tqGowu ?ksrks-

vkiyh izxrh riklk%

1- ok< gh ----------------------------------¼v½ xq.kkRed vlrs-¼c½la[;kRed vlrs¼d½ e;kZfnr vlrs

2- fodkl Eg.kts------------------------¼v½ xq.kkRed cny vlrks-¼c½ fof’k”V Øekus gksr ukgh¼d½ lrr pky.kkjh izfØ;k ukgh-

3- [kkyhyiSdh ,dk ?kVdkpk ok<hoj ifj.kke gksr ukgh-¼v½ vUu-¼c½ O;k;ke¼d½ ckg; ifjfLFkrh

46

4- daBLFk xzaFkhrhy varL=kokeqGs eqykaP;k ----------------------------------¼v½ otukr cny gksrks-¼c½ vkoktkr cny gksrks-¼d½ Hkwdsr ok< gksrs-

ye ) J³eeqkeÌleiele Yeso (Individual Differences)

2.6 J³eeqkeÌleiele Yesoe®ee DeLe& DeeefCe mJeªHe

J³eeqkeÌle efJekeÀemeeleerue DeeCeKeer SkeÀ cenlJee®ee þjCeeje IeìkeÀ cnCepes J³eeqkeÌleiele Yeso nes³e.

’J³eeqkeÌle eflelekeÌ³ee Òeke=Àleer“ ns efJeOeeve Deieoer mel³e Deens. µeejerefjkeÀ Je ceeveefmekeÀ¢<ìîee meec³e

Demeuesu³ee oesve J³ekeÌleer DeefmlelJeele DemeCes DeµekeÌ³e Deens. peieeceO³es pes Jewef®e$³e DeeefCe JewefJeO³e

Dee{Ules, l³ee®ee keÀener Debµe ceeveJe peele nes³e. ceeveJe peeleerle J³eeqkeÌle efYevvelee Dee{Ules.

ceeveJepeeleerle menpeemenpeer ue#eele ³eCeeje HeÀjkeÀ cnCepes µejerje®eer þsJeCe, J³eeqkeÌle®eer Gb®eer, pee[er,

Keeboîee®eer þsJeCe, Heesìe®ee DeekeÀej, µejerje®ee yeebOee F. HeÀjkeÀ menpe ue#eele ³esleele. Lees[s

yeejkeÀeF&ves Heeefnues lej keÀHeeUe®eer ªboer, veekeÀe®ee DeekeÀej, [esÈ³eeb®ee jbie, ®esnN³ee®eer þsJeCe,

[eskeÌ³ee®ee DeekeÀej Fl³eeoer yeeyeleerlener met#ce Yeso efometve ³esleele.

yeenîe iees<ìerle peµeer efYevvelee Dee{Ules leµeer®e J³eeqkeÌle®³ee iegCeeJeiegCeebceO³esner efYevvelee

Dee{Ules. keÀener J³eeqkeÌle®eer yegoOeer le}ÁKe Demeles lej keÀeneR®eer cebo Demeles. keÀener®eer mcejCeµekeÌleer

®eebieueer Demeles lej keÀener ®eìkeÀve efJemejleele. SKeeoîee®³ee efþkeÀeCeer ef®ekeÀeìer efomeles. lej ogmeje

meeO³ee De[®eCeervesner efvejeµe neslees, keÀenerpeCe nmelecegKe lej keÀenerpeCe ogceg&Keuesues, keÀenerpeCe

meceepeefÒe³e lej keÀenerpeCe SkeÀuekeÀeW[s Dee{Uleele, Deµee ÒekeÀejs efJeefJeOe yeeyeeleerle efYevvelee Dee{Ules.

J³eeqkeÌleiele Yesoe®ee DeLe& -

mkeÀervej®³ee celes, efJeefJeOe ÒekeÀej®eer J³eeqkeÌlecelJeb DemeCeeN³ee efJeoîeeL³ee&Jej SkeÀe JesUer

efJeefµeä mebmkeÀej keÀªve Òel³eskeÀ efJeoîeeL³ee&®ee meg³eesi³e efJekeÀeme meeOeCes meesHes veener.

J³eeqkeÌleYesoecegUs J³ekeÌleer®eer Òeke=Àleer, DeefYeª®eer, keÀe³e&HeodOeleer efYevve Demeles. keÀener efm$e³ee

mee[er IesC³eemeeþer ogkeÀeveele peeleele, Hejbleg l³eebvee nJeer Demeuesueer mee[er efceUles®e Demes veener.

Òel³eskeÀe®³ee DeeJe[erefveJe[er J³eeqkeÌleYesoevegmeej Òeefleefyebefyele Peeuesuîee efomeleele. SKeeoe ef®e$eHeì Heentve

PeeuîeeJej efvejefvejeÈ³ee J³ekeÌleer efYeVe Òeefleef¬eÀ³ee J³ekeÌle keÀjleele Demes efometve ³esles. efµe#ekeÀ,

efJeoîeeLeea ³eeb®es JesieJesieUs ieì Demeleele Je l³ee l³ee ieìeleerue efµe#ekeÀebceOeerue Je efJeoîeeL³ee¥ceOeerue

efJe®eejele efYevvelee Dee{Ules.

47

J³eeqkeÌleYesoe®es mJeªHe :-

ceevemeµeem$e%eebveer kesÀuesuîee DeY³eemeecegUs J³eeqkeÌleYesoe®es mJeªHe mHeä Peeues Deens.

J³eeqkeÌleYesoevegmeej JeieeakeÀjCe keÀjleevee keÀeUs-ieesjs, yegodOeerceeve-efveyeg&Oo, meenmeer – efYe$es, leeHeì-

µeeble, ÒesceU-efveo&³eer, meceepeefÒe³e-SkeÀuekeÀeW[s Demes HejmHej efJejesOeer ieì keÀªve Yeeiele veener.

keÀesCeleerner J³eeqkeÌle ³ee oesve ieìeHewkeÀer ³ee efkebÀJee l³ee ieìele Demeueer Heeefnpes Demesner cnCelee ³esle veener.

keÀesCeleener SkeÀ efJeefµeä iegCeOece& IesTve J³eeqkeÌleYeso oµe&efJeCeeje DeeuesKe keÀe{uee lej lees

yengOee Òemeeceev³e mebYeJe Je¬eÀeÒeceeCes ³esF&ue. yengleskeÀ J³ekeÌleer ceO³eceevee®³ee YeesJeleer Hemejuesuîee

Dee{Uleerue. FbêOeveg<³eeleerue oesvner ìeskeÀeb®es jbie mHeäHeCes DeesUKelee ³esleele. HeCe ceOeues jbie

SkeÀceskeÀele efcemeUtve peeleele. l³ee®eÒeceeCes megªHelee-kegÀªHelee, ef®e[KeesjHeCee-meesefµekeÀHeCee Deµeer

oesve ìeskesÀ mJeleb$e efomeueer lejer ceO³eYeeieer ³ee iegCeªHeer jbiee®ee efceueeHeÀ Peeuesuee Demelees. cnCetve

J³ekeÌleerJ³ekeÌleerceOeerue HeÀjkeÀ oµe&efJeCeejs mee®esyebo Demes keÀHHes Hee[lee ³esle veenerle.

2.7 J³eeqkeÌleiele Yesoe®es µew#eefCekeÀ cenlJe :-

efµe#eCeecegUs J³ekeÌleerJ³ekeÌleerceOeerue cetueYetle HeÀjkeÀ veenermes keÀjlee ³esCeej veenerle. J³ekeÌleer®³ee

efþkeÀeCeer Demeuesuîee iegCeeb®ee efJekeÀeme JneJee ns efµe#eCee®es Godoerä Demesue lej J³eeqkeÌleiele HeÀjkeÀ

ue#eele Iesleues Heeefnpesle. ns HeÀjkeÀ ue#eele Iesleues lej DeY³eeme¬eÀce Je DeO³eeHeveHeodOeleer ³eeceO³es Fä

les yeoue kesÀues Heeefnpesle.

1) DeY³eeme¬eÀce ne ueJeef®ekeÀ Heeefnpes. cegueebvee DeeHeuîee DeeJe[ervegmeej Je kegÀJeleervegmeej efJe<e³e

efveJe[lee Deeuee Heeefnpes.

2) cegueeb®eer yeewefodOekeÀ HeeleUer Je DeekeÀueve µekeÌleer efYevve efYevve DemeuîeecegUs efµe#ekeÀeves

DeO³eeHeveHeodOeleerle Fä les yeoue kesÀues Heeefnpesle.

3) Òel³eskeÀ efJeoîeeL³ee&uee DeeHeuîee kegÀJeleervegmeej Òeieleer keÀjC³eeme DeJemej efceUsue Deµeer HeodOeleer

DeJeuebefyeueer Heeefnpes. l³eemeeþer efJeo³eeLeea keWÀefêle Deµee efJeefJeOe HeodOeleer DeefmlelJeele Deeuesuîee Deensle.

Goe. ÒekeÀuHe HeodOeleer, [euìve ³eespevee, ¬eÀceeeqvJele DeO³e³eve.

4) efJeoîeeL³ee&ceO³es Deveble Yeso Deensle. p³eeb®³eeceO³es keÀener meec³e Deens Deµee cegueeb®ee SkeÀ ieì

kesÀuee lej DeO³e³evee®³ee ¢äerves les ³eesi³e JeieeakeÀjCe þjsue.

5) Jeiee&leerue cegues efYevve opee&®eer Je ÒeJe=Êeer®eer DemeuîeecegUs Òel³eskeÀ ceguee®ee efJe®eej DeO³eeHeveele

nesCes DeeJeµ³ekeÀ Deens.

6) J³eeqkeÌleiele Yeso ue#eele IesTve efJeefJeOe GHe¬eÀce µeeUsle Dee³eesefpele kesÀues Heeefnpesle. JekeÌle=lJe,

veeìîe, Heeþeblej, ef®e$ekeÀuee, iee³eve, KesU, menueer, ûebLeeue³e Jee®eve, keÀLeekeÀLeve F. GHe¬eÀce

Dee³eesefpele keÀªve Òel³eskeÀ efJeoîeeL³ee&uee DeeHeuîee DeeJe[ervegmeej SKee®ee íbo efveJe[tve Òeieleer

keÀjC³ee®eer mebOeer efoueer Heeefnpes.

48

DeeOegefvekeÀ efµe#eCeHeodOeleer ner yeeuekesbÀefêle Deens. l³ee®es cetU keÀejCe `J³eeqkeÌleiele Yeso' ns nes³e.

ns Yeso vemeles lej DeY³eeme¬eÀce, DeO³eeHeve HeodOeleer ³ee yeeyeleerle efJeµes<e mecem³ee efvecee&Ce Peeuîee

vemel³ee. J³eeqkeÌleiele Yeso ue#eele ve Ieslee DeO³eeHeve kesÀues lej meJe& cegueeb®ee efJekeÀeme ³eesi³e efoµesves Je

Fä ieleerves nesCeej veener. cnCetve J³ekeÌleer®eer kegÀJele Je efle®³ee iejpee ³eebvee DevegªHe Demee

DeY³eeme¬eÀce, DeO³eeHeveHeodOeleer ³eeb®ee DeJeuebye kesÀuee Heeefnpes.

2.8 J³eeqkeÌleiele Yesoe®eer keÀejCes :-

1) DevegJebµe (Heredity)

J³eeqkeÌleJ³ekeÌleerceO³es Dee{UCeejer efYevvelee yeN³ee®e ÒeceeCeele DevegJebefµekeÀlesJej DeJeuebyetve Demeles

DeeF& Jeef[ue µejerjeves meg¢{ Je Gb®e Demeleerue lej meeceev³eHeCes l³ee®eer mebleleer Gb®e nesF&ue ³eeuee

DeHeJeeo Demet µekeÀleele. µejerje®eer þsJeCe, yegefOoceÊee, lJe®es®ee jbie lemes®e Fbefê³e#ecelee, keÀener

ceeveefmekeÀ jesie, osKeerue DeevegJebefµekeÀ Demeleele. ³ee meJe& yeeyeer SkeÀe efHe{erletve ogmeN³ee efHe{erle meb¬eÀefcele

nesle Demeleele. J³eeqkeÌleYesoeceO³es DevegJebµee®ee HeÀej ceesþe Jeeì Demelees.

2) HeefjefmLeleer :- (Environment)

cegue p³ee Heefjmejele, JeeleeJejCeele Jee{les l³ee®ee HeefjCeece ceguee®³ee efJekeÀemeeJej neslees.

Heefjmej yeoueuee lej J³eeqkeÌleceO³es keÀener ÒeceeCeele yeoue Ie[tve ³eslees. SkeÀe®e Iejeleerue oesve cegues efYevve

efþkeÀeCeer Jee{efJeueer lej l³eeb®³eeceO³es HeefjefmLeleercegUs HeÀjkeÀ efvecee&Ce nesF&ue. Heefjmej yeoueuîeecegUs

J³ekeÌleer J³ekeÌleerceOeerue efYevvelee Jee{les. mebieerlee®eer DeeJe[ DemeCeeN³ee oesve cegueebHewkeÀer SkeÀeuee DevegketÀue

HeefjefmLeleer ueeYeueer lej keÀoeef®ele lees mebieerle%e nesF&ue. ogmeje cee$e ÒeefleketÀue HeefjefmLeleercegUs ceeies®e

jenerue. DeµeeÒekeÀejs oesIeebceOeerue HeÀjkeÀ efYevve HeefjmejecegUs mHeä efomet ueeielees.

3) Deblem$eeJe :- (Hormones)

µejerjeceO³es p³ee efJeefJeOe ûebLeer Demeleele l³ee p³ee ÒeceeCeele ef¬eÀ³eeµeerue nesleele l³eecegUsosKeerue

J³ekeÌleer®³ee Jele&veeJej HeefjCeece nesle Demelees. ³eeceO³es ceefmle<keÀ ûebLeer, Je=keÌkeÀmLe ûebLeer, efuebie ûebLeer

kebÀþmLe ûebLeer, Lee³eceme F. ®ee meceeJesµe neslees. m$eeJee®es ÒeceeCe keÀceer-DeefOekeÀ Peeuîeeme µeefjje®³ee

Jee{erJej®e HeefjCeece neslees Demes veener, lej J³ekeÌleer®³ee Jele&veeJejner HeefjCeece neslees. SkeÀe®e Iejeleerue

SKeeos cetue leeHeì Demeles, lej ogmejs µeeble Demeles. SkeÀe®eer Jee{ ®eebieueer Demeles, lej ogmejs jesieì

Demeles. SKeeos cetue ®eb®eue Je=Êeer®es Demeles lej ogmejs efmLej Je=Êeer®es Demeles. ³ee ûebLeercegUs Je

µejerjebleie&le nesCeeN³ee Òeef¬eÀ³eebcegUs J³ekeÌleer J³ekeÌleerbceOeerue HeÀjkeÀ Jee{le peeleele.

4) efuebie DeeefCe Je³e :-

oesve J³ekeÌleerceO³es HeÀjkeÀ oµe&efJeCeeje meJee&le þUkeÀ Demee IeìkeÀ cnCepes efuebie nes³e. Hegª<e

DeeefCe m$eer ns ÒecegKe oesve IeìkeÀ SkeÀceskeÀebHeemetve yeN³ee®e yeeyeleerle efYevve Demeleele. cegueeb®eer µeejerefjkeÀ

49

#ecelee, Jepeve, Gb®eer ner mejemejer cegueeR®³eeHes#ee DeefOekeÀ Demeles. cegueeb®³ee leguevesves cegueeR®ee µeejerefjkeÀ

Je YeeJeefvekeÀ efJekeÀeme DeefOekeÀ Jesieeves neslees.

J³eeqkeÌleYesoeceO³es Je³e nener SkeÀ cenlJee®ee IeìkeÀ Deens, Deeþ Je<ee&®es cetue Je Hee®e Je<ee&®es cetue

³eeb®³eeceO³es kesÀJeU `Je³e' ³ee IeìkeÀecegUs HeÀjkeÀ efometve ³eslees. HeefjHekeÌJelee Deeuîeeveblej efomeCeejer

J³ekeÌleer Je leer ve Deeuesueer J³ekeÌleer ³eeb®³eeceOeerue HeÀjkeÀ ne ÒeecegK³eeves Je³eeceOeerue DeblejecegUs efvecee&Ce

Peeuesuee Demelees.

5) %eeveWefê³eeb®eer #ecelee :-

J³ekeÌleer®ee efJekeÀeme nesC³eemeeþer Heb®e%eeveWefê³eeb®eer KetHe ceole nesles. SkeÀe®e Iejeleerue oesve pegÈ³ee

cegueebvee DevegJebµe Je Heefjmej meceeve Demetvener l³eeb®³ee %eeveWefê³eeb®³ee #ecelesle HeÀjkeÀ Demesue lej l³ee

cegueebceOeerue HeÀjkeÀ Jee{le peeF&ue. SkeÀ cegue ogmeN³ee cegueeHes#ee HeefjefmLeleer meceeve Demetvener efYevve

nesC³ee®eer µekeÌ³elee Deens.

2-9 lkjka’k %

ok< vkf.k fodkl ;k fHkUu ladYiuk vkgsr- ok< ekstrk ;srs rjfodklkps vpwd ekiu djrk ;sr ukgh- vUu] O;k;ke] vuaqoa’k]varL=ko vkf.k fyax gs ok<hoj ifj.kke dj.kkjs ?kVd vkgsr rj] vuqoa’kifjfLFkrh] fo’ks”k izf’k{k.k vkf.k ljko gs ?kVd fodklkoj ifj.kke djrkr-ckydkP;k o;kizek.ks fodklkP;k voLFkk ekuY;k xsY;k vkgsr- tUeiqoZvoLFkk] ‘kS’kkoLFkk] fd’kksjkoLFkk ¼iqoZ½] fd’kksjkoLFkk¼mRrj½] dkSek;kZoLFkk¼ikSxaMkoLFkk½] rk:.;koLFkk vkf.k o/nkoLFkk ;k R;k voLFkk gksr-

fo|kF;kZauk vkiyh ok< o fodkl dlk gksrks gs ekfgr vl.ksxjtsps vkgs- R;keqGs R;kaps lek;kstu ;ksX; fn’ksus gksrs- f’k{kdkykgh;k fodklkaP;k voLFkkaps Kku vlys rj R;kyk fo|kF;kZauk v/;kiudjrkuk Dofprp leL;k mn~Hkorkr- fo|kFkhZ dasnzhr f’k{k.kkar vkiysv/;kiu gs eqykalkBh vkgs ewy egRokps vkgs gk fopkj f’k{kdkaP;k eukrn< gksrks-

2-10 Lok/;k; & iz’u %

1- ok< o fodkl ;krhy Qjd Li”V djk-2- dkSek;kZoLFksrhy ‘kkjhjhd o Hkkofud fodklkP;k

xq.koSf’k”V;kaps o.kZu djk-3- ikSxaMkoLFksrhy fo|kF;kZr ckSf/nd o lkekftd fodklkph

dks.krh y{k.ks vk<Grkr rs Li”V djk-

50

4- ^dkSek;kZoLFksPkk dkG Eg.kts rk.kr.kkokPkk vFkok oknGh dkGgks;* ;k fo/kkukph ppkZ ;k voLFksrhy o ‘kkjhjhd oSf’k”V;sy{kkr ?ksÅ djk-

5- fd’kksjkoLFksrhy Hkkofud o ckSf/nd fodklkph oSf’k”V;sdks.krh rs Li”V djk-

6- fd’kksjkoLFksrhy ckydkpk ‘kkjhjhd o lkekftd fodkl dlkgksrks rs Li”V djk-

7- ‘kS’kkoLFksrhy Hkkofud o ckSf/nd fodklkph y{k.ks Li”Vdjk-

8- J³ekeÌleerYesoe®es mJeªHe meebietve l³ee®es cenlJe mHeä keÀje.

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3

A) AÜ``Z (LEARNING)

ye) AÜ``Z CnnÎmro (THEARIES OF LEARNING)

keÀ) AÜ``Z g§H«$_U (TRANSFER OF LEARNING)

KQ>H$ aMZm :A) AÜ``Z3.0 C{Ôï>o3.1 àñVmdZm

3.1.1 AÜ``ZmMer g§H$ënZm3.1.2 AÜ``ZmÀ`m Jewefµeä³es3.1.3 AÜ``Z à{H«$`m3.1.4 DeO³e³eve Je¬eÀ

3.2 ~) AÜ``ZmÀ`m CnnÎmr3.2.1 Wm°Z©S>mB©H$Mr Òe³elve Òeceeo GHeHeÊeer

3.2.2 n°ìhbm°ìhMr DeefYepeele DeefYemebOeeve GHeHeÊeer

3.3 keÀ) AÜ``Z g§H«$_U3.3.1 DeO³e³eve meb¬eÀceCee®eer mebkeÀuHevee3.3.2 DeO³e³eve meb¬eÀceCee®es ÒekeÀej3.3.3 DeO³e³eve meb¬eÀceCee®es cenlJe

3.4 gmam§e3.5 ñdmÜ`m` - àíZ

3.0 C{Ôï>o

`m àHaUmMm AH;mg HoY;mZaVa Ami.mml ixTry ckch ñnï> djrk;srhy]1. AÜ``mZmMer g§H$ënZm mHeä keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

2. AÜ``Z - à{H«$ oÀ`m d¡{eï>`m§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z Ieslee ³esF&ue.

3. AÜ``ZmÀ`m {d{dY CnnÎmr d Ë`m§Mo e¡j{UH$ _hÎìm g_OyZ Ieslee ³esF&ue.

4. AÜ``Z g§H«$_UmMo àH$ma d Ë`m§Mo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd g_OyZ Ieslee ³esF&ue.

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3.1 àñVmdZm

{dÚmÏ`m©Zm {eH$Ê`mg _XV H$aUo ho {ejH$mMo H$m © hmo`. ho H$m © `eñdr[aVrZo H$aVm oÊ`mgmR>r AÜ``Z qH$dm {eH$Ê`mÀ`m à{H«$ oMo `WmW© d g{dñVa kmZ{ejH$mg AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {dÚmWu {eH$Vmo åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` H$aVmo?,{eH$Ê`mMm Ë`mÀ`mda H$m` d H$gm n[aUm_ hmoVmo?, {eH$Ê`mÀ`m {d{dY nÜXVrH$moUË`m?, {eH$Ê`mÀ`m à{H«$ oda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ H$moUVo?, AÜ`mnZmÀ`m qH$dm{eH${dÊ`mÀ`m OmñVrV OmñV n[aUm_H$maH$ nÜXVr H$moUË`m ?BË`mXr Jmoï>r {ejH$mgñnï>nUo g_Oë`m nm{hOoV.

3.1.1 AÜ``ZmMer g§H$ënZm

OrdZ OJV AgVmZm AmnU n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ gmYV AgVmo. n[apñWVrgVV ~XbV AgVo. Ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm nwZ:nwÝhm g_m`moOZ gmYmdo bmJVo. `mà{H«$ o_wio Amnë`m dV©ZmV ~Xb KSy>Z oVmV. AmnU Oo nmhVmo d H$aVmo Ë`m_wio VemMdmVmdaUmMm Amnë`mda n[aUm_ hmoVmo . n[aUm_ Pmë`m_wio Amnë`m dV©ZmV ~XbhmoVmV. Amnë`m dV©ZmVrb Aem àH$maMo ~Xb åhUOo {ejU hmo`.

AÜ``Z åhUOo Á`mbm AmnU gm_mÝ`V: {eH$Uo Ago åhUVmo. _yb AjaAmoiIm`bm {eH$bo, _yb dmMm`bm {eH$bo, gm`H$b Mmbdm`bm {eH$bo, {H«$Ho$Q>Mr\$b§XmOr H$am`bm {eH$bo. _yb `m {Za{Zami`m Jmoï>r H$am`bm {eH$bo `mMmM AW©AmYr `m Jmoï>r Ë`mbm oV ZìhË`m. nU AmVm _mÌ Ë`mbm `m Jmoï>r H$aVm oVmV. Ë`mÀ`mnyduÀ`m dV©ZmV hm ~Xb Pmbm. AWm©VM ho n[adV©Z EH$X_ KS>bo Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>rË`mbm gamd H$amdm bmJbm. EH$Xm gm`H$b MmbdVm `m`bm bmJë`mZ§Va Vo bdH$a{dgabo OmV Zmhr åhUOoM dV©ZmVrb ho n[adV©Z gmnojV: {Q>H$mD$ ñdê$nmMo AgVo.dV©ZmV Ago n[adV©Z AZw^dmVyZ, {ZarjUmVyZhr KS>V AgVo. ho n[adV©Z Ho$diEImÚm à`ËZmZo KS>V Zmhr Va Ë`mgmR>r gmVË`mZo à`ËZ H$amdo bmJVmV. Vr EH$à{H«$`m AgVo. `m à{H«$ oZo dV©ZmV n[adV©Z KS>Vo åhUOoM AÜ``Z KS>Vo.

3.1.2 AÜ``ZmÀ`m ì`m»`m :

'AZw yVrÛmam ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmV hiyhiy KSy>Z oUmao ~Xb åhUOo AÜ``Zhmo`.- Jrb\$S>©.

"AÜ``Z åhUOo àmÊ`m§Mm H$moUË`mhr àH$mao {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUUmar d Ë`mMoAZw^d Am{U n[apñWVr `m§Mo ñdê$n nydunojm {Zamio H$aUmar {H«$`m hmo`. - dwS>dW©.

dV©Z d Ad~moY `m XmoÝhtVrb gwYmaUm åhUOo {ejU hmo`. - _\$s©.

Learning is a process which brings relatively permanentchange in behaviour that result from an individual's interaction withthe environment- Hilgard

53

`mdê$Z, AÜ``ZmMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm oB©b.

'n[apñWVrer hmoUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§_wio ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmV gmnojV: {Q>H$mD$ñdê$nmMo ~Xb Á`m à{H«$ o_wio hmoVmV Ë`m à{H«$ og AÜ``Z Ago åhUVmV.'

Amnbr àJVr VnmgmàíZ - "AÜ``Z' hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

3.1.3 DeO³e³eve Òeef¬eÀ³ee (Learning Process)

DeO³e³eve ner SkeÀ Òeef¬eÀ³ee Deens, ner Òeef¬eÀ³ee Keeueerue efJeefJeOe ìHH³eeodJeejs Heej He[les.

1) GefÎä (Objective)

2) ÒesjCee (Motivation)

3) µeesOeve (Exploration)

4) mecee³eespeve (Adjustment)

5) Jele&vee®eer Hegvej&®evee (Modification of behaviour)

1) Godoerä (Goal) :-

DeO³e³eveÒeef¬eÀ³ee ner GodoeräeÒele peeCeejer Òeef¬eÀ³ee Deens. GefÎä efpelekesÀ mHeä Demesue

eflelekeÌ³ee ÒeceeCeele ner Òeef¬eÀ³ee J³eJeefmLele nesF&ue. YetkeÀ ueeieueer keÀer, leer µeceefJeC³ee®³ee ¢äerves

Devvee®ee µeesOe Iesleuee peelees. keÀener efJeefµeä Godoerä þsJetve®e DeeHeues Jele&ve ®eeuet Demeles. DeO³e³eve

keÀjleeveeosKeerue ³ee Godoer<ìeb®³ee ÒeeHleermeeþer DeeHeCe Oe[He[le Demelees. GefÎä pej meceesj vemesue

lej DeO³e³eve nesC³ee®ee mebYeJe Demele veener. Godoeräe®³ee mHe<ìlesJej DeeHeues DeO³e³eve DeJeuebyetve

Demeles.

2) ÒesjCee (Motivation) :-

Godoerä ÒeeHle keÀjC³eemeeþer ÒesjCee DeeJeµ³ekeÀ Deens. ye#eerme efkebÀJee HeokeÀ efceUefJeC³eemeeþer

efJeoîeeLeea mHeOee¥ceO³es Yeeie IesC³ee®eer DeveskeÀ efoJeme le³eejer keÀjleele Je keÀewµeuîe Deelcemeele keÀjleele les

³ee ÒesjCeecegUs®e. pemes YetkeÀ ner ÒesjCee DevveÒeeHleermeeþer Òe³elve keÀjeJe³eeme ueeJeles lemes®e efµe#eCeecegUs

DeeHeues keÀuîeeCe nesCeej Deens ³ee ÒesjCesves®e efJeoîeeLeea DeO³e³eve keÀjerle Demelees.

54

3) µeesOeve (Exploration) :-

DeeHeuîee meceesj DemeCeejs Godoer<ì menpeemenpeer ÒeeHle nesF&ue®e Demes veener. les ÒeeHle

keÀjC³eemeeþer efvejefvejeUs ceeie& DeJeuebyeeJes ueeieleele. l³ee ceeiee¥HewkeÀer Òel³eskeÀ ceeie& ³eesi³e Demelees®e Demes

veener. ®egkeÀer®³ee ceeiee&®ee l³eeie keÀªve ³eesi³e ceeiee&®ee mJeerkeÀej keÀjCes ³eeuee®e µeesOeveelcekeÀ neue®eeue

Demes cnCeleele.

4) mecee³eespeve (Adjustment) :-

yeouel³ee HeefjefmLeleervegmeej DeeHeCeeuee mecee³eespevener keÀjeJes ueeieles. ìbkeÀuesKeveeceO³es yeesìeb®eer

neue®eeue Jeeìsue leµeer keÀªve ®eeuele veener. l³eeceO³esner mecee³eespeve keÀjeJes ueeieles. ne

mecee³eespeveelcekeÀ yeoue kesÀJeU keÀejkeÀ keÀewµeuîeele®e (Motor Skills) neslees Demes veener, lej

ceeveefmekeÀ Òeefleef¬eÀ³eebceO³es ner ne yeoue DeeHeuîeeuee efomelees.

5) Jele&vee®eer Hegvej&®evee (Modification of Behaviour)

efJeefJeOe neue®eeueer keÀjerle Demeleevee DeveeJeµ³ekeÀ ke=Àleer efµekeÀC³ee®³ee Òeef¬eÀ³esceO³es ieUleele Je

µesJeìer ³eesi³e Deµee ke=Àleer neue®eeueer ³eeb®ee meb³eesie nesTve Jele&veeuee SkeÀ efJeefµeä JeUCe efceUles DeeefCe

Deµee ÒekeÀej®eer Jele&vee®eer meJee¥ieerCe Hegvej&®evee Ie[les. keÀesCelesner keÀewµeuîe mebHeeove keÀjerle Demeleevee

µesJeìer peer keÀeceeleerue megkeÀjlee efometve ³esles leer ³ee Hegvej&®evescegUs®e efomeles.

HeesnCes, ìbkeÀuesKeve keÀjCes, ceesìej ®eueeefJeCes, ketÀì Òeµve mees[efJeCes JewiesjsmeejK³ee DeO³e³eve

Òeef¬eÀ³ee DeeHeCe yeejkeÀeF&ves Heentve l³eeb®es He=LekeÌkeÀjCe kesÀues lej Jejerue IeìkeÀ keÀceer-DeefOekeÀ ÒeceeCeele

l³ee Òeef¬eÀ³esceO³es efometve ³esleerue.

AÜ``ZmMr d¡{eï> o1) AmOÝ_ MmbUmar à{H«$`m:

AÜ``Z hr OÝ_nyd© H$mimnmgyZ Vo _¥Ë yn ªV MmbUmar à{H«$`m Amho. AmYw{ZH$g§emoYZmZwgma J^m©dñWoVrb nmMì`m _{hÝ`mnmgyZ _yb AZw^d KoV AgVo. n[apñWVrerË`mÀ`m Am§Va{H«$`m gwê$ hmoVmV. åhUOoM AÜ``Zmg gwê$dmV hmoVo. OÝ_mZ§Vaì`ŠVrÀ`m n[apñWVrer gVV Am§Va{H«$`m gwê$ AgVmV. AZw^dmVyZ ì`{º$dV©ZmV gVVg_m`moOZmË_H$ ~Xb KS>V AgVmV. AJXr godm{Zd¥ÎmrZ§Vahr ì`ŠVr ZdrZn[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mgmR>r, BVa ì`º$s¨er hmoUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§_YyZ H$mhrJmoï>r {eH$V AgVo. Aem VèhoZo AÜ``Z - à{H«$`m hr OÝ_mnmgyZ _¥Ë yn ©§V gVVMmbUmar à{H«$`m Amho.

2) C{Ôï>mÝdofr:VhmZ bmJbr H$s, nmÊ`mMm emoY gwê$ hmoVmo. yH$ bmJbr H$s, AÞmMm emoY

gwê$ hmoVmo. _mZdr dV©Z ho JaOoVyZ gwê$ hmoVo. dV©Zmbm Zoh_rM EH$ C{Ôï> AgVo.AÜ``Z hohr dV©ZM Amho. Ë`m_wio AÜ``Z hrgwÜXm hoVwnyU© {H«$`m Amho. {ejH$ åhUyZ

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ZmoH$ar {_imdr `m C{Ôï>mZo ~r. ES²>. _hm{dÚmb`m_Ü o àdoe KoD$Z Oo AÜ``Z Ho$boOmVo Vo C{Ôï>àmárgmR>rMr YS>nS> hmo`.

3) àoaUm:Amnë`m ZmoH$arV g§JUH$mMm dmna H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. Aemdoir g§JUH$

g_moa Agbm Var Ë`mMo AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ ì`ŠVr H$aV Zmhr. nU Ë`mMì`ŠVrbm gm§{JVbo H$s, g§JUH$ dmnaVm oUm-`m§Zm ~T>Vr {Xbr OmB©b Va Vr ì`ŠVrà`ËZnyd©H$ g§JUH$ dmnamd`mg {eH$Vo. H$moUVr Var àoaUm Agë`m{edm` AÜ``ZKS>V Zmhr. {dÚmÏ`mªZmhr AÜ``ZmgmR>r em~mgH$s XoUo, nm[aVmo{fHo$ XoUo `m Cnm`m§Zr{ejH$ àoaUmM XoV AgVmV.

4) emoYZmË_H$ hmbMmbr:C{Ôï> g_moa Agbo, Vo àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` àoaU Agbo Var C{Ôï> gmÜ`

H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© ghOnUo g_moa ZgVmV. Aemdoir C{Ôï>màV OmÊ`mMm _mJ© emoYmdmbmJVmo. Ë`mgmR>r H$mhr hoVwnyd©H$ à`ËZ H$amdo bmJVmV. H$mhr à`ËZ Aèñdr hmoVmV.Aèñdr à`ËZm§Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z nwÝhm à`ËZ H$amdo bmJVmV. eodQ>r `mo½` _mJ© emoYbmOmVmo. `m à`ËZm§ZmM 'emoYZmË_H$ hmbMmbr' Ago åhUVmV. C{Ôï>àmárÀ`m {XeoZoHo$bobr Vr YS>nS> AgVo.

5) AmdV©Zo:C{Ôï>àmárMm _mJ© gmnS>ë`mZ§Va kmZ qH$dm H$m¡eë`àmárgmR>r gamdmMr JaO

AgVo. Ho$di EH$XmM EImXr {H«$`m Ho$ë`mZo qH$dm EH$XmM AZw^d KoVë`mZo Vo kmZqH$dm H$m¡eë` AmË_gmV hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ èñdr {H«$ oMr AmdV©Zo H$amdr bmJVmV.AÜ``Z A{YH$ {~ZMyH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r, dV©Z n[adV©Z A{YH$ {Q>H$mD$ ñdê$nmMohmoÊ`mgmR>r AmdV©Zm§Mr JaO AgVo. CXm. EImXr H${dVm EH$XmM dmMyZ nmR> hmoV Zmhr.Vr nwÝhm nwÝhm dmMmdr bmJVo. dmMZ, boIZ, nmohUo, g§JUH$ dmnaUo Aem gd© ~m¡pÜXH$Am{U H$maH$ H$m¡eë`m§À`m AÜ``ZmgmR>r gamdmMr JaO AgVo.

6) __©Ñï>r:C{Ôï>àmárgmR>r ì`ŠVr Ooìhm AmdV©Zo H$aV AgVo, emoYZmË_H$ YS>nS> H$aV

AgVo Voìhm AMmZH$ EImXo __© bjmV oVo. gwê$dmVrbm Oar AZoH$ à`ËZ H$amdobmJbo, AmdV©Zo KS>br Var Ë`mVrb èñdr VgoM Aèñdr à`ËZmVrb AZw^dm§MmCn`moJ AÝ` n[apñWVrVrb AÜ``ZmgmR>r hmoVmo.

7) dV©ZmMr nwZa©MZm:EH$Xm __©Ñï>r àmá Pmë`mZ§Va C{Ôï>àmárMm èñdr _mJ© gmnS>Vmo. gd©

AZmdí`H$ à`ËZ Q>miyZ èñdr _mJm©À`m {XeoZoM dV©Z gwê$ hmoVo. Ë`mM {XeoZodV©ZmMr nwZa©MZm hmoVo. dV©ZmV ghOVm oVo.

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8) {ZdS>nyU© {H«$`m:AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ _mJ© AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s EImÚm _mJm©Mr {ZdS> Ho$br

OmVo. CXm. XhmdrÀ`m narjoZ§Va AZoH$ kmZemIm CnbãY AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$memIoMr {ZdS> ì`ŠVr H$aVo. hr {ZdS> ì`ŠVrÀ`m j_Vm, A{^ê$Mr, CnbãY Agbobrn[apñWVr `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo.

AÜ``Z- à{H«$ oÀ`m ñdê$nm{df`r \$ma nydunmgyZ {dMma gwê$ Amho. AÜ``ZZo_Ho$ H$go Am{U H$m KS>Vo?, à{V{H«$`m EH$m C{ÔnH$mH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m C{ÔnH$mH$S>o H$emOmoS>ë`m OmVmV?, g_ñ`m n[apñWVrV `mo½` à{V{H«$`m§Mm emoY H$moUË`m à{H«$ o_YyZKoVbm OmVm?o, {d{dY g§H$ënZm, A{^d¥Îmr, A{^ê$Mr, {d{dY H$maH$ Am{U ^m{fH$H$m¡eë` H$er AmË_gmV Ho$br OmVmV?, `m gd© ~m~tÀ`m {dMma_§WZmVyZ AÜ``ZmÀ`m{d{dY CnnÎmtMm CJ_ Pmbm. `m CnnÎmtMo dJuH$aU gd©gmYmaUnUo XmoZ JQ>m§V Ho$boOmVo. {dgmì`m eVH$mV _mZdr AÜ``Z, oX~moYZ AÜ``Z `mda g§emoYZ hmoD$ZAmYw{ZH$ CnnÎmtMm EH$ {Vgam dJ©hr H$aVm oVmo.

Amnbr àJVr VnmgmàíZ- "AÜ``Z' à{H«$ oMr d¡{eï> o {deX H$am.

3.1.4 AÜ``Z dH«$

AÜ``Zà{H«$ oMm {dMma Ho$ë`mZ§Va d AÜ``Z H$go KS>Vo ho g_Oë`mZ§Va `mAÜ``ZmMo _mnZ H$go H$aVmV `mMm {dMma H$ê$.

g§JUH$ {eH$V AgVmZm àW_ g§JUH$mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUo, {Za{Zami`m^mJm§Mo H$m © g_OmdyZ KoUo `m H$mimV g§JUH$mÀ`m AÜ``ZmV \$maer àJVr {XgVZmhr. nU EH$ doi Aer oVo H$s, g§JUH$mda A{Ve` JVrZo Am{U Hw$ebVoZo ì`ŠVrH$m_ H$ê$ bmJVo. `m H$mimV àJVrMm doJ gVV g_mZ AgVmo H$s, Ë`mV H$mhr {^ÞVmAgVo, AÜ``Z {H$Vr doimV, {H$Vr KS>Vo `mMo _mnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrZoAÜ``ZmgmR>r {Xbobm doi Am{U Ë`mMr Pmbobr àJVr `m§Mm AmboI H$mT>VmV Am{UË`mdê$Z AÜ``ZmMo _mnZ H$aVmV. `m AmboImbmM AÜ``Z dH«$ Ago åhUVmV.

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AÜ``ZdH«$mMo {ZarjU Ho$ë`mg Ago {XgVo H$s, AÜ``ZmV gVV EH$mMJVrZo àJVr hmoV Zmhr. H$mhr doiobm àJVr Iyn JVrZo hmoVmZm {XgVo Va H$mhr doiobmàJVr pñWamdbobr {XgVo. dH«$mÀ`m `m pñWVrdê$Z AÜ``ZdH«$mMo nmM Q>ßno H$aVmoVmV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo:

1) gwê$dmVrMm _§X àJVrMm H$mi2) doJmZo àJVr3) nR>mamdñWm4) nwÝhm àJVrMm H$mbI§S>5) AÜ``Z _`m©Xm

1) gwê$dmVrMm _§X àJVrMm H$mi:AÜ``ZmÀ`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV AÜ``ZmMr JVr A{Ve` _§X AgVo. ZdrZ

H$m¡eë`mVrb bhmZghmZ CnH$m¡eë`m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMr AgVo. CXm. ñHy$Q>a{eH$V AgVmZm ŠbM, {JAa, A°pŠgboQ>a, ~«oH$ `m§Mr ñWmZo, H$moUmMm Cn`moJ Ho$ìhm,{H$Vr à_mUmV H$amd`mMm, {H$H$ _maVmZm nm` Zo_H$m H$moUË`m pñWVrV R>odm`Mm,{H$H$da {H$Vr Omoa Úm`Mm, {H$Vr JVrZo {H$H$ _mam`Mr, `m gd© Jmoï>r {eH$VmZm àË`jñHy$Q>a Mmb{dÊ`mMr àJVr \$maM H$_r AgVo. bhmZ _yb Ajao {bhm`bm {eH$Vo VoìhmAjaAmoiI H$ê$Z KoUo, AjamÀ`m diUmà_mUo hmV di{dUo, AjamMm {d{eï> AmH$maho gJio A§JdiUr nS>Ê`mg doi bmJVmo. Ë`m_wio gwê$dmVrMr àJVr A{Ve` _§X AgVo.`m H$mimVhr ZdrZ H$m¡eë` {eH$Ê`mV AgUmar {Okmgm, CËgmh `m§Mm \$m`XmAÜ``ZmgmR>r hmoVmo.

2) doJmZo àJVr hmoVo:ZdrZ H$m¡eë`mMr AmoiI Pmë`mZ§Va Am{U H$mhr Jmoï>r A§JdiUr nS>ë`mZ§Va

àJVrMm doJ dmT>Vmo. CXm. bhmZ _wbmbm EH$Xm AjamMo diU g_Obo; WmoS>mgmgamdmZo hmVhr dim`bm bmJbm H$s, boIZmMr JVr dmT>Vo.

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3) nR>mamdñWm:AÜ``Zm_Ü o Aer EH$ pñWVr oVo H$s, ì`ŠVrÀ`m AÜ``ZmV dada nmhVm

àJVr {XgV Zmhr. AÜ``ZdH«$ "j' Ajambm g_m§Va OmVmZm {XgVmo.

AÜ``ZdH«$mVrb hm Omo Q>ßnm Amho Ë`mbm nR>mamdñWm Ago åhUVmV. _yb{bhm`bm {eH$Vo Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m {bImUmÀ`m H$m¡eë`mV EH$m {d{eï> pñWVrn ©V àJVrPmë`mZ§Va JVr Am{U AMyH$Vm hr {H$VrVar AmR>dS>o VodT>rM Amho Ago {XgVo. Ë`mZ§Va_mÌ EH$X_ àJVr hmoVmZm {XgVo. AmVm _wbmMr {bImUmMr JVrhr dmT>Vo, AjamModiUhr Mm§Jbo oVo, _Ybm Omo àJVr Z {XgÊ`mMm Q>ßnm Amho `mbm nR>mamdñWm AgoåhUVmV.

nR>mamdñWoMr H$maUo

1) H$m_mVrb ZmdrÝ` g§në`m_wio AÜ``ZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao àoaU H$_r hmoVo.

2) g§H$sU© H$m¡eë`mV CnH$m¡eë`m§da à yËd {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZm§V, EH§$Xa H$m¡eë`mVàJVr {XgV Zmhr.

3) CnH$m¡eë`mVrb EImÚmM ^mJmda bj H|${ÐV Pmë`mZo EH§$Xa àJVr {XgV Zmhr.

4) gVV Ho$boë`m H$m_m_wio WH$dm oVmo.

5) H$m_mVrb VmoMVmonUm H$m_mMm H§$Q>mim AmUVmo.

6) MwH$sÀ`m gd`t_wio àJVrV AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

nR>mamdñWoMr d¡{eï> o

1) H$moUË`mhr AÜ``ZmV nR>mamdñWm oVoM. Vr H$Yr oB©b, {H$Vr doim oB©b hohr{ZpíMV ZgVo.

2) nR>mamdñWm Amë`mZ§Va Vr {H$Vr H$mi {Q>Ho$b hohr {ZpíMV ZgVo. Vr H$mhr Vmg,H$mhr {Xdg, H$mhr _{hZogwÜXm {Q>Hy$ eH$Vo. nU Vr g§nUma hohr {ZpíMV AgVo.

3) nR>mamdñWm Oer oVo Ver Vr {ZpíMV g§nVo Am{U JVrZo àJVrMm H$mbI§S> gwê$hmoVmo.

4) nwÝhm àJVrMm H$mbI§S>:nR>mamdñWo_Ü o gd© CnH$m¡eë`m§da à^wËd {_i{dë`m_wio EH§$Xa H$m¡eë`mV

àJVr {XgVo. nR>mamdñWoV ì`ŠVrbm OmUrd hmoVo H$s, Amnbr àJVr hmoV Zmhr. VoìhmË`m Om{Udo~amo~aM A{YH$ àJVr H$aÊ`mMo àoaU {_iVo Ë`m_wio nwÝhm àJVrMm doJdmT>Vmo.

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5) AÜ``Z _`m©Xm:ì`ŠVrZo {H$Vrhr àJVr Ho$br Var Ë`m àJVrbm _`m©Xm AgVoM. Ë`m

_`m©Xon{bH$S>o ì`ŠVr àJVr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. dmMZH$m¡eë`mV {H$Vrhr àJVr Ho$br VarnwñVH$mMo EH$ nmZ EH$m goH§$XmV dmMyZ hmoUma Zmhr. AÜ``ZmÀ`m _`m©Xobm n[a{g_mAgo åhUVmV. `m n[agr_m VrZ àH$maÀ`m AmhoV. 1) ì`mdhm[aH$ n[agr_m2)g¡ÜXmpÝVH$ n[agr_m 3) emar[aH$ n[agr_m.

1) ì`mdhm[aH$ n[agr_m: ì`ŠVrMr H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm {H$Vrhr OmñV Agbr VarAmnbr nyU© j_Vm dmnê$Z ì`ŠVr H$m © H$aV Zmhr Va ì`dhmamV OodT>r Amdí`H$ AmhoVodT>rM j_Vm dmnê$Z JaOonwaVr àJVr H$aVo. CXm. EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm niV OmD$Z hoEH$ H$m_ H$a Ago gm§{JVbo Va Zoh_rÀ`m Mmbrnojm WmoS>`m A{YH$ JVrZo Vr OmB©b nUgd© j_Vm§{Zer niUma Zmhr. VoM Ë`m ì`ŠVrbm gm§{JVbo H$s, VwÂ`m_mJo MmdUmam Hw$ÌmniV oVmo Amho Va _mÌ Vr ì`ŠVr gd©eŠVr{Zer niV gwQ>Vo Am{U ñdV:Mm ~MmdH$aVo. åhUOoM BVHo$ OmoamV niÊ`mMr j_Vm AgyZhr ì`ŠVr JaOonwaË`mM j_VoMmCn`moJ H$aVo, Ë`m_wio àJVrbm Or _`m©Xm oVo Ë`m _`m©Xog "ì`mdhm[aH$ n[agr_m'åhUVmV.

2) g¡ÜXmpÝVH$ n[agr_m:ì`ŠVrZo {H$Vrhr àJVr H$amd`mMr R>a{dbr, AJXr ì`mdhm[aH$ n[agr_m

Amobm§Sy>Z gd© j_Vm nUmbm bmdë`m Var {VÀ`m j_Vm§Zm _`m©Xm AmhoV. ì`ŠVrÀ`mj_Vm§_wio AÜ``Zmbm Á`m _`m©Xm oVmV, Ë`m§Zm g¡ÜXmpÝVH$ n[agr_m Ago åhUVmV.{H$Vrhr OmoamV nimd`mMo Ago R>a{dbo Var _mUgmbm h[aUrÀ`m JVrZo niVm oUmaZmhr.

3) emar[aH$ n[agr_m:AÜ``Z H$aV AgVmZm eara Ad`dm§Zm WH$dm oVmo. Ë`m_wio AÜ``Zmg Or

_`m©Xm oVo Ë`m _`m©Xog emar[aH$ n[agr_m Ago åhUVmV. dmMZ H$aVmZm S>moi`mMoñZm y WH$VmV Am{U dmMZmV àJVr hmoV Zmhr.

AÜ``ZdH«$mMo VrZ nzdkj H$aVm oVmV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo:

i) Negatively accelerated or the convex curve.ii) Positively accelerated learning curve or the concave curve.iii) Combination of convex-concave curve.

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Convex curvegxazdmVrÀ`m H$mbI§SmV ApYH àJVr hmoVo. ZaVa àJVrMm doJ ‘ aXmorks- Voñhm

Agm dH«$ [_GVmo.

Concave curve gxazdmVrÀ`m H$mbI§SmV doJ ‘aXmorks- ZaVa àJVrMm doJ dmT>VomVoñhm Agm dH«$ [_GVmo.

Combination of convex concave curve

hm BaJzOr Eg~ `m Ajamà_mUo fXgVmo. Hm_mÀ`m Lo:ikoj `mMm AmHmaAob acwZ AgVmo.

AÜ``Z dH«$mMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd:

1) AÜ``Z dH«$ ho {dÚmÏ`mªZm Ë`m§À`m àJVrMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUmao Mm§Jbo gmYZAmho. Ë`m_wio AÜ``ZmgmR>r àoaUm XoVm oVo.

2) nR>mamdñWm Ambr AgVm {ejH$mZo nR>mamdñWoMr H$maUo emoYmdrV. g§H$sU©H$m¡eë`mVrb CnH$m¡eë`m§da à^wËd {_i{dVmZm nR>mamdñWm Ambr Agob Va{dÚmÏ`m©bm g_Odmdo. Ë`mbm Yra Ambm H$s, nR>mamdñWoZ§Va ZŠH$s àJVr hmoB©b.

3) àoaU H$_r Pmë`m_wio nR>mamdñWm Pmbr Agob Va `mo½` àoaH$mMm Cn`moJ H$amdm.

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4) MwH$sÀ`m gd`t_wio nR>mamdñWm Ambr Agob Va MwH$sÀ`m gd`r Xya H$aÊ`mMmà`ËZ H$amdm.

5) {dÚmÏ`m©bm ì`mdhm[aH$ n[agr_onojm OmñV H$m © H$aÊ`mMr gd` bmdmdr.

3.2 ye) AÜ``ZmÀ`m CnnÎmr

3.2.1 Wm°Z©S>mBH$Mr à`ËZ à_mX CnnÎmr:F&. Sued. Lee@ve&[eFkeÀves 1898 ceO³es DeeHeu³ee DeHeUejÞe KeHeeRµeÞeÞeUµeHeueµe ³ee

HegmlekeÀele Òe³elve Òeceeo DeO³e³eve GHeHeÊeer efkebÀJee GÎerHekeÀ DeeefCe Òeefleef¬eÀ³ee ³eeceO³es efvecee&Ce nesCeeN³eemeen®e³ee&me cenÊJe efoues Deens. l³eeb®³ee celes DeO³e³eve Ie[les cnCepes®e SKeeÐee GÎerHekeÀe®ee efJeefµe<ìÒeefleef¬eÀ³esµeer meen®e³e&mebyebOe ÒemLeeefHele neslees. ne mebyebOe l³eebveer S-R ³ee met$eeves oeKeefJeuee Deens.

S - Stimulus CÔrnH$. R - Response à{V{H«$`m `m XmoKm§_Yrb gmhM © - `m{MÝhmZo Xe©{dbo Amho. {d{eï> n[apñWVr Am{U {d{eï> à{V{H«$`m `m§À`m_Ü o g§~§Y ÑT>hmoD$Z gd`rV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. Aem VèhoZo n[apñWVr Am{U à{V{H«$`m `m§À`m_YrbgmhM © ÑT> ~Z{dUo åhUOo AÜ``Z. ho g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aVmZm àmÊ`mMr H¥$Vr_hÎdmMr AgVo.

Wm°Z©S>mB©H$Mm à`moJ: Wm°Z©S>mB©H$Zo AZoH$ à`moJ Ho$bo. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ à{V{Z{YH$ à`moJAmnU nmhÿ.

EH$m Hy$Q> no{Q>Ho$V EH$ wHo$bobo _m§Oa R>odbo. Hy$Q> no{Q>Ho$V EH$ {d{eï> H$i Amho,Or Xm~br AgVm no{Q>Ho oMo Xma CKS>bo. `m Hy$Q> no{Q>Ho$À`m ~mhoa _m§Oambm {Xgob Aem{R>H$mUr _mgm R>odbm. _m§Oa ^yHo$bo Agë`m_wio no{Q>Ho oMo Xma CKSy>Z ~mhoa oUo Am{U_mgm {_i{dUo hr _m§OamnwT>rb g_ñ`m Amho. _m§Oa hr g_ñ`m H$er gmoS>dVo `mMo{ZarjU Ho$bo. _mgm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _m§OamMr YS>nS> gwê$ hmoVo. JOmVyZ n§Om ~mhoa

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H$mT>Uo, JO nH$Sy>Z hb{dUo, qnOè`mV CS>`m _maUo, JO MmdUo Aem AZoH$ H$maH$hmbMmbr _m§Oa H$aVo. `m hmbMmbr H$aV AgVmZmM AMmZH$, `moJm`moJmZo _m§OamH$Sy>ZZH$iV H$i Xm~br OmVo. Xma CKS>Vo Am{U _m§Oa _mgm ImVo. nwÝhm _m§Oambm Hy$Q>no{Q>Ho$V R>odbo OmVo. VrM g_ñ`m Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o Ë`mM n[apñWVrV R>odbr OmVo. Aem AZoH$à`ËZm§Z§Va _m§OamÀ`m AZmdí`H$ hmbMmbr Q>mië`m OmVmV. no{Q>Ho oVrb H$ioÀ`m ^modVrà`ËZ EH$dQ>VmV. Aem AZoH$ à`ËZm§Z§Va _m§Oa Hy$Q> no{Q>Ho$V H$m|S>ë`m~amo~a H$moUVohrAZmdí`H$ à`ËZ Z H$aVm H$i Xm~Vo Am{U ~mhoa oVo. AmVm _m§OamMo H$i Xm~yZ ~mhoaoÊ`mMo AÜ``Z KS>bo Ago Wm°Z©S>mB©H$ åhUVmV.

H$i Xm~Uo Am{U AÞ {_i{dUo hr à{V{H«$`m ÑT> hmoVo. _m§Oa CnmerAgë`m_wio Ë`mbm AÞ {_i{dÊ`mMr àoaUm hmoVr. AÞ hdo Amho ho C{Ôï> ZOaog_moaAmho nU C{Ôï>mn ©V nmoMÊ`mMm _mJ© gmnS>V Zmhr Ë`m_wio emoYZmË_H$ hmbMmbrKS>VmV. Ë`m_Ü o `moJm`moJmZo `e oVo. Xma CKS>ë`mZ§Va _mgm {_i{dÊ`mMoC{Ôï>àmárMo g_mYmZ {_iVo. Ë`m_wio `eXm`r à{V{H«$`m {ZdSy>Z Ë`m ÑT> hmoVmV. åhUyZWm°Z©S>mB©H$À`m CnnÎmrbm "à`ËZ à_mX CnnÎmr' Ago åhUVmV. AemàH$mao Ooìhm AÜ¶¶ZKS>Vo Voìhm ¶m AÜ¶¶Z nÕVrcm à¶ËZ à‘mX AÜ¶¶Z nÕVr Ago åhUVmV. ¶m‘Ü¶o MmaQ>ßß¶mV AÜ¶¶Z KS>Vo.

1) C{Ôï> ñnï> AgVo.2) C{Ôï>mÀ¶m {XeoZo emoYZmË‘H$ hmcMmcr hmoVmV.3) ¶moJm¶moJmZo ¶e {‘iVo.4) MwH$m§Mo à‘mU H$‘r hmoodyZ C{Ôï> JmR>co OmVo.

¶m à¶moJmMo {ZîH$f© nwT>rcà‘mUo -1) ‘m§Oa wHo$co Agë¶mZo ImÚ {‘i{dUo hr àoaUm {Z‘m©U Pmcr.2) ImÚ {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r ‘m§OamZo ñd¡a hmcMmcr Ho$ë¶m.3) ¶moJm¶moJmZo Ë¶mcm ¶e {‘imco.4) AZmdí¶H$ hmcMmctMo à‘mU H$‘r hmoV Joco.5) Zo‘H$s hmcMmc hmodyZ AÜ¶¶Z Pmco.

CnnÎmrMo e¡j{UH$ ‘hÎd1) {df¶mÀ¶m COiUrMo ‘hËd Wm°Z©S>mB©H$ ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>coë¶m CnnÎmrVyZ ñnï> hmoVo.2) nmT>o, gyÌo, {Z¶‘, {gÕm§V, H${dVm nmR>m§Va ¶mgmR>r gamdmMr JaO AgVo.3) AÜ¶¶ZÏ¶mªZm AZoH$ AmdV©Zo H$amd¶mg {ejH$m§Zr àmoËgm{hV Ho$co nm{hOo.4) H$moUVrhr Jmoï> {eH$Ê¶mH$[aVm emar[aH$, ‘mZ{gH$ V¶marMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo.5) n¹$Vm Zgoc Va AÜ¶¶Z ì¶dpñWV hmoV Zmhr.6) H$mooUVrhr ZdrZ Jmooï> {eH$VmZm {Okmgm, Hw$Vyhc Amdí¶H$ AgVo.7) AÜ¶¶ZmÏ¶m©cm nm[aVmo{fH$ {Xco Va Ë¶mMo AÜ¶¶Z ghOmghOr hmoVo.8) AÜ¶¶ZmÏ¶m©V àoaUm {Z‘m©U Ho$cr nm{hOo. àoaUo{edm¶ AÜ¶¶Z KS>V Zmhr.

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`m CnnÎmrdê$Z Wm°Z©S>mB©H$Zo AÜ``Z{df`H$ VrZ {Z`_ _m§S>bo. _mZdrAÜ``ZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo ho VrZ {Z`_ A{Ve` _hÎdmMo AmhoV.

AÜ``Z{df`H$ VrZ {Z`_ (Three Laws of Learning) :

1) gÁOVoMm {Z`_ (Law of Readiness) :Ooìhm EImXr H¥$Vràd¥Îmr H¥${Verb Pmbobr AgVo Voìhm Vr H$m`m©pÝdV H$aUo

gwImdh R>aVo. Aemdoir Vr H¥$Vràd¥Îmr H$m`m©pÝdV Z H$aUo ŠboeH$maH$ R>aVo. OoìhmEImXr H¥$Vràd¥Îmr H¥${Verb Pmbobr ZgVo Voìhm Vr H$m`m©pÝdV H$aUo ŠboeH$maH$ R>aVo.

Ooìhm EImXr Jmoï> {eH$Ê`mMr emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$ V`mar AgVo Voìhm Vr Jmoï>{eH$Uo gwImdh AgVo. emar[aH$ qH$dm _mZ{gH$ V`mar ZgVmZm EImXr Jmoï> {eH$UoÌmgXm`H$ AgVo. CXm. ghm _{hÝ`m§À`m _wbmbm {OÝ`mÀ`m nm`è`m MT>Ê`mMo H$m¡eë`{eH${dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Va Vr Jmoï> Ë`mbm ŠboeH$maH$ dmQ>ob nU Vmo 18 _{hÝ`m§MmPmë`mZ§Vahr Ë`mbm nm`è`m MTy> {Xë`m ZmhrV Va Vohr Ë`m _wbmbm ŠboeH$maH$ hmoB©b.åhUOoM Ë`mMr emar[aH$ V`mar ZgVmZm EImXr H¥$Vr H$am`bm bmdUo ÌmgXm`H$ Amho.emar[aH$ V`mar AgVmZm VrM H¥$Vr H$aUo AmZ§XXm`H$ AgVo. nmMdrVë`m Xhm dfm©À`m_wbmbm J{UVmVrb à_o` gmoS>dm`bm gm§{JVbo Va Vo Ë`mbm eŠ` hmoUma Zmhr nUZddrVë`m Mm¡Xm dfm©À`m _wbmbm _mÌ à_o`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo AmZ§XXm`r hmoB©b H$maUnmMdrVë`m _wbmMr _mZ{gH$ nŠdVm à_o` gmoS>{dÊ`mBVH$s Zmhr. Ë`m_wio `m H$m_mgmR>rË`mMr _mZ{gH$ V`mar Zmhr, gÁOVm Zmhr. nU Mm¡Xm dfm©À`m ZddrVë`m _wbmH$S>o hr_mZ{gH$ nŠdVm Agë`m_wio à_o`mMm Aä`mg Ë`mbm gwIH$maH$ hmoB©b. gÁOVm hrì`ŠVrMr nŠdVm, JaO, Vrd« BÀN>m, `mo½` àoaU `mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. {d{dYj_Vm§À`m ~m~VrV ì`ŠVrMr gÁOVm bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

gÁOVoÀ`m {Z`_m§Mo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd

1) Aä`mgH«$_ R>a{dVmZm _wbm§À`m emar[aH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ nŠdVoMm {dMma hmoUoAmdí`H$ Amho.

2) _wbm§Zm emioV àdoe XoÊ`mMo d` {ZpíMV Ho$bobo AgVo. nŠdVm Amë`m{edm`emioV àdoe {Xë`mg emim, Aä`mg ho ŠboeXm`H$ hmoD$Z emim Am{UAä`mgm{df`r ZmdS>, {VQ>H$mam dmQ>ob. emioV OmÊ`mÀ`m d`mV emioV nmR>{dboZmhr, Aä`mg H$ê$ {Xbm Zmhr Va Vohr ŠboeH$maH$M hmoB©b. `mo½` d`mV emioVOmÊ`mMr, Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imë`mg Vo AmZ§XXm`r hmoB©b.

3) Aä`mgH«$_ OrdZm{^_wI Agmdm. Ë`m_wio AÜ``ZmMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoD$Z ì`ŠVrAÜ``Zmg gÁO hmoB©b.

4) _wbm§_Ü o {df`m{df`rMr A{^ê$Mr, {Okmgm {Z_m©U Pmë`mg {dÚmWu ZdrZ kmZqH$dm H$m¡eë` AmË_gmV H$aÊ`mg gÁO hmoVmV. {df`mMo AmH$bZ hmoV Agob

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VaM {df`m_Ü o A{^ê$Mr {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m {df`mV A{YH$ H$mhr OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr{Okmgm {Z_m©U hmoVo. åhUyZ {df` AmH$bZj_ hmoB©b Aer AÜ`mnZ-nÜXVr, V§Ì,H$m¡eë` {ejH$mZo dmnaUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

5) {df`mMo AÜ`mnZ gwê$ H$aVmZm {ejH$mZo àW_ àñVmdZm H$ê$Z {dÚmÏ`m©Mr{Okmgm OmJ¥V H$amdr. nyd©kmZ OmJ¥V H$ê$Z ZdrZ kmZmMr OwÝ`m kmZmer gm§JS>Kmbmdr Am{U AÜ``ZmMr JaO {Z_m©U H$amdr.

6) H«$rS>mñnYm©_Ü o ^mJ KoUmè`m IoimSy>§Zm àË`j ñnYm© gwê$ hmoÊ`mnydu CÎmoOH$ì`m`m_m§Mr JaO AgVo. Ë`m_wio earamVrb ñZm y gÁO hmoVmV.

gamdmMm {Z`_ (Law of Exercise) :EImXr n[apñWVr Am{U EImXr à{V{H«$`m `m_Ü o g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmoVmV Voìhm

BVa n[apñWVr H$m`_ AgVmZm Vr n[apñWVr Am{U Vr à{V{H«$`m `mVrb g§~§Y~imdVmV. `mCbQ> EImXr n[apñWVr Am{U EImXr à{V{H«$`m `m_Yrb g§~§Y dma§dmaOmoS>bm OmV Zmhr Voìhm Vmo g§~§Y Xw~©b hmoVmo.

åhUOoM EImÚm CÔrnH$mg EImXr à{V{H«$`m dma§dma {Xbr Joë`mg Vmo CÔrnH$Am{U Vr à{V{H«$`m `m_Yrb g§~§Y ÑT> hmoVmV Am{U Ë`m {H«$ oMo gd`rV ê$nm§Va hmoVo.`m_Ü o Cn`moJmMm {Z`_ Am{U AZwn`moJmMm {Z`_ `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. AmdV©Zm§ZrqH$dm gamdmZo à{V{H«$`m ÑT> hmoV Agbr Var AmH$bZm{edm` Ho$di AmdV©Zo Cn`moJrnS>V ZmhrV. AmH$bZmZ§Va Ho$bobo AmdV©ZoM gamdmZo ÑT> hmoVmV. Á`m à{V{H«$`m§Mmn[aUm_ gwIX qH$dm `eXm`r AgVmo Ë`mM à{V{H«$`m gamdmZo ÑT> hmoVmV. gwIXZgUmè`m à{V{H«$`m§Mr AmdV©Zo KS>VM ZmhrV. CXm. ñHy$Q>a Mmbdm`bm {eH$VmZm ŠbMEH$X_ gmoS>ë`mg ñHy$Q>a YmS>H$Z² nS>Ê`mMr ^rVr dmQ>Vo. hm AZw^d EH$Xm KoVë`mdaŠbM EH$X_ gmoS>Ê`mMr à{V{H«$`m nwÝhm KS>V Zmhr. nU EImXr Jmoï> EH$Xm dmMyZAmZ§X {_imë`mg Jmoï>r nwÝhm nwÝhm dmMë`m OmVmV. dma§dma dmMZ Ho$ë`m_wiodmMZH$m¡eë`mV gwYmaUm hmoVo.

gamdmÀ`m {Z`_mMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd :

1) H$m¡eë` AmË_gmV H$aVmZm Vo Ho$di EH$Xm {eH$dyZ nwaogo hmoV Zmhr. Ë`mH$m¡eë`mMm dma§dma gamd H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`mgmR>r AÜ`mnZ Ho$boë`m ^mJmMr _YyZ_YyZ COiUr KoUo, nydu Ho$boë`m AÜ``Zmda J¥hnmR> XoUo ho Cn wŠV AgVo.

2) Ho$di gamdmZo H$m¡eë` AmË_gmV hmoUma Zmhr Va H$m¡eë` AÜ`mnZmV n[apñWVrAm{U à{V{H«$`m `m_Yrb g§~§YmMo AmH$bZ hmoUo Amdí`H$. Ho$di nmR>m§VamMmCn`moJ hmoV Zmhr.

3) gamd hm AmZ§XXm`r hmoUo Amdí`H$. AmH$bZ Pmboë`m nmR>`m§emMm gamd Ho$ë`mg`emMm AmZ§XXm`r AZw^d {_iVmo. CXm. Ad`d nmS>Uo `m nmR>`m§emÀ`m

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AÜ``ZmZ§Va gamdmgmR>r CXmhaUo gmoS>dV AgVmZm CXmhaUo ~amo~a Amë`mgAmZ§X {_iVmo. nU nmR>`m§emMo AmH$bZ Pmbo Zgob Va CXmhaUo MwH$VmV nwÝhmCXmhaUo gmoS>dy Z oV Ago dmQ>Vo. åhUyZ AmH$bZmZ§VaMm gamd à{V{H«$`m ÑT>hmoÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo.

4) Mm§Jë`m gd`r bmdÊ`mgmR>r gamdmMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. CXm. ì`dpñWVnUm,dŠVeranUm, dJ¡ao.

n[aUm_mMm {Z`_ (Law of Effect):EImXr n[apñWVr Am{U à{V{H«$`m `m§À`m_Ü o OmoS>bobm g§~§Y gwIX hmoVmo

Voìhm Vr n[apñWVr Am{U Vr à{V{H«$`m `m_Yrb g§~§Y ÑT> hmoVmV. `mCbQ> n[apñWVrAm{U à{V{H«$`m `m§_Yrb g§~§Y AgwIX hmoVmo Voìhm Vmo g§~§Y Xw~©b hmoVmo.

_m§OamZo JO Mmdbo, qnOè`mV CS>`m _maë`m nU `m à{V{H«$`m§_YyZC{Ôï>àmárMm gwIX AZw^d Ambm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio `m gd© à{V{H«$`m dJië`m Joë`m nUH$i Xm~Uo `m à{V{H«$ o_wio C{Ôï>àmárMm gwIX AZw^d Amë`m_wio Vr à{V{H«$`m ÑT>Pmbr. B§J«OrÀ`m eãXm§Mr ñnoqbJ nmR> H$aVmZm EH$m eãXmMo ñnoqbJ ghO nmR> PmboH$s, AmUIr ñnoqbJ nmR> H$amdrV Ago dmQ>Vo. nU EImÚm eãXmMo ñnoqbJ gVV MwH$Vam{hbo Va nwT>Mo eãX nmR> H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m g§nVo.

n[aUm_mÀ`m {Z`_mMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd:

1) "èmgmaIo èXm`r Xwgao H$mhr Zmhr.' åhUyZ _wbm§Zm èmMm AZw^d XoUoAmdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr AÜ`mnZgyÌm§Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm. Ogo -gmoß`mH$Sy>Z AdKS>mH$S>o, gmÜ`mH$Sy>Z g§H$sUm©H$S>o, AmYr gmoß`m gmÜ`m Jmoï>t_Ü oè Ambo åhUOo AdKS> ^mJ {eH$Ê`mg àoaUm {_iVo.

2) {dÚmÏ`m©Zo ~amo~a CÎma {Xbo qH$dm Mm§Jbo H$m_ Ho$bo Va bJoM Ë`mbm em~mgH$sÚmdr. Ë`m_wio AmË_gÝ_mZmMr gwIX ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Aer Mm§Jbr H$m_oH$aÊ`mMr àoaUm {_iVo.

3) {dÚmÏ`m©Zo Ho$boë`m MwH$s~Ôb Ë`mbm gm¡å` {ejm Úmdr. `m AgwIX AZw^dm_wionwÝhm Ver MyH$ {dÚmWu H$aUma Zmhr.

4) MmMUrMm qH$dm narjoMm {ZH$mb eŠ`Vmo bdH$a {dÚmÏ`m©bm H$idmdm. {ZH$mbbdH$a g_Obm Va èmMm AmZ§X A{YH$ AgVmo. {ZH$mbmg {db§~ Pmë`mg{ZH$mbm{df`rMr {Okmgm {Q>Hy$Z amhV Zmhr. Ë`m {ZH$mbmMm AmZ§Xhr \$ma hmoVZmhr.

5) ñVwVr, qZXm, nm[aVmo{fH$, {ejm Aem àoaH$m§Mm Cn`moJ VmaVå`mZo H$amdm. Mm§Jë`mqH$dm MwH$sÀ`m H$m_mZ§Va bJoMM Am{U H$m_mÀ`m à_mUmVM `m àoaH$m§Mm Cn`moJH$amdm.

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6) {ejm qH$dm qZXm `mnojm nm[aVmo{fH$ Am{U ñVwVr ho A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ AgVmV.à{V{H«$`m ÑT> H$aUo qH$dm {VMo {ZîH$mgZ H$aUo `m_Ü o Ë`m§Mm Mm§Jbm Cn`moJhmoVmo.

3.2.2 n°ìhbm°ìhMr AÜ``Z CnnÎmrA{^OmV A{^g§YmZ CnnÎmr (Classical Conditioning):

hr CnnÎmr a{e`Z earaemók Am{U dV©ZdmXr _mZgemók BìhmZ n°ìhbm°ìh`mZo _m§S>br Amho. dV©ZdmXr _mZgemók gmhM © g§~§YmZm {deof _hÎd XoVmV. hrCnnÎmr g_OÊ`mgmR>r àW_ AmnU A{^g§YmZ åhUOo H$m` ho g_OmdyZ KoD$.

A{^g§YmZ:ì`dhmamV _mZdr dV©Z ho ~è`mM à_mUmV A{^g§YmZmZoM KS>Vo. CXm.…-

añË¶mV C^m amhUmam nmocrg dmhVyH$ {Z¶§ÌU H$aVmo. Ë¶mÀ¶m IwUoZwgma dmhZo Wm§~VmVqH$dm OmVmV. nmocrg hm Z¡g{J©H$ MoVH$ AgyZ, dmhZ Wm§~Uo hr à{V{H«$¶m Amho. AmVm¶m Z¡g{J©H$ MoVH$m EodOr {hadm qH$dm Vm§~S>m {Xdm hm H¥${Ì‘ MoVH$ OmoS>cm OmVmo. {hadmqH$dm Vm§~S>m {Xdm cmJcm H$s dmhZo Wm§~VmV qH$dm OmVmV. ho A{^g§YmZ hmo¶. AmVmahXmarMo {Z¶§ÌU H$aÊ¶mg Z¡g{J©H$ MoVH$mMr JaO ^mgV Zmhr. A{^g§YmZmMr hrà{H«$¶m A{YH$ ñnï> hmoÊ¶mgmR>r nmìhcm°ìhZo Hw$Í¶mda Ho$cocm à¶moJ AmnU g‘OmdyZKoUma AmhmoV.

emioMr K§Q>m dmObr H$s _wbo dJm©V OmVmV. K§Q>m dmOUo `m CÔrnH$mbmAmdmOmÀ`m {XeoZo nmhUo hr Z¡g{J©H$ à{V{H«$`m Amho nU K§Q>m dmOUo `m CÔrnH$mbmAmdmOmÀ`m {XeoZo nmhUo hr à{V{H«$`m Z XoVm dJm©V OmUo hr AZ¡g{J©H$ à{V{H«$`m {XbrOmVo Vr A{^g§YmZm_wio. bhmZ _wbmbm n{hë`m§Xm S>m°ŠQ>am§H$S>o Zobo AgVm _ybHw$VyhbmZo S>m°ŠQ>am§H$S>o nmhVo. ñQ>oW°ñH$monZo S>m°ŠQ>a _wbmbm VnmgV AgVmZm _ybñQ>oW°ñH$mon nH$S>Vo. Vmo Vm|S>mV KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo, hgVo. `m gd© Z¡g{J©H$à{V{H«$`m XoVo. Z§Va S>m°ŠQ>a _wbmbm B§OoŠeZ XoVmV. B§OoŠeZÀ`m doXZobm aS>Uo hrZ¡g{J©H$ à{V{H«$`m _yb XoVo. Xwgè`m doiobm Ooìhm AmB© _wbmbm KoD$Z XdmImÝ`mV oVoVoìhm XdmImÝ`mÀ`m XmamVM _yb aS>Ê`mMr à{V{H«$`m XoVo. S>m°ŠQ>abm nmhÿZ aSy> bmJVo.aS>Uo hr à{V{H«$`m XdmImZm qH$dm S>m°ŠQ>a `m AZ¡g{J©H$ CÔrnH$mH$S>o OmoS>br OmVo.`mbmM A{^g§YmZ Ago åhUVmV.

n°ìhbm°ìhMm à`moJ:n°ìhbm°ìh hm earaemók hmoVm. Vmo Hw$Í`mÀ`m bmimoËnmXZ {H«$ oda à`moJ H$aV

hmoVm. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Zoh_r à`moJemioV à`moJm§Mr gd` AgUmè`m Hw$Í`mbm EH$m bmH$S>rImoŠ`mV nÅ>`mZo OISy>Z ~m§YyZ R>odbo. Hw$Í`mMo AdYmZ {dM{bV hmoUma Zmhr `mMrH$miOr KoVbr. Hw$Í`mÀ`m bmiJ«§WtZm EH$ Zir OmoS>br. ZirMo Xwgao Q>moH$ _moOnmÌmVR>odbo. Ë`m_wio ZirdmQ>o oUmè`m bmioMo _mnZ H$aVm oV hmoVo.

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n°ìhbm°ìhZo EdT>`m V`marZ§Va Hw$Í`mg {d{eï> AmdV©ZmMm K§Q>mZmX EoH${dbm.K§Q>mZmX hmoVmM Hw$Í`mZo H$mZ Q>dH$mabo Am{U Vmo K§Q>mZmXmÀ`m {XeoZo nmhÿ bmJbm.K§Q>mZmXmnmR>monmR> Hw$Í`mbm AÞ XoÊ`mV Ambo. AÞmÀ`m Xe©ZmZo, ñdmXmZo bmimoËnmXZ{H«$`m gwê$ Pmbr. Aem VèhoZo àW_ {d{eï> AmdV©Zg§» oMm K§Q>mZmX, Z§Va AÞmMrWmir `m H«$_mMr AZoH$ doim nwZamd¥Îmr Pmë`mZ§Va Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s, AmVm K§Q>mZmXEoH$ë`mZ§Va Hw$Ìm H$mZ Q>dH$maV Zmhr Va K§Q>mZmX hmoVmM bmimoËnmXZmMr {H«$`m gwê$hmoVo. AÞmÀ`m Xe©ZmZo qH$dm ñdmXmZo Á`m à_mUmV bmimoËnmXZ hmoV hmoVo Ë`mMà_mUmV AmVm \$ŠV K§Q>mZmXmZ§Va bmimoËnmXZ hmoD$ bmJbo åhUOoM AÞ `m Z¡g{J©H$CÔrnH$mg bmimoËnmXZ hr Or Z¡g{J©H$ à{V{H«$`m {Xbr OmV hmoVr Vr AmVm K§Q>mZmX `mAZ¡g{J©H$ C{ÔnH$mer OmoS>br Jobr. Z¡g{J©H$ CÔrnH$mEodOr Xwgè`m AZ¡g{J©H$C{ÔnH$mer EImXr à{V{H«$`m OmoS>br OmVo Voìhm Ë`m à{V{H«$ og A{^g§{YV à{V{H«$`mAgo åhUVmV Am{U à{H«$ og A{^g§YmZ Ago åhUVmV.

à{V{H«$`m A{^g§{YV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Z¡g{J©H$ C{ÔnH$ AZ¡g{J©H$ C{ÔnH$m~amo~aAZoH$ doim dmnamdm bmJVmo. Z¡g{J©H$ C{ÔnH$mMm Cn`moJ à{V{H«$`m A{^g§{YVH$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo, ÑT>rH$aUmgmR>r Zmhr åhUyZ `m A{^g§YmZmg "A{^OmV A{^g§YmZ'Ago åhUVmV. ÑT>rH$aU AmdV©Zm§_wio hmoVo. hr Pmcr A{^g§{YV à{V{H«$¶m hr A{^g§[YVà{V{H«$¶m AmnUmg nwT>rcà‘mUo ‘mSVm `oB Zb.-

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1. Z¡g{J©H$ MoVH$ Z¡g{J©H$ à{VgmX(AÞ) (cmi{Z{‘©Vr)

2. Z¡g{J©H$ MoVH$ + H¥${Ì‘ MoVH$ Z¡g{J©H$ à{VgmX(AÞ + K§Q>oMm AmdmO) (cmi{Z{‘©Vr)

3. H¥${Ì‘ MoVH$ Z¡g{J©H$ à{VgmX(K§Q>oMm AmdmO) (cmi{Z{‘©Vr)

EImXr à{V{H«$`m A{^g§{YV H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZ¡g{J©H$ CÔrnH$ AmYr ÚmdmbmJVmo. Z§Va nmR>monmR> Z¡g{J©H$ C{ÔnH$ Úmdm bmJVmo. `m§À`m_Ü o AYm© goH§$X AdYrAgob Va Vmo A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmo. àmÊ`m§À`m ~m~VrV hm H$mbmdYr 0.2 Vo 2goH§$X `m _`m©Xm§À`m AmV Agmdm bmJVmo.

~oaìVoaoìh hm nm°ìhcm°ìhMm ghH$mar hmoVm. Ë¶mZo Hw$Í¶mda H$mhr à¶moJ Ho$co.Hw$Í¶mÀ¶m nm¶mcm gm¡å¶ Agm {dOoMm PQ>H$m XodyZ ^¶mgmR>r A{^g§{YV Ho$co.nm¶mcm {dOoMm PQ>H$m d K§Q>oMm AmdmO Ago dma§dma Ho$co. {dOoÀ¶m gm¡å¶PQ>³¶m‘wio Hw$Ìm ^¶^rV hmoV Ago d Ë¶mMo Vm|S> H$moaS>o nS>V Ago. nwT>o nwT>o ZwgVmK§Q>oMm AmdmO EoH$cm H$s Hw$Ìm nm¶ ‘mJo KoB©, ^¶^rV hmoB© d Ë¶mMo Vmo|S> H$moaS>ohmoB©.

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¶mnwT>o ¶m XmoÝhr à¶moJm§Mo EH${ÌH$aU Ho$co. K§Q>oÀ¶m AmdmOm~amo~a Hw$Í¶mÀ¶mnm¶mcm gm¡å¶ PQ>H$m ~go d AÞhr {‘io. Ë¶mdoir Hw$Í¶mÀ¶m Vm|S>mVyZ nmPaUmè¶mcmioMo à‘mU H$‘r Pmë¶mMo {Xgco. WmoS>³¶mV, ^¶mMm à^md AmZ§XmÀ¶mà^mdmnojm OmñV AgVmo.

A{^g§YmZmMo {Z¶‘

i) Ñ{T>H$aUmMm {Z¶‘ (Law of Reinforcement)

AmdV©Zm‘wioM H¥${Ì‘ C{ÔnH$ d Z¡g{J©H$ à{V{H«$¶m hm g§~§Y ÑT> Pmcm. Ho$diEH$XmM H¥$Vr H$ê$Z à{V{H«$¶m A{^g§{YV Pmcr ZgVr.

ii) C{ÔnH$ gm‘mÝ¶rH$aU {Z¶‘ (Law of Stimulus Generalization)

nm°ìhcm°ìhÀ¶m à¶moJm‘Ü¶o Á¶m K§Q>oMm K§Q>mZmX H$aÊ¶mgmR>r dmna Ho$cm Jocm VrK§Q>m Oa ~Xccr d AmdmOmV ~Xc Pmcm Va à{V{H«$¶m A{^g§{YV hmoUma Zmhr. XmoZK§Q>mZmXm§‘Ü¶o OodT>o gmå¶ Agoc Ë¶m à‘mUmVM C{ÔnH$ gm‘mÝ¶rH$aU KSy>Z ¶oB©c.AZ¡g{J©H$ CÔrnH$mMm Cn`moJ Z¡g{J©H$ CÔrnH$mà_mUo H$ê$Z AmUIr EH$m AZ¡g{J©H$CÔrnH$mer à{V{H«$`m A{^g§{YV Ho$br OmVo. CXm. K§Q>mZmXmer bmimoËnmXZmMoA{^g§YmZ KS>ë`mZ§Va K§Q>mZmX AmYr Am{U nmR>monmR> Vrd« àH$mePmoV `m H«$_mZoAmdV©Zo Ho$br Va àH$mePmoVmer bmimoËnmXZmMr à{V{H«$`m A{^g§{YV hmoVo. añË`mZobmb {Xdm {Xgë`mg JmS>r Wm§~Vo. VgoM añË`mMo H$m_ Mmby AgVmZm añË`mV bmbê$_mb KoD$Z Cä`m Agboë`m _mUgmbm nmhÿZhr ~«oH$da nm` OmVmo. Aem VèhoZo EH$mAZ¡g{J©H$ C{ÔnH$mer A{^g§{YV Pmbobr à{V{H«$`m Xwgè`m AZ¡g{J©H$ C{ÔnH$merA{^g§{YV H$aUo `mbmM CÔrnH$mMo gm_mÝ`rH$aU Ago åhUVmV.

iii) C{ÔnH$ {dcmonZ (Extinction of Stimulus )

Oa H¥${Ì‘ C{ÔnH$m~amo~a Z¡g{J©H$ C{ÔnH$ {Xcm Jocm Zmhr Va H¥${Ì‘C{ÔnH$mer A{^g§{hV Pmcocm à{VgmX ¶mVrc gmhM¶© g§~§Y hiyhiy cmon nmdoc.WmoS>³¶mV, K§Q>mZmX -cmcmoËnmXZ hm gmhM¶© g§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmë¶mZ§Va g‘OmAmnU gVV K§Q>mZmX H$arV am{hcmo Va nwT>onwT>o cmcmoËnmXZ hmoUma Zmhr ¶m {dcmoonZmcm{dñ‘aU Agohr åhUVm ¶oB©c.

iv) C{ÔnH$ {d¶moMZ (Differenciation of Stimulus)

K§Q>mZmX - cmcmoËnmXZ Aer à{V{H«$¶m A{^g§{YV Pmcocr Agoc Va Z§VaK§Q>mZmXmV ~Xc Ho$cm d AÞ {XcoM Zmhr Va ~Xccoë¶m K§Q>mZmXmcm cmcmoËnmXZ hmooVZmhr. åhUOoM ‘yi K§Q>mZmX d ~Xccocm K§Q>mZmX ¶m§Vrc ’$aH$ Hw$Ìm AmoiIy cmJVmo.

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CnnÎmrMo e¡j{UH$ ‘hËd1) AÜ¶¶ZmÏ¶mªZm ZdrZ eãX {eH${dVmZm AmnU dñVy§Mm, {MÌm§Mm d AmH¥$Ë¶m§Mm

Cn¶moJ H$aVmoo. H$-H$‘imMm, A-AZZgmMm, Am-AmB©Mm Ago {eH${dVmo.‘yimjamgmo~V {MÌo XmI{dVmo. ¶m Z§Va dñVy§Mm {MÌm§Mm d AmH¥$Ë¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ ZH$aVm Ho$di eãXm§À¶m ‘XVrZo AÜ¶¶ZmÏ¶mªZm Ë¶m eãXm§Mm ^mdmW© g‘Oy eH$Vmo.

2) A{ÔmV A{^g§YmZmÀ¶m nÕVrZo AmnU {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Mm§Jë¶m gd¶r cmdy eH$Vmo.CXm. - {ejH$ dJm©V Amë¶mda {dÚmWu C o amhVmV. hr H¥$Vr dma§dma Ho$ë¶mZoÑT>rH$aU hmoVo. nwT>o nmcH$ qH$dm nmhþUo dJm©V Amco Va ¶m Jmoï>r ghOnUo KS>VmV.A{^g§YmZmZo AZoH$ Mm§Jë¶m gd¶r cmdVm ¶oVmV.

3) àË¶j AÜ¶mnZmV {dÚmÏ¶mªZm AmdS>Umè¶m H¥$VtMm Cn¶mooJ H$ê$Z, à{VgmX{‘idyZ Oo {eH$dm¶Mo Amho Ë¶m nmR>çdñVyer à{V{H«$¶oMm g§~§Y OmoS>Vm ¶oVmo.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm -1) A{ÔmV A{^g§YmZ CnnÎmrMm OZH$ H$mooU?2) nm°ìhcm°ìh ¶m§Zr H$moUË¶m àmÊ¶mda à¶moJ Ho$co?3) A{^g§YmZ åhUOo H$m¶?4) nm°ìhcm°ìhÀ¶m à¶moJmV Z¡g{J©H$ C{ÔnH$ d H¥${Ì‘ C{ÔnH$ H$m¶ hmoVo?5) nm°ìhcm°ìhMm à¶mooJ ñnï> H$am.6) A{^g§YmZmMo {Z¶‘ gm§Jm.7) A{ÔmV A{^g§YmZ CnnÎmrMo e¡j{UH$ ‘hËd ñnï> H$am.

3.3 keÀ) AÜ``Z g§H«$_U

3.3.1 AÜ``Z g§H«$_UmMr mebkeÀuHevee

EImÚm n[apñWVrV àmá Ho$bobo kmZ, g§nmXZ Ho$bobo H$m¡eë` qH$dm V§Ì Am{UKS>bobr d¥Îmr `m§Mm Cn`moJ Xwgè`m joÌmV {H$§dm n[apñWVrV hmoVmo Voìhm Ë`mbm AÜ``Zg§H«$_U Ago åhUVmV.

3.3.2 AÜ``Z g§H«$_UmMo àH$ma:EH$m n[apñWVrV Ho$boë`m AÜ``Zmbm Xwgè`m n[apñWVrV Ogm Cn`moJ hmoVmo

VgmM EH$m AÜ``ZmVrb H$mhr Jmoï>tMm Xwgè`m AÜ``ZmV AS>Wimhr oVmo. CXm.Á`mbm _moQ>agm`H$b Mmb{dVm oVo Ë`mbm ñHy$Q>a Mmbdm`bm gmono AgVo. H$maUñHy$Q>a Am{U _moQ>agm`H$b Mmb{dÊ`mÀ`m V§ÌmV ~aoM gmå` Amho. Ë`m_wio_moQ>agm`H$b Mmb{dÊ`mÀ`m àmá H$m¡eë`mMm ñHy$Q>a Mmb{dUo `m doJi`m n[apñWVrV\$m`Xm hmoVmo. `m XmoZ H$m¡eë`m§À`m V§ÌmV Omo \$aH$ Amho, Ë`mÀ`mer OwidyZ KoVmZmAS>Wimhr hmoVmo. nU AS>Wim AmUUmao KQ>H$ H$_r AgVmV, Voìhm EH$m H$m¡eë`mMm

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Cn`moJ Xwgè`m H$m¡eë`mV Pmbm Ago AmnU åhUVmo. nU EImÚm n[apñWVrV Ho$boë`mAÜ``ZmMm Xwgè`m n[apñWVrV AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Zoh_r Q>o{Zg IoiUmè`mì`ŠVrbm Q>o~b Q>o{Zg IoiUo AdKS> dmQ>Vo. H$maU Q>o{Zg Am{U Q>o~b Q>o{ZgIoiÊ`mÀ`m V§ÌmV \$aH$ Amho. Ë`m_wio Q>o{Zg IoiÊ`mÀ`m H$m¡eë`mMm Q>o~b Q>o{ZgIoiVmZm AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo, ho hr EH$ àH$maMo g§H«$_UM Amho. `mdê$Z g§H«$_UmMoVrZ àH$ma nS>VmV. 1) YZ g§H«$_U 2) F$U g§H«$_U 3) eyÝ` g§H«$_U.

1) YZ g§H«$_U:AmYr Ho$boë`m AÜ``ZmMm Z§VaMo AÜ``Z H$aVmZm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio

Z§VaMo AÜ``Z gmono dmQ>Vo, ghO hmoVoo, JVrZo KS>Vo, Voìhm YZ g§H«$_U Pmbo AgoåhUVmV. emioV ~oarO- dOm~mH$s {eH$bobo _yb ~mOmamV n¡em§Mm {hemo~ ~amo~a H$aVo.y{_VrV {eH$boë`m {Za{Zami`m ^m¡{_{VH$ AmH$mam§Mm Cn`moJ {MÌH$boV {MÌ

H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r hmoVmo. J{UVmVrb AmboImÀ`m Aä`mgmMm Cn`moJ yJmobmVrb nO©Ý`,Vmn_mZ `m§À`m AmboImÀ`m dmMZmV hmoVmo.

2) F$U g§H«$_U:AmYr Ho$boë`m AÜ``ZmMm Z§VaÀ`m AÜ``ZmV AS>Wim hmoV Agob, Ë`m_wio

AÜ``ZmV MwH$m hmoUo, AÜ``Z KS>Ê`mg A{YH$ à`ËZ H$amdo bmJUo, A{YH$ doibmJUo Ago hmoV Agob Va Aem g§H«$_Umg F$U g§H«$_U Ago åhUVmV. _amR>rdmŠàMZoMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va B§J«Or dmŠàMZoV MwH$m hmoVmV.

3) eyÝ` g§H«$_U:AmYr Ho$boë`m AÜ``ZmMm Z§Va Ho$boë`m AÜ``ZmV Cn`moJhr hmoV Zmhr qH$dm

AS>Wimhr oV Zmhr åhUOoM AmYrÀ`m AÜ``ZmMm Z§VaÀ`m AÜ``Zmda YZmË_H$qH$dm F$UmË_H$ H$moUVmM n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr.

g§H«$_U KS>Vo ho Iao nU Vo H$moUË`m n[apñWVrV Am{U {H$Vr à_mUmV KS>Vo`mgmR>r _mZgemókm§Zr à`moJ H$ê$Z H$mhr CnnÎmr _m§S>ë`m AmhoV. Ë`mdê$Z g§H«$_UH$go KS>Vo Vo g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

g§H«$_Umda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$1) ~wpÜX_Îmm: g§H«$_U ho XmoZ AÜ``Z n[apñWVrVrb gmå` emoYUo Am{Ugm_mÝ`rH$aU H$aUo `m XmoZ Jmoï>tda Adb§~yZ AgVo. `m XmoÝhr Jmoï>r ì`ŠVrÀ`m~wpÜX_Îmoda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. ì`ŠVr OodT>r OmñV ~wpÜX_mZ VodT>o g§H«$_Uhr OmñV hmoVo.

2) AÜ``Z AZw^yVr: AÜ``Z AZw yVr OodT>`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb AZw yVter gmåÀgboë`m AgVrb {VVHo$ g§H«$_U A{YH$ KS>Vo. AÜ``Z AZw yVt_Ü o g_mZVm ZwgVrAgyZ MmbV Zmhr Va g_mZVm emoYmdr bmJVo, OmUdmdr bmJVo. VoìhmM g§H«$_U KS>Vo.

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3) Aä`mg gd`r: Aä`mg Oa Ho$di nmR>m§Va Am{U KmoH§$nÅ>r H$ê$Z Ho$bm Va g§H«$_UKS>V Zmhr. nU {M{H$ËgH$nUo AZw yVtMo n¥WŠH$aU g§`moOZ H$ê$Z Aä`mg Ho$bm Vag§H«$_Umg _XV hmoVo.

4) nmR>`m§emMr AW©nyU©Vm: nmR>`m§e AW©nyU© Agob Am{U AWm©Mo AÜ``Z H$Ë`m©gAmH$bZ Pmbo Agob VaM g§H«$_U KS>Vo. åhUyZ {ejH$mMo AÜ`mnZ AmH$bZj_AgUo Amdí`H$.

5) AÜ`mnZ nÜXVr: AÜ`mnZ nÜXVr Am{U V§Ì {dÚmWuH|${ÐV Agob Va g§H«$_UA{YH$ KS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

3.3.3 AÜ``Z g§H«$_UmMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd:

g§H«$_U KS>boM ZgVo Va àË oH$ Jmoï> ñdV§ÌnUo Aä`mgmdr bmJbr AgVr._mZdmZo BVH$s àJVrhr Ho$br ZgVr. g§H«$_Um_wio AÜ``Z gwb^ hmoVo. AÜ``ZmgmR>rbmJUmè`m doioMr Am{U l_m§Mr ~MV hmoVo. g§H«$_U A{YH$ hmoB©b `mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zrà`ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV.

1) g_mZ {df`m§e, g_mZ VÎd, g_mZ V§Ì AgUmè`m nmR> m§em§Mm EH$ JQ> H$amdmAm{U AÜ`mnZ H$amdo. CXm. _amR>rÀ`m nmR>`nwñVH$mVrb b{bV boIm§Mm EH$ JQ>H$ê$Z Ë`mVrb V§Ìgmå` {dÚmÏ`m©À`m bjmV AmUyZ Úmdo.

2) nmR>`m§embm `mo½` Aem AÜ`mnZ nÜXVrMr {ZdS> H$amdr. CX²Jm_r- AdJm_rnÜXVr, g§H$ënZm àmár à{V_mZ, n¥ÀN>m à{ejU à{V_mZ, à`moJ {X½Xe©Z nÜXVrAem AÜ`mnZ nÜXVr Am{U V§ÌmMm Cn`moJ H$amdm Á`m_Ü o {dÚmÏ`m©Zm n¥WŠH$aUg§`moOZ Am{U gm_mÝ`rH$aU H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_iob Am{U Ë`m§Zm n¥WŠH$aUg§`moOZmMr gd` bmJob.

3) AÜ`mnZ AmH$bZj_ Agmdo. Ë`mgmR>r `mo½` AÜ``Z AZw yVtMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo.eŠ` Agob Voìhm àË`j AZw^yVr Úmì`mV. AÜ``Z- AÜ`mnZmV {dÚmWuH¥${Verb AgmdoV.

4) `mo½` Aä`mggd`tMm {dH$mg H$amdm. Ho$di nmR>m§Vambm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mnojmAmH$bZmZ§Va Ho$bobo nmR>m§Va g§H«$_Umg A{YH$ _XV H$aVo.

5) {dÚmÏ`m©Zm AZw yVtMo n¥WŠH$aU- g§`moOZ H$ê$Z {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma H$ê$ZnmR>`m§emMm Cn`moJ BVa n[apñWVrV H$aÊ`mMr gd` bmdmdr.

6) `mo½` A{^d¥ÎmtMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm Ë`m§Mo g§H«$_U OrdZmVrb AZoH$joÌm§V hmoVo. CXm. dŠVeranUm, Xoeào_, ~§YwVm B.

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Amnbr àJVr Vnmgm1. AÜ``ZdH«$mdê$Z H$m`m©Vrc H$moUH$moUVo Q>ßno ñnîQ> hmoVmV?

2. Wm°Z©S>mB©H$Zo _m§S>bobo AÜ``Z à{H«$ oMo {Z`_ gm§JyZ Ë`m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$am.

3. n°ìhbm°ìhÀ`m à`moJmMm Vnerb gm§JyZ Ë`mMo {ZîH$f© H$moUVo Vo {chm.

4. AÜ``Z g§H«$_U åhUOo H$m`? g§H«$_Umbm ghmæ`H$ R>aUmao KQ>H$ H$moUVo?

3.4 gmam§e

"n[apñWVrer hmoUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§_wio ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmV gmnojV: {Q>H$mD$ñdê$nmMo ~Xb `m à{H«$ o_wio hmoVmV Ë`m à{H«$ og AÜ``Z Ago åhUVmV.

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OrdZ OJV AgVmZm AmnU n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ gmYrV AgVmo. n[apñWVrgVV ~XbV AgVo. Ë`m_wio Amnë`mbm nwZ:nwÝhm g_m`moOZ gmYmdo bmJVo. `mà{H«$ o_wio Amnë`m dV©ZmV ~Xb KSy>Z oVmV. AZw^dmVyZ ì`{º$dV©ZmV gVVg_m`moOZmË_H$ ~Xb KS>V AgVmV.

AJXr godm{Zd¥ÎmrZ§Vahr ì`ŠVr ZdrZ n[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mgmR>r, BVaì`º$s¨er hmoUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§_YyZ H$mhr Jmoï>r {eH$V AgVo. Aem VèhoZo AÜ``Z-à{H«$`m hr OÝ_mnmgyZ _¥Ë yn ©V gVV MmbUmar à{H«$`m Amho.

AÜ``ZmgmR>r bmJUmè`m doioMr Am{U l_m§Mr ~MV hmoVo.

g§H«$_U A{YH$ hmoB©b `mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$bo nm{hOoV.


1. AÜ``Z åhUOo H$m`? `m à{H«$ oMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.2. AÜ``Zà{H«$ oMr d¡{eï> o {deX H$am.3. à`ËZ-à_mX nÜXVrZo {eH$Uo åhUOo H$m`? `m nÜXVrMr d¡{eï> o {deX H$am.4. AÜ``Zmg§~§YrMo Wm°Z©S>mB©H$àUrV _w»` VrZ {Z`_ gm§JyZ Ë`m§Mo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd

ñnï> H$am.5. AÜ``Z-g§H«$_UmMm OmñVrV OmñV n[aUm_ {XgyZ `mdm `mgmR>r AÜ`mnZmV

H$moUVr XjVm ¿`mdr?

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4

AÜ``Zmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$(FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING)

KQ>H$ aMZm :

4.1 C{Ôï>o4.2 àñVmdZm4.3 AÜ``Zmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$

4.3.1 AdYmZ4.3.2 Ad~moY4.3.3 àoaUm

4.4 gmam§e4.5 ñdmÜ`m` - àíZ4.6 g§X © J«§W gyMr

4.1 C{Ôï>o

`m àHaUmMm AH;mg HoY;mZaVa Ami.mml ixTry ckch ñnï> djrk;srhy]1) AÜ``Zmda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr {_i{dUo.2) AdYmZ AmH${f©V H$aUmao KQ>H$ Aä`mgUo.3) àoaUoMo àH$ma d e¡j{UH$ _hÎd Aä`mgUo.

4.2 àñVmdZm

AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶m hr OÝ‘mnmgyZ ‘¥Ë¶yn¶ªV gVV MmcUmar à{H«$¶m Amho.OJm‘Ü¶o kmZmMo ^m§S>ma Amho. {d{dY H$cm, emóo, H$m¡eë¶o AmhoV. ¶m gdmªMo AÜ¶¶ZàË¶oH$ ì¶º$s H$aVoM Ago Zmhr. H$maU, AÜ¶¶Z KSy>Z ¶oÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$ KQ>H$H$maUr^yV R>aVmV. WmoS>³¶mV, AÜ¶¶Zmda H$mhr KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. ho KQ>H$H$moUVo Vo AmVm AmnU Aä¶mgUma AmhmoV. AÜ¶¶Zmda n[aUm‘ H$aÊ¶mè¶m KQ>H$m§MrnmM JQ>mV {d^mJUr H$aVm ¶oB©c.

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AÜ``Zmda {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm AZwHy$c dm à{VHy$c n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Agm n[aUm_H$aUmè`m KQ>H$mn¡H$s emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ n¹$Vm, àoaUm, AdYmZ d A{^ê$Mr Am{UWH$dm ho _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV. `m KQ>H$m§Mm AmnU `m àH$aUmV {dMma H$ê$.

4.3 AÜ``Zmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$

4.3.1 AdYmZ

AdYmZ …Amnë`m Om{UdoÀ`m joÌmV AZoH$ CÔrnH$ AgVmV. CXm. AmnU Ooìhm

àmÜ`mnH$m§À`m {eH${dÊ`mH$S>o cj XoV AgVmo. Voìhm Amnë`m Om{UdoÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZràmÜ`mnH$m§Mm AmdmO hm CÔrnH$ AgVmoo. BVahr Jmoï>tMo ApñVÎd Amnë`mcm OmUdVAgVo. CXm. dJm©Vrc BVa {dÚmWu ~mHo$, \$im, n§Io, dJm©~mhoarc AmdmO, J§Y,~mH$mÀ`m Q>moMUmè`m {Iù`mMm ñne©, Amnë`m _ZmV Mmccoco {dMma, Amnco XþIUmaoS>moHo$ qH$dm nmoQ> Aem ~mø qH$dm Am§V[aH$ AZoH$ CÔrnH$m§Mr OmUrd Amnë`mcm AgVo.nU EH$m doiocm àmÜ`mnH$m§Mm AmdmO hmM Amnë`m Om{UdoÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AgVmo. BVagd© Jmoï>r Om{UdoÀ`m joÌmÀ`m narKñWmZr AgVmV. _Ü oM Amnco cj Amnë`mXþIUmè`m S>moŠ`mH$S>o OmVo. AmVm àmÜ`mnH$ Oo ~mocVmV Vo eãX H$mZmda nS>VmV nUË`mMo AmH$cZ hmoV Zmhr. H$maU AmVm Om{UdoÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr S>moŠ`mVrc doXZm Amho.àmÜ`mnH$m§Mo ~mocUo narKñWmZr Joco Amho. åhUOoM AdYmZ AmVm XþIUmè`m S>moŠ`mH$S>oAmho.

AdYZmMr ì`m»`m

1) Om{UdoMm AmoK {d{eï> CÔrnH$mda H|${ÐV H$aUo åhUOo AdYmZ.

2) OmJ¥V AdñWoV AdYmZ hm _Zmoì`mnma gVV Mmcy AgVmo. AmnU åhUVmo H$s, _mPoAZdYmZ Pmco. `mMm AW©, {d{eï> Jmoï>rH$S>o _mPo AdYmZ ZìhVo Va Vo Xþgè`mH$moUË`m Var Jmoï>rH$S>o hmoVo. OmJ¥VmdñWoV _mUyg AZdYmZr AgV Zmhr.

3) AdYmZ hr {ZdS>nyU© {H«$`m Amho. ^modVmcÀ`m AZoH$ CÔrnH$mn¡H$s H$moUË`mCÔrnH$mH$S>o AdYmZ Úm`Mo `mMr {ZdS> Ho$cr OmVo.

4) AdYmZ ho M§Mc AgVo. Vo \$ma H$mi EH$mM CÔrnH$mda {Q>Hy$Z amhV Zmhr.{deofV: chmZ _wcm§~m~V A{YH$ M§McVm {XgVo.

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5) BVa gd© _Zmoì`mnmam§Mr gwê$dmV AdYmZmZo hmoVo. Ogo, EImXr Jmoï> OmUyZ KoUo,H¥$Vr H$aUo EImXr ^mdZm OmUdUo.

6) AdYmZ `m _Zmoì`mnmamV kmZmË_H$, {H«$`mË_H$, ^mdmË_H$ Aer AZw^dmMr{VÝhr A§Jo oVmV. AdYmZ XoÊ`m_mJo H$mhr OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgVo. hokmZmË_H$ A§J Amho Va OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m ho ^mdmË_H$ A§J Amho OmUyZKoÊ`mgmR>r Ho$cocr YS>nS> ho {H«$`mË_H$ A§J Amho.

7) AdYmZ ho _yV© Jmoï>tH$S>ohr diVo.

8) àË`j B§{Ð`m§À`m gh^mJm{edm`hr AdYmZ hm _Zmoì`mnma gwê$ AgVmo.

9) AdYmZ ho ZmdrÝ`mMm emoY KoV AgVo.

AdYmZmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ …AdYmZ ho {Za{Zamù`m KQ>H$m§H$S>o AmH${f©co OmV AgVo. H$mhr ~mø CÔrnH$

AgVmV Va H$mhr Am§V[aH$ KQ>H$ AgVmV.CÔrnH$mer g§~§{YV KQ>H$ åhUOoM ~møKQ>H$ Am{U ì`º$ser g§~§{YV KQ>H$ åhUOoM Am§V[aH$ KQ>H$. `m KQ>H$m§Mm AmVmg{dñVa {dMma H$ê$.

AdYmZmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao ~mø KQ>H$

1) CÔrnH$mMm àH$ma … CÔrnH$ ho n§M|{Ð`m§Zm CÔr{nV H$aVmV. ÑH$, lmì`, J§Y, ñne©,ê$Mr CÔrnH$ AgVmV. Ë`mn¡H$s ÑH²$ Am{U lmì`, CÔrnH$ A{YH$ cdH$a AdYmZAmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoVmV. Ë`m ImcmoImc J§Y CÔrnH$ AdYmZ AmH${f©V H$aVmV. añË`mZoOmUmè`m EImÚm H§$nZrÀ`m _mcmMr Om{hamV H$aUmè`m ìh°Zda Ë`m _mcmÀ`mOm{hamVrMr nmoñQ>g© AgVrc Va Ë`mH$S>o OodT>o cj OmB©c Ë`mnojm nmoñQ>g©~amo~aÜd{ZjonH$mdê$Z Ë`m _mcmMo dU©Z EoH${dco OmV Agoc Va AdYmZ A{YH$ MQ²>H$ZAmH${f©co OmB©c. amÌr {\$am`cm OmVmZm amVamUrMm J§Y nQ²>H$Z AdYmZ AmH${f©VH$ê$Z KoVmo.

2) CÔrnH$mMr AmH$ma … CÔrnH$mMm AmH$ma ^ì` Agoc Va AdYmZ cdH$a AmH${f©coOmVo. {ZdS>UwH$sÀ`m H$mimV ZoË`m§Mr _moR>_moR>çm AmH$mamMr nmooñQ>g© cj doYyZ KoVmVqH$dm _moQ>maMo {dH«o$Vo XþH$mZmda H$maMo _moR>o H$Q>AmD$Q> cmdVmV.

3) CÔrnH$mMr Vrd«Vm … ^S>H$ a§J, Vrd« àH$mePmoV, Vrd« J§Y, _moR>m AmdmO, AdYmZAmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoVmV. gH©$gÀ`m gM©cmB©Q>Mm àH$mePmoV AdYmZ AmH${f©V H$ê$ZKoVmo. P|Sy>À`m J§Ymnojm amVamUrMm J§Y AdYmZ A{YH$ AmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoVmo.AmJJmS>rMr {eÅ>r, Üd{ZdY©H$mMm AmdmO AdYmZ IoMyZ KoVmV.

4) CÔrnH$mMr hmcMmc … pñWa CÔrnH$mnojm hcVm CÔrnH$ AdYmZ AmH${f©V H$ê$ZKoVmo. Om{hamVrV {Xì`m§Mm pñWa aMZonojm CKS>Pmn H$aUmè`m {Xì`m§À`m aMZo_wiohmcMmcrMm ^mg {Z_m©U hmoVmo Am{U AdYmZ A{YH$ cdH$a AmH${f©co OmVo. Am¡fYm§À`m

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XþH$mZmV pìhŠgÀ`m Om{hamVrMo Va§J{MÌ gVV {\$aV AgVo. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o ghOnUo cjdoYco OmVo.

5) CÔrnH$mVrc {damoY … {damoYr CÔrnH$ Odi Odi AgVrc qH$dm ~amo~a gmXaHo$co Joco Va Ë`m§À`mH$S>o AdYmZ AmH${f©V hmoVo. Ë`m_wioM OmS>çm - aS>çm, C§M -~wQ>H$m, H$mim - Jmoam, Aem OmoS>çm AdYmZ IoMyZ KoVmV.

6) CÔrnH$mMr nwZamd¥Îmr … dma§dma g_moa oUmam CÔrnH$ AdYmZ AmH${f©V H$ê$Z KoVmo.Q>r. ìhr. da EH$M Om{hamV nwÝhm nwÝhm XmI{dcr OmVo.

7) CÔrnH$mVrc ~Xc … CÔrnH$mV AMmZH$ hmoUmam ~Xc AdYmZ IoMyZ KoVmo. gVVoUmam n§»`mMm AmdmO Xþc©{jcm OmVmo. nU AMmZH$ drOnwadR>m ~§X Pmë`mg n§»`mMm

~§X nS>cocm AmdmO AdYmZ IoMyZ KoVmo. {dÚmÏ`mªMo AdYmZ AmH$fy©Z KoÊ`mgmR>r{ejH$ AmdmOmV `mo½` ~Xc H$aVmV.

8) CÔrnH$mMr _m§S>Ur … ì`dpñWV aMyZ R>odcoë`m dñVy AdYmZ AmH${f©V H$ê$ZKoVmV. ^mOr~mOmamV ^mÁ`m§Mo T>rJ H$ê$Z R>odÊ`mnojm `mo½` a§Jg§JVrZwgma,AmH$mamZwgma Ë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z R>odcoë`m ^mÁ`m, \$io AdYmZ AmH$fy©Z KoVmV.

9) CÔrnH$mMo ZmdrÝ` … ZdrZ dñVyH$S>o AdYmZ AmH${f©V hmoVo. CXm. ~mOmanoR>oVZì`mZo CKS>coco XþH$mZ.

AdYmZmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao Am§V[aH$ KQ>H$1) JaO … ì`º$scm Á`m Jmoï>rMr JaO AgVo, Ë`m Jmoï>rH$S>o ì`º$sMo cj H|${ÐV hmoVo.Á`mcm ZmoH$arMr JaO AgVo, Ë`mMo cj ZmoH$arÀ`m Om{hamVtH$S>oM OmVo.

2) A{^ê$Mr … AdYmZmda n[aUm_ H$aUmam hm AË §V _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. Á`m{df`mV ì`º$scm A{^ê$Mr AgVo. Ë`m {df`mH$S>o AdYmZ AmH${f©co OmVo. A{^ê$Mr_wioAdYmZ Ho$di AmH${f©VM hmoVo Ago Zmhr Va Ë`m {df`mV AdYmZ {Q>Hy$Zhr amhVo.AdYmZ {Xë`mZo WH$~mH$s oV Zmhr. {MÌH$coV Á`mcm A{^ê$Mr Amho Ë`mMo AdYmZ{MÌàXe©ZmH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoVo. {H«$Ho$Q>Mr AmdS> Agcocr _wco VmgZ²Vmg Q>r. ìhr. da{H«$Ho$Q> _°M nmhV AgVmV.

3) VmËH$m{cH$ _Z:pñWVr … ì`º$sMr _Z:pñWVr Oer Agoc Ë`mà_mUo AdYmZmMoH|${ÐH$aU hmoVo. qMVm, {^Vr>, A{V AmZ§X, A{V Xþ:I Aem _Z:pñWVrV AdYmZ XoUoeŠ` hmoV Zmhr.

4) Ñ{ï>H$moZ … Á`m ì`º$sMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ Ogm AgVmo Ë`m ì`º$sMo AdYmZ Ym{_©H$Jmoï>tH$S>o diVo. Á`m ì`º$sMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ d¡km{ZH$ AgVmo Ë`m ì`º$sMo AdYmZ VH©$ewÜX{dMmam§H$S>o, d¡km{ZH$ àJVrH$S>o diVo.

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5) gd` … {d{eï> doir, {d{eï> Jmoï> H$aÊ`mMr gd` Agcoë`m ì`º$sMo AdYmZ Ë`m{d{eï> doir Ë`m {d{eï> Jmoï>rH$S>o diVo. 12 dmOÊ`mÀ`m gw_mamg OodUmMr gdÀgcoë`m ì`º$scm Ë`m doiocm OodU {_imco Zmhr Va Ë`m ì`º$sMo AdYmZImÚnXmWm©H$S>oM diVo.

AdYmZmMo àH$ma … AdYmZ Zo_Ho$ H$em_wio H|${ÐV hmoVo ho nm{hë`mZ§Va AmVmAdYmZmÀ`m àH$mam§Mm {dMma H$ê$.

AdYmZmMo àH$ma

AZ¡pÀN>H$ EopÀN>H$ Aä`ñV1) M§Mc 1) Am§V[aH$ CÔrnH$ 1) A{^ê$Mr2) ~mø CÔrnH$m§_wio 2) WH$dm

1) AZ¡pÀN>H$ AdYmZ … AMmZH$ oUmam _moR>m AmdmO, Vrd« àH$mePmoV, Vrd« J§Y,Aem CÔrnH$m§H$S>o ì`º$sMr BÀN>m Agmoo, Zgmo, AdYmZ IoMco OmVo. `m àH$maÀ`mAdYmZmV ì`º$s ñdoÀN>oZo AdYmZ XoV Zmhr Va ~mø CÔrnH$m_wio AdYmZ AmnmoAmnAmH${f©co OmVo. `m àH$maMo AdYmZ AË §V M§Mc AgVo. {deofV: chmZ _wcm§Mo AdYmZAZ¡pÀN>H$ AdYmZ `m àH$maMo AgVo.

2. EopÀN>H$ AdYmZ … ì`º$s ñdV:À`m BÀN>oZo EImÚm {df`mda AdYmZ H|${ÐV H$aVo.Ago AdYmZ à`ËZnyd©H$ H|${ÐV H$amdo cmJVo. `m AdYmZmgmR>r àoaUm hm Am§V[aH$KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm AgVmo. è {_i{dUo, AmË_gÝ_mZ {Q>H${dUo, ñnY}V èñdr hmoUo `màH$maÀ`m àoaUm§_wio EopÀN>H$ AdYmZ H|${ÐV Ho$co OmVo. narjoÀ`m {Xdgm§V BVa gd©AmH$f©Uo Xÿa R>odyZ Aä`mg H$aUo `mgmR>r EopÀN>H$ AdYmZ Amdí`H$ AgVo. EopÀN>H$AdYmZ XoVmZm, _mZ{gH$ VmU {Z_m©U hmoVmo, Ë`m_wio EopÀN>H$ AdYmZ {Xë`m_wioì`º$scm WH$dm oVmo.

3. Aä`ñV AdYmZ … Jm`H$, {MÌH$ma, coIH$, H$dr, emók Amnë`m H$m_mV BVHo$JTy>Z OmVmV H$s, Ë`m§Zm ^modVmcÀ`m OJmMohr ^mZ ZgVo. Ë`m§À`m H$m_mda Ë`m§MoAdYmZ VmgZ²Vmg {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. H$maU AdYmZ {df`mV Ë`m§Mr ê$Mr AgVo."A{^ê$Mr_wio {ZYm©[aV hmoUmè`m AdYmZmg Aä`ñV AdYmZ Ago åhUVmV'. hoA{Ve` Cƒ XOm©Mo AdYmZ AgVo. Ago AdYmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r _wÔm_ à`ËZ H$amdo cmJVZmhrV. VgoM ho AdYmZ AË §V pñWa AgVo. `m AdYmZmZo WH$dm oV Zmhr.

AdYmZmMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd1) AdYmZm{edm` AÜ``Z KS>Uo eŠ` Zmhr ho cjmV R>odyZ {ejH$mZo {dÚmÏ`mªMo cj

AÜ`mnZmH$S>o H$go dioc Am{U Vo AÜ`mnZmH$S>oM H$go {Q>Hy$Z amhrc `mgmR>rà`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

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2) chmZ d`mV AdYmZ AZ¡pÀN>H$ àH$maMo AgVo. Vo ~mø CÔrnH$m_wio {Z §{ÌV hmoVoåhUyZ ~mø CÔrnH$m§Mm dmna AÜ`mnZmV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. CXm. {d{dYa§Jr{MÌo, Vºo$, à{VH¥$Vr, AmYw{ZH$ V§Ì{dkmZmVrc gmYZo Ogo XÿaXe©Z, {\$ë_àmoOoŠQ>a, EZ².gr.S>r. dJ¡ao.

3) Aä`mgH«$_ OrdZm{^_wI Agmdm. Ë`m_YyZ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m dV©_mZH$mcrZ Am{U^{dî`H$mcrZ JaOm nyU© ìhmì`mV. Ë`m_wio EopÀN>H$ AdYmZ {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mg _XVhmoB©c.

4) AÜ`mnZ H$aVmZm {d{dY àoaH$m§Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm. ñVwVr, qZXm `m§gma»`màoaH$m§_wio AmË_gÝ_mZmMr JaO {Z_m©U hmoD$Z EopÀN>H$ AdYmZmH$S>o {dÚmWudiVrc.

5) AÜ`mnZmV {d{dYVm Agmdr. EH$m OmJr C^o amhÿZ _»I Mohè`mZo EH$m gwamVAÜ`mnZ H$aUmè`m {ejH$m§À`m AÜ`mnZmV {dÚmÏ`mªMo AdYmZ {Q>Hy$Z amhV Zmhr.

6) AÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZà{H«$ oV {dÚmÏ`mªMm g{H«$` gh^mJ Agmdm.7) {dÚmÏ`mªMo AdYmZ ~mø CÔrnH$m§H$Sy>Z hiyhiy Am§V[aH$ KQ>H$m§H$S>o didmdo.

åhUOoM AZ¡pÀN>H$ AdYmZmH$Sy>Z EopÀN>H$ AdYmZmH$S>o didmdo. EImÚm Var{df`mV A{^ê$Mr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Aä`ñV AdYmZmH$S>o AdYmZ Ý`mdo.

8) {df`mMo AmH$cZ Pmco Va A{^ê$Mr {Z_m©U hmoVo. A{^ê$Mr_wio Aä`ñVAdYmZmMr gd` cmJVo. åhUyZ {df` AmH$cZj_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r `moo½` AÜ`mnZnÜXVr, nmR>çm§emMo n¥W¸$aU, `moo½` e¡j{UH$ gm{hË`mMm dmna, nmR>çm§emMm H«$_,AÜ`mnZ gyÌm§Mm dmna `m gd© Jmoï>r {ejH$mZo H$mQ>oH$moanUo nyd©{Z`moOZmZoR>admì`mV.

4.3.2 Ad~moYg§doXZo_wio Amnë`mcm ~mø CÔrnH$mMr OmUrd hmoVo ho AmnU nm{hco. {d{eï>

g§doXZm hmoVmM Amnco _Z Ë`m g§doXZmMm AW© cmdVmo. _ZmZo Agm AW© cmdVmMAmnë`mcm CÔrnH$mMm ~moY hmoVmoo. `mcmM Ad~moY åhQ>co OmVo.

Ÿ Ad~moY = g§doXZm + {VMm AW© … \y$c hmVmV KoD$Z nm{hë`mZ§Va "ho \y$cAmho' ho Jwcm~mMo \y$c Amho, `mMm a§J Jwcm~r Amho' Ago Amnë`mcm H$iVo VoìhmdñVyMm àH$ma, {VMm a§J `mMm Amnë`mcm Ad~moY Pmcm Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo. \y$cZmH$mOdi ZoD$Z Ë`mMm dmg KoVë`mda "dmg _ñV Amho' Ago Amnë`mcm H$iVo Voìhm\w$cmÀ`m J§YmMm Ad~mooY Pmcm, Agm AW© hmoVmo. a§J, ê$n, AmH$ma, ÜdZr, J§Y, ag,ñne© `m gdmªer g§~§{YV g§doXZmÀ`m AWm©Mm Ad~mooYmV g_mdoe hmoVmoo ho Mm§Jco cjmVR>odmdo. Ad~moY åhUOo dñVy§À`m Ñí` JwUY_m©g§~§YrMm ~moY Agm nwîH$i doim AmncmJ¡ag_O Pmcocm AgVmo. Amnë`mcm EImÚm dñVyÀ`m a§Jmg§~§YrMm Ad~moY hmoVmo VgmM{VÀ`m ÜdZr, J§Y, ag, ñne© `m JwUY_m©g§~§Yrhr Ad~moY hmoVmo. EImÚm dñVyMm gå`H²$Ad~moY åhUOo {d{dY kmZ§{Ð`m§er g§~§YrV Aem {VÀ`m gd©M JwUY_m©Mm ~moY. "_cm `mdñVyMm Ad~moY Pmcm' Ago AmnU åhUVmo Voìhm Ë`m dñVyMm qH$dm {VÀ`m JwUY_m©Mm~moY Pmcm Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo. Ad~moYmMr ì`m»`m Imcrcà_mUo H$aVm oB©c.

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"Á`m _mZ{gH$ à{H«$ o_wio EImXr dñVw qH$dm dñVwpñWVr `mMo g§doXZmÛmaoVmËH$m{cH$ AmH$cZ hmoVo {Vcm Ad~moY Ago åhUVmV. g§doXZm hr kmZJ«hUmMr n{hcrnm`ar Amho; Va Ad~mooY hr Ë`mnwT>Mr Xþgar nm`ar Amho. g§doXZm§_Ü o Amnco _Z{ZpîH«$` AgVo, Ad~moYmV Vo {H«$`merc AgVo. XmoÝhr _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mo AmYmaCÔrnH$, kmZ|{Ð o Am{U _‚mmg§ñWm hr hmoV. AJmoXa g§doXZm d Z§Va Ad~moY.g§doXZm§À`m A^mdr Ad~mooY g§ dVM Zmhr. g§doXZm `m à{H«$ oMo {dícofU H$aVm oVZmhr, Ad~moYmMo _mÌ "g§doXZm + Ë`mMm AW©' Ago {dícofU H$aVm oVo. g§doXZmåhUOo AW©a{hV kmZ Va Ad~moY åhUOo AW© wº$ kmZ hmo`. Ho$di g§doXZo_wio ~mødñVyMo kmZ g§^dV Zmhr. åhUyZ Ad~moY hmM ~mø dñVyg§~§YrÀ`m Amnë`m kmZmMmIè`m AWm©Zo nm`m hmo`.

Ad~moYZmg§~§Yr gmH$ë`dmXr Ñï>rH$moZ_mZgemóm_Ü o Oo {d{dY g§àXm` AmhoV Ë`mn¡H$s gmH$ë`dmXr g§àXm`mZo

Ad~moYZ `m _Zmoì`mnmamMm {deof Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. Amnë`mcm Ooìhm AZoH$ g§doXZmhmoVmV Voìhm Ë`m g§doXZm§Mo AmH$cZ Amnë`mcm EH${ÌVnUo, EH$g§YnUo, g_ï>rê$nmZohmoV AgVo Am{U g§doXZm§Mo Ago EH$ÌrH$aU H$aÊ`mMr hr eº$s Amnë`mcm OÝ_:Mcm^cocr Amho.

Ad~moYZmda à^md nmS>Umao KQ>H$Ad~moYZmda XmoZ àH$maMo KQ>H$ à^md nmS>VmV. EH$ ~mø KQ>H$ d Xþgao Am§V[aH$KQ>H$.

Ad~moYZmda à^md nmS>Umao ~mø KQ>H$ -1) g_rnVm… Odi Odi AgUmao MoVH$ ho MQ>H$Z cjmV oVmV.

darc AmH¥$VrV doJdoJù`m àH$maMr {MÝho AmhoV. nU Varhr Amnë`mcm {XgVmZm VrZVrZ {MÝhm§Mm EH$ JQ> Agm {XgVmo. H$maU hr VrZ-VrZ {MÝho EH$_oH$m§À`m OdiAmhoV.

2) AI§S>ËdmMm {Z`_ … Á`m MoVH$m_Ü o AI§S>Ëd Amho, {Za§VaVm Amho, gcJVm Amhoho MoVH$ MQ>H$Z cjmV oVmV.

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darc AmH¥$VrV Vgo nm{hco Va XmoZ Mm¡H$moZ AmhoV nU Ë`mVrc EH$ Mm¡H$moZMQ>H$Z cjmV oVmo. Xþgam Mm¡H$moZ cjmV oÊ`mgmR>r q~Xÿ OmoS>mdo cmJVrc.

3) gmÑí`mMm {Z`_ … Oo MoVH$ EH$gmaIo {XgVmV Ë`m§Mo VgoM JQ> V`ma hmoVmV Am{UË`m JQ>mMo Ad~moYZ Amnë`mcm MQ>H$Z hmoVo. emim gwQ>Ê`mÀ`m qH$dm ^aÊ`mÀ`m doirdoJdoJù`m emioVrc {dÚmWu Ë`m§À`m w{Z\$m°_©_wio MQ>H$Z cjmV oVmV.

darc AmH¥$VrV {ÌH$moUm§À`m am§Jm, eyÝ`m§À`m am§Jm, Mm¡H$m¡Zm§À`m am§Jm Amnë`mcm MQ>H$Z{XgVmV.

4) [aº$ nyVuMm {Z`_ … ~è`mM doim Ad~mooYZmV [aH$må`m OmJm _mZ{gH$[aË`m ^aë`mOmVmV Am{U Vr dñVy qH$dm dñVwpñWVr `m§Mo AmH$cZ hmoVo.

darc AmH¥$VrV Amnë`mcm fQ>H$moZ {XgVmo. nU Vmo fQ>H$moZ nyU© _mÌ Pmcocm Zmhr.

Ad~moYZmda à^md nmS>Umao Am§V[aH$ KQ>H$1) nydm©Zw^d … g§doXZmMm AW© cmdVmZm Zoh_rM nydm©Zw^dmMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmoo. chmZ_wco T>Jmcm {_iUmè`m AmH$mamH$S>o nmhVmZm Oo AmH$ma gm§JV AgVmV Ë`mdoir VoË`m§À`m nydm©Zw^dmMmM Cn`moJ H$aVmV. EImÚmZo Amnë`m hmVmda noT>m R>odcm Va noT>mXoUmè`mMm AmZ§X nydm©Zw^dm_wioM H$iVmo.

2) _ZpñWVr … Amnë`m _Z:pñWVrZwgmagwÜXm Amnë`mcm Ad~moYZ hmoV AgVo. AmnUOoìhm àgÞ AgVmo Voìhm hr àgÞVm gJirH$S>o OmUdVo nU {dfÊU _Z:pñWVrVMm§XUogwÜXm VmnXm`H$ dmQ>Vo ! AmdS>Ë`m _mUgmMr dmQ> nmhVmZm EH$ {_{ZQ> EH$VmgmgmaIm dmQ>Vmo !3) d¥Îmr … àË oH$ ì`º$sÀ`m d¥ÎmrZwgma Ë`mcm Ad~moYZ hmoV AgVo. EImÚm{^H$mè`mH$S>o ~KVmZm EImÚmcm Ë`mÀ`m~Ôc X`m oB©c. Xþgè`m EImÚmcm K¥Um dmQ>ocVa {Vgè`mcm Va Vmo H$mhrM H$m_ H$arV Zmhr åhUyZ amJhr oB©c!

4) Amdí`H$Vm qH$dm JaO … Amncr Ë`m-Ë`m doiMr JaO Amnë`m Ad~moYZmdaà^md nmS>rV AgVo. lmdUmÀ`m KmJarMm ~wS>~wS> AmdmO XeaWcm OZmdamÀ`m nmUr{nÊ`mgmaIm dmQ>cm. H$maU Vmo Ë`mdoir {eH$margmR>rM ~gcocm hmoVm. AmOmè`mcmH$moUVrhr ~mQ>cr Am¡fYmMrM dmQ>oc.

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5) AmH¥$Vr nmíd© y_r VÎd … gmH$ëndmÚm§Mo åhUUo Amho H$s Amnë`mcm EImÚmAmH¥$VrMo Ad~moYZ hmoV AgVmZm Vo Ë`mÀ`m nmíd©^y_rgh hmoV AgVo. Q>o~cmda R>odcocmnoZ {XgVmo, ZwgVmM noZ {XgV Zmhr. `m {R>H$mUr noZ hr AmH¥$Vr Amho Va Q>o~c hrË`mMr nmíd© y_r Amho. AmH¥$Vr hr A{YH$ ñnï> AgVo, Ë`m _mZmZo nmíd© y_r hr H$_rñnï> AgVo. nU Oa `mV J„V Pmcr Va H$mhr doim nmíd© y_rM AmH¥$Vr hmoÊ`mMreŠ`Vm AgVo. åhUyZM AmH¥$Vr hr A{YH$ ñnï> hdr AgVo. nmíd© y_r{edm` Ho$diAmH¥$VrMo Ad~moYZ ho eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.

Ad~moYZmV hmooUmè`m MwH$mH$mhr doim g§doXZmMm MwH$sMm AW© Amnë`mH$Sy>Z cmdcm OmVmo. g§doXZmÀ`m

Aem MwH$sÀ`m AW© cmdÊ`mcmM AmnU «_, ^mg qH$dm {dnarV ~moY åhUVmo. ho «_{Za{Zamù`m B§{Ð`m§Zm hmoV AgVmV. CÝhmù`mV Xÿada {XgUmao _¥JOi hm Ñ{ï> «_ hmo`.añË`mda nS>coë`m JwiJwirV a~ar Q>çy~da nm` nS>ë`m_yio "XMH$Uo' hm ñne© «_.B§{Ð`^«_mcm Hw$R>cm Var MoVH$ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

nU Hw$R>cmhr ~mø MoVH$ ZgVmZmhr Ooìhm «_ hmoVmo Voìhm Ë`mcm {MÎm «_ AgoåhUVmV. B§{Ð`mH$Sy>Z MwH$sMm AW© cmJë`m_wio B§{Ð` «_ hmoVmV. nU AmË §{VH$^mdZmjmo_m_wio {MÎm «_ hmoVmV. B§{Ð «^«_ ho gmd©{ÌH$M AgVmV. gdmªZmM B§{Ð` «_mMmAZw^d oVmo. nU {MÎm «_ _mÌ ì`{º$JVM AgVmV. Amncr ñdßZo hrgwÜXm{MÎm «_mMrM CXmhaUo åhUVm oVrc.

Ad~moYZmMr e¡j{UH$ Cn wº$Vm1) Ad~moYZm_wioM Amnë`mcm ~mø OJmMo kmZ {_iV AgVo. ho kmZ n§Mo{Ð`m§_m\©$V

{_iV AgVo. åhUyZ n§M|{Ð`m§Zm {d{dY àH$maMo AZw^d nwa{dUo ho Amdí`H$ AgVo.~mcH$mMo AZw^d{díd OodT>o g_¥ÜX Agoc VodT>o Ë`mMo Ad~moY ñnï> AgVrc.

2) AÜ`mnZmV e¡j{UH$ gmYZ gm{hË`mMm Cn`moJM _wir Agm H$amdm H$s Á`m_wioeŠ` VodT>çm OmñV kmZ|{Ð`m§Zm AZw^d {_iVrc. {dÚmÏ`mªZm àË`j H¥$VrH$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xcr Va Ë`m_wiohr Ë`m§Mo AZw^d{díd g_¥ÜX hmoB©c.

3) Amnë`mcm Ad~moYZ ho Zoh_r gmH$ë`mZo hmoVo. Ago Oa Amho Va AÜ`mnZmVhrË`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm nm{hOo. J{UVmV àW_ g§nyU© CXmhaU g_OmdyZ KoD$Z _JË`mÀ`m Q>ßß`mn ªV Omdo. _amR>rV g§nyU© H$Wm qH$dm H${dVm dmMyZ KoD$Z _JË`mÀ`m gyú_ Aä`mgmH$S>o Omdo.

4) Ad~moYm_Ü o aMZocm _hÎd Amho Ago AmnU nm{hco. {ejH$mZo \$cH$ coIZ H$amdo.\$cH$mMo ^mJ nmS>Uo, gw{d{hV coIZ H$aUo `m_wio \$cH$ coIZmMmhr {dÚmÏ`mªZmAÜ``ZmV Cn`moJ hmoB©c.

5) Ad~moYZ Oa {d{eï> nmíd© y_rda hmoV Agoc Va {dÚmÏ`mªZm hr nmíd© y_rM àW_ñnï> H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

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6) Ad~moYZm_Ü o MwH$m hmoD$ Z oV d Ë`m_wio {MÎm «_ hoD$ Z o qH$dm B§{Ð`^«_ hmoD$Z oV `mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZm ghoVwH$ {ZarjUmMr gd` cmdcr nm{hOo.

4.3.3 àoaUm …-Ÿ ì`º$scm H$m ©àd¥Îm H$aUmar Am§V[aH$ eº$s åhUOo àoaUm. _mZdr dV©Z hoC{Ôï>mÝdofr AgVo. H$moUVo Var C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mMr àoaUm Agë`m{edm` AÜ``ZKS>V Zmhr. àoaU hr EH$ _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m Amho. `m à{H«$ o_wio ì`º$s C{Ôï>mÀ`m {XeoZoH$m ©àd¥Îm hmoVo. AÜ``Z n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r AÜ``ZH$Ë`m©Mo ñdV:Mo à`ËZ_hÎdmMo AgVmV. åhUyZM åhUVmV KmoS>çmcm nmÊ`mn ªV ZoVm oVo nU nmUr nmOVmoV Zmhr. nmUr {nÊ`mMr Ë`mMr ñdV:Mr BÀN>m _hÎdmMr AgVo. {ejH$mZo {H$Vrhr

Mm§Jco AÜ``Z Ho$co Var {eH$Umè`mcm Oa {eH$Ê`mMr àoaUmM Zgoc Va {ejH$mMoà`ËZ {Zî\$i R>aVrc.

àoaUoMo àH$ma … àoaUoMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. 1) Am§V[aH$ àoaU 2) ~mø àoaU.1) Am§V[aH$ àoaUm … ì`º$sÀ`m H$mhr ì`{º$JV Am{U H$mhr gm_m{OH$ JaOm AgVmV.`m JaOm Oem O¡{dH$ AgVmV Ë`mnojmhr OmñV _mZ{gH$ JaOm AgVmV. `m JaOm nyU©Ho$ë`m Joë`m nm{hOoV Aer ì`º$scm ñdV:M Am§V[aH$ D$_u AgVo. Ë`mVyZ Oo àoaU{_iVo Ë`m àoaUmg Am§V[aH$ àoaU Ago åhUVmV.

2) ~mø àoaUm … ì`º$scm H$m ©àd¥Îm H$aÊ`mgmR>r nm[aVmo{fH$, {ejm, qZXm, ñVwVr,ñnYm© Aem ~mø Cnm`m§Mm AmYma KoD$Z ì`º$scm H$m ©àd¥Îm Ho$co OmVo. Aem ~møCnm`m§Zr àoaU {_iUo `mcm ~mø àoaU Ago åhUVmV. ~mø àoaUmnojm Am§V[aH$ àoaU hoA{YH$ à^mdr Am[U C{Ôï>àmárgmR>r, C{Ôï> R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn wº$ AgVo.

àoaUoMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd

1) {dÚmÏ`m©cm H¥$Vrerc H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mcm ~mø àoaUm§Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm cmJVmo.{ejH$mZo OmUrdnyd©H$ ~mø àoaH$m§Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm.

2) ~wpÜX_mZ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m ~m~VrV qZXm Am{U {ejm A{YH$ à^mdr R>aVmV. Vagd©gm_mÝ` Am{U

Ë`mnojm ImcÀ`m ñVamVrc ~wpÜX_Îmm Agcoë`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm ñVwVr qH$dmnm[aVmo{fHo$ A{YH$ àoaH$ R>aVmV.

3) àcmo^Zm§Mm Cn`moJ `mo½` doir Am{U `mo½` à_mUmV H$aUo Amdí`H$. qZXm, ñVwVrqH$dm nm[aVmo{fHo$, {ejm `m§Mm Cn`moJ VmaVå`mZo H$amdm. {ejm qH$dm nm[aVmo{fH$`emÀ`m qH$dm H¥$VrÀ`m à_mUmVM Agmdo.

4) H¥$Vr Ho$ë`mZ§Va cJoMM qZXm qH$dm ñVwVrMm Cn`moJ H$amdm.

5) ñnYm© {Z:njnmVrnUo ¿`mì`mV.

6) {dÚmÏ`m©cm AmË_ñnY}Mr gd` cmdmdr.

7) {dÚmÏ`m©cm ~mø àoaUmH$Sy>Z hiy hiy Am§V[aH$ àoaUoH$S>o didmdo.

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e¡j{UH$ _hÎd

1) AÜ¶¶Zmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmè¶m KQ>H$m§Mo kmZ {ejH$mcm {‘imë¶mZo Vmo {dÚmÏ¶m©Mod¶, qcJ,~wpÜX, ‘mZ{gH$Vm B. Mm {dMma H$éZ AÜ¶mnZ H$aoc.

2) {dÚmÏ¶m©cm H§$Q>mim ¶oD$ Z¶o åhUyZ ‘Zmoa§OH$ e¡j{UH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna Haoc.{dÚmÏ¶m©cm WH$dm ¶oD$ Z¶o åhUyZ H¥$Vt‘Ü¶o ~Xc H$aoc Xa 15 {‘{ZQ>m§Zr H$mhrgoH§$Xm§Mr H$m‘mV {dlm§Vr XoB©c.

3) {dÚmÏ¶m©À¶m AdYmZ H|$ÐrH$aUmgmR>r {d{dY ³cwßË¶m§Mm dmna H$aoc.

4) {dÚmÏ¶mª‘Ü¶o OmUrdnyd©H$ Mm§Jë¶m gd¶r éO{dë¶mg AÜ¶¶Z n[aUm‘H$maH$hmoB©c.

5) {ejH$ ñdV…À¶m ì¶dgm¶m~Ôc {Zð>md§V Agoc, gH$mamË‘H$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ AgUmamAgoc, emar[aH$ d ‘mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ¶ CÎm‘ AgUmam Agoc ghH$m¶©erc AgocVa Ë¶mMm à^md {dÚmÏ¶mªda Mm§Jcm nS>Vmo.

6) emio‘Ü¶o {d{dY ^m¡{VH$ gmYZ gw{dYm CncãY AgVrc Va AÜ¶¶Z nmofH$dmVmdaUmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo.

7) Hw$Qw>§~mVrc dmVmdaUmMm {dÚmÏ¶mªÀ¶m ì¶{º$‘Ëd {dH$mgmda à^md nS>V Agë¶mZo{ejH$mZo {dÚmÏ¶m©Mo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmVmdaU OmUyZ KoVco nm{hOo d A¶mo½¶ dmVmdaUAgë¶mg {ejH$mZo {dÚmÏ¶m©cm ‘XV Ho$cr nm{hOo.

8) {d{dY ñnYmªMo Am¶moOZ emioZo Ho$ bo nm{hOo d {dÚmÏ¶mªZm nm[aVmo{fHo$ XoD$Z¶eñdr {dÚmÏ¶mªZm A{YH$ àoaUm {Xcr nm{hOo.

AÜ¶¶Zmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmè¶m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr g{dñVa MMm© AmnU Ho$cocr Amho.AmVm AmnU Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm :1. AdYmZ åhUOo H$m`? AdYmZmMo {Za{Zamio àH$ma H$moUVo?2. Ad~moY åhUOo H$m`? Ad~moYmMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.

4.4 gmam§e

_wcmMr AÜ``ZmgmR>r g‚mVm Agoc Va AÜ``Z AmZ§XXm`r hmoVo. `mCcQ>n¹$Vm Zgoc Va _yc AÜ``ZmgmR>r g‚m ZgVo. Aemdoir Ë`mÀ`mda AÜ``ZmgmR>r

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gº$s Ho$ë`mg _wcmMr AÜ``ZmVrc ê$Mr H$_r hmoVo Am{U _yc Ë`m {df`mnmgyZ XÿaamhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. n¹$Vm Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m {df`mV AÜ``ZmMr g§Yr {_imcr ZmhrVa Z§Va Ë`m {df`mV AÜ``Z KS>Uo H$R>rU OmVo. AdYmZ ho {Za{Zamù`m KQ>H$m§H$S>oAmH${f©co OmV AgVo. H$mhr ~mø CÔrnH$ AgVmV Va H$mhr Am§V[aH$ KQ>H$ AgVmV.g§H«$_U KS>Vo ho Iao nU Vo H$moUË`m n[apñWVrV Am{U {H$Vr à_mUmV KS>Vo `mgmR>r_mZgemókm§Zr à`moJ H$ê$Z H$mhr CnnÎmr _m§S>ë`m AmhoV. Ë`mdê$Z g§H«$_U H$goKS>Vo Vo g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. `mo½` AÜ`mnZ-nÜXVr, `mo½` e¡j{UH$ gmYZo,{dÚmÏ`mªMm g{H«$` gh^mJ, {dÚmÏ`mªZm e§H$m {dMmaÊ`mMo, _V àXe©ZmMo ñdmV§Í`,AmZ§Xr, CËgmhr Am{U Aä`mgy {ejH$ Aer AÜ`mnZmMr pñWVr Agoc Va {dÚmÏ`mªZmAÜ``Z-AÜ`mnZ gwag dmQ>oc Ë`m_wio WH$dm, H§$Q>mim oV Zmhr.

4.5 ñdmÜ`m`- àíZ

1) AdYmZ åhUOo H$m`? AdYmZmMo {Za{Zamio àH$ma H$moUVo?2) Ad~moY åhUOo H$m`? hr à{H«$`m {ejUm_Ü o _hÎdmMr H$m Amho?3) àoaUm åhUOo H$m`? ~{jgo d ñnYm© `m§Mr àoaUm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$gm

Cn`moJ hmoVmo?4) AÜ¶¶ZmÏ¶m©er g§~§{YV H$moUVo KQ>H$ AÜ¶¶Zmda n[aUm‘ H$aVmV ?

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5efJeYeeie-2

AÜ``Zmer g§~§{YV _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`mA) {dMma à{H«$`m ~) ñ_aU, H$) {dñ_aU

(MENTAL PROCESSES RELATED TO LEARNING-A - THINKING B- FORGETTING, C -IMAGINATION )

KQ>H$ aMZm

A)- {dMma à{H«$`m5 0 C{Ôï>o

5 .1 àñVmdZm

5 .2 {dMma à{H«$`m … g§H$ënZm

5 .3 {dMma à{H«$ oMo àH$ma

5 .3.1 H|$Ðmngmar {dMma (Divergent thinking)

5 .3.2 H|$ÐmZwJm_r {dMma (Convergent thinking)

5 .3.3 {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma (Critical thinking)

5 .3.4 {d_eu {dMma (Reflective thinking)

5 .3.6 ghdVu {dMma (Lateral thinking)

(~)5 .4 ñ_aU5 .4.1 àñVmdZm

5.4.2 ñ_aUm®eer mebkeÀuHevee

5.4.3 ñ_aUmMo àH$ma

5.4.3 mcejCeeJej HeefjCeece keÀjCeejs IeìkeÀ

(H$) 5.5 {dñ_aU (Forgetting)

5 .5.1 {dñ_aCee®eer mebkeÀuHevee

5 .5.2 {dñ_aUmMr ÒekeÀej

5.5.3 efJemcejCee®eer keÀejCes

5 .5.4 {dñ_aUmMo e¡j{UH$ _hËd

5 .6 gmam§e

5 .7 ñdmÜ`m` - àíZ

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5 .0 C{Ôï>o

1) {dMma à{H«$ oMer mebkeÀuHevee mHeä keÀjlee ³esF&ue.2) {dMma à{H«$ oMo àH$ma ñnï> H$jlee ³esF&ue.3) mcejCee®eer mebkeÀuHevee, ÒekeÀej DeeefCe mcejCeeJej HeefjCeece keÀjCeejs IeìkeÀ mHeä keÀjlee ³esF&ue.4) efJemcejCee®eer mebkeÀuHevee, ÒekeÀej , keÀejCes DeeefCe µew#eefCekeÀ cenlJe mHe<ì keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

5 .1 àñVmdZm

{dMma H$aUo hr AË §V Jw§VmJw§VrMr à{H«$`m Amho. `m {dMma à{H«$ oV g§doXZm,Ad~moY, g§~moY, ñ_aU, à{V_m, H$ënZm, VH©$, {M{H$Ëgm `m§gma»`m AZoH$ _mZ{gH$à{H«$`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. {dMma à{H«$`m H$er gwê$ hmoVo `mMm A§V_w©I hmodyZ _mJmodmKoVë`mg Amnë`m Ago cjmV oVo H$s, {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m Var g_ñ oMrAmdí`H$Vm AgVo. g_ñ`m Agë`m{edm` {dMmam§Mm àma§ hmoV Zmhr. {dMmam§Mo MH«$Zoh_rM H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m àíZm§^modVr {\$aV AgVo. {dMma à{H«$ oV àË`j dñVwS>moù`m§g_moa ZgVmV, nU à{V_oÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. \$º$ _mZd àmUrM{dMmaerc àmUr Agë`mMo _mZco OmVo. _Zwî`àmUr {dMma H$aVmZm VH$m©Mm dmnaH$aVmo. AÜ``ZmÏ`mªZm ñdV§ÌnUo {dMma H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aUo ho {ejUmMo EH$ à_wIC{Ôï> Amho. Ë`m_wio {ejH$mZo AË §V OmJéH$ amhÿZ AÜ``ZmÏ`mªZm {dMma H$aÊ`mgàd¥Îm H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. åhUyZM AmVm AmnU {d{dY _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§n¡H$sAË §V _hÎdmÀ`m Aem "{dMma à{H«$`m' (Thinking Process) `m _mZ{gH$ à{H«$ oMmgImoc Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

5.2 {dMma à{H«$`m … AW© d g§H$ënZm

àmUr g¥ï>rVrc H$moUË`mhr àmÊ`mnojm _mZd hm A{YH$ {ddoH$erc Agm àmUrAmho. Amnë`m nwdm©Zw^dm§À`m gmømZo dmñVd n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mgmR>rVgoM ^{dî`H$mcrZ OrdZ gwIr hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm _mZdm§_Ü oAmho. JaO hr {dMmamMr OZZr Amho. JaO ^mgcr, g_ñ`m Agcr H$s {dMma à{H«$`mgwê$ hmoVo. {dMma d {dMma à{H«$ oÀ`m ì`m»`m nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVm oVrc. ""g_ñ oMo{dícofU H$ê$Z Vr gmoS>{dÊ`mMr `moOZm V`ma H$aUo åhUOo {dMma à{H«$`m hmo`.''""EImÚm n[apñWVrer ~moYmË_H$ nmVirda g_m`moOZ H$aUo åhUOo {dMma.'' ""{dMmaåhUOo _Zmoì`mnmamMr kmZmË_H$ ~mOy hmo`.'' Q>o{anoO d Wm°_g `m§À`m e¡j{UH$eãXH$mofm_Ü o {dMma à{H«$ oMm AW© nwT>rcà_mUo {Xcocm Amho.

"Thinking is the Creation of order in the perceived world ofobjects and representation of objects."

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WmoS>Š`mV, "{dMma åhUOo Ad~mo{YV dñVw§Mm d dñVwà{V_m§À`m e¥§Icm§Mr{Z{_©Vr hmo`.' gwà{gÕ _mZgemók Zm°_©Z Ec². _Z². åhUVmV. "Thinking is

manipulating aspects of past experiences implicitly" åhUOoM, "{dMmaåhUOo nydm©Zw^dmMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m' Oo. ~r. am°g `m§Zr {dMma à{H«$ oMr nwT>rcì`m»`m Ho$cr Amho. "Thinking is a mental process with regard to

physical objects." `mMm AW© Agm gm§JVm oB©c H$s, ""{dMma à{H«$`m åhUOo_mZgemór` dñVwg§~§YrMr _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m hmo`.'' `m{R>H$mUr _mZgemór` dñVyåhUOo "dñVyMm Ad~moY' qH$dm "dñVyMr à{V_m' hmo`. {dMma åhUOo à{VH$mË_H$ dV©Zhmo`. H$maU `m§_Ü o nydm©Zw^dm§À`m {d{dY n¡cw§Mr _ZmVë`m _ZmV OwidmOwid hmoVAgVo. {dMmamMr gwê$dmV _wimV g_ñ oVyZ hmoV AgVo. g_ñ`m Agë`m{edm` {dMmag§^dV Zmhr. Ooìhm _mUyg EImÚm AS>MUrV qH$dm g§H$Q>mV gmnS>Vmo Voìhm Vmo {dMmaH$ê$ cmJVmoo. g_ñ`m hm {dMma à{H«$ oMm n{hcm KQ>H$ hmo`. H$moUVrhr g_ñ`mgmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ì`º$scm à`ËZ H$amdo cmJVmV. g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY _mJ©emoYyZ Vmo YS>nS> H$ê$ cmJVmo. AemM àH$maMm AZw^d `mnydu Amcocm Agoc Vmonydm©Zw^d Ë`mcm AmR>dVmo. nyduÀ`m AZw^dmMm \$m`Xm Amnë`mcm H$gm H$ê$Z KoVm oB©c`mMm {dMma Vmo H$ê$ cmJVmo. nwT>rc AmH¥$Vrdê$Z ho A{YH$ ñnï> hmoB©c. nyduÀ`mAZw^dmÀ`m AmYmao {Za{Zamir CÎmao Owi{dcr OmVmV. {dMma à{H«$ oV g_ñ`m, YS>nS,nydm©Zw^d Am{U àË`j H¥$Vr ho Mma KQ>H$ g§^dVmV.

Oe[He[

HetJee&vegYeJe mecem³ee

Òel³e#eke=Àleer

efJe®eejÒeef¬eÀ³ee

{dMma à{H«$`m hmoÊ`mgmR>r àË oH$doir àË`j dñVw g_moa AgcrM nm{hOo AgoZmhr. A_yV© Jmoï>rg§~§Yr Xo{Ic {dMma H$aVm oVmo. {dMma à{H«$`m XmoZ ñVam§da MmcVo.>

{dMmaà{H«$`m

Ad~moYmË_H$ (Perceptual level) g§~moYmË_H$ (Conceptual level)

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= Ad~moYmË_H$ ñVa (Perceptual level of thinking)

~mø C{ÔnH$mMm kmZ|{Ð`m§da n[aUm_ hmoD$Z AmnUmg C{ÔnH$mMo kmZ hmoVo.Ooìhm AmnU EImXr dñVw g_moa nmhVmo Voìhm Ë`m dñVw{df`rMo {dMma Amnë`m _ZmVoVmV. Ad~moYmda AmYmacoë`m `m {dMmaà{H«$ oÀ`m ñVamcm Ad~moYmË_H$ {dMmaà{H«$`m

Ago åhUVmV.

= g§~moYmË_H$ ñVa (Conceptual level of Thinking)

nwîH$i doim AmnU Amnë`m _ZmV V`ma Pmcoë`m g§~moYmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ{dMma H$aVmo. ^mfU H$aVmZm, {Z~§Y {c{hVmZm, MMm© H$aVmZm, CÎmao XoVmZm AmnUAd~moYmMm AmYma Z KoVm g§~moYmÀ`m AmYmao {dMma H$aVmoo. `m ñVamdarc {dMmamÀ`mdoir Amnë`m g_moa àË`j dñVw, KQ>Zm, àg§J g_moa AgV ZmhrV. àË oH$ doir dñVy_wV© ñdénmV Amnë`m g_moa Agmdr cmJV Zmhr. g§~moYmÀ`m AmYmao {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`mà{H«$ ocm g§~moYmË_H$ ñVamdarc {dMmaà{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV.

AmVm Vwåhmcm {dMmaà{H«$`m åhUOo H$m`? ho g_Ococo Amho AmVm Vwåhr `m§daAmYm[aV nwT>rc H$mhr àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.

{dMma à{H«$`oMr gmYZo

{dMmaà{H«$`m gwê$ amhVo Vr VH©$ AZw_mZ `m_wio g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmcr H$sg_ñ`m {ZamH$aUmgmR>r {dMmaà{H«$`m gwê$ amhVo. {dMmaà{H«$`m CX²Jm_r _mJm©ZoH$m ©H$maU emoYVo åhUyZM `m {H«$`m åhUOo {dMmaà{H«$ oMr gmYZo g_Ocr OmVmV.

(1) VH©$ qH$dm AZw_mZ (2) CX²Jm_r VH©$ {dMmanÕVr d AdJm_r VH©$ {dMmanÕVr(3) g_ñ`m {d_moMZ (Problem Solving) AmVm AmnU `m {VÝhr _mJmªMr _m{hVrKody`m.

1) VH©$ qH$dm AZw_mZ …- {dMmaà{H«$ oV VH©$ qH$dm AZw_mZmMm daÀ`m nmVirdag_mdoe hmoVmo. gmYm {dMma gai AgVmo. gmÜ`m {dMmamer Xþgam EImXm {dMma g§~§{YVAgcmM nm{hOo Ago Zmhr. VH$m©À`m ~m~VrV _mÌ H$ënZoMr EH$ gmIirM AgVo. EH$H$ënZm Xþgè`m H$ënZoer {d{eï> g§~§YmZo OmooS>cocr AgVo. ~m§Ycocr AgVo. VH©$ åhUOoEH$mnmR>monmR> oUmam Xþgam {dMma! `m àH$maÀ`m {dMmamV g§JVr AgUo, g§~§Y AgUoAmdí`H$ AgVo. EImÚm àíZmÀ`m qH$dm g_ñ oÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo VH©$ {dMmamV àma§^ hmoVmo.g_ñ`m Zoh_rÀ`m _mJm©Zo Á`mdoir gwQ>V Zmhr Ë`mdoir VH©$ {dMma gwê$ hmoVmo d Ë`m{d{eï> g_ñ oMo {ZamH$aU hmoB©n ªV Vmo VgmM Mmcw amhVmo. g_ñ`m qH$dm àíZgmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r emór` nÕVr Amdí`H$ AgVo. VH©$ {dMmamÀ`m _XVrZo g_ñ`m qH$dmàíZ gmoS>{dco OmVmV.

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2) i) CX²Jm_r VH©$ {dMmanÕVr …- CX²Jm_r VH©$ {dMmamV AZoH$ Jmoï>tMr àW_nmhUr Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`mdê$Z gd©gm_mÝ` AZw_mZ emoYwZ H$mT>co OmVo. {deofmH$Sy>Zgd©gm_mÝ`mH$S>o OmUo åhUOo CX²Jm_r VH©$ {dMmanÕVrMm Adc§~ H$aUo hmo`.

ii) AdJm_r VH©$ {dMmanÕVr …- AdJm_r VH©$ {dMmanÕVr CX²Jm_r VH©${dMmanÕVrÀ`m ~amo~a CcQ> Agcocr {XgyZ oVo. `m§_Ü o n{hco {dYmZ gd©g_mÝ`ñdê$nmMo AgVo Am{U eodQ>r H$mT>coco {dYmZ {ZîH$f© ñdê$nmV {d{eï> ì`º$sÀ`mñdê$nmV AgVo. CXm…- = {ÛXc dZñnVtÀ`m ~r`m§_Ü o XmoZ Xco AgVmV (nyd©nj)

= Am§~m hr {ÛXc dZñnVr Amho. (Cnnyd©nj)= åhUyZ Am§ã`mÀ`m ~r _Ü o XmoZ Xco AmhoV. (CÎmanj)

da {Xcoë`m {dYmZm§Vrc n{hë`m {dYmZmg nyd©nj åhUVmV.

3) g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU (Problem Soilving) …- ì`º$sÀ`m OrdZmV AZoH$g_ñ`m AgVmV. g_ñ`m {Z_m©U Pmcr H$s Vr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ì`º$s AZoH$àH$mao {dMma H$aVo. ì`º$sMr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r hr {dMmaà{H«$`m åhUOoM g_ñ`m{ZamH$aU nÕVr hmo`. g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU nÕVrÀ`m nwT>rc nm`è`m AgVmV.

i) g_ñ`m {ZpíMVr …- àW_ ì`º$scm g_ñ oMr OmUrd hmoVo. `m g_ñ ocm EH$m{d{eï> eãXmV AWdm gyÌmV ~Õ H$ê$Z g_ñ oMr {ZpíMVr Ho$cr OmVo.

ii) g§^mì` n`m©`m§Mr _m§S>Ur …- EH$Xm g_ñ`m {ZpíMV Pmcr H$s, {VÀ`m g§~§YmVAgUmè`m _m{hVrMm dmna H$ê$Z g§^mì` n`m©` _m§S>co OmVmV. `m {H«$ o_Ü o nañnag§~§Ymcm Iyn _hÎd AgVo. AmnU ho nañna g§~§Y g_OyZ KoD$Z Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$gmH$ê$Z KoVm oB©c `mMm {dMma H$aVmo.

iii) n[aH$ënZoMr MmMUr …- AmnU Á`m {d{dY n[aH$ënZm _m§S>coë`m AgVmV Ë`m{d{dY Aem n[aH$ënZm§Mr MmMUr KoVcr OmD$Z CÎmamXmIc EH$ n[aH$ënZmpñdH$mê$Z BVa n[aH$ënZm§Mm Ë`mJ Ho$cm OmVmo. hr n[aH$ënZm åhUOoM Amnë`mg_ñ oMr gmoS>dUyH$ AgVo. hr gmoS>dUyH$ gwMÊ`m_Ü o __©Ñ{ï>Mm (Insight) _moR>m dmQ>mAgVmo.

iv) g_mYmZ AdñWm …- H$moUË`mhr g_ñ oMr gmoS>dUyH$ hmoVmM ì`º$scm

v) EH$ àH$maMo g_mYmZ cm^Vo. hm "g_mYmZ AZw^d' hr Hy$Q> CH$cZmVrc A§{V_AdñWm hmo`.

Om°Z S>çwB© `m§Zr g_ñ`m {ZamH$aUmMo nwT>rc Q>ßno gm§{JVco AmhoV.1) g_ñ oMr OmUrd hmoVo.2) KQ>H$ Ü`mZmV KoD$Z g_ñ oMo {dícofU H$aUo.3) g_ñ`m {d_moMZmgmR>r {d{dY Cnm`m§Mm {dMma H$aUo.4) AZoH$ Cnm`m§VyZ `mo½` Cnm`mMr {ZdS> H$aUo.5) g_ñ`m gmoS>{dUo.

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g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU nÕVrMo d¡{eîQ>ç Ago H$s, `m nÕVrV CX²Jm_r d AdJm_r`m XmoÝhr VH©$ nÕVtMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm OmVmo. `m nÕVrV A{YH$ gwú_nUo d emóewÕ{dMma Ho$cocm {XgyZ oVmo.

g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU hr _mZdr OrdZmVrc AË §V _hÎdnyU© Aer ~m~ Amho.{ejU joÌmV {ejH$mZo {dÚmÏ`mªMr g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo à`ËZH$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. hr j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo H$m` Ho$co nm{hOo `m§{df`rMm{dMma AmVm AmnU H$aUma AmhmooV.

g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>rMr _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdo "

nwT>rc _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§Mm Adc§~ H$ê$Z {ejH$ Amnë`m {dÚmÏ`mªMr g_ñ`m{ZamH$maU j_Vm dmT>dy eH$Vmo.

i) {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_ñ`m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo " gd©àW_ {dÚmÏ`mªnwT>o g_ñ`m{Z_m©U H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m g_ñ`m XoVmZm Ë`m g_ñ oÀ`mgmoS>dUyH$sgmR>r cmJUmar Amdí`H$ Vr nyd©V`mar {dÚmÏ`mªMr Amho H$s Zmhr VonmhUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

ii) {dÚmÏ`mªZm g_ñ`m {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo "H$moUË`mhr g_ñ oMr CH$cH$aÊ`mnydu g_ñ oMo {ZpíMVrH$aU VgoM g_ñ oMo _`m©Xm {ZpíMV H$aUoAmdí`H$ AgVo.

iii) _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo " {dÚmÏ`m©cm g_ñ oÀ`m gmoS>dUwH$sÀ`mg§X^m©V Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr Jmoim H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo ho _mJ©Xe©H$mMo H$m_AgVo. H$maU `m _m{hVrMr Amdí`H$Vm d CncãYVm `m~m~V {dÚmWuAZ{^k AgVmo.

iv) g§H${cV _m{hVrÀ`m dJuH$aUmV d AW© cmdÊ`mg _XV H$aUo "Ho$di _m{hVrg§H${cV H$ê$Z ^mJV Zmhr Va {VMo dJuH$aU H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. VgoM `m_m{hVrMm AW© cmdUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m {H«$`m§_Ü o {ejH$mZo {dÚmÏ`m©cm_mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.

v) {dÚmÏ`m©g {d{dY n[aH$ënZm _m§S>Ê`mg d VnmgÊ`mg g§Yr XoUo "g_ñ`m§À`m{d{dY CH$cr {dÚmÏ`m©g _m§S>Ê`mg gm§Jmì`mV Ë`mgmR>r {dÚmÏ`mªZm _mJ©Xe©Zd àoaUm XoUo JaOoMo AgVo. VgoM Ë`mZo _m§S>coë`m {d{dY n[aH$ënZm XoIrcË`mcmM Vnmgmd`mg gm§JUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

vi) ñdV§ÌnUo emoYZ d _yë`_mnZmg àmoËgmhZ "ñdV:À`m g_ñ oMr gmoS>dUyH$ñdV: H$aÊ`mg {dÚmÏ`mªg ào[aV H$aUo hoM _mJ©Xe©H$mMo H$m © hmo`.

EImÚm g_ñ oMr gmooS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {dMma à{H«$`m hr {XK©H$mi MmcyAgVo. hr {dMma _m{cH$m Mmcy amhÊ`mgmR>r nwT>rc KQ>H$ gmøH$mar R>aVmV.

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{dÚmÏ`m©cm g_ñ oMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ _mJ©Xe©Z H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

{dÚmÏ`m©cm g_ñ`m {ZamH$aUmgmR>r {ejH$ àoaUm Xody eH$Vmo.

g_ñ`m {ZamH$aUmgmR>r {ejH$ {dÚmÏ`m©Mr nyd©V`mar H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

{ejH$ ~w{Õ_mZ {dÚmÏ`mªMr g_ñ`m {ZamH$aUmgmR>r {ZdS> H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

{dÚmÏ`m©Mr gmVË`mZo n[al_ H$aÊ`mMr V`mar Agmdr cmJVo åhUyZ {ejH$mZo{dÚmÏ`m©g g_ñ`m {ZamH$aUmgmR>r nwaogm AdYr XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo

5 .3 {dMma à{H«$`oMo àH$ma (Types of Thinking)

`m àH$aUmV {dMma à{H«$ oMo EHy$U nmM àH$ma AmnU Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.1) H|$Ðmngmar {dMma (Divergent Thinking)

2) H|$ÐmZwJm_r {dMma (Convergent Thinking)

3) {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma (Critical Thinking)

4) {d_eu {dMma (Reflective Thinking)

5) ghdVu {dMma (Lateral Thinking)

AmVm AmnU `m àË oH$ àH$mamMm g{dñVa AmT>mdm Kody`m.

5 .3.1 H|$Ðmngmar {dMma (Divergent Thinking)

Á`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoVmZm {Za{Zamù`m {Xem§Zr {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.àíZmMo AZoH$ A§Jm§Zr {dMma H$ê$Z CÎma Úmdo cmJVo. H$moUVohr EH$M CÎma hoË`m àíZmMo AMyH$ CÎma Agy eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m {dMmamg "H|$Ðmngmar {dMma'Ago åhUVmV.

CXm …- H$mJXmMo {Za{Zamio Cn`moJ H$moUVo Agy eH$VmV?

`m àíZmMo CÎma {Za{Zamù`m àH$mao XoVm oB©c. {c{hÊ`mgmR>r, Q>monr~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r, H$mJXr cJÚmÀ`m _wVu ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r, nmUr {Q>nÊ`mgmR>r,ñdÀN>VogmR>r, n°qH$JgmR>r B. Aer AZoH$ CÎmao XoVm oVrc. hr gd© CÎmao VH©$ewÕAmhoV. `mo½` d ~amo~a AmhoV. `m àH$maÀ`m {dMmamV àdmhrnUm d cd{MH$Vm ho JwUY_©AmhoV. `m nÕVrZo {dMma H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr åhUOoM ~hþ{Xem_mJu qH$dm H|$Ðmngmar{dMma (Divergent Thinking) hmoo`. Aem àH$maMm {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm{dÚmÏ`mªV dmT>mdr åhUyZ à`ËZ H$aUo Oê$arMo AgVo. {ejH$mZo {dÚmÏ`mªZm H|$Ðmngmar{dMma H$aÊ`mMr gd` cmJmdr åhUyZ OmUrdnyd©H$ à`ËZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

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5.3.2 H|$ÐmZwJm_r {dMma (Convergent Thinking)

Á`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao XoVmZm {Za{Zamù`m {Xem§Zr {dMma H$amdm cmJV Zmhr. CÎmaoXoVmZm EH$mM {XeoZo OmUmam {dMma AgVmo. H|$ÐmZwJm_r {dMma hm H|$Ðmngmar {dMmamÀ`mAJXr {dê$Õ AgVmoo. EH$mM {XeoZo OmUmè`m {dMmamg "H|$ÐmZwJm_r {dMma' AgoåhUVmV.CXm …- 1. Mma Jw{Uco nmM Mo CÎma {H$Vr?

2. _hmamï´>mMr amOYmZr H$moUVr?3. Jwê$ËdmH$f©UmMm emooY H$moUr cmdcm?

darc gd© àíZm§Mr CÎmao AJXr gai EH$m {XeoZo {dMma H$amd`mg cmdUmarAmhoV. EH$_mJu, EH$_wIr, EH$ Am{U EH$M {dMma oWo Ano{jV Amho. Aem {dMmamg"H|$ÐmZwJm_r {dMma' (Convergent Thinking) Ago åhUVmV.

5.3.3 {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma (Critical Thinking)

{M{H$ËgH$ {dMmanÕVrV dñVy, KQ>Zm, àg§J, gyÌo, VÎdo B. Jmoï>tMo gyú_nUo{ZarjU Ho$co OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va {dícofU d narjU H$ê$Z eodQ>r _yë`_mnZ Ho$co OmVo.Aer H$ënZm H$am H$s EImXm AÜ``ZmWu narjoV AZwÎmrU© Pmcm Va `m KS>coë`mKQ>ZoMm {d{dY A§Jm§Zr {dMma H$aUo åhUOoM {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma nÕVrMm Adc§~ H$aUo

95

hmo`. oWo AÜ``ZmWu hm H|$Ðq~Xÿ d Ë`mÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Amcoco An`e _hÎdmMo _mZyZ `mKQ>ZoMm {d{dY A§Jm§Zr {M{H$ËgH$nUo {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo.

AÜ``ZmÏ`m©À`m KaMr pñWVr, dmVmdaU, {_Ìn[adma, emim, emioVrc Ë`mModV©Z, {_imcoco _mJ©Xe©Z, AÜ``ZmÏ`m©À`m gd`r, d¥Îmr, Aä`mgnÕVr, AmH$cZj_Vm, ~wÕr `m§À`m AmYmao KS>coë`m KQ>ZoMm AÝd` cmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ {d{dY A§Jm§ZrHo$cm OmVmo, Ë`mg "{M{H$ËgH$ {dMmanÕVr' (Critical Thinking) åhUVmV.

{M{H$ËgH$ {dMma nÕVr {dÚmÏ`mªMm VH©$ gwYmaÊ`mg _XV H$aVo. AmOÀ`mV§ÌkmZmÀ`m wJmV {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma nÕVrMm {dÚmÏ`mªV {dH$mg H$aUo hr

H$mimMr JaO Amho. `mÑ{ï>Zo `m nÕVrZo {dMma H$aUo H$go dmT>rg cmJoc `mMm{ejH$mZo {dMma H$amd`mg hdm.

5.3.4 {d_eu {dMma (Reflective Thinking)

{dMmaà{H«$ oV daÀ`m nmVirda {dMma H$gm Ho$cm OmVmo ho AmnU nm{hco. Ë`mVVH©$, AZw_mZ, g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU, {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma, gO©Zerc {dMma B. Mm g_mdoehmoVmo. ho gd© àH$ma {d_eu {dMma, {d_eu qMVZ `mV g_m{dï> hmoVmV. VH©$ H$aVmZm{Xcoë`m Jmoï>tMo g§~§Y cjmV KodwZ {ZîH$f© H$mT>co OmVmV. g_ñ`mnwVuV {Xcoë`mg§~§YmVyZ Zdm g§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$cm OmVmo. {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma H$aVmZm n[apñWVrMo_yë`_mnZ Ho$co OmVo. gO©Zerc {dMmamV nydm©Zw^dm§Mr {Za{Zamù`m nÕVrZo OwiUrH$ê$Z Zd{Z{_©Vr Ho$cr OmVo. {d_eu {dMmam§Mr hr {d{dY A§Jo AgyZ Ë`m§Mr C{Ôï>odoJdoJir AgVmV.

{d_eu {dMmam§_Ü o gO©Zerc {dMmam§Mmhr A§V^m©d hmoVmo åhUyZ gO©Zerc{dMmam§Mm Aä`mg Z H$aVm nwT>o OmUo MwH$sMo R>aoc. Ë`mgmR>r àW_ AmnU gO©Zerc{dMmaà{H«$ oMm g{dñVa _mJmodm Kody`m.

5.3.5 ghdVu {dMma (Lateral Thinking)

ghdVu {dMmaà{H«$`m hr Aer {dMma à{H«$`m Amho Á`m_wio g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU hoAàË`j d g¥OZerc _mJmªZr hmoVo. `m_Ü o H$m ©H$maU, VH©$ `m§Mm dmna Ho$cocm AgVmo.`m_Ü o na§namJV nÕVrà_mUo nm`è`m nm`è`m§Zwgma VH$m©Mm dmna Ho$cocm ZgVmo.gd©àW_ "ES>dS>© S>r ~moZmo' (Edward de Bono) `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m "Ý w qWH$'… {X wOAm°\$ c°Q>ac {WqH$J `m 1967 gmcr àH$m{eV Pmcoë`m nwñVH$m_Ü o "c°Q>acqWqH$J'- ghdVu {dMma hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr ì`º$s Voìhm Ë`mcm n[a{MV Agcoë`mg§H$ënZm§À`m AmYmao EImXr ZdrZM H$ënZm _m§S>Vo Voìhm ì`º$s ghdVu {dMma H$aVo.`m_Ü o ì`º$s gÚpñWVr_Ü o ApñVÎdmV AgUmè`m H$ënZm§Mr _moS>VmoS> H$aVo. ZdrZg§H$ënZm _m§Sw>Z OwÝ`m g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ì`mnH$ ~Z{dVo. Ë`mVwZ ZdrZ H$ënZm§Mr{Z{_©Vr H$aVo.

96

ghdVu {dMmam§Zr g_ñ`m {d_moMZ H$aVm oVo. `mgmR>r gd©àW_ g_ñ`m H$em_wio{Z_m©U Pmcr ho nmhþZ Vr gmoS>{dÊ`mMo _mJ© {ZpíMV H$amdo cmJVmV. ghdVu {dMmam§MmhoVyM _wimV g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU hm AgVmo.

CXm.…- g_Om EImÚm H$maImÝ`m_Ü o EH$m VmgmV 1000 dñVw V`ma hmoVmV.H$mhrdoim H$mhr H$maUm§Zr Oa dñVw V`ma hmoÊ`mMr JVr Vmgmcm 800 Pmcr Va hohmoÊ`mMr H$maUo emoYwZ 1000 dñVw H$em V`ma hmoVrc `mMo _mJ© emoYco OmVmV d ho_mJ© emoYyZ g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mÀ`m {dMmamcm ghdVu {dMma Ago g§~moYco OmVo.ghdVu [dMma hm g¥OZerc {dMmaXo{Ic AgVmo. CXm…- EH$m H$maImÝ`mV EH$mVmgmcm 1000 dñVw V`ma hmoVmV. nU {d{dY g¥OZmË_H$, {dYm`H$ _mJmªZr hoMCËnmXZ Oa AmnU EH$m VmgmV 1900 dñVw V`ma H$aÊ`mn ªV dmT>{dco Va hm {dMmag¥OZmË_H$ ghdVu {dMma R>aVmo. `m à{H«$ o_Ü o gwYmaUm Ho$cr OmVo. ZdrÝ`nyU©{dMmam§Mm Adc§~ Ho$cm OmVmo.

X¡Z§{XZ H$m_m§gmR>r Aem {dMmaà{H«$ oMm Adc§~ H$aVmZm àË`j OrdZmVrcAZw^dm§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. (g§X © - {dH$snoS>r`m EZ²gm`ŠcmonoT>r`m)

{dMma à{H«$`oVrc AS>Wio

{dMma H$arV AgVmZm H$mhr AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. VoAS>Wio nwT>rcà_mUo AgVmV.

1) {ZarjUmVrc Xmof …- H$mhrdoim {ZarjU Anwao AgVo. Anwè`m {ZarjUmdaAmYmacoë`m {dMmamV Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmV. H$mhr doim Amnë`m {dMmam§er d OwiUmar_Zo AmnU {dMmamV KoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Amnco {dMma XmofnwU© R>aVmV.

2) nyd©J«hXÿ{fV _Vo …- EImÚm ì`º$s~Ôc qH$dm {dMmaàUmcr~Ôc nyd©J«h J¥hrVYê$Z AmnU {dMma H$ê$ cmJVmo Voìhm Amnë`m {dMmamV Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmV. nwîH$idoimË`m ì`º$s~ÔcMm qH$dm àUmcr~ÔcMm Amncm J«h MwH$sMm AgVmo. _wimV nm`m MwH$sMmAgë`m_wio {dMmaà{H«$ oV Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmo. {ndim Mî_m cmdcm H$s {ndio {XgVo.

3) H$miVmcr` Ý`m` …- XmoZ KQ>Zm cmJmonmR> KS>ë`m H$s Ë`m§Mm EH$_oH$terAWm©AWu g§~§Y ZgVmZm Ë`m XmoZ KQ>Zm§V H$m`©H$maUg§~§Y OmoS>cm OmVmo. g§~§YZgVmZm H$m ©H$maU^md àñVm{nV Ho$ë`m_wio {dMmamV Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmoo. CXm…- EImXrZddYw KamV Amcr d Ë`m KamV Hw$UmMmhr _¥Ë w Pmcm Va {Vcm AneHw$Zr R>a{dcoOmVo. AWm©AWu g§~§Y ZgVmZm MwH$sMm H$m ©H$maUg§~§Y àñWm{nV Ho$ë`m_wio {dMmaXmofnyU© KS>Vmo.

4) BÀN>mZwdVu {dMma …- Amnë`mcm Ogo KS>mdo Ago dmQ>Vo Vgo KS>Uma Amho AgoJ¥{hV Yê$Z AmnU Ooìhm {dMma H$aVmo Ë`mdoir BÀN>mZwdVu {dMma (Wishful

Thinking) Ho$ë`m_wio {dMmaà{H«$ oV Xmof {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

97

AmVm AmnU {dMmaà{H«$ oMm Aä`mg {ejH$mZo H$m§ Ho$cm nm{hOo ho g_OyZKoÊ`mgmR>r {dMmà{H«$ oMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd g_OyZ Kody`m.

{dMma à{H«$òMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd

g_ñ oMo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mMo Ñ{ï>Zo {dMma à{H«$ ocm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho.{dÚmÏ`m©À`m {dMmaeº$sMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo à`ËZerc AgUo JaOoMoAgVo.

1) {dÚmÏ`mªZm A{YH$m{YH$ {dMmaàdU ~Z{dUmam Aä`mgH«$_ d nmR>çmnwñVHo$ V`maH$amdrV.

2) chmZ _wcm§Zm {d{dY Jmoï>r, àg§J Aem nÕVrZo gm§Jmì`mV Á`mVyZ Ë`m§À`m{dMmaà{H«$ ocm MmcZm {_ioc.

3) 12 Vo 15 d`moJQ>mVrc _wcm§_Ü o VH©$eº$sMm {dH$mg \$ma doJmZo hmooV AgVmo.åhUyZ `m d`moJQ>mVrc _wcm§Zm AZw_mZ H$mT>Ê`mMr nÕVr Ë`m_Ü o {Z_m©U hmodyeH$Umao Xmof `m~m~VMr _m{hVr Úmdr.

4) Aä`mgH«$_mgmo~VM VH$m©{Y{ð>V H$moS>r, g_ñ`m CH$cZ B. Mm gamdhr{dÚmÏ`mªZm Úmdm.

5) H$moUVrhr KQ>Zm KS>Ê`mgmR>r H$maU AgVo, ho emór` gË` _wcm§À`m _Zmda{~§~{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. gËèmoYZmgmR>r VH$m©{Y{ð>V [dMma Amdí`H$ AgVmo ho_wcm§Zm g_Om{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

6) Anwè`m {ZarjUmdê$Z AWdm MwH$sÀ`m {ZarjUm_wio AZw_mZm_Ü o Xmoof {Z_m©UhmoVmo åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr KQ>ZoMm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _wcm§Zm {ZarjUmMr nwaoerg§Yr Úmdr.

7) Hy$Q> CH$cZmgmR>r _wcm§Zm gVV àoaUm XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

8) {Z_m©`H$ {dMma {dH${gV hmoÊ`mÀ`m Ñ{ï>Zo {dÚmÏ`mªZm {Z~§Y-coIZ, H$ënZm-{dñVma, H$WmcoIZ, H$mì` {Z{_©Vr, {d{dY IoiUr V`ma H$aUo, {MÌo H$mT>Uo,à{VH¥$Vr V`ma H$aUo `m§gma»`m ~m~tVyZ g§Yr {Xcr nm{hOo.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm …-

àíZ 1 Jmicoë`m OmJm âm.1) {dMma åhUOo .................. dV©Z hmo`.2) Ad~moYmda AmYmacoë`m {dMmaà{H«$ ocm ............... {dMmaà{H«$`m åhUVmV.3) dñVy S>moù`m§g_moa ZgVmZm .................. _mÜ`_mVyZ {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo.5) ................. hr {dMmamMr OZZr Amho.6) dñVw g_moa ZgVmZm hmoUmè`m {dMmaà{H«$ ocm ............... åhUVmV.

98

àíZ 2 WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {chm.1) {dMmaà{H«$`m åhUOo H$m`?2) {dMmaà{H«$ oMo KQ>H$ gm§Jm.3) {dMmaà{H«$ oMo ñVa ñnï> H$am.

n«íZ 3 Jmicoë`m OmJm ^am.1) {deofmH$Sy>Z gm_mÝ`mH$S>o OmUo åhUOo ................... VH©$ hmo`.2) gm_mÝ`mH$Sy>Z {deofmH$S>o OmUo åhUOo ................... VH©$ hmo`.3) ì`º$sMr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>rMr {dMmaà{H«$`m åhUOo.................. hmo .4) .................. hr Hy$Q> CH$cZmVrc A§{V_ AdñWm hmo`.5) EH$mM {XeoZo OmUmè`m {dMmamg ................... åhUVmV.

àíZ 4 OmoS>çm Owidm.A ~

1) ghdVu {dMma A)nyU©Zw^dm§Mr {Za{Zamù`m nÕVrZo OwiUr.2) {d_eu {dMma ~) {d{dY A§Jm§Zr AÝd` cmdUo.3) {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma H$) H|$Ðmngmar {dMma.4) g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU S>) CX²Jm_r VH©$.5) {Za{Zamù`m {Xem§Zr {dMma B) ES>dS>© S>r ~moZmo

\$) Hy$Q> CH$cZ

àíZ 5 nwT>rc àíZm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao {chm.1) {dMmaà{H«$ oMo {d{dY àH$ma ñnï> H$am.2) H|$Ðmngmar d H|$ÐmZwJm_r {dMmam§Vrc \$aH$ ñnï> H$am.3) {dMmaà{H«$ oMo oUmao AS>Wio H$moUVo?4) {dMmaà{H«$ oMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd ñnï> H$am.

~) 5.4 ñ_aU

5.4.1 àñVmdZm

{dX`mÏ`mªMr AÜ``Z à{H«$`m Aä`mgVmZm Ë`mÀ`mer {ZJS>rV {d{dY _mZ{gH$à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. _mJrb àH$aUmV AmnU "{dMmaà{H«$`m' H$erKSy>Z oVo `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. `m àH$aUmV AmnU ñ_aU, {dñ_aU, H$ënZm dH$m ©H$maU^md `m Mma _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

AÜ``Zm_Ü o {eH$boë`m Jmoï>tMo J«hU, g§ñH$aU, àË`mdmhZ, àË`m{^kmZ_wbm§_Ü o Mm§Jbo hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r {ejH$mZo ñ_aU d {dñ_aU à{H«$`m H$er

99

KS>Vo d Ë`m§Mo e¡j{UH$ _hËd H$m` Amho ho OmUyZ KoVbo nm{hOo. VgoM _wbm§À`mH$ënZmeŠVrbm H$emàH$mao MmbZm XoVm oB©b, Ë`mÀ`m H$m ©H$maU eŠVrMm H$gm{dH$mg H$aVm oB©b ho `m àH$aUm_Ü o AmnU g_OyZ Kody`m.

5.4.2 ñ_aU (Memory)

àË oH$ ì`ŠVrbm OrdZmV {d{dY àH$maMo AZw^d oV AgVmV. ho AZw^d_Z:nQ>bmda OVZ H$ê$Z R>odbo OmVmV. ho AZw^d `mo½` Ë`m doir AmnU AmR>dy eH$Vmo.OrdZmV KoVbobo AZw^d _Z:nQ>bmda H$moabobo Agbo Var Ë`m§n¡H$s H$mhr R>iH$AgVmV, Va H$mhr nwgQ> AgVmV. AZw^dm§À`m H$_r-A{YH$ Vrd«Voda Ë`m§Mo R>iH$nUqH$dm nwgQ>nU Adb§~yZ AgVo. AmnU Ë`m§Mo nwZê$‚mrdZ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. S>oñH$m{Q>©gZm§dmMm, EH$ {dMmad§V hmodyZ Jobm. Vmo EH$m {R>H$mUr åhUVmo.

"I experience, therefore I Live''. _r {d{dY àH$maMo AZw^d KoVmo åhUyZ _mPoApñVËd {Q>Hy$Z Amho.

'ñ_aU åhUOo JVmZw^dmMo nwZê$‚mrdZ' Ago ñQ>mCQ> `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

_mZdmbm {_imboë`m `m ñ_aU {dñ_aUmÀ`m XoUJrMo Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmVAZÝ`gmYmaU _hËd Amho. hr XoUJr _mZdmbm {_imbr ZgVr Va Ë`mbm OrdZ OJVmAmbo ZgVo. _mZdmZo OrdZmbm AmO Omo AW© àmá H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho Vmo AW© ñ_aU{dñ_aUmÀ`m A^mdr àmá Pmbm ZgVm. ñ_aUmIoarO AmnU ì`dpñWVnUo OrdZ OJyeH$V Zmhr.

VgoM Amnë`m OrdZmVrb Xw:IX jU AmnU {dgê$ eH$Vmo åhUyZ Amnë`mXw:ImMr Vrd«Vm H$_r hmoD$Z AmnUmbm OrdZ OJUo eŠ` hmoVo. EHy$UM OrdZmVñ_aU- {dñ_aUmMo _hËd AZÝ`gmYmaU Amho.

WmoS>Š`mV, ñ_aU åhUOo JVmZw^dmMo nwZê$‚mrdZ hmo`.

ñ_aUmMr g§H$ënZm AmVm AmnUmg g_Obobr Amho. AmVm, AmnU {d{dYVÁkm§Zr ñ_aUmÀ`m Á`m ì`m»`m Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§da EH$ Ñ{ï>jon Q>mHy$`m.

5.4.3 ñ_aUmÀ`m ì`m»`m :-

ñ_aU åhUOo ì`mdhm[aH$ eãXmV "AmR>dUo'! AmR>dÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ obm AmnUñ_aU åhUVmo. ñ_aUmV AmnU AZoH$ Jmoï>r gmR>dyZ R>ody eH$Vmo.

ñ_¥Vr gmR>dÊ`mÀ`m j_Vobm "YmaUmeŠVr' Ago åhUVmV."" ñ_¥Vr åhUOo YmaUmeŠVr hmo`.''

- ES>Job

100

"" _mJrb H$mimV KoVbobm AZw^d Am{U dV©_mZH$mimV KoVbobm AZw^d `m§À`mVrbg§~§YmMo AmH$bZ åhUOo ñ_aU''

- _°H²$S> wJb"" nydu {eH$bobo AmR>dUo åhUOo ñ_aU hmo`.''

- dwS>dW©"Memory consists in remembering what has been previouslylearnt.''""ñ_¥Vr åhUOo Zdm AZw^d''

- am°gWmoS>Š`mV, kmZ|{Ð`m§_m\©$V KoVboë`m AZw^dm§Mr AmnU _Z:nQ>bmda Zm|X H$ê$Z R>odrVAgVmo. ho AZw^d OVZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm Amnë`mOdi AgVo. OVZ H$aÊ`mMr hr OrXoUJr _mZdmbm àmá Pmbr Amho {Vbm ñ_aU Ago åhUVmV.

ñ_aUmMo KQ>H$:-

ñ_aU à{H«$ oMo nwT>rb Mma KQ>H$ AmT>iyZ oVmV.(1) J«hU qH$dm g§ñH$aU (2) YmaUm (Retension)

(Learning or Registration)(3) àË`mdmhZ (Recall) (4) àË`m{^kmZ (Recognition)

AmÎmm AmnU `m§Vrb EH$ EH$ KQ>H$mMr g{dñVa _m{hVr Kody`m.

(1) J«hU qH$dm g§ñH$aU (Learning or Registration)

ì`ŠVrMm ~mø OJmer g§~§Y oVmo, Vmo kmZ|{Ð`m§_m\©$V. ~mø MoVH$mMm g§~§{YVkmZ|{Ð`m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo. kmZ|{Ð` CÎmo{OV hmoVo. kmZ|{Ð`mZo J«hU Ho$boë`m g§doXZm_‚mmV§VyÛmao _|XyH$S>o nmohmoM{dë`m OmVmV. _|Xyda Ë`mMo R>go C_Q>VmV d Ë`m§Mo J«hU hmoVo.AZw^dmMm R>gm _|Xyda {OVH$m Mm§Jbm C_Q>ob {VVHo$ ñ_aU Mm§Jbo hmoVo.

Amobga _mVrda, {MIbmV, {MH$U_mVrV, H$moaS>`m dmiyda, Amnë`mZoh_rÀ`m H$R>rU O{_Zrda Amnbr nmdbo C_Q>VmV. `m nmdbm§À`m R>emV Iyn \$aH$Agbobm AmnUmg {XgyZ oVmo. {MH$U_mVrV C_Q>bobm R>gm AJXr ñnï> AgVmo. VaH$R>rU O{_Zrda C_Q>boë`m R>gm AJXr nwgQ> AgVmo. J«hUmZ§Va _Zmda C_Q>Umè`mR>em§Mo AgoM Amho. J«hU n[aUm_H$maH$ Pmbo H$s, C_Q>Umao R>go R>iH$ AgVmV.EImX`m Jmoï>rMo J«hU OodT>o OmñV à_mUmV hmoB©b VodT>r Vr Jmoï> Amnë`m ñ_aUmVamhrb. J«hU{H«$`m A{YH$ Mm§Jbr hmoÊ`mgmR>r kmZ|{Ð o, Ame` (Content), A{^éMr(Interest), BÀN>m (Desire), _mZ{gH$ nŠdVm (Maturity), emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ñdmñÏ` VgoM `e, àJVr, gwIX ^mdZm, ~m¡pÜXH$ j_Vm, dmVmdaU, AÜ`mnZ nÜXVrB. KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

J«hUmda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§n¡H$s AÜ``Z nÜXVr hm EH$ _hËdmMmKQ>H$ Amho. AÜ``Z H$moUË`m nÜXVrZo Ho$bo Ë`mda J«hUmMm XOm© Adb§~yZ AgVmo

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(2) YmaUm (Retension) :-

{d{dY kmZ|{Ð`m§_m\©$V AmnU KoVboë`m AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m AZw^dm§Mo R>goAmnë`m _Z:nQ>bmda C_Q>VmV ho AmnU nm{hbo. `m R>em§Mo OVZ H$aUo åhUOo YmaUm!YmaUm hmoV AgVmZm _|Xydarb noetda C_Q>Umao R>go {OVHo$ XrK©H$mi {Q>H$Vrb {VVH$sYmaUm Mm§Jbr hmoVo. Á`m Jmoï>r Amnë`mbm MQ>H$Z AmR>dVmV, Ë`m YmaUoÀ`m nmVirbm~moYmË_H$ nmVir åhUVmV. H$mhr Jmoï>r Amnë`mbm MQ>H$Z AmR>dV ZmhrV. WmoS>o S>moHo$ImOdbo H$s Ë`m AmR>dVmV. à`ËZm§Zr H$mhr Jmoï>r AmR>dVmV. Aem Jmoï>r Cn~moYmË_H$(Subconscious level) nmVirda AgVmV Va H$mhr Jmoï>r àXrK© à`ËZHo$ë`m{edm` AmnUmg AmR>dV ZmhrV. Ë`m nmVirbm (Unconscious level) AgoåhUVmV.

YmaUmeŠVr hr {ZgJ©XÎm Aer ~m~ Agë`mZo Vr_Ü o ì`ŠVr^oX AmT>iVmV.àË oH$mMr YmaUmeŠVr {^Þ AgVo. àË oH$mMr YmaUmeŠVr {^Þ Agbr Var EImX`mAZw^dmMr YmaUm XrK©H$min ªV hmoUo ho Ho$di YmaUmeŠVrda Adb§~yZ ZgVo VaYmaUoda {d{eï> KQ>H$ n[aUm_ H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio AmR>dÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ o_Ü o{df`naËdo \$aH$ Pmbobm {XgyZ oVmo. Ë`m_wioM àW_ AmnU YmaUoda n[aUm_ H$aUmaoH$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$ AgVmV `mMm _mJmodm Kody`m,

(3) àË`mdmhZ (Recall)

ñ_aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nydu AZw^dbobo AZw^d AmnU nwÝhm AmR>dV AgVmo.H$mhr doim eãXm§À`m ñdê$nmV AmnU Amnbm AZw^d AmR>dVmo Va H$mhr doim H$maH$H$m¡eë` åhUOo H¥$VrÀ`m ñdê$nmV AmnU Ë`m AZw^dmMo nwZé‚mrdZ H$arV AgVmo.{d{dY ñdê$nmV _mJo KoVbobm AZw^d nwÝhm AmR>dUo åhUOo àË`mdmhZ hmo`.àË`mdmhZmgmR>r g§ñH$maU d YmaUm Mm§Jbr hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. àË`mdmhZmgmR>r H$mhrnyaH$ KQ>H$ H$maUr yV R>aVmV. ho KQ>H$ H$moUVo, `mMm AmVm AmnU {dMma H$aUmaAmhmoV.

(1) emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` :- {dX`mÏ`m©Mo emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ`Mm§Jbo Agob Va àË`mdmhZhr Mm§Jbo hmoB©b. _mZ{gH$Ñï>`m Jm|Yibobm {dÚmWu dJm©Vì`dpñWVnUo CÎmao XoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

(2) ^md{ZH$ àjmoJ- ì`ŠVrMm ^md{ZH$ àjmo^ àË`mdmhZmda n[aUm_ H$aVmo. amJmZo~o^mZ Pmbobm _mUyg eãX ZrQ> AmR>dy eH$V Zmhr.

(3) à`ËZ- narjoV CÎman{ÌH$m {b{hUmam AÜ``ZmWu _Ü oM Wm§~Vmo. Vmo CÎmaAmR>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo d Ë`mbm AmR>dVo. nU H$YrH$Yr `mCbQ>hr KS>Vo. OgOerEImXr Jmoï> AmR>dÊ`mMm AmnU à`ËZ H$aVmo, VgVer Vr Jmoï> ñ_aUmnmgyZ Xya OmVo.

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(4) àoaUm- narjoV Mm§Jbo è {_idm`Mo Amho, n{hbm H«$_mµµ§H$ Ambm nm{hOo AeràoaUm Á`mdoir {Z_m©U hmoVo Ë`mdoir Ë`mMm àË`mdmhZmda Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.narjoÀ`mdoir ~è`mMem Jmoï>r AÜ``ZmÏ`mªZm ââ AmR>dVmV ho àoaUo_wio KS>Vo.

(5) gmhM ©- àË oH$ AZw^d hm ñdV§Ì qH$dm AbJ AZw^d amhV Zmhr. Vmo AZw^dBVa AZw^dm§er OmoS>bobm AgVmo. Ë`m AZw^dmV nañnag§~§Y àñWm{nV PmboboAgVmV. EH$ AZw^d AmR>dbm H$s Ë`m AZw^dmer {ZJS>rV BVa AZw^d AmR>dVmV.(6) _ZmMr {gÜXVm- H$moUË`mhr JmoîQ>rg _ZmMr V`mar Agmdr bmJVo. _mZ{gH$V`marMm àË`mdmhZmda Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

(7) g§X ©- EImXr Jmoï> à`ËZ H$éZXoIrb AmR>dV Zmhr. na§Vw Oa Ë`m Jmoï>rerg§~§{YV Agm g§X © {Xbobm Agbm H$s, _mÌ AmnUmg Vr Jmoï> AmR>dy bmJVo. VgoMEImÚm Jmoï>rMo EImÚm {d{eï> ~m~rer gmhM © àñWm{nV Pmbobo Agbo Va EH$ Jmoï>AmR>dbr H$s, Xwgar gmhM`m©Zo AmR>dy bmJVo.AmVm AmnU ñ_aU à{H«$ oMm Mm¡Wm Q>ßnm g_OyZ Kody`m.

(4) àË`m{^kmZ (Recognition) :-

àË`m{^kmZ hm ñ_aUmMm Mm¡Wm KQ>H$ hmo`. àË`mdmhZmnojm àË`m{^kmZ hrgwb^ à{H«$`m Amho. àË`m{^kmZmV ì`ŠVr, dñVy qH$dm KQ>Zm àË`j g_moa AgVo,\$ŠV Vr n[a{MV Amho H$m Zmhr EdT>oM \$ŠV AmoiIm`Mo AgVo. àË`mdmhZmV _mÌì`ŠVr, dñVy qH$dm KQ>Zm Amnë`mg_moa hOa ZgVo. Aem pñWVrV Amnë`mbm VrAmR>dm`Mr AgVo. åhUyZ àË`m{^kmZ ho àË`mdmhZmnojm gmono AgVo. nydu KoVboë`mAZw^dmMr Ooìhm AmnUmg AmoiI nQ>Vo Voìhm Ë`mbm "àË`m{^kmZ' Ago åhUVmV.

5.4.4 ñ_aUmMo àH$ma:-

(1) VmËH$m{bH$ ñ_aU- àg§JmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo ZwH$VmM KS>bobm EImXm àg§JAmR>dUo. VmËnwaVo, àma§{^H$ ñdê$nmMo Ago ho ñ_aU AgVo.

(2) XrK©H$mbrZ ñ_aU- H$mhr AZw^dm§Mo R>go Amnë`m _Zmda Ago H$moabo OmVmVH$s Vo {dgaVmM oV ZmhrV `m§Mm g_mdoe XrK©H$mbrZ ñ_aUm_Ü o hmoVmo.

(3) {Zeu` ñ_aU- H$mhr àg§J AmR>dÊ`mgmR>r H$mhrhr à`mg H$amdo bmJV ZmhrV.AJXr ghOnUo EH$m_mJyZ EH$ KQ>Zm S>moi`mnwT>o oV OmVmV.

(4) g{H«$` ñ_aU- `m§_Ü o AmR>dÊ`mgmR>r ñ_¥Vrda Iyn Omoa Úmdm bmJVmo. Iynà`ËZm§Vr KQ>Zm AmR>dVmV.

(5) `m§{ÌH$ ñ_aU- `m§_Ü o ^md{ZH$ Jw§VdUyH$ ZgVo. §ÌdVnUo EH$m KQ>ZmAmR>dbr H$s Xwgar-{Vgar AmR>dVo `m§_Ü o ì`{ŠVJV gh^mJ AgVmoM AgoZmhr. Ho$di nmR>m§Va H$ê$Z ~m~r aQ>Uo `mbmXo{Ib `m§{ÌH$ ñ_aU åhUVmV.

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(6) ~m¡pÜXH$ ñ_aU- narjoÀ`m H$mimV {d{dY {df`m§Mo dmMZ Ho$bo OmVo. nona{b{hVmZm dmMboë`m gd© ~m~tMo ñ_aU hmoVo ho ~m¡pÜXH$ ñ_aU AgVo. Á`m_Ü o~wÜXm§H$mZwgma \$aH$ nS>Vmo. H$mhrdoim `m§_Ü o VH©$eŠVrMmhr dmna hmoVmo.

(7) ì`{ŠVJV ñ_aU- ~m~r Ñ{ï>g_moa AgVmZm EImÚm ì`ŠVrbm ñdV:er{ZJS>rV ~m~tMo ñ_aU hmoVo. hm Ë`m ì`ŠVrMm ñdV:Mm AZw^d AgVmo hoì`{ŠVJV ñdê$nmMo ñ_aU AgVo.

(8) Aì`{ŠVJV ñ_aU- ì`ŠVr g_moa ZgVmZm, ~m~r ZOaog_moa ZgVmZmË`m§{df`rMo ñ_aU hmoUo ho Aì`{ŠVJV ñ_aU Amho.

ñ_aUmÀ`m ñdê$nmdéZ ho ñ_aUmMo T>mo~i àH$ma gm§JVm oVrb. nU hoM àH$maHo$di ApñVËdmV AmhoV Agm Xmdm H$aVm oUma Zmhr. ñ_aU hm ì`{ŠVJV AZw^dAgë`mZo Ë`mMo BVahr àH$mamV dJuH$aU H$aUo eŠ` Amho hr ~m~ `m{R>H$mUr AmnUbjmV KoVbr nm{hOo.

5.4.5 mcejCeeJej HeefjCeece keÀjCeejs IeìkeÀ :(Factors Affecting Memory)

1) Deeµe³e (Content)

pes mcejCeele þsJeeJe³ee®es Deens les DeLe&HetCe& Demeues Heeefnpes. SKeeoe Oe[e, keÀefJelee,

Yetefceleerleerue Òeces³e, µeem$eeceOeerue efve³ece pesJne ve mecepelee efJeoîeeLeea efµekeÀlees DeLeJee Heeþ keÀjlees

lesJne l³eeuee les efµekeÀC³eemeeþer peemle JesU ueeielees. ve mecepelee efµekeÀuesuîee Deµee Oe[îee®ee efkebÀJee

keÀefJeles®ee þmee ®eebieuîee ÒekeÀejs Gceìt µekeÀle veener, l³eecegUs l³ee®es efJemcejCe nesles. DeLe&nerve

De#ejmecetneHes#ee DeLe&HetCe& µeyo ueJekeÀj ue#eele jenleele.

2) Je³e (Age of Learner)

DeO³e³eveeJej HeefjCeece keÀjCeejs Flej IeìkeÀ Goe – Heeþeblej keÀjC³ee®eer GlmegkeÀlee,

efpe%eemee, mHeOex®es JeeleeJejCe ns ueneve cegueebJej ceesþîee ceeCemeebHes#ee peemle HeefjCeece keÀjleele. ceesþer

ceeCemes DeeHeuîee keÀecee®³ee J³eûelescegUs ueneve cegueeFlekeÀer ue#e osC³eeme GlmegkeÀ vemeleele, cnCetve

l³eeb®es Heeþeblej keÀceer nesles. l³ee®ee DeLe& Demee veener keÀer l³eeb®eer Heeþeblej µekeÌleer keÀceer Deens.

ûenCeµekeÌleer ner J³ekeÌleer®³ee HekeÌJelesJej DeJeuebyetve Deens. yeeuekeÀeb®eer µeejerefjkeÀ Je ceeveefmekeÀ Jee{ nesle

Demeleevee®e l³ee®eer ûenCeµekeÌleer Jee{le jenCeej, µeejerefjkeÀ Je yeeweqOokeÀ Jee{ HetCe& Peeueer, ceeveefmekeÀ

µekeÌleeRvee HeefjHekeÌJelee Deeueer keÀer ûenCe keÀjC³ee®³ee µekeÌleer®eerner HeefjHetCe&lee Peeueer Demes mecepeeJe³eeme

njkeÀle veener. ®eeUerme Je<ee&®ee ceveg<³e ne Jeerme Je<ee&®³ee leªCeeHes#ee veJeerve ieesäer efµekeÀC³ee®³ee

yeeyeleerle peemle keÀe³e&#ece jenCeej veener, Hejbleg J³eemebie, DevegYeJe, %eeve ³ee iees<ìeR®ee HeÀe³eoe

meenefpekeÀ®e Jee{l³ee Je³eecegUs leªCeeHes#ee ceesþîee ceeCemeeuee peemle efceUlees.

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3) efuebie (Sex)

m$eer DeeefCe Hegª<e ³eeb®³eeceO³es ûenCe keÀjC³ee®³ee yeeyeleerle efm$e³ee peemle keÀe³e&#ece Deensle

Demes efomeles. Hejbleg ne HeÀjkeÀ efvemeie&oÊe Deens keÀer keÀe³e ns þjefJeCes keÀþerCe Deens. keÀejCe efµekeÀC³ee®eer

F&<³ee&, efJe<e³ee®eer iees[er, Iej®es JeeleeJejCe ³ee IeìkeÀeb®ee HeefjCeece nesTve cegueer efµekeÀC³eeceO³es DeefOekeÀ

lelHejlee oeKeJeerle Demeleerue. cegueeRceO³es cegueebHes#ee HeefjHekeÌJelee ueJekeÀj ³esles, l³ee®ee HeefjCeecener

efµekeÀC³eeJej nesle Demeuee Heeefnpes.

4) efµekeÀC³ee®eer F®íe (Desire to Learn)

DeO³e³eveele ÒesjCee Je efµekeÀC³ee®eer F®íe ³eebvee efJeµes<e mLeeve Deens. efJejbiegUe cnCetve SKeeos

HegmlekeÀ DeeHeCe Jee®eerle Demeuees lej l³eeleerue Deeµe³e DeeHeCe ueJekeÀj efJemejlees. Hejer#esmeeþer cnCetve

pej les®e HegmlekeÀ Jee®eues lej Jee®eleevee DeeHeueer ¢äer yeoueles, DeJeOeeveHetJe&keÀ Je DeLe& mecepetve

IesC³ee®ee DeeHeCe Òe³elve keÀjlees l³eecegUs ûenCe ®eebieues nesles.

5) efJe<e³ee®eer iees[er, DeemLee (Interest)

p³ee efJe<e³eeyeodoue DeeHeuîeeuee DeemLee efkebÀJee iees[er Jeeìles, lees efJe<e³e ®eìkeÀve ûenCe kesÀuee

peelees. SKeeÐee efJeoîeeL³ee&uee Feflenemeeleerue Ieìvee ®eìkeÀve mecepele veenerle, HeCe ef¬eÀkesÀìceOeerue

veeceJeble KesUe[bt®eer efJeefJeOe meecev³eeleerue OeeJemebK³ee lees menpeemenpeer ûenCe keÀª µekeÀlees.

6) Òeieleer®eer peeCeerJe (Knowledge of result)

DeeHeueer Òeieleer keÀµeer nesle Deens ns pej J³ekeÌleeruee mecepeues®e veener lej DeO³e³eveeuee lesceejkeÀ þjles. efleceener, meneceener Jeiewjs Hejer#eebleerue iegCe cegueebvee mecepeues®e veenerle lej DeO³e³eveeleeruel³eeb®eer F&&<³ee&ner keÀceer nesF&ue. DeeHeueer Òeieleer nesle Deens ner peeCeerJe megKeoe³ekeÀ Demeles, l³eecegUsDeO³e³eve ®eebieues nesles.

5.4.6 ñ_aUmMo e¡j{UH$ _hËd-

ñ_aUmMo e¡j{UH$ _hËd nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm oB©b.

(1) AÜ``ZmgmR>r AZw^dm§Mo g§ñH$aU `mo½` hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo åhUyZ {ejH$m§Zrn[aUm_H$maH$ AÜ`mnZ H$amdo. AmH$f©H$ AZw^dm§Mr `moOZm H$amdr. H$maUg§ñH$aU ho AZw^dm§À`m Vrd«Voda Adb§~yZ AgVo.

(2) AÜ`mnZ H$aVmZm nmR>`m§embm AW© àmá H$ê$Z {Xbm VaM Ë`mMo g§ñH$aU dYmaUm Mm§Jbo hmoB©b AÝ`Wm {ZaW©H$ nmR>`dñVyMo ñ_aU hmoUma Zmhr.

(3) {ejH$mMo ñdV:Mo ì`{ŠV_Ëd AmXaUr` d à^mdr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.Amnë`m AmXaUr` ì`ŠVrÀ`m _wImVyZ EoH$bobo {dMma {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _ZmdaXrK©H$mi Ka H$ê$Z amhVmV.

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(4) EImXm {df` qH$dm EImXm KQ>H$ {H$Vrhr _hËdmMm Agbm Var {dÚmÏ`mªMo d`d Ë`m§Mr nŠdVm `mMm {dMma H$ê$ZM Ë`mMo AÜ`mnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

(5) EImÚm {dÚmÏ`m©Mo AÜ``Z qH$dm g§ñH$aU Mm§Jbo ìhmd`mMo Agob VaË`m {df`m~Ôb {dÚmÏ`m©bm JmoS>r dmQ>Uo Amdí`H$ Amho.

(6) nmR>`{df`mMo EHy$U ñdê$n nmhÿZ {dÚmÏ`mªZr Ë`m KQ>H$mMo H$moUË`m nÜXVrZoAÜ``Z H$amdo `m{df`r {ejH$mZo _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

(7) EImÚm Jmoï>rMr AmnU {H$Vr AmdV©Zo H$aVmo `mda YmaUm Adb§~yZ AgVo.åhUyZ {eH${dboë`m nmR>çKQ>H$m§Mr dma§dma COiUr H$ê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$AgVo.

(8) AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va {dÚmÏ`m©bm nwaoer {dlm§Vr KoD$ {Xbr Va Ë`mMm YmaUodaAZwHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

(9) AmR>dÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ o_Ü o g§X © Iyn Cn`moJr nS>VmV åhUyZ {ejH$mZonmR>çdñVy {d{dY g§X^© d XmIbo XodyZ {eH${dbr nm{hOo.

(10) {dÚmÏ`mªMo emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` Mm§Jbo amhÊ`mgmR>r {ejH$ dnmbH$m§Zr à`ËZ Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMm ñ_aUmda AZwHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

(11) narjo_Ü o Ho$di AmR>dÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ oda àíZ Z {dMmaVm àË`m{^kmZmdaAmYm[aV àíZXoIrb {dMmaUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

(12) _ZmVrb ^mdZm§Mm CÐoH$ hm AmR>dÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ oV AS>Wim R>é eH$Vmo. åhUyZnarjoÀ`m H$mimV {dÚmÏ`m©§Mr _Z:pñWVr {~KS>Uma Zmhr `mH$S>o {ejH$m§Zr dnmbH$m§Zr bj nwa{dbo nm{hOo.

{ejH$m§Zr ñ_aU dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m` Ho$bo nm{hOo ho AmVm Amnë`m bjmVAmboM Agob. eodQ>r Mm§Jë`m ñ_¥VrMr d¡{eï>o Aä`mgyZ `m _wÔ`mMm g_mamon AmnUH$ê$`m,

5.5 (H$) {dñ_aU (Forgetting)

5.5.1 efJemcejCee®eer mebkeÀuHevee

ñ_aUmEdT>mM {dñ_aUmMm AZw^dXo{Ic _hÎdmMm Amho. ñ_aU Am{U {dñ_aU`m EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy AmhoV. H$mhr Jmoï>r ñ_aUmV amhUo ho {OVHo$ Amdí`H$AgVo VodT>oM H$mhr ŠcoeXm`H$ àg§Jm§Mo {dñ_aU hmoUohr Amdí`H$ AgVo. OrdZmVAmnU KoVcoco gd©M AZw^d _hÎdmMo ZgVmV. H$mhr AZw^d cjmV R>odÊ`mMr A{O~mVAmdí`H$Vm ZgVo. AZmdí`H$, H$_r _hÎdmMo, Xþ:IX, ÌmgXm`H$ AZw^d {dgaUo_mZ{gH$ÑîQ>çm `mo½`M AgVo. Xþ:ImÀ`m jUr gwIX AZw^d AmR>dmdm, Ë`m_wio OrdZmVAmZ§X AZw^dVm oVmo. AmZ§Xr OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r Xþ:IX AZw^d {dgaUo Amdí`H$AgVo.

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{dñ_aU hr gwÕm ñ_aUmà_mUoM EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ à{H«$`m Amho. J«hU Ho$cocoAZw^d Ogo Amnë`m ñ_aUmV amhVmV VgoM Vo H$mcm§VamZo nwgQ> hmoV OmVmV. Oonydm©Zw^d Amnë`m ñ_¥VrVyZ nyU©nUo {ZgQ>VmV Ë`mcm "{dñ_aU' Ago åhUVmV. EImXrKQ>Zm Amnë`mcm `mo½` doir AmR>dV Zmhr, H$YrH$Yr Ë`m KQ>ZoVrc H$mhr ^mJAmnë`mcm AmR>dV Zmhr, H$YrH$Yr Va Vr KQ>ZmM Amnë`mcm AmR>dV Zmhr ho gd©"{dñ_aU' hmo`.

Eq~Jhm°g (Ebbinghaus) ZmdmÀ`m O_©Z _mZgemókmZo {dñ_aUmMm gd©àW_ Aä`mg Ho$cm. B.g. 1885 _Ü o `m _mZgemókmZo ñdV:da à`moJ Ho$co Am{U{dñ_aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm.

{dñ_aU dH«$ …-Eq~Jhm°g `m§Zr {dñ_aUmÀ`m g§X^m©V nwT>rcà_mUo à`moJ Ho$cm. - à`moJmgmR>r

Ë`m§Zr {ZaW©H$ eãXm§À`m `mÚm V`ma Ho$ë`m. {ZaW©H$ eãX nmR> H$amd`mg àma§^ Ho$cm.Eq~Jhm°g `m§À`m Ago cjmV Amco H$s, {ZaW©H$ eãX H$mhr doim cjmV amhVmV. WmoS>çmdoimZ§Va Vo eãX AmR>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Va Ë`m eãXm§Mo àË`mdmhZ {~ZMyH$ hmoVZmhr. Ë`m eãXm§Mo Ë`mZo nwZaÜ``Z Ho$co. nwZaÜ``ZmÀ`m doir AWm©VM H$_r H$mcmdYrcmJcm. hm H$mcmdYr H$_r cmJÊ`mMo H$maU ñnï> hmoVo, _yi AÜ``ZmMm H$mhr ^mJYmaUoV g_m[dï> hmoVm. Aem àH$maÀ`m AZoH$ à`moJm§dê$Z Ë`mZo YmaUoMo eoH$S>m à_mUemoYco d Ë`mdê$Z {dñ_aUmMo à_mU {ZpíMV Ho$co.

H«$. H$mcmdYr {dñ_aUmMo eo. à_mU

1 20 {_. 47

2 60 {_. 56

3 1 {Xdg 66

4 1 AmR>dS>m 75

5 1 _{hZm 79

10

2030

40

50607080

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

efJemcejCe Je¬eÀ

OeejCeeoMe&keÀ DeeuesKe

keÀeueeJeOeer (efoJeme)

efJemc

ejCe

e®esM

es.Òec

eeCe

107

{dñ_aU dH«$mMo {ZîH$f© - darc AmcoImÀ`m AmYmao {dñ_aUmg§X^m©Vrc nwT>rc{ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oVrc1) gwê$dmVrcm {dñ_aUmMm doJ Iyn AgVmo. nwT>o Vmo H$_rH$_r hmoV OmVmo.2) {ZaW©H$ eãXm§Mo nmR>m§Va cdH$a hmoV Zmhr. WmoS>o Pmco Var cJoM {dgaVo.3) AW©nyU© eãXm§Mo nmR>m§Va cdH$a hmoVo d {XK©H$mi ñ_aUmV amhVo.4) AW©nyU© CVmè`mMo d ^mdnyU© H${dVoMo {dñ_aU cdH$a hmoV Zmhr.5) dada {eH$coë`m Jmoï>r AmnU cdH$a {dgaVmoo H$maU Ë`mMr YmaUm ZrQ> hmoV Zmhr,

n`m©`mZo {dñ_aU hmoVo.

5.5.2 efJemcejCee®es ÒekeÀej (Forgetting-Types)

SKeeoer ieesä efµekeÀuîeeveblej keÀener keÀeUeves efle®es efJemcejCe nesles, Hejbleg kesÀJeU efveIetve

iesuesuee keÀeU ns keÀener efJemcejCee®es keÀejCe nesT µekeÀle veener, lej ³ee keÀeueeJeOeerle pes keÀener Ie[les

l³ee®ee HeefjCeece cnCetve efJemcejCe Ie[le Demeles. ³ee ¢<ìerves efJemcejCee®³ee mebYeeJ³e keÀejCeeb®es

JeieeakeÀjCe Keeueerue efJemcejCee®³ee ÒekeÀejebodJeejs meebielee ³esF&ue.

1) DeveY³eemeeves efµeefLeuelee (Decay through Disuse)

µejerjeleerue mvee³et ®eueve Jeuevee®³ee DeYeeJeer pemes efµeefLeue nesleele lemes®e ceWotleerue

mebmkeÀeefjle ceppeeHesµeer GHe³eesiee®³ee DeYeeJeer efµeefLeue nesle DemeeJ³eele. JeeUtJej Gceìuesues Hee³ee®es þmes

p³eeÒeceeCes keÀener keÀeUeveblej DeeHeesDeeHe veenermes nesleele, l³ee®eÒeceeCes ceppeeHesµeerJejerue mebmkeÀej

ceO³eblejer®³ee keÀeUceO³es l³ee®ee GHe³eesie ve PeeuîeecegUs DemHeä nesleele efkebÀJee veenermes nesleele.

efµekeÀCeeN³ee®eer F®íe, l³ee®ee nslet ceO³eblejer®³ee keÀeUele Ie[uesuîee Ieìvee ³ee meJee&®eeb®e efJemcejCeeµeer

mebyebOe ³eslees cnCetve ceO³eblejkeÀeue efpelekeÀe DeefOekeÀ, eflelekeÌ³ee®e l³ee keÀeueele Ie[CeeN³ee Ieìveener

DeefOekeÀ. ³ee ceO³eblejer®³ee IeìveebcegUs cetU mce=efleef®evns Hegmeì nesTve efJemcejCe Ie[les Demes cnCeCes

DeefOekeÀ me³egeqkeÌlekeÀ nesF&ue.

2) efvejesOeve Òeef¬eÀ³ee (Process or Association of Interference)

ceppeeHesµeeRJejerue cetU®³ee mebmkeÀejeJej veJeerve DevegYeJeeb®ee þmee Gceìtve cetU®es mebmkeÀej

Hegmeues peeleele ³eeuee®e efvejesOeve (Interference) Demes cnCeleele. cetU®ee DevegYeJe Je veblej®ee

DevegYeJe ³eeceO³es peCet mebIe<e& efvecee&Ce neslees Je lees SkeÀceskeÀebvee yeeOekeÀ þjlees. efvejesOeve ns oesve ÒekeÀej®es

Demet µekeÀles. pegvee DevegYeJe ne veJeerve DeO³e³eveeuee De[LeUe DeeCet µekeÀlees l³eeuee Hegjesieeceer

(Proactive) efkebÀJee veJeerve DevegYeJe, pegv³ee DevegYeJeeuee Hegmetve ìekeÀlees l³eeuee Òeefleieeceer

(Retroactive) efvejesOeve Demes cnCeleele.

De) Òeefleieeceer efvejesOeve (Retroactive Interference)

SKeeoer ieesä efµekeÀle Demeleevee veJeerve meen®e³e&-mebyebOe efvecee&Ce nesleele Je l³eecegUs pegves

meen®e³e&-mebyebOe keÀenermes {emeUues peeleele, ³ee ef¬eÀ³esuee Òeefleieeceer efvejesOeve Demes cnCeleele.

108

ye) Hegjesieeceer efvejesOeve (Proactive Interference)

ÒeLece efµekeÀC³eele Deeuesueer ieesäer pesJne veblej efµekeÀC³eele ³esCeeN³ee ieesäeruee De[LeUe

keÀjles lesJne l³eeuee Hegjesieeceer efvejesOeve cnCeleele. ns SkeÀ ÒekeÀejs $eÝCe-meb¬eÀceCe nes³e. Fbûepeer

efµekeÀleevee ceele=Yee<esleerue G®®eejeb®ee HeefjCeece Fbûepeer µeyoeJej keÀmee neslees ns DeeHeCeeuee cejeþer,

iegpejeleer, yebieeueer, ceêemeer Jeiewjs ueeskeÀeb®³ee Fbûepeer G®®eejebJeªve efometve ³eslees®e.

3) oceveecegUs efJemcejCe (Motivated Forgetting)

SKeeoer ieesä ®eebieueer ceveeJej þmeuesueer Demetvener pej leer DeefÒe³e Demesue, leeHeoe³ekeÀ

Demesue lej leer efJemejC³ee®ee DeeHeCe Òe³elve keÀjlees. cnCepes efJemcejCe ns nslegHetJe&keÀ Demeles. Deµee

DeefÒe³e Òemebiee®es Òel³eeJeenve keÀjC³eele De[LeUe neslees. megKekeÀejkeÀ Ieìvee DeeþJeleele, HeCe

leeHeoe³ekeÀ Ieìvee DeeþJele veenerle ³ee®es mHeäerkeÀjCe ³ee ÒesjCee³egkeÌle efJemcejCeecegUs nesT µekeÀlees.

5.5.3 {dñ_aUmMr H$maUo …-EImXr Jmoï> {eH$ë`mZ§Va nwT>rc H$mimV Oo H$mhr KS>Vo Ë`mMm J«hUmda n[aUm_

hmoVmo Am{U {dñ_aU hmoVo. {dñ_aUmMr H$maUo nwT>rcà_mUo AmhoV.

1) AZä`mg …- ì`º$sÀ`m _|Xÿda AÜ``Zm_wio Pmcoco g§ñH$ma C{Ô{nV Z Ho$coJoë`m_wio qH$dm Z dmnaë`m_wio Vo nwgQ> hmoV OmVmV d eodQ>r Zmhrgo hmoVmV. `mCcQnwZ:nwÝhm AmR>dë`m OmUmè`m Jmoï>r {Q>Hy$Z amhVmV d Ë`m§Mo Mm§Jco ñ_aU hmoVo.>

2) nR>UmZ§VaÀ`m {H«$`m …- AZw dmÀ`m _yi R>em§da ZdrZ AZw^dmMm R>gm ZrQ>C_Q>V Zmhr. CcQ> Vmo _yi R>emcm {~KS>{dVmo Va H$mhr doiocm nyduMm R>gm BVH$mR>iH$ AgVmo H$s ZdrZ R>gm ZrQ> C_Q>VM Zmhr. _yiMm AZw^d Am{U ZdrZ AZw^d`m§Mm EH$_oH$m§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `m à{H«$ ocm {ZamoYZ (Inhabition) Ago åhUVmV.{ZamoYZmMo XmoZ àH$ma AgVmV.

i) nwamonJm_r {ZamoYZ (Proactive Inhabition) g `m_Ü o Amnë`m _ZmdanyduMo R>gcoco AZw^d Z§Va oUmè`m AZw^dmcm {damoY H$aVmV.

ii) à{VnJm_r {ZamoYZ (Retroactive Inhabition) g `m_Ü o ZdrZ AZw^dJ«hU H$aVmZm ZdrZ gmhM © g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoV Agë`m_wio _yiMogmhM © g§~§YT>mgiVmV.

3) Pmon Am{U {dlm§Vr …- AÜ``ZmZ§Va {dlm§Vr KoVë`mg YmaUm ÑT> hmoÊ`mg_XV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio n`m©`mZo {dñ_aU H$_r hmoVo. Pmono_wio {dlm§Vr {_iVo. ÑT>rH$aUmgPmonoMr qH$dm {dlm§VrH$mcmMr _XV hmoVo d {dñ_aU H$_r hmoVo.

4) X_Z …- {d{dY AZw^dm§Mo ñ_aU H$arV AgVmZm ì`º$sMr BÀN>m H$m` Amho,Ë`mdahr ñ_aU {dñ_aU Adc§~yZ AgVo. EImXr Jmoï> AmR>dmdr Aer Amncr Vrd«BÀN>m Agoc Va Vr Jmoï> Mm§Jcr AmR>dVo. H$mhr àg§J qH$dm AZw^d AmR>dy Z oV Ago

109

AmnUmg dmQ>V AgVo. Á`m_wio Xþ:I hmoB©c, Šcoe hmoVrc Ago àg§J qH$dm AZw^d_ZmV Imocda XS>nyCe Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ ì`º$s H$arV AgVo. `mcm X_Z åhUVmV. X_ZHo$ë`m_wio AZw^dm§Mo {dñ_aU hmoVo.

5) WH$dm …- WH$ì`m_wio _|XÿÀ`m H$m ©j_Voda n[aUm_ hmoVmo d {dñ_aU hmoVo.

6) gamdmMm A^md …- AmË_gmV Ho$coco kmZ d H$m¡eë o `m§Mm gamd Ho$cm ZmhrVa {dñ_aU hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

7) _mZ{gH$ Y¸$m …- H$mhr H$maUm§_wio _|Xþcm Y¸$m ~gcm Va nydu KoVcoë`mAZw^dm§Mo {dñ_aU hmoVo.

5.5.4 {dñ_aUmMo e¡j{UH$ _hÎd …-

1) AÜ``ZmV àË`mdmhZ Am{U àË`m{^kmZ `m XmoÝhr à{H«$`m§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.AmR>dyZ gm§JUo Am{U AmoiIUo åhUOo àË`mdhZ d àË`m{^kmZ hmo`. `m XmoÝhràH$mam§da AmYmarV Ago àíZ {ejH$m§Zr AÜ``ZmÏ`mªZm {dMmamd`mg hdoV. chmZAÜ``ZmÏ`mªÀ`m ~m~VrV àË`m{^kmZmda â Úmdm.

2) AÜ``ZmÏ`mªÀ`m ñ_aUmV AZoH$ Jmoï>r amhÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m _ZmV {eH$Ê`mMr BÀN>mEH$Xm {Z_m©U Pmcr H$s, H$R>rU {df`XoIrc Ë`m§À`m Mm§Jco ñ_aUmV amhVmV.ñ_aUeº$sÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r A{^éMrMr _XV Amdí`H$ AgVo. BÀN>m Am{UA{^ê$MrÀ`m _XVrZo ñ_aU gwc^ hmoVo.

3) ñ_aU ì`mnmamV AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$, åhUOo "gmhM ©' nmR>çdñVyMm g§~§Y{ejH$m§Zr ì`mdhm[aH$ AZw^dm§er OmoS>cm nm{hOo. {MÌo d dñVw XmI{dUo, CXmhaUoXoUo, ì`mdhm[aH$ AZw^d gm§JUo `m§À`m _XVrZo gmhM © {Z_m©U hmoVo. J{UVmVrcCXmhaUo ì`dhmamcm Yê$Z Agcr nm{hOoV. emómVrc {Z`_ d {gÕm§Vì`mdhm[aH$ CXmhaUo XodyZ ñnï> H$amdoV.

4) YmaUm Mm§Jcr hmoÊ`mgmR>r c` Am{U Vmc `m§Mm Mm§Jcm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. H${dVmMmcrda åhUyZ ¿`mì`mV, gm§{KH$ Jm`Zhr Ë`mÑ{ï>Zo _hÎdmMo R>aVo. `m§{ÌH$nmR>m§Vamda â Z XoVm, Oo ñ_aU "AmH$cZ d {dMma' `m§da AmYmacoco AmhoË`mda â Úmdm.

5) _hÎdmÀ`m Jmoï>r cjmV R>odÊ`mgmR>r A{VnR>UmMm Cn`moJ H$amdm. AÜ``ZmÏ`mªH$Sy>ZnmT>o, nadMm, ñVmooÌo, JrVo {ZË` åhUyZ ¿`mdrV. AÜ``ZmZ§Va WmoS>r {dlm§Vr{Xë`mg ÑT>rH$aU hmoVo. ÑT>rH$aU Mm§Jco hmoÊ`mgmR>r {dlm§VrH$mimMm `mo½` Cn`moJH$ê$Z ¿`mdm.

6) AÜ``Z Pmco H$s cJoM {dñ_aUmcm gwê$dmV hmoVo. {dñ_aU H$_r ìhmdo åhUyZCOiUrda â Úmdm. nmR>çmdñVyMo g_J«Xe©Z AÜ``ZmÏ`mªZm AJmoXa KS>dmdo

110

Am{U Z§Va ^mJe: AÜ`mnZ H$amdo. {df`mV VwQ>H$nUm Agy Z o. gcJVm Agmdr.ñ_¥{Vghm`H$m§Mm Oê$a VoWo Adí` Cn`moJ H$amdm.

7) nm{hcocr d EoH$cocr Jmoï> AÜ``ZmÏ`mªÀ`m Mm§Jcr ñ_aUmV amhVo. åhUyZAÜ`mnZmV ÑH²$lmì` gmYZm§Mm Cn`moJ H$amdm. VgoM ZwgVmM Cƒma Z H$aVmAmH$S>odmar, _hÎdmMo _wÔo B. \$cH$mda {chmdoV.

8) EH$ {df` {eH$dë`mZ§Va cJoMM Ë`mcm AS>Wim H$aUmam Xþgam {df` {eH$dy Z o.ñ_aUeº$s dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r AÜ``ZmÏ`mªMo _Z em§V AgUo Oê$arMo AgVo.AÜ``ZmWu Á`m H¥$Vr H$aVmV Ë`mH$S>o Ë`m§Mo AdYmZ H|${ÐV hmoUo JaOoMo AgVo.AdYmZ Am{U A{^ê$Mr Agoc Va {df`mMo AmH$cZ Mm§Jco hmoVo d {df` CÎm_àH$mao ñ_aUmV amhVmo.

9) J«hU Ho$cocr Jmoï> {XK©H$mimn ªV {Q>H${dVm oUo ho Mm§Jë`m ñ_aUmMo cjU Amho.J«hU Ho$coë`m Jmoï>r H«$_mZo H$aVm Amë`m nm{hOoV. Mm§Jco ñ_aU ìhm`Mo Agoc VaAZmdí`H$ d {Zê$n`moJr ~m~r {dgaUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Mm§Jë`m ñ_aUmV AMyH$àË`mdmhZ d àË`m{^kmZ J¥{hV AgVo. J«hU Ho$coë`m Jmoï>r H«$_mZo, ì`dpñWVnUo dAMyH$nUo _m§S>Vm Amë`m nm{hOoV.

{d{dY _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm `m àH$aUm_Ü o AmnU ñ_aU,{dñ_aU, H$ënZm B. {df`r nwaoer _m{hVr KoVcocr Amho. àË oH$ Q>ßnm g_OyZ KodyZË`m§da AmYm[aV H$mhr àíZhr AmnU gmoS>{dcoco AmhoV. EImÚm ^mJmMo `mo½` AmH$cZPmcoco Zgë`mg Vmo ^mJ nwÝhm dmMm AmnUmg Z¸$s Ë`mMo AmH$cZ hmoB©c.

{dMmaà{H«$ oMr gwê$dmV hmoVo {VM _wir g§doXZm-Ad~moY-g§H$ënZm {Z{_©Vr`m§_YyZ. EImÚm {dMmamMo gm_mÝ`rH$aU hmodyZ Vmo Amnë`m _|XÿV gmR>{dcm OmVmo, VmoXmoZ àH$mam§Zr (1) CX²Jm_r Ad~moYZ (2) AdJm_r Ad~moYZ. Amnë`m g^modVmcrKS>Umè`m gd© KQ>Zm§Mm H$m ©H$maUg§~§Y `m {dMmaà{H«$ oÀ`m AmdV©ZmVyZ ñnï> hmoVOmVmo. CX²Jm_r Z§Va AdJm_r d AdJm_r Z§Va CX²Jm_r Aer AmdV©Zo KS>VmV d {dMmagm_mÝ`ê$n KoVmo.


àíZ 1 ~) Jmiboë`m OmJm ^am.

1) ñ_aU åhUOo -----------Mo nwZé‚mrdZ hmo`.2) nydu KoVboë`m AZw^dmÀ`m àd¥Îmrbm ---------- åhUVmV.3) ñ_¥Vr åhUOo YmaUmeŠVr hr ì`m»`m ----------- `m§Zr Ho$br.4) AZw^dmMm R>gm _|Xyda C_Q>Vmo Ë`mbm ----------- åhUVmV.5) nydu KoVboë`m AZw^dmMr AmoiI nQ>Ê`mbm ---------- åhUVmV.

111

àíZ 2 H) Jmicoë`m OmJm ^am.

i) .............. `m _mZgemókmZo gd©àW_ {dñ_aUmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm.ii) nydm©Zw^d ñ_¥VrVyZ {ZgQ>VmV Ë`mcm .............. åhUVmV.iii) gwê$dmVrcm {dñ_aUmMm doJ ........ AgVmo d nwT>onwT>o Vmo ......... hmoVmo.

àíZ 3) {dñ_aUmMr H$maUo ñnï> H$am.

5.6 gmam§e …-

{dMma åhUOo nydm©Zw^dmMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m.

{dMmaà{H«$ oV g_ñ`m, YS>nS>, nydm©Zw^d Am{U àË`j H¥$Vr ho Mma KQ>H$g§^dVmV.

Ad~moYmË_H$ d g§~moYmË_H$ `m XmoZ ñVamda {dMmaà{H«$`m MmcVo.

VH©$ qH$dm AZw_mZ, CX²Jm_r d AdJm_r {dMma d g_ñ`m {d_mooMZ `m VrZ _mJmªZrì`º$sMr {dMma à{H«$`m MmcVo.

g_ñ`m {ZpíMVr, g§^mì` n`m©`m§Mr _m§S>Ur, n[aH$ënZoMr MmMUr, g_mYmZ AdñWm`m Mma Q>ßß`m§_YyZ g_ñ`m {ZamH$aU hmoVo.

àoaUm, _mJ©Xe©Z, gmVË`mZo n[al_ `m§_wio {ejU {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o g_ñ`m {ZamH$aUj_Vm {dH${gV H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

H|$ÐmZwJm_r {dMma hm EH$mM {XeoZo OmUmam AgVmo Va H|$Ðmngmar {dMma {d{dYA§Jm§Zr hmoVmo.

{M{H$ËgH$ {dMmanÕVr {dÚmÏ`mªZm VH©$ gwYmaÊ`mg _XV H$aVo.

ñ_aU åhUOo JVmZw^dmMo nwZê$‚mrdZ hmo`.

J«hU, YmaUm, àË`mdmhZ, àË`m{^kmZ ho ñ_aUmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV.

AZw^dmÀ`m R>em§Mo OVZ åhUOo YmaUm hmo`.

_mJo KoVcocm AZw^d nwÝhm AmR>dUo åhUOo "àË`mdmhZ' hmo`.

nydu KoVcoë`m AZw^dmMr nwÝhm AmoiI nQ>Uo åhUOo "àË`m{^kmZ' hmo`.

nydu KoVcoë`m AZw^dmÀ`m a|JmiÊ`mÀ`m àd¥Îmrcm AZw^yVr gmVË` åhUVmV.

nydm©Zw^d Amnë`m ñ_¥VrVyZ nyU©nUo {ZgQ>VmV Ë`mcm {dñ_aU åhUVmV.

{ZaW©H$ eãX cdH$a {dñ_aUmV OmVmV Va AW©nyU© eãX {XK©H$mi ñ_aUmVamhVmV.

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5.7 ñdmÜ`m` àíZ

nwT>rc àíZm§Mr WmoS>Š`mV CÎmao Úm.

1) {dMmaà{H«$ o®eer mebkeÀuHevee mHeä keÀje.

2) efJe®eej ÒeefkeÀ³es®eer ÒekeÀej meesoenjCe mHe<ì keÀje.

3) mcejCee®eer mebkeÀuHevee mHeä keÀªve ÒekeÀej meebiee.

4) efJemcejCee®es ÒekeÀej Je cenlJe meebiee.

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6

~w{Õ_Îmm Am{U gO©ZercVm(INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY)

KQ>H$ aMZm :6.0 C{Ôï>o6De.1 àñVmdZm6De.2 ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n6De.3 JmS>©Za ¶m§Mr ~hþ{dY ~w{Õ‘Îmm CnnÎmr6ye.4 ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îms®eer mebkeÀuHevee

6ye.5 ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMo KQ>H$6keÀ.6 gO©ZercV s®eer mebkeÀuHevee6keÀ.7 mepe&veµeerue J³ekeÌleer®eer Jewefµe<ì³es.6keÀ.8 mepe&veµeerueles®eer ÒeefkeÀ³ee6keÀ.9 mepe&veµeerueles®ee efJekeÀeme

6.10 gmam§e6.11 ñdmÜ`m` - àíZ

6.0 C{Ôï>o

`m àHaUmMm AH;mg HoY;mZaVa Ami.mml ixTry ckch ñnï> djrk ;srhy]

~w{Õ_ÎmoMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

JmS>©Za ¶m§Mr CnnÎmr ñnï> keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMer mebkeÀuHevee mHe<ì keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

gO©ZercVoMer mebkeÀuHevee mHeä keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

6 De.1 àñVmdZm

_Zwî` hm BVa àmÊ`mnojm doJim Amho. H$maU _Zwî`mcm ~w{ÕMr XoUJr{_imcocr Amho. `m ~w{ÕÀ`m OmoamdaM _Zwî` Amnë`m OrdZmV oUmè`m `en`emMmgm_Zm H$arV AgVmo. ì`º$s oXmZwgma àË oH$ ì`º$s hr doJir AgVo XmoZ Owù`m_Ü oXoIrc \$aH$ AgVmo. _Zwî`mZo OrdZm_Ü o Amdí`H$ Agcoco kmZ d {d{dY H$m¡eë`

114

~w{ÕÀ`m Omoamda àmá Ho$co Amho. dJm©V AÜ`mnZ H$arV AgVmZm {ejH$mcm Zoh_rAZw^d oVmo H$s H$mhr _wcm§Zm MQ>H$Z g_OVo, Va H$mhrZm Ceram cjmV oVo. VaH$mhtÀ`m cjmVM oV Zmhr. åhUyZ àË oH$ {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m Hw$dVrZwgma Ë`mg kmZJ«hUH$aÊ`mg _XV H$aUo ho {ejH$mMo H$V©ì` Amho åhUyZ {ejH$mg ~w{ÕMo ñdê$n,~w{Õ_ÎmoMo _mnZ H$go H$amdo `m{df`r _m{hVr AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

6 De.2 ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n

~w{Õ_ÎmoMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r d ~w{Õ_ÎmoMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>rAmnU H$mhr ì`m»`m§Mm {dMma H$ê$, ~w{Õ_Îmm d ~wÜXr_mnZÀ`m joÌmV Á`mMo H$m © Iyn_moR>o Amho Vo åhUOo Amë\«o$S> ~rZo `m§À`m _VmZwgma ""A{^H«$_ercVm (initiative),{ZU©`eº$s (judgement) Am{U g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMr j_Vm (adaptability)

åhUOo ~w{Õ hmo`'' EImXr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r AmnU ~w{ÕMm Cn`moJ H$aVmo.åhUOoM gd©àW_ g_ñ`m gmoS>{dÊ`mMo _mJ© emoYyZ {d{eï> _mJ© R>a{dVmo, Ë`mZ§Va{H«$`merc amhÿZ g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo Am{U AmnU Ho$coë`m à`ËZm§Mr{M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z Ë`m§V `mo½` Vmo ~Xc H$aVmo.ñQ>Z© - ""Zì`m n[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMr j_Vm''_°H²$S>çyAc - ""nydm©Zw^dmÀ`m AmYmao Z¡g{J©H$ H$c gwYmaÊ`mMr j_Vm''JmëQ>Z - ""gyú_^oX d {ZdS> H$aVm oÊ`mMr j_Vm''Q>_©Z - ""A_yV© ñdê$nmVrc {dMmaà{H«$`m Mmcy R>odÊ`mMr j_Vm''{\«$_Z - ""ZdrZ g_ñ`m CH$cZmgmR>r d ZdrZ AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$Agcocr j_Vm''dS>u - ""ZdrZ kmZ g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm''

darc ì`m»`m§Mo {dñVmamZo {dícofU Ho$ë`mg Ë`mV nwT>rc Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.1) nydm©Zw^dmMm Cn`moJ H$aUo2) Zì`m n[apñWVrV g_m`moOZ gmYUo3) A_yV© {dMmagaUr4) Amdí`H$VoZwgma ~Xc5) Z{dZ Jmoï>rMo AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm

_mZgemókm§Zr darc ì`m»`m§Mo dJuH$aU VrZ JQ>mV Ho$ë`m§Mo AmT>iyZ oVo.1) g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMr j_Vm2) AÜ``Z H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm3) A_yV© {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm

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doíca - hoVynyU© H¥$Vr H$aUo, VH$m©{Yð>rV {dMma H$aUo d ñdV:^modVrÀ`mn[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoUo `mgmR>r ì`º$s_Ü o Or gd©g_mdoeH$ Aer j_Vm AgVo {Vcm~w{Õ_Îmm åhUVmV. ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m ì`m»`m§Mo {dícofUmdê$Z AmnUm§g ~w{Õ_ÎmoMo ñdê$ncjmV oVo. àË oH$ ì`m»`m EH$ doJir j_Vm gm§JÊ`mV Amcr Amho. ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`mñdê$nm{df`r {Za{Zamù`m CnnÎmr _m§S>Ê`mV Amcoë`m AmhoV. Ë`m Imcrc à_mUo

1) pñnAa_ZMr {ÛKQ>H$ CnnÎmr-pñnAa_ZÀ`m _VmZwgma ~w{Õ_ÎmoMo XmoZ KQ>H$ Amho. EH$ gd©gm_mÝ` KQ>H$

(general factor) d Xþgam {d{eï> KQ>H$ (specific factor) `mgmR>r Ë`mZo g d s hoAja dmnaco Amho. _Zwî`mÀ`m àË oH$ H$m_mV ho XmoZ KQ>H$ AgVmV. gd©gm_mÝ` KQ>H$EH$M AgyZ gd© àH$maÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m_mV Ë`mMm H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV dmQ>m AgVmo.pñnAa_ZÀ`m _Vo ~wÜXr R>a{dUmam à_wI KQ>H$ "g'Amho. {Za{Zamù`m KQ>H$m§_Yrcg§~§Y emoYUo, AZw_mZ H$mT>Uo ho gd© "g' KQ>H$m_wio hmoVo "g' KQ>H$ åhUOo gd©gm_mÝ`_mZ{gH$ g_Vm hmo`. {d{eï> KQ>H$ _mÌ EH$M ZgyZ AZoH$ AmhoV. àË oH$ àH$maÀ`m~m¡{ÕH$ H$m_mgmR>r EH$ {d{eï> AgVmo.

2) Wm°_gZMr g_yh KQ>H$ CnnÎmr -Wm°_gZcm pñnAa_ZZo _m§S>cocr XmoÝhr KQ>H$ _mÝ` hmoVo. na§Vw gd©gm_mÝ`

KQ>H$ "g' hm EH$ EH$M AgyZ gd© àH$maÀ`m ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m`m©V VmoM H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmVAgVmo ho pñnAa_ZMo _V Wm°_gZcm _mÝ` Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo EH$m {d{eï> H$m`m©V EH${d{eîQ> KQ>H$ VgoM EH$ gd©gm_mÝ` KQ>H$ AgVmo d Ë`mMm {_iyZ g_yh ~ZVmo . AemAZoH$ g_whm§Mm g_wXm` åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`.

3) WñQ>©ZMr AZoH$ KQ>H$ CnnÎmr -WñQ>©ZÀ`m _Vo H$moUË`mhr ~m¡{ÕH$ H$m`m©V "g' d s Ago XmoZ KQ>H$ ZgyZ

EH$M _yc yV KQ>H$ AgVmo. `m _yc yV KQ>H$mcm WñQ>©ZZo àmW{_H$ _mZ{gH$ j_Vm(Primary mental ability - DMA) Ago g§~moYco Amho. `mV ^m{fH$ j_Vm,g§»`m{df`H$ j_Vm, Ad~moY j_Vm, ñ_¥Vr, VH©$eº$s,AdH$me{df`H$ j_Vm Aemj_Vm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVo. Aem gd© _mZ{gH$ j_Vm§Mm g_wM` åhUOo ~w{Õ_Îmm hmo`.

4) Wm°Z©S>mB©H$Mr CnnÎmr -Wm°Z©S>mB©H$À`m_Vo ~wÜXr hr _‚mmV§Vw Am{U Ë`m§Mo nañna {ZJ{S>V hmoUo `mda

Adc§~yZ AgVo. _‚mmV§Vw {OVŠ`m {^Þ à_mUmV EH$_oH$m§er {ZJ{S>V hmoVrc {VVH$s~w{Õ_Îmm dmT>V OmVo.

6 De.3 JmS>©Za ¶m§Mr ~hþ{dY ~w{Õ‘Îmm CnnÎmr

Amncr ~wÕr åhUOo ‘mZdmZo V¶ma Ho$coë¶m g§JUH$mnojmgwÕm OmñVJw§VmJw§VrMr d {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m ‘m{hVrMr à{H«$¶m H$aUmar AË¶wÀ¶ Aer EH$

116

‘mZ{gH$ eº$s Amho. ZmH$, H$mZ, S>moio, ËdMm d Or^ B. n§Mo{Ð¶m§Ûmao Or ‘m{hVrì¶º$scm àmá hmoVo Vr àW‘ ~wÕr‘Ü¶o OmVo. ~wÕr Ë¶m ‘m{hVrda à{H«$¶m H$ê$Z Vr‘m{hVr gm§Ho${VH$ ñdénmV (Codified form) EH$m {d{eï> Vm{H©$H$ H«$‘mZo(Logical Organisation) gmR>dyZ R>odÊ¶mMo H$m‘ H$aVo Am{U Z§Va Ooìhm ì¶º$sEImXr g‘ñ¶m gmoS>{dVmZm qH$dm Hw$R>ë¶mhr àH$maMo ‘mZ{gH$ H$m¶© H$aV AgVmZmË¶m ‘mZ{gH$ H$m¶m©À¶m ñdê$nmZwgma Ë¶m gm§Ho${VH$ ñdê$nmV gmR>dyZ R>odcoë¶m‘m{hVrMo Cn¶moOZ H$aÊ¶mV ¶oVo.

~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm AW© ñnï> H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AZoH$m§Zr {d{dY CnnÎmtMr ‘m§S>UrHo$cocr Amho. Ë¶mn¡H$s JmS>©Za ho EH$ AmhoV. JmS>©Za ¶m§Zr ~w{ÕMo ñdê$n ~hþ{dYAgë¶mMo ‘V ‘m§S>co.

hm°dS>© JmS>©Za (Howard Gordner, 1983) ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m "’«o$‘g² Am°’$‘mB§S>' ¶m nwñVH$m‘Ü¶o ~hþ{dY ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm {gÕm§V (Theory of Multiple

Intelligence) ‘m§S>cm. hm {gÕm§V Ë¶m§Zr ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr à{VH¥$Vr ñdê$nmV ‘m§S>cm.¶m‘Ü¶o ~wÕr hr EH$M gm‘mÝ¶ j‘Vm (Single General Ability) ZgyZ "{d{eï>àmén' (Specific Modalities) àmW{‘H$ g§doXZm AgUmar AZoH${dY ñdê$nmMrj‘Vm Agë¶mMo ñnï> Ho$co Amho.

ho g§emoYZ ‘m§S>Ê¶mnydu 1981 ‘Ü¶o JmS>©Za ¶m§Zm "‘°H$AmW©a' àmB©O’o$cmoern àmá Pmcr. 1990 ‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§Zm J«oìhm‘oAa A°dm°S>© {‘imco. àmoOo³Q> {hamo¶m H$cm {ejU{df¶H$ àH$ënmV H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr g§Yr JmS>©Za ¶m§Zm {‘imcr. hog§emoYZ XmoZ {Xem§Zr hmoVo. Ë¶mVrc EH$ {Xem gm‘mÝ¶ d Agm‘mÝ¶ ‘wcm§À¶m~w{Õ‘Îmo~m~V g§emooYZ H$aÊ¶mMr hmoVr Va Xþgar Á¶m§À¶m ‘|Xÿcm BOm nmohmoMcrAem àm¡T>m§À¶m ~m~VrV Ë¶m§À¶m {d{dY à{V‘m§À¶m dmnamÀ¶m j‘Vm§À¶m g§X^m©VrchmoVr. ¶m XmoZ {Xem§Zr Ho$coë¶m g§emoYZmMm ~hþ{dY ~w{Õ‘ÎmoÀ¶m {gÕm§VmÀ¶mC^maUrV ’$ma ‘moR>m dmQ>m Amho.

JmS>©ZaZo ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr ì¶m»¶m nwT>rcà‘mUo Ho$cr Amho. "Intelligence is

biopsychological potential to process Information that can beactivated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create productsthat are of value in a cultural."

~hþ{dY ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr MMm© H$aVmZm JmS>©Za åhUVmo H$s, ~w{Õ‘Îmm hr AZoH$~moYmË‘H$ j‘Vm§Mr {dñV¥V ‘m{cH$m Amho Am{U Ë¶m gd© j‘Vm§‘Ü¶o nañnaghg§~§Y AË¶ën Amho. CXm…- Oo ‘yc JwUmH$ma {H«$¶m ghOnUo {eH$Vo Vo, Á¶m‘wcmcm JwUmH$ma {H«$¶m H$aÊ¶mV AZoH$ AS>MUr ¶oVmV Ë¶mÀ¶mnojm hþema AgocMAgo Zmhr. H$Xm{MV Oo ‘yc JwUmH$ma à{H«$¶oda à^yËd àmá H$aÊ¶mgmR>r A{YH$

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doi KoVo Vo ‘yc {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moZ/‘mJ© ¶m§Mm CÎm‘ Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z {eH$Vo Vo ‘ycJ{UV {df¶mÀ¶m ~mhoa OmdyZ kmZmMm {d{dY joÌm§er g‘Ýd¶ gmYyZ {eH$Vo qH$dmVo ‘yc JwUmH$ma à{H«$¶oÀ¶m ‘wimer OmdyZ gImoc kmZ àmá H$aVo. à{H«$¶o{df¶rMo‘yc^yV AmH$cZ H$ê$Z KoVo. Ë¶m‘wio Ë¶mMr {eH$Ê¶mMr JVr ‘§X hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wioH$Xm{MV Ë¶mMr VmËH$mi ñ‘aU H$ê$Z CÎmao XoUmè¶m ‘wcm§nojm J{UVr¶ ~w{Õ‘ÎmmH$‘r dmQ>Vo, qH$dm Ë¶mMr J{UVr¶ j‘Vm cnë¶mgmaIr hmoVo. nmT>o nmR> H$ê$ZnQ>nQ> J{UVr {H«$¶m H$aUmam ‘wcJm H$Xm{MV H$‘r ~w{Õ‘mZhr Agy eH$Vmo.JmS>©ZaZo gmV àH$maMo dV©Z {ZH$f ho ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMo ÚmoVH$ ‘mZco AmhoV, VonwT>rcà‘mUo.

1. ‘o§Xÿ Y¸$m Ûmao ‘|XÿMo doJionU Xe©{dÊ¶mMr j‘Vm (Potential for brain

isolation by brain damage)

2. CËH«$m§Vr B{VhmgmVrc ñWmZ (Place in evolutionary history)

3. Jm^m à{H«$¶m§Mo ApñVËd (Presence of core operations)

4. gm§Ho${VH$sH$aUm~m~VMr g§doXZj‘Vm (Susceptibility to encoding)

5. {ZpíMV {dH$mgmË‘H$ àJVr (A distinct development progression)

6. {dÛmZ, Agm‘mÝ¶ d AndmXmË‘H$ cmoH$m§Mo ApñVËd (The existence of

savants, prodigies & other exceptional people)

7. àm¶mo{JH$ ‘mZgemó d ‘mZg‘mnZmMo {ZîH$fmªMm AmYma (Support from

experimental psychology and Psychometric findings)

JmS>©Za ¶m§À¶m "~w{Õ' {df¶H$ j‘Vmdarc gmV ~m¡{ÕH$ dV©Zo Xe©{dUmao ~hþ {ZH$f JmS>©Za ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>co.

Á¶mdê$Z ~w{ÕMo ~hþAm¶m‘r ñdê$n ñnï> hmoVo.

1) Vm{H©$H$ - J{UVr¶ j‘Vm (Logical- Mathematical)

VH©$ H$aUo, g§»¶m§‘Yrc g§~§Y AmoiIUo åhUOo Vm{H©$H$ J{UVr¶ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hmo¶.¶m‘Ü¶o A‘yV© [dMma H$aUo d {MÝhm§Mm dmna H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm B. Mm A§V^m©d hmoVmo.emók, J{UVÁk, AW©emók ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o ¶m j‘Vm {XgyZ ¶oVmV.

2) AdH$mer¶ j‘Vm (Spatial)

AdH$me{df¶H$ AmH$cZj‘Vm åhUOo AdH$me{df¶H$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hmo¶. EImXrà{V‘m qH$dm Z‘wÝ¶mMo {MÌ ‘ZmVë¶m ‘ZmV C^o H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm Am{U ‘ZmZodñVwMo g§H$ën{MÌ V¶ma H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm ¶m§Mm ¶m§‘Ü¶o A§V^m©d hmoVmo.

H$cmH$ma, A{^¶§Vo, eë¶{demaX B. ‘Ü¶o ¶m j‘Vm {XgyZ ¶oVmV.

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3) ^m{fH$ j‘Vm (Linguistic)

eãXm§Mo AW© g‘OUo, empãXH$ ^mdZm g‘OUo, AmdmOmVrc MT>CVmaOmUÊ¶mMr j‘Vm, ì¶mH$aU d ^mfoMr {d{dY H$m¶} OmUÊ¶mMr j‘VmåhUOo ^m{fH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hmo¶. coIH$, H$dr, nÌH$ma, amOH$maUr,{ejH$ B. ‘Ü¶o ¶m j‘Vm {XgyZ ¶oVmV.

4) earaJVr {df¶H$ (Bodily kinesthetic)

ñdhmcMmctda Hw$ec {Z¶§ÌU, dñVw H$m¡eë¶nyd©H$ hmVmiÊ¶mMr j‘Vm åhUOoearaJVr{df¶H$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hmoo¶. H«$sS>mnQy>, ZV©H$, A{^ZoVm, ñQ>oZmo, hñVH$cmH$maB. ‘Ü¶o ¶m j‘Vm A{YH$ à‘mUmV {XgyZ ¶oVmV.

5) g§JrVr¶ (Musical)

ñda, c¶, ZmX, Vmc {Z‘m©U H$aÊ¶mMr d AmoiIÊ¶mMr j‘Vm åhUOog§JrV{df¶H$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hmo¶. dmÚdmXH$, Jm¶H$, g§JrV {ZX}eH$, Z¥Ë¶ {X½Xe©H$¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o hr j‘Vm A{YH$ à‘mUmV AmT>iVo.

6) Am§Vaì¶{º$H$ (Inter personal)

AmnU Á¶m ì¶º$s¨À¶m g§nH$m©V ¶oVmo Ë¶m§À¶m ^md^mdZm, àoaU,m BÀN>m B.Mo ¶mo½¶ AmH$cZ H$aÊ¶mMr j‘Vm åhUOo Am§Vaì¶{º$H$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hmo¶. Aem ì¶º$s~hþ‘wIr AgVmV. JQ>m‘Ü¶o ì¶dpñWV H$m‘ H$aVmV. Xþgè¶m§er à^mdrnUo g§dmXgmYVmV. AÜ¶mnH$, amOH$maUr, ZoVo B. ‘Ü¶o Aer j‘Vm A{YH$ à‘mUmVAmT>iVo.

7) ì¶{º$A§VJ©V (Intra personal)

ñdV:Mr ~cñWmZo, BÀN>m Am{U ^md^mdZm§Mr OmU AgÊ¶mMr j‘Vm åhUOoì¶{º$A§VJ©V ~w{Õ‘Îmm hmo¶. ñdV:{df¶rMo kmZ, Am§V‘w©I hmoÊ¶mMr j‘Vm Aemì¶º$sV AmT>iVo. VËdkmZr, AÜ¶mpË‘H$ Jwê$ ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o hr j‘Vm A{YH$ AgVo.

8) {ZgJm©Ë‘H$ (Naturalistic)

{ZgJm©Vrc {d{dY aMZm, d¡{eï>o B. OmUÊ¶mMr j‘Vm åhUOo {ZgJm©Ë‘H$~w{Õ‘Îmm hmo¶. Ordemók, {ZgJ©dmXr, eoVH$ar, n¶m©daU ào‘r B. ‘Ü¶o hr j‘VmAgVo.

9) ApñVËdmË‘H$ (Existential)

‘mZdr ApñVËd g§~§YmVrc ‘yc^yV àíZ gmoS>{dÊ¶mMr j‘Vm dg§doXZercVm åhUOo ApñVËdmË‘H$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hmoo¶. AmÜ¶mpË‘H$, Ym{‘©H$ Jwê$VgoM VËdkmZr ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o hr j‘Vm A{YH$ AgVo. JmS>©ZaMr hr CnnÎmr Agogm§JVo H$s, {ejUmÀ¶m [dñV¥V Ñ{ï>H$moZmMm {dÚmÏ¶mªZm cm^ hmoVmo. Ho$di

119

^mfm{df¶H$ qH$dm VH©$emór¶ H$m¡eë¶o Agcoë¶m§ZmM Zìho Va gd©M{dÚmÏ¶mªn¶ªV nmohmoMÊ¶mgmR>r {ejH$mZo [d{dY nÕVtMm, V§Ìm§Mm d AÜ¶¶ZH$m¡eë¶m§Mm dmna Ho$cm nm{hOo.

Amjon -JmS>©ZaÀ¶m CnnÎmrMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aVmZm VÁkm§Zr H$mhr Amjon KoVco

AmhoV. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo(1) JmS>©ZaÀ¶m CnnÎmrMo ñdê$n VmËH$m{cH$ Amho.(2) ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr ì¶m»¶m H$aVmZm JmS>©ZaZo Ë¶mMo A{YH$ ñnï>rH$aU {Xcoco Zmhr.(3) nma§nm[aH$VoZo Á¶mcm j‘Vm qH$dm A{^d¥Îmr åhQ>co OmVo Ë¶mcmM JmS>©ZaZo

~wÕr åhQ>co.(4) am°~Q>© Oo d ñQ>Z©~J© ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo JmS>©ZaZo ~wÕrMo Oo {df¶ gm§{JVco AmhoV Vo

AË¶§V ì¶º$sJV d dadaMo AmhoV.(5) JmS>©ZaZo ~wÕrMr {ZpíMV ì¶m»¶m ‘m§S>cocr Zmhr.(6) ¶m‘Ü¶o nwamì¶m§Mm Am^md Amho.(7) ~w{Õ‘mnZmgmR>rMr MmMUr JmS>©ZaZr {Xcocr Zmhr.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm

1) ~w{Õ_ÎmoMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.2) JmS>©Za ¶m§Mr ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr ì¶m»¶m gm§Jm.3) JmS>©Za ¶m§Zr {Xcoco ~w{ÕMo gmV KQ>H$ gm§Jm.

6 ye.4 ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îm s®eer mebkeÀuHevee

‘Zwî¶àmUr hm ~w{Õ‘mZ àmUr Amho. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ "~wÕr'Mm Aä¶mgHo$cocm Amho. ~wÕr hr EH$ ‘mZ{gH$ j‘Vm Amho. ì¶{º$naËdo ~wÕrMo à‘mU {^ÞAgVo. AZoH$ ‘mZgemókm§Zr ~w{ÕMm Aä¶mg Ho$cocm Amho. ~wÕr hr A‘yV©ñdê$nmVrc g§H$ënZm Amho. OrdZmV ¶eñdr hmoÊ¶mgmR>r ~wÕrMr Amdí¶H$Vm

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AgVo nU Ho$di ~wÕrMo à‘mU A{YH$ Amho åhUyZ A{YH$ ¶eñdr OrdZ OJVm¶oVo Ago g‘rH$aU ‘m§S>Vm ¶oV Zmhr. H$mhrdoim ~wÕr‘mZ ì¶º$sXo{Ic OrdZmVA¶eñdr R>aë¶mMr nhm¶cm {‘iVo. åhUyZ ¶eñdr OrdZmV H$moUH$moUVo KQ>H$‘hÎdmMo R>aVmV ho Aä¶mgUo JaOoMo R>aVo. ì¶º$sMo g‘mOmV ¶eñdrnUog‘m¶mooOZ hmooV AgVmZm ì¶º$sÀ¶m ^md{dœmMm Ë¶mda n[aUm‘ hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZ1995 ‘Ü¶o S>°{ZAc Jmoc‘Z ¶m§Zr "^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr' g§H$ënZm ‘m§S>cr. S>m°.S>°{ZAc Jmoc‘Z ¶m§Zr ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr ì¶m»¶m nwT>rcà‘mUo Ho$cocr Amho."Emotional Intelligence refers to the capacity for recognizing ourown feelings and those of others for motivating ourselves, and formanaging emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships."

¶mMmM AW© Agm H$s, ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmo‘wio AmnUmg ñdV:À¶m VgoMBVam§À¶m ^mdZm AmoiIVm ¶oVmV. ¶m‘wio Amnë¶m ^mdZm§Mo d BVam§er Agcoë¶m^md{ZH$ g§~§Ym§Mo ¶moo½¶ ì¶dñWmnZ H$aÊ¶mMr àoaUm {‘iVo. {X{cn qgJ ¶m^maVr¶ ‘mZgemókmZo ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr ì¶m»¶m nwT>rcà‘mUo Ho$cocr Amho."Emotional Intelligence is a type of social intelligence that involvesthe ability to monitor your own and other's used informationeffectively to guide your thinking and actions."

{X{cnqgJ ¶m§Zr ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm g§~§Y gm‘m{OH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmoer OmooS>cocmAmho. Ë¶m§À¶m ‘Vo ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hr EH$ Aem j‘Vm Amho Á¶mÛmam ñdV:À¶md BVam§À¶m ^mdZm§Mo {Z¶‘Z H$aVm ¶oVo, ^mdZm§‘Yrc ’$aH$ AmoiIVm ¶oVmo.ñdV:À¶m ^mdZm§Zm d {dMma à{H«$¶ocm d H¥$qVZm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {‘imcoë¶m‘m{hVrMm Cn¶moJ H$aVm ¶oVmo.

nrQ>a g°cmoìhr d Om°Z ‘o¶a (Peter Salovey & John Mayer, 1990) ¶m§Zr^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr ì¶m»¶m nwT>rcà‘mUo Ho$cocr Amho."Emotional Intelligence is the ability to monitor and regulate one'sown and other's feelings, and to use feelings to guide thought andaction."

^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hr EH$ Aer j‘Vm Amho Á¶m‘Ü¶o ñdV:À¶m ^mdZm§MoVgoM BVam§À¶m ^mdZm§Mo {Z¶‘Z d XoIaoI Ho$cr OmVo VgoM {dMma d H¥$VtMo^mdZm§‘wio {XemXe©Z hmoVo.

^md{ZH$ ~w{ÕMo ñdê$n g‘OyZ KoVmZm Amnë¶mcm ho cjmV R>odmdo cmJocH$s, ì¶º$sMr ^mdZm§da {Z¶§ÌU R>odUmar hr j‘Vm Amho. ñdV:À¶m VgoM BVam§À¶m^md{ZH$ g§~§Ym§Mo ì¶dñWmnZ ¶m‘wio Ho$co OmVo. EImÚm àg§JmV Amnë¶m ‘ZmVH$moUË¶m ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoVmV, Ë¶mMdoir BVam§À¶m ‘ZmV H$moUË¶m ^mdZm {Z‘m©U

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hmoVmV. Amnë¶m ^mdZm§Mo àH$Q>rH$aU H$aVmZm H$mooUVr XjVm KoVcr nmhrOo qH$dm^mdZm§Mo àH$Q>rH$aU H$moUË¶m ‘mJm©Zo d {H$VnV H$amdo ¶mg§~§Yr AmnUmgñdV:H$Sy>Z ‘mJ©Xe©Z {‘iV AgVo.

^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm AW© d ñdê$n AmnU g‘OyZ KoVco nU ^md{ZH$~w{Õ‘Îmo‘Ü¶o A§V^y©V KQ>H$ Omon¶ªV AmnU ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z KoUma Zmhr, Vmon¶ªV^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoUma Zmhr åhUyZ AmVm AmnU ^md{ZH$~w{Õ‘ÎmoMo KQ>H$ g‘OmdyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

6 ye.5 ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMo KQ>H$

nrQ>a g°cmoìhr d Om°Z ‘o¶a, 1990 ¶m§Zr ^md{ZH$ ~w{Ó‘ÎmoMo nmM KQ>H$AmhoV Ago åhQ>coco Amho Vo KQ>H$ nwT>rcà‘mUo -

AmVm AmnU ¶m§Vrc EHo$H$m KQ>H$mMr WmoS>³¶mV AmoiI H$ê$Z Kody¶m.

ì¶{º$cm ¶eñdr OrdZ OJÊ¶mgmR>r àW‘ ñdV:À¶m ^mdZm§Mr ZrQ>AmoiI ìhm¶cm hdr. H$maU, AmË‘à{MVr hm ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm nm¶m Amho.^mdmZm§Mo ¶mo½¶ {Z¶‘Z d {Z¶§ÌU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r àW‘ Amnë¶mM ^mdZoMr ¶mo½¶AmoiI ìhm¶cm hdr.

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EImXr dñVw/ì¶º$s nm{hë¶mZ§Va Amnë¶m ‘ZmV Zo‘H$s H$moUVr ^mdZm{Z‘m©U hmoV? {H$Vr Vrd«VoZo {Z‘m©U hmoVo? Ë¶m ^mdZo‘wio Amnco dV©Z H$m¶KS>Vo? ¶m§{df¶rMo kmZ åhUOoM ^mdZm§Mr OmUrd.

Ë¶mZ§Va AmnU Amnë¶m ^mdZm H$em ì¶º$ H$aVmo. Amnë¶m‘Ü¶o H$moUVo‘mZ{gH$ d emar[aH$ ~Xc hmoVmV ho OmUÊ¶mgmR>r AMyH$ AmË‘narjUmMr JaOAgVo.

^mdZm§Mo ì¶dñWmnZ H$aUo, {Z¶§ÌU H$aUo d ¶mo½¶ [aVrZo ^mdZm ì¶º$H$aUo ¶mgmR>r AmË‘{dídmg AgUo JaOoMo AgVo. ñdV:À¶m j‘Vm§Mr AmoiIAgUo hr AmË‘{dídmgmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ ~m~ Amho.

{d{dY àg§Jm§‘Ü¶o ì¶º$scm ñdV:À¶m ^mdZm§Mo {Z¶‘Z H$amdo cmJVo.g‘mO‘mÝ¶ dV©ZmV ^mdZm ì¶º$ H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. ^mdZm§Zm {Z¶§{ÌV H$ê$Zgä¶VoZo Ë¶m A{^ì¶º$ H$amì¶m cmJVmV. Amnco dV©Z ho BVam§À¶m {dídmgmg nmÌR>aUmao Agmdo cmJVo. AmnU H$moU AmhmoV, Amnë¶m O~m~Xmè¶m H$m¶ AmhoV ¶mO~m~Xmè¶m§Mr OmUrd AgUo hm XoIrc AmË‘{Z¶‘ZmMmM ^mJ Amho. AmË‘{Z¶‘ZH$aVmZm g‘mOm‘Ü¶o hmoUmè¶m ~Xcm§gr OwidyZ KoÊ¶mMr j‘Vm AgUo Amdí¶H$AgVo. Oa g‘mOmV nwT>o Om¶Mo Agoc Va g‘mOm‘Ü¶o ¶oUmè¶m {d{dY{dMmaàdmhm§Zm, ZdrZ H$ënZm§Zm ZdrZ ‘m{hVrcm gm‘moao OmÊ¶mMr V¶mar hdr.H$maU g‘mO AemM ì¶º$sMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmo.

g‘mOmVrc EH$ O~m~Xma KQ>H$ ¶m ZmË¶mZo ‘mZdmMo Ü¶o¶ CÀM àVrMohdo d Ü¶o¶ JmR>Ê¶mgmR>r à¶ËZXoIrc XO}Xma hdoV. Ü¶o¶ JmR>Ê¶mÀ¶m à¶ËZm§gmR>ràoaUm ‘XV H$aVo. AmnU Á¶m g‘mOmV amhVmo Ë¶m g‘mOmMr H$mhr ‘yë¶o AgVmVd EH$ g‘mOKQ>H$ åhUyZ g‘mOmÀ¶m na§nam, ‘yë¶o, {Zð>m ¶m§À¶mer Amncr~m§{YcH$s hdr. AmnUmg Ü¶o¶màV OmVmZm àË¶oH$ H$m‘mV nwT>mH$ma ¿¶m¶cm hdm.

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AmnU Á¶m g‘mOmV amhVmo, VoWrc ì¶º$s¨Zm g‘OyZ KoVmZm Ë¶m§À¶mgwIXþ:ImV AmnU gh^mJr Pmco nmhrOo. g‘mOmVrc BVam§À¶m ^mdZm, j‘Vm,lÕm, gwIXþ:ImMr ñWio g‘OyZ KoVcr nmhrOoV Ë¶mgmR>r BVam§Mo AmH$cZ hmoUoJaOoMo Amho. AmnU Á¶m g‘mOmV amhVmo Ë¶m g‘mOmMr godm H$aÊ¶mMr V¶marhdr. g‘mOm‘Ü¶o {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. H$moUmMmhr Ad‘mZ hmoUma Zmhr Ago AmncodV©Z hdo OoUoH$ê$Z d¡{dÜ¶mV g‘Vmoc amIcm OmB©c. Amncm ñdV:Mm {dH$mgH$aVmZmM BVam§Mmhr {dH$mg H$gm hmoB©c ¶mH$S>o cj {Xco nmhrOo. Amnë¶mOrdZmÀ¶m ¶eñdrVoMm g§~§Y hm amOH$maUmer AgVmo ¶mMohr AmnUmg ^mZ hdo.

AmnU Ho$di ì¶º$s åhUyZ OrdZ OJV Zmhr Va EH$m OZg‘yhmMm KQ>H$åhUyZhr OrdZ OJV AgVmo. Ë¶m‘wio g‘mOmV dmdaVmZm Cnamoº$ H$m¡eë¶oAmË‘gmV H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. Amnë¶m g^modVmcÀ¶m cmooH$m§da Amncm à^mdnmS>cm nm{hOo.

X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m g§KfmªZm gm‘moao Omdo cmJVo. Ë¶mdoir‘mZ{gH$ VmU ¶oVmo. Ë¶mMm n[aUm‘ dV©Zmda hmoVmo. Aemdoir g§Kfm©Mo gw¶mo½¶ì¶dñWmnZ H$aVm Amco nm{hOo. àg§JmZwén g‘whmMo ZoV¥Ëdhr Amnë¶mcm H$aVmAmco nm{hOo. CËàoaH$mMo H$m¶m©‘wio EImÚm {H«$¶oMr JVr dmT>{dcr OmVo. g‘mOm‘Ü¶o{hVH$maH$ ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r ì¶º$sZo g‘mO n[adV©ZmMm CËàoaH$ ~Zconm{hOo. Amnco {dMma d H$ënZm Xþgè¶m§Zm nQ>dyZ XoÊ¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ àH$mao g§dmXgmYcm nm{hOo.

darc gd© KQ>H$m§Mm g‘mdoe ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmo‘Ü¶o hmoVmo. Xþgè¶mÀ¶m^mdZm§Mr H$Xa H$ê$Z, Ë¶m§Mr ‘Zo AmoiIyZ, ñdV:À¶m ^mdZoda {Z¶§ÌU R>odyZ,ñdV:À¶m dV©ZmMr OmUrd R>odyZ, ñdV:Mo ì¶{º$‘Ëd AmoiIyZ Or ì¶º$s

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g‘mOm‘Ü¶o dmdaco, Vr ì¶º$s ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm Cƒ ~w{Õ‘Îmm Agcocr AgVo AgoåhUVm ¶oB©c. ¶mgmR>r AmVm AmnU ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm Cƒ ~w{Õ‘Îmm Agcoë¶mì¶º$sMr cjUo g‘OmdyZ KoUma AmhmoV.

6.5.1 ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm ~w{Õ‘mZ ì¶º$sMr cjUoAem ì¶º$sMr cjUo nwT>rcà‘mUo AmT>iVmV.

i) ^md{ZH$ÑîQ>çm ~w{Õ‘mZ ì¶º$s BVa ì¶º$s¨er gwIX, {ZH$mon d ¶eñdr g§~§YàñWm{nV H$aVmV.

ii) Aem ì¶º$s ZH$mamË‘H$ ^mdZm§Zm gH$mamË‘H$ ^mdZm§V énm§VarV H$aVmV.

iii) Aem ì¶º$s AmË‘{dídmgmZo ^anya AgVmV d Amncr OrdZ‘yë¶o R>a{dVmV dË¶mZwgma OrdZ ì¶{VV H$aVmV.

iv) Aem ì¶º$s ñdV:Mr O~m~Xmar ñdV: ñdrH$maVmV, BVam§da Q>mH$V ZmhrV.

v) ñdV:À¶m ^mdZm AmoiIyZ Ë¶m§Mo gw¶mo½¶ ì¶dñWmnZ H$aVmV.

vi) ñdV:À¶m j‘Vm AmoiIyZ ^mdZm§Mo gw¶mo½¶ {Z¶‘Z d {Z¶§ÌU H$aVmV.

vii) Aem ì¶º$s Amnë¶m g^modVmcÀ¶m cmooH$m§À¶m ^mdZm§Mr H$Xa H$aVmV Ë¶m§Zm{d{dY H$m¶m©gmR>r àmoËgm{hV H$aUo, àg§Jr Ë¶m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd H$aUo B. H$aVmVË¶m‘wio Ë¶m g‘mOmV cmoH${à¶ hmoVmV.

viii)Aem ì¶º$s BVam§er ghOnUo g§dmX gmYVmV. Amnë¶m ^mdZm, H$ënZm,{dMma Xþgè¶mn¶ªV ghOnUo nmohmoM{dVmV. VgoM Xþgè¶m§À¶m H$ënZm§Mm,^mdZm§Mm, {dMmam§Mm AmXahr H$aVmV.

ix) Aem ì¶º$s Amnë¶m ~mocÊ¶mZo, H¥$VrZo, dV©ZmZo BVam§da ghO à^mdnmS>VmV. Ë¶m g‘mOmV cmoH${à¶ AgVmV d ZoV¥Ëd H$aUmè¶m AgVmV.

x) Aem ì¶º$s ^md{ZH$ g§Kfm©Zo Jm|YiyZ OmV ZmhrV Va Ë¶m g§Kfm©er¶eñdrnUo gm‘Zm H$aVmV.

xi) Aem ì¶º$s ñdV:er Va àm‘m{UH$ AgVmVM na§Vw g‘mOm‘Ü¶o XoIrc"{dœmgmh© ì¶º$s' åhUyZ AmoiIë¶m OmVmV.

xii) Aem ì¶º$s n[adV©ZmMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV d ZdZdrZ ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUVmV.Cnamoº$ cjUm§da ZOa Q>mH$ë¶mg Amnë¶m cjmV ¶oB©c H$s, hr gd© cjUoAgUmar ì¶º$s g‘mOOrdZmV ghOnUo ¶eñdr hmoB©c. åhUyZM ~w{Õ‘Îmo~amo~aì¶{º$Mr ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm Cƒ XOm©Mr Agoc Va ì¶º$sMo OrdZ ¶eñdrhmoB©c.

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6.5.2 ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm {dH$mg (Development of Emotional

Intelligence)

darc ‘wÚmMr MMm© H$aVmZm AmnU ~w{Õ‘Îmm d ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm ¶mVrc’$aH$ g‘OmdyZ KoVcm. Voìhm§M Amnë¶m cjmV Amco Agoc H$s, ~w{Õ‘Îmoà‘mUo^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr dmT> d {dH$mg d¶mÀ¶m 16-17 dfm©Z§Va Wm§~V Zmhr. ¶mo½¶à{ejUmZo d¶mÀ¶m {d{dY Q>ßß¶m§da {VMm {dH$mg H$aVm ¶oVmo. ¶mg§~§Yr S>°{ZAcJmoc‘Z ¶m§Zr H$mhr ‘mJ©Xe©H$ VËdo gwM{dcocr AmhoV. Ë¶m§Mm Adc§~ H$ê$Z^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm {dH$mg H$aVm ¶ody eH$Vmo. hr VËdo nwT>rcà‘mUo -

1) ì¶º$sÀ¶m ^md{ZH$ KQ>H$m§Mo AMyH$ {ZXmZ H$aUo ^md{ZH$X¥îQ>çm ì¶º$s Zo‘H$sH$moR>o H$‘r nS>Vo ho Vnmgmdo ¶mgmR>r {ZarjU, àíZmdcr, MmMÊ¶m, B.gmYZm§Mm dmna H$amdm. ì¶º$sMo ‘yë¶‘mnZ AZoH$ ì¶º$sH$Sy>Z d {d{dYgmYZm§Ûmam H$amdo.

2) C{Udm§g§~§Yr ì¶º$scm AdJV H$amdo ^md{ZH$ pñWVrMo gw¶mo½¶ {MÌU H$amdo.H$moUË¶m KQ>H$m§Mr CUrd Amho ho ñnï>nUo ì¶º$scm gm§Jmdo. YZ d F$U XmoÝhr~mOy {ZXe©Zmg AmUmì¶mV.

3) ‘mZ{gH$ V¶mar H$amdr ì¶º$sMm ^md{ZH$ {dH$mg H$aVmZm àW‘‘mZ{gH$X¥îQ>çm ì¶º$scm àW‘ V¶ma H$amdo d Z§VaM à{ejU Úmdo.

4) àoaUm H$moUVohr H$m‘ AmnU H$ê$ eH$Vmo hm AmË‘{dídmg ì¶º$s‘Ü¶o OmJ¥VH$aÊ¶mgmR>r {Vcm gVV àmoËgmhZ XoÊ¶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo.

5) Ü¶o¶mda cj H|${ÐV H$amdo XÿaJm‘r Ü¶o¶m§EodOr, ñnï>, H$‘r H$mcmdYrMrC{Ôï>o {ZpíMV H$éZ Ë¶mH$S>o cj H|${ÐV H$amdo.

6) MwH$m Q>miUo ZdrZ H$m¡eë¶o AmË‘gmV H$aVmZm OwÝ¶m gd¶t‘wio MwH$mdmT>VmV. à¶ËZnyd©H$ Aem OwÝ¶m gd¶r Q>miyZ MwH$m H$‘r H$amì¶mV Ë¶mgmR>rì¶º$scm {deof ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$amdo.

7) gamd ZdrZ H$m¡eë¶mMo X¥T>rH$aU H$aÊ¶mgmR>r dma§dma gamd H$aUo JaOoMoAgVo. ^co Vr H¥$Vr {Zag/ H§$Q>midmUr dmQ>cr Varhr Z H§$Q>miVm gamdH$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.

8) ‘mZ{gH$ AmYma H${R>U H$m‘ H$aVmZm Xo{Ic Vy ho H$ê$ eH$Vmoog Agm{dídmg ì¶º$scm XoÊ¶mMr JaO AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio ì¶º$scm ‘mZ{gH$ AmYma{‘iVmo.

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9) AmXem©Mo gmXarH$aU Á¶m àH$maMo H$m‘ qH$dm H$m¡¡eë¶ ì¶º$sH$Sy>Z Ano{jVAgoc Ë¶mgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vmo AmXe© ì¶º$sÀ¶m S>moù¶mg‘moa R>odcm nm{hOo.

10) àmoËgmhZ d X¥T>rH$aU H$moUVohr H$m‘ H$aVmZm doimodoir àmoËgmhZ XoUoAmdí¶H$ AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio H$m¶m©Mm doJ dmT>Vmo. AmË‘{dídmg dmT>Vmo.

11) ‘yë¶‘mnZ H$moUVohr à{ejU XoVmZm ‘yë¶‘mnZmMm {dMma H$amdmM cmJVmo.à{ejU XoÊ¶mnyduM Amnë¶mcm Zo‘Ho$ H$m¶ Ano{jV Amho ho {ZpíMV H$aUoAmdí¶H$ Amho.

¶m gd© ~m~tMm ì¶dñWmnZ joÌ, ì¶dgm¶ joÌ B. ‘Ü¶o Jm§^r¶m©Zo {dMmaHo$cm OmV Amho. {ejUjoÌm‘Ü¶o Xo{Ic ¶mMm Jm§^r¶m©Zo {dMma hmodyZ Cƒ ^md{ZH$~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm {dÚmWu KS>{dcm Jocm nm{hOo.

6.5.3 ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMo ‘mnZ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMo ‘mnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r nmpíM‘mË¶ amï>mV VgoM ^maVmVhr

à‘m{UV MmMÊ¶m V¶ma H$aÊ¶mV Amë¶m AmhoV. Á¶m¶moJo ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoÀ¶m{d{dY n¡cw§Mr ì¶{º${Zhm¶ pñWVr g‘Oy eH$Vo. gw¶moo½¶ g‘wnXoeZ d à{ejU ¶m‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm {dH$mg H$aVm ¶oVmo. H$mhr MmMÊ¶m nwT>rcà‘mUoAmhoV.1) S>°{Z¶Z Jmoc‘Z ¶m§Mr ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm MmMUr.2) S>m°. ncgmZo ¶m§Mr ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm H$gmoQ>r.3) gw{à¶m Omoer ¶m§Mr ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm H$gmoQ>r

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm1) ^md{ZH$ ~w{ÕMm àUoVm H$moU?2) ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMo KQ>H$ H$moUVo AmhoV?

6 keÀ.6 gO©ZercVoMo g§H$ënZm

gO©ZercVm åhUOo H$m`? `mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmnUm§g {d{dYì`m»`m§Mm AmYma ¿`mdm cmJoc. gO©ZercVoMo g§emoYZ H$aÊ`mMo lo` {Jë\$moS>©H$S>oOmVo. H$mhr OU gO©ZercVocm B©ídar XoUJr _mZVmV, Va H$mhr OU

127

gO©ZercVoMm g§~§Y ~w{Õ_Îmoer OmoS>VmV, Va H$mhr OU gO©ZercVm åhUOoH$cm Ago _mZVmV, Va H$mhr OU gO©ZercVog _mZdr à`ËZm§Mo ñdê$n XoVmV.

gO©ZercVoÀ`m H$mhr ì`m»`m nwT>rcà_mUo -1) Q>oca - ""gO©ZercVm Aer EH$ {H«$`m Amho H$s, {OMo n`m©dgZ Zd{Z{_©VrVhmoVo Am{U Vr ZyVZ H¥$Vr nwT>o Ho$ìhmVar Cn`wº$, g_W©Zr` d g§VmofXm`H$ åhUyZJUcr OmVo.''

2) n°n{c`m Am{U AmoëS>g² - ""ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m dñVw KQ>H$m§Zm gd©ñdrZdrZ Am{U Agm_mÝ` ñdê$nmV nmhUo, Á`m g_ñ`m§Mo ApñVËd XoIrc H$moUmcmOmUdco Zgoc Ë`m g_ñ`m _Zmcm ñney©Z OmUo, Am{U Ë`mVyZ gd©ñdr ZdrZ,AH$pënV Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ CÎmao emooYyZ H$mT>Uo `mg§~§Yr {deof `mo½`Vm åhUOogO©ZercVm hmo`.''

3) ~°aZ - ""ZdrZVocm OÝ_ XoUmar EH$ j_Vm''

4) H$mc© am°Og© - EH$m ~mOycm EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ì`º$s d Xþgè`m ~mOycm Ë`mì`º$sÀ`m OrdZmVrc gm{hË`, KQ>Zm, cmoH$ qH$dm n[apñWVr, `m XmoZ ~mOyÀ`mnañna g§~§YmVyZ CX²^dcocr H¥$Vr åhUOo gO©ZercVm.

5) ñnrAa_Z - gO©ZercVm hr _mZdr _ZmMr Aer eº$s Amho H$s {OÀ`m_wio_Zwî` dñVy§À`m nañna g§~§YmMo ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z gd©ñdr AmJù`m ñdê$nmÀ`mnañnag§~§YmMr {Z{_©Vr KS>dyZ AmUVmo. darc ì`m»`m§Mm AmT>mdm KoVm Ago cjmVòVo ì`º$sÀ`m àËòH$ H¥$VrV gO©ZercVm AmT>iyZ òVo. åhUOoM H$mhrVar ZdrZemoY cmdUo, ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m Jmoï>tMr Zm{dÝ`nyU© `moOZm H$aUo.

gO©ZercVo g§~§YrÀ`m H$mhr H$ënZm _mZgemókm§Zr _m§S>ë`m AmhoV Ë`mnwT>rcà_mUo -

1) àË oH$mÀ`m A§Jr H$mhr à_mUmV gO©ZercVm AgVo.2) gamdmZo gO©ZercVm {dH${gV hmoD$ eH$Vo.3) gO©ZercVo g§~§YrMo à{ejU XoUo emioMo H$V©ì` Amho.

gO©ZercVoVyZ H$mhrVar ZdrZ {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. ~w{Õ_Îmm Am{U gO©ZercVm`m§À`mV g§~§Y AgVmoM Ago Zmhr. VgoM gO©ZercVm ~w{Õ_ÎmonmgyZ doJirhrH$aVm òV Zmhr. H$mhr à_mUmV gO©ZercVm OÝ_OmV AgVo. na§Vw gamdmZo Vr{dH${gVhr hmoD$ eH$Vo. _mZdr OrdZm_Üò gd©M A§Jm§_Üò gO©ZercVocm dmdAgVmo. gO©ZercVoVrc _hËdnyU© KQ>H$ {d`moJH$ {^Þ {dMmaà{H«$`m qH$dm ~hþ_mJu{dMmaà{H«$`m. AmìhmZo ñdrH$maÊ`mMm _mJ© åhUOo gO©ZercVm. ñdV:cm Am{U

128

n`m©daUmcm ~XcÊ`mMr j_Vm gO©ZercVoV Amho. gO©ZercVm Jw§VmJw§VrMr Am{UJ{V_mZ Aer à{H«$`m Amho.

6.keÀ.7 gO©Zerc ì`º$sMr AmoiI / d¡{eîQ>ço / cjUo

gO©Zerc hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ~m¡ÜXrH$ nmVir cmJVo ho {ZpíMV ~w{Õ_ÎmmAm{U gO©ZercVoV `mV gmå`hr AmT>iVo. na§Vw gO©ZercVoMm AmdmH$m gd©ñdr~m¡{ÕH$ H$gmoQ>çm§da KoUohr MwH$sMoM R>aVo. Ago {dYmZ H$aVm `oV Zmhr {H$ Cƒ~w{Õ_Îmm Agcocr ì`º$s gO©Zerc AgVo qH$dm gO©Zerc ì`º$sMm ~w{Õ JwUm§H$Cƒ AgVmo. _J gO©Zerc ì`º$s H$er AmoiImdr. Q>m°aoÝg `m§Zr gO©Zercì`º$sMo 84 d¡{eîQ>ço Ho$cr Amho Ë`mVrc H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rcà_mUo-

1) gO©Zerc ì`º$s gmhgr AgVo.2) g©Zerc ì`º$sV {Zg©Jm{df`r {Okmgm AgVo.3) gO©Zerc ì`º$sÀ`m {dMmamV cd{MH$Vm AgVo.4) gO©Zerc ì`º$sMo Ü`o _moR>o AgVo.5) gO©Zerc cmoH$ AZw^d d ^mdZm `m§Zm àmYmÝ` XoVmV.6) O~m~Xmar KoÊ`mg CËgwH$ AgVmV7) Ë`m§Mr ñdV:Mr EH$ {eñV AgVo.8) gO©Zerc ì`º$s nma§nm[aH$Vocm _hËd XoV Zmhr.

S>moZëS> cãcy _°{H$Zm°Z - `m§Zr gm§{JVcocr H$mhr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rc à_mUo -1) gO©Zerc cmoH$m§Mr ñdV:H$S>o nmhÊ`mMr Ñï>r doJirM AgVo.2) gO©Zerc cmoH$ ^mfmà^y AgVmV, BVam§er gwg§dmX gmYÊ`mg Ë`m§Zm

AmdS>Vo.3) gO©Zerc cmoH$ A{YH$ A§V:àoaUmdmXr AgVmV.

6 keÀ.8 gO©ZercVoMr à{H«$`m

{dëgZ, Jrc\$moS>© Am{U {¼ñQ>Z `m§À`m {Z[ajUmg AZwgê$Z gO©Zercà{H«$`m hr Aer à{H«$`m Amho {H$ {VÀ`mVyZ H$mhrVar ZdrZ EImXr dñVy, qH$dmEImXr H$ënZoMm ZdrZ àH$ma qH$dm OwÝ`mÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mr nwZ©aMZm qH$dm Am`moOZ.

Q>m°aogÀ`m {dMmamZwgma gO©ZercVoMr à{H«$`m hr emór` nÜXVrÀ`mnm`è`m gmaIrM Amho. gO©ZercVoMr à{H«$`m nwT>rcà_mUo -

1) V`mar 2) H$mcmdYr 3) àH$meZ 4) nS>Vmim

129

1) V`mar - gd©M joÌmV gO©Zerc {dMmamgmR>r V`marMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.`mV MwH$m Am{U {eH$m qH$dm à`ËZ à_mX nÜXVrMm dmna hmoVmo. `m§V gVV à`ËZH$amdo cmJVmV Am{U eodQ>n`ªV {MH$mQ>r Agmdr cmJVo.

2) H$mcmdYr - `mV g_ñ oda {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. BVa ~è`mM H¥$Vrda cjH|${ÐV H$amdo cmJVo. WmoS>r {dlm§VrMr JaO ^mgVo. EImXr H¥$Vr Ho$ë`mZ§Va {VÀ`m{ZH$mcmMr à{Vjm H$amdr cmJVo. VaM g_ñòMr gmoS>dUyZ hmoVo. `m_Üò ~amMH$mcmdYr OmD$ eH$Vmo.

3) àH$meZ - H¥$VrMm {ZH$mc åhUOoM àH$meZ. ho H$moUË`mhr doir hmoD$ eH$Vo.ho EImÚm ñdßZmgmaIoM AgVo. CXm. Ý`wQ>Zcm Jwê$ËdmH$f©UmMm emoY cmJÊ`mgmR>rË`mcm àW_ {dMma H$amdm cmJcm. {dMma H$aVm H$aVm ~amM H$mcmdYr JocmAm{U Ë`mZ§Va Jwê$ËdmH$f©UmMm emoY cmJcm. qH$dm Am{H©${_{S>Ocm ~amM Aä`mgHo$ë`mZ§Va EImÚm nmUr âcoë`m nmÌmV H$moUVmhr nXmW© Q>mH$cm AWdm VmoË`mÀ`m AmH$ma_mZmBVHo$M nmUr CËg{O©V H$aVmo.

4) nS>Vmim - Am{H©${_{S>OÀ`m emoYmgmR>r Ë`mZo ~è`mMdoim à`moJ am~dyZAZoH$doim Ë`mMm nS>Vmim KoVcm. gO©ZercVoÀ`m à{H«$òV EImÚmcm n{hë`mMPQ>Š`mV è {_iy eH$Vo Va EImÚmcm ~amM H$mcmdYr cmJy eH$Vmo. åhUOo H$YrAm{U H$moUË`m nmàrda è {_ioc ho gm§JVm òV Zmhr.

6 keÀ.9 gO©ZercVoMm {dH$mg

gO©ZercVm hr EH$ gwá eº$s Amho Am{U Vr H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmVgdmª_Üò AgVo. {dÚmÏ`mª_Üò Agcoë`m `m gwá eº$sMm {dH$mgmgmR>r H$mhrCn`wº$ Jmoï>tMm dmna H$amdm cmJoc Vmo nwT>rcà_mUo-

1) _wcm§À`m AZw^dmZm _`m©Xm Z KmcUo.2) _wcm§Zm Ho$ìhm? H$moU? H$moU? `m àíZmnojm H$m? Va _J H$m? Aem àH$maMo

àíZ {dMmamdoV.3) _wcm§À`m H$ënZm Am{U H¥$Vr `m§Mm AmXa H$amdm.4) _wcm§Zr ñd §ñ\y$VuZo {eH$Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm g§Yr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Úmdr.5) _wcm§da XS>nU AmUy Zò.6) _wcm§Zm qMVZmgmR>r doi Úmdm.7) _wcm§À`m H¥$VtZm dmd Úmdm. H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm àoaUm Úmdr.8) _wcm§_Yrc gO©Zeº$s dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r {Za{Zamù`m AÜ`mnZ nÜXVr d

gmYZm§Mm dmna H$amdm.9) gO©Zerc H¥$Vr Am{U AmXe© `mMo nwamdo Úmdo.

130

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm …-1) gO©ZercVoMo ñdê$n gm§Jm.2) gO©Zerc ì`º$sMr H$moUVohr nmM d¡{eîQ>ço gm§Jm.3) gO©ZercVoMr à{H«$`m g{dñVa gm§Jm.4) gO©ZercVoMm {dH$mgmVrc Amdí`H$ ~m~r H$moUË`m?

6.10 gmam§e

`m KQ>H$mV ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. VgoM ~w{Õ_ÎmoMoñdê$n gm§JUmè`m {d{dY CnnÎmrMm Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. VgoM ~w{Õ_mnZ Am{U Ë`mMoCn`moJmMr MMm© H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.

hm°dS>© JmS>©Za (Howard Gardner, 1983) ¶m§Zr Ë¶m§À¶m "’«o$‘g² Am°’$‘mB§S>' ¶m nwñVH$m‘Ü¶o ~hþ{dY ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMm {gÕm§V (Theory of Multiple

Intelligence) ‘m§S>cm.

~hþ{dY ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMr MMm© H$aVmZm JmS>©Za åhUVmo H$s, ~w{Õ‘Îmm hr AZoH$~moYmË‘H$ j‘Vm§Mr {dñV¥V ‘m{cH$m Amho Am{U Ë¶m gd© j‘Vm§‘Ü¶o nañnaghg§~§Y AË¶ën Amho.

^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘Îmm hr EH$ Aem j‘Vm Amho Á¶mÛmam ñdV:À¶m d BVam§À¶m^mdZm§Mo {Z¶‘Z H$aVm ¶oVo, ^mdZm§‘Yrc ’$aH$ AmoiIVm ¶oVmo. ñdV:À¶m^mdZm§Zm d {dMma à{H«$¶ocm d H¥$qVZm ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {‘imcoë¶m‘m{hVrMm Cn¶moJ H$aVm ¶oVmo.

lemes®e `m KQ>H$mV gO©ZercVm åhUOo H$m`? gO©ZercVoMo ñdê$n,gO©ZercVoÀ`m H$ënZm, gO©Zerc ì`º$s H$er AmoiImdr, gO©Zerc ì`º$sMrd¡{eîQ>ço H$moUH$moUVr AmhoV, gO©ZercVoMr à{H«$`m Am{U gO©ZercVoMm {dH$mg`mMr MMm© H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho.

131

6 .11 ñdmÜ`m` - àíZ

1) ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m gm§JyZ ~w{Õ_ÎmoMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.2) ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m {d{dY CnnÎmrÀ`m AmYmao ~w{Õ_ÎmoMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.3) JmS>©Za ¶m§Zr {Xcoë¶m ZD$ ~w{Õ{df¶H$ j‘Vm gm§Jm.4) JmS>©Za ¶m§À¶m CnnÎmrda H$moUVo Amjon KoVco Joco Vo ñnï> H$am.5) ^md{ZH$X¥îQ>çm ~w{Õ‘mZ ì¶º$sMr cjUo ñnï> H$am.6) ^md{ZH$ ~w{Õ‘ÎmoMo ‘mnZ H$go H$aVmV?7) gO©ZercVm åhUOo H$m`? gO©ZercVoMr à{H«$`m ñnï> H$am.8) gO©ZercVoÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m§À`m AmYmao gO©ZercVoMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.9) gO©Zerc ì`º$sMr cjUo ñnï> H$am.10)Vwåhr {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gO©ZercVoMm {dH$mg H$gm KS>dyZ AmUmc?

132

7

A) ì`º$s_Îd (PERSONALITY)

KQ>H$ aMZm

A)ì`º$s_Îd

7.0 C{Ôï>o

7.1 àñVmdZm

7.2 Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r

7.3 ì`º$s_ÎdmMr ì`m»`m Am{U ñdê$n

7.4 ì`º$s_ÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

7.4.1 ì`º$s_ÎdmMo _hËdnyU© KQ>H$

7.4.2 g§Vw{cV ì`º$s_ÎdmMr AmoiI

7.4.3 ì`º$s_ÎdmMr {ZYm©aHo$

7.5 ì`º$s_Îd {dH$mgmV emim Am{U {ejH$ `m§Mr ^y{_H$m

7.6 ñd-g§H$ënZoMr g§H$ënZm

7.7 ñd-mevceeve g§H$ënZm

~) 7.8 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`- g§H$ënZm, _hÎd,

7.8.1 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMr g§H$ënZm

7.8.2 ceeveefmekeÀ Deejesi³e J³eeK³ee DeeefCe DeLe&

7.8.3 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMr cjUo

7.8.4 _mZ{gH$ ÑîQ>çm Amamo½` g§nÞ ì`º$sMr d¡{eîQ>ço

7.8.5 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMo {ZH$f

7.8.6 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` Am{U AZmamo½` `m§Vrc \$aH$

7.8.7 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMo {gÕm§V

H$) 7.9 {df_-g_m`moOZ

7.9.1 {df_ g_m`moOZ Agcoë`m ì`º$sMr d¡{eîQ>ço

7.9.2 {df_-g_m`moOZm§Mr H$maUo

7.9.3 _mZ{gH$ g§Kf©

133

7.9 .4 d¡\$ë`

7.9 .6 d¡\$ë`mMr H$maUo

7.9.7. d¡\$ë`mMo n[aUm_

7.9 .7 g§ajU §ÌUm Am{U {df_ g_m`moOZ hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ à{V~§YmË_H$Cnm`

7.10 gmam§e


7.0 C{Ôï>o

1) ì`º$s_ÎdmMer mebkeÀuHevee mHe<ì keÀjle ³esF&ue.

2) mJe-mebkeÀuHeves®es mJeªHe mHeä keÀjlee ³esF&ue.3) mJe-mevceeve mebkeÀuHevee mHeä keÀjlee ³esF&ue.4) ceeveefmekeÀ Deejesi³ee®eer mebkeÀuHevee DeeefCe cenlJe mHeä keÀjlee ³esF&ue.5) efJe<ecemece³eespeveeb®eer keÀejCes Je Ghee³e³eespevee mHe<ì keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

7.1 àñVmdZm

_mZgemómV ì`º$s_ÎdmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo na§Vw ì`º$s_Îd åhUOo H$m`,`m {df`r _mÌ _mZgemókmMo _V doJdoJio Amho. ì`º$s_Îd åhUOo H$m` `m àíZmMoCÎma gmono Am{U gwc^ Zmhr. ì`º$s_Îd `m g§H$ënZog _mZgemór` Aä`mgmV Am{UX¡Z§{XZ ì`dhm[aH$ ^mfoV AË §V _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV AmnU ghOåhUVmo Z{dZ Amcoë`m gam§Mo ì`º$s_Îd \$maM g§wXa Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo Am_À`memioÀ`m _w»`mÜ`mnH$m§Zm ì`º$s_Îd Zmhr, Vo AJXrM gmYmaU Amho. na§Vw ì`dhmamVrcì`º$s_ÎdmMm AW© AË §V g§Hw${MV Amho. ì`º$sMo Ho$di ~møñdê$n åhUOo ì`º$s_ÎdZìho Va Ë`mhrnojm A{YH$ H$mhrVar Amho.

AW© -

ì`º$s_Îd (personality) `m B§J«Or eãXmMr CËnÎmr _yi c°{Q>Z ^mfoVrcpersona `m eãXmnmgyZ Pmcocr Amho. Ë`mMm AW© _wIdQ>m Agm hmoVmo. ì`º$s_ÎdmÀ`mAä`mgmV XmoZ Ñï>rH$moZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 1) H$mhr _mZgemók AZwd§{eH$VocmA{YH$ _hËd XoVmV Va 2) H$mhr OU ì`º$s_Îd ho n[apñWVrMo \$c Amho Ago_mZVmV. nyduÀ`m H$mir ZmQ>H$mVrc nmÌo Amnë`m y{_Ho$cm gmOoc Agm _wIdQ>m YmaUH$arV AgV åhUyZM ì`º$s_Îd åhUOo ~mø ñdê$n Agm AW© H$mT>Vm oVmo. ì`º$s_ÎdåhUOo BVam§da nS>Umam à^md hmo`. Agmhr EH$ AW© {ZKVmo. _mZgemñÌr` ÑîQ>çmì`º$s_Îd hr AË §V ì`mnH$ Am{U g§H$sU© ñdê$nmMr g§H$ënZm _mZcr OmVo. d¡H$m{gH$,gm_m{OH$, àm`mo{JH$, earaemór`, {M{H$ËgmH$`rZ, _mZgemór, Aem {d{dY

134

_mZgemór` emIm§Mm g_mdoe ì`º$s_ÎdmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm oVmo. WmoS>Š`mV AgoåhUVm oB©c {H$ _mZdr dV©ZmÀ`m gd© A§JmMm g_mdoe ì`º$s_ÎdmÀ`m Aä`mgmV hmoVmo.àË oH$ ì`º$scm ì`º$s_Îd AgVo. ì`º$s lr_§V Agmo dm J[a~, gwê$n Agmo dm Hw$ê$n,AmH$f©H$ Agmo dm AZmH$f©H$, ì`mº$s_Îd åhUOo H$m` {VMo Zo_Ho$ ñdê$n H$m` Amho hog_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ì`m»`m§Mm AmnU {dMma H$ê$.

7.2 Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y_r- (Historical Background)

ì`º$s_Îd hm _mZgemómÀ`m Aä`mgmMm gdm©V OwZm {df` Amho. ì`º$s H$er{XgVo, H$er MmcVo, H$er dmJVo `m{df`rMm emoY KoÊ`mMm hm à`ËZ nydunmgyZ MmcVAmcocm Amho. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ì`º$s_ÎdmÀ`m XmoZ CnnÎmr _m§S>ë`m OmVmV.

1) ì`º$sMo ~møñdê$n - åhUOoM ì`º$sÀ`m emar[aH$ aMZoMr {Z{_©Vr hmo`. `mMmM{dMma Ho$ë`mg {hßnmoH«o$Q>gMm ñd^md {gÕm§V. hm gdm©V OwZm {gÕm§V hmo`.

2) ì`º$sMm n[aga - åhUOoM ì`º$sMm {dH$mg hm Ë`mÀ`m n[agamer Am{Ug^modVmcÀ`m dmVmdaUmda Adc§~yZ AgVmo.

7.3 ì`º$s_ÎdmMr ì`m»`m Am{U ñdê$n

ì`º$s_ÎdmÀ`m ì`m»`m _mZgemókm§Zr doJdoJù`m àH$mao Ho$coë`m AmhoV H$moUrgm_m{OH$ g§X^m©da â{Xcocm Amho, H$moUr AZwd§{eH$Voda â {Xcm Amho, H$moUrdmVmdaU qH$dm n[apñWVrda â {Xcocm Amho, H$moUr em[aarH$, O¡{dH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$KQ>H$m§da â {Xcocm AmT>iyZ oVmo. _mZgemór` ÑîQ>çm ì`º$s_Îd åhUOo ì`º$sÀ`mdV©ZmqVMm {d{dY j_Vm, {VMo AmMma-{dMma, ì`º$sMo JwU-AdJwU, OrdZmV oUmao{d{dY àg§J B. gdmªMm n[anmH$ hmoo`. ì`º$s_Îd hr pñWa ñdê$nmMr AdñWm ZgyZ gÎd{dH${gV hmoUmar J{Verc g_ï>r hmo`.

1) E.E. Q´>°Šgca - ""ì`º$s_Îd åhUOo gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrV KS>Umè`m ì`º$sÀ`mdV©ZmMr Jmoim~oarO hmo`'' `m ì`m» oV ì`º$sMm g_mOmVrc BVam§er Agcoë`mg§~§YmZm _hÎd {Xcoco Amho ì`º$s_Îd åhUOo BVam§À`m Ñï>rßnVrVrg oUmao, n[apñWVrZwgma hmoUmao dV©Z {deof

2) Jm°S>©Z Am°cnmoQ>© - ""ì`º$s_Îd åhUOo ñdV:À`m n[agamer ì`º$sMo Oo d¡{eîQ>çnyU©g_m`moOZ hmoV AgVo, Ë`mcm H$maUr^yV AgUmar d dV©_mZmcm MmcZm XoUmar emar[aH$d _mZ{gH$ §ÌUm§Mr J{Verc g§KQ>Zm hmo`'' "personality is the dynamic

organisation within the individual of those psycho physical systemsthat determine his unique adjustment to his environment" Am°cnmoQ>©`m§Zr Ho$cocr ì`m»`m _mÝ`V: nmdcocr Amho. Ë`m§Zr EH§$XarV 50 n[a^mfm§Mo {ddaUH$ê$Z hr ì`m»`m {Xcocr Amho. `m ì`m» oV ì`º$s n[agamer gVV g_m`moOZH$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmZm§Mo ì`º$sMo ì`º$s_Îd àH$Q> hmoVo. `m ì`m» oVrc VrZ

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eãXg_yh _hËdmMo AmhoV. (1)J{Verc g§KQ>Zm - ì`º$s_Îdm_Ü o {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mrnañnam§V Am§Va{H«$`m Mmcy AgVo. (2) emar[aH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ §ÌUm- ì`º$s_ÎdmÀ`mKS>UrV emar[aH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. (3) MmcZm - ì`º$sÀ`mdV©UwH$sMo {Z §ÌU H$aUmar eº$s.

3) Morton Prince - "personality is the sum total of all the biological

innate disposition, impulses, tendencies, appetites, instincts of theindividual and the dispositions of tendencies acquired byexperiences" - ì`º$sMr OÝ_OmV, aMZm, àd¥Îmr, Amdoe, ghOàd¥Îmr, dmgZmAm{U Ë`m ì`º$sZo {d{dY AZw^dm§Ûmao g§nm{XV Ho$coë`m àd¥ÎmrMr _m§S>Ur `m§Mr Jmoim~oarO åhUOo ì`º$s_Îd hmo`. `m ì`m» oV O¡{dH$ Am{U g§nm{XV KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoeAmho.

4) dwS>dW© - ì`º$sMo {dMma Am{U A{dîH$ma, A{^d¥Îmr Am{U A{^ê$Mr, H$m ©H$aÊ`mMrnÕVr d OrdZ{df`H$ VÎdkmZ `mV ì`º$ Pmcoc§ ì`º$sÀ`m dV©ZmMo g_wM`mË_H$ñdê$n åhUOo ì`º$s_Îd hmo`.

5) OmoÝg - ì`º$s_Îd åhUOo ì`º$sMo {XgUo, ì`º$sMm nmoemI, ì`º$sMo MmcUo,~mocUo, ì`º$sÀ`m H¥$Vr, H$m¡eë o Am{U ì`º$sMo Amamo½` hmo .

darc ì`m»`m§dê$Z ì`º$s_ÎdmÀ`m g§H$ënZoMo ì`mnH$ Am{U g§H$sU© ñdê$ncjmV oVo. AZoH$ d¡{eîQ>çm§Mm g_mdoe ì`º$s_ÎdmV hmoVmo. VgoM AZoH$ gm_m{OH$KQ>H$m§_wiohr ì`º$s_ÎdmMm {dH$mg hmoVmo.

7.4 ì`º$s_ÎdmMr d¡{eîQ>ço

1) ì`º$s_Îd ho gVV {dH$gZerc AgVo.2) ì`º$s_Îdmda gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.3) ì`º$s_ÎdmV AZwd§e Am{U n[aga `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.4) ì`º$s_ÎdmMo dU©Z Am{U _mnZ H$aVm oUo eŠ` Amho.5) ì`º$s_Îd EH$mË_ ñdê$nmV AmT>iVo.6) ì`º$s_ÎdmV {d{dY JwU EH${ÌV oVmV.7) ì`º$s_Îdmg {ZgJm©H$Sy>Z nm`m àmá hmoVmo Am{U dmVmdaUmVrc {d{dY

KQ>H$m§Mm Ë`mda n[aUm_ hmoD$Z {dH$mgmMr C§Mr àmá hmoVo.8) dV©ZàH$ma hm ì`º$s_Îd {dH$mgmMm nm`m AgVmo.9) emco` dmVmdaUmMm n[aUm_ ì`º$s_Îdmda hmoVmo.10) ì`º$s_Îd ho pñWa ZgyZ J{V_mZ Amho.

7.4.1 ì`º$s_ÎdmMo _hËdnyU© KQ>H$

1) emar[aH$ R>odU 2) ^mdZm 3) ~m¡ÜXrH$ dV©Z 4) gm_m{OH$Vm5) Mm[aÍ`/ñd^mdY_©

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7.4.2 g§Vw{cV ì`º$s_ÎdmMr AmoiI

1) Mm§Jcr emar[aH$ R>odU 2) ^md{ZH$ pñWaVm 3) Cƒ àVrMr ~m¡ÜXrH$ j_Vm

4) Cƒ ñVamdarc gm_m{OH$ g_m`moOZ 5) Cƒ Z¡{VH$ Mm[aÍ` 6) W§S> ñd^md

7) Cƒ g_m`moOZj_Vm 8) Mm§Jco {X½XXe©Z

7.4.3 ì`º$s_ÎdmMr {ZYm©aHo$ (Determinants of Personality)

1) d¡`º$sH$ KQ>H$ (personal factor) - `m§V

1) ì`º$sMr emar[aH$ aMZm 2) ^mdZmË_H$ à{V{H«$`m 3) _hËdH$m§jm

4) A{^`mo½`Vm 5) Ñï>rH$moZ 6) àoaUm 7) ~m¡ÜXrH$ nmVir `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

2) H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ KQ>H$ (family factor) - `m§V

1) {eñV 2) ~mcH$m§Mr ñWmZ 3) _yë` 4) gmdÌ nmcH$ 5) g§ wº$ Am{U {d^º$Hw$Qw>§~ 6) KamVrc ñWmZ 7) nmcH$m§Mm A{^ê$Mr 8) Hw$Qw>§~mMm Am{W©H$, amOH$s`,Ym{_©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ XOm© `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

3) dmVmdaUr` /KQ>H$ - (environment factor) `m§V

eoOmar, g_wXm` Am{U g_d`ñH$m§Mm JQ> `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

4) gm§ñH¥${VH$, amOH$s`, Ym{_©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUmMmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo.

7. 5 ì`º$s_Îd {dH$mgmV emim Am{U {ejH$ `m§Mr ^y{_H$m

ì`º$sÀ`m ì`º$s_ÎdmMm {dH$mg hm gVV hmoV AgVmo. ì`º$s_ÎdmÀ`m {dH$mgmVOgm Hw$Qw>§~mMm à^md nS>Vmo VgmM emim Am{U {ejH$ `m§Mmhr à^md nS>Vmo. ì`º$sÀ`mì`º$s_ÎdmMr OS>U KS>UrMr gwê$dmV Hw$Qw>§~mnmgyZ hmoVo. na§Vw {VÀ`m ì`º$s_Îdmcm IamAmH$ma emioVM àmá hmoVmo. emim hr g_mOmMr à{VH¥$Vr Amho. emioVrc {ejH$ OgodmJVmV, ~mocVmV {dÚmWu Ë`mMà_mUo AmMaU H$aV AgVmV. {ejH$ Zoh_rM{dÚmÏ`mªZm àoaUm XoV AgVmV, Ë`m§À`mV {d{dY H¥$Vr_YyZ AmË_{dídmg {Z_m©UH$aVmV, Ë`m§À`m gwáJwUm§Zm dmd XoVmV, {ejH$m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmMm à^md {dÚmÏ`mªdagVV nS>V AgVmo. Mm§Jco ì`º$s_Îd AgUmè`m {ejH$m§~Ôc {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _ZmVZoh_rM AmXa Am{U {Zð>m nmhmd`mg {_iVo. {ejH$m§Zm {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m _mZ{gH$ Am{Uemar[aH$ {dH$mgmMr d¡{eîQ>ço H$moUVr AmhoV `m~ÔcMo kmZ AgVo. H$moUË`m d`mV{dÚmÏ`mªer H$go dmJm`Mo `mMmhr {ejH$m§Mm Aä`mg AgVmo. åhUyZ H$moUVm {dÚmWuAmho Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o Amnco dV©Z H$go Agmd`mg hdo `mMohr kmZ {ejH$mg AgVo Am{UË`mà_mUo {ejH$m§Mo dV©Z AgVo. CÎm_ emco` dmVmdaU Am{U CÎm_ {ejH$m§Mm _wcm§À`m

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ì`º$s_Îd {dH$mgmda {ZpíMVM Mm§Jcm n[aUm_ hmoVmoo. ~è`mM Wmoa {dMmad§VmZr Amnë`mì`º$s_Îd {dH$mgmMo lo` Amnë`m emiocm Am{U {ejH$m§Zm {Xë`mMo AmT>iyZ oVo. CXm.Ho$iyñH$a Jwê$Or Am§~oS>H$am§Zm cm^co ZgVo Va AmO Am§~oS>H$am§gmaIo à^mdr, AmXe©ì`º$s_Îd AmnUm§g nmhmd`mg {_imco ZgVo.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm

à. 1. g§Vw{cV ì`{º$_Îd Agcocr ì`º$s Vwåhr H$er AmoiImc?

à.2 Hw$Qw>§~mVrc H$moUVo KQ>H$ ì`º$sÀ`m ì`{º$_Îdmda n[aUm_ KS>dyZ AmUVmV?

à.3 {dÚmÏ`m©À`m ì`{º$_Îd {dH$mgmV {ejH$mMr y{_H$m {deX H$am.

6) J³ekeÌleercelJe - mebkeÀuHevee mHeä keÀje. J³ekeÌleercelJeeJej HeefjCeece keÀjCeeN³ee IeìkeÀeb®eer ®e®ee&keÀje. ³eeveblej mJe-mebkeÀuHevee ³eeefleue mJeeO³ee³e Òeµve ÐeeJesle.

7.6 ñd-g§H$ënZm

ñd-g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmYr "ñd' åhUOo H$m`? `mMm Aä`mgH$amdm cmJoc. ì`º$s ~è`mM doim Amnë`m ñdV: {df`rM A{YH$ {dMma H$aVo. åhUOo_r H$moU Amho. _mPo ApñVÎd H$m`? B. Mm {dMma, ì`º$s dm {VÀ`m "ñd' À`mApñVÎdmMr OmUrd hmoUo åhUOoM ì`º$sÀ`m ì`º$s_ÎdmMm d gm_m{OH$ AmoiIrMm nm`mAmho. qH$å~m°c §JÀ`m _Vo, ~mcH$mMm Ooìhm BVa ì`º$ser àË`j g§nH©$ oVmo VoìhmnmgyZ"ñd' À`m CX`mg gwadmV hmoVo. Va {H$§½Oco S>oìhrgÀ`m _Vo gm_mOrH$aUmMm AmË_måhUOo "ñd' Mr {Z_uVr hmo` Va _°H²$S>çwJcÀ`m _Vo - _mZdr Mm[aÍ`mMm {dH$mg åhUOo"ñd' Mm {dH$mg hmo`.

"ñd' Mo ñdê$n -1) "ñd' hm ì`º$sÀ`m ì`º$s_ÎdmMm H$Um Amho.2) gm_mOrH$aUm{edm` ì`º$scm "ñd' Mo kmZ hmoD$M eH$V Zmhr.3) "ñd' hr A_yV© AdñWm Amho.4) "ñd' _wio ì`º$scm ñdV:Mr `mo½`Vm, JwU{deof, gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr `mMo kmZ

hmoVo.

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7.6.1 ñd-g§H$ënZoMr g§H$ënZm

_mZgemómV gd©àW_ 1890 _Ü o {dë`_ Ooåg `m§Zr ñd-g§H$ënZm _m§S>crMmc©g² Hw$co, Om°Z _rS>, H$Q>© co{dZ, {_ca `m§Zr ñd-g§H$ënZo{df`r {gÕm§V _m§S>coAmho. \«$mB©S> `m§Zr Amnë`m _Zmo{dícofUdmXr {gÕm§VmV ñd-g§H$ënZocmM "Ah_²' AgoåhQ>co Amho. ñd-g§H$ënZm hr A_yV© Am{U g§H$sU© ñdê$nmMr g§H$ënZm Amho.

ñd-g§H$ënZoMr ì`m»`m Am{U ñdê$n

~«oh_ Am{U H°$grZ - ""ì`º$sÀ`m ñdV:À`m ì`{º$JV JwUd¡{eîQ>çm g§~§YrÀ`m{dídmgmMr, lÜXm§Mr EH${ÌV Jmoim~oarO åhUOo ñd-g§H$ënZm hmo`.''

{dë`_ Ooåg - ""Á`m Á`m Jmoï>rMm _mUyg "_mÂ`m' åhUyZ C„oI H$aVmo Aem gd©Jmoï>tMm g_wƒ` åhUOo ì`º$sMr "ñd-g§H$ënZm' hmo`.''

ì`º$s Amnë`m OrdZmV gd©àW_ _r H$moU Amho? ho {eH$Vo Am{U Amncrg_mOmV Agcocr AmoiI ~Z{dVo. ì`º$s ñdV:{df`r Á`m H$ënZm H$aVo Ë`mVyZM{VÀ`m "ñd' Mm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo. {d{dY n[apñWVrV ñd-g§H$ënZm AmnUm§g VwåhrH$moU AmhmV? Vw_Mo ñWmZ H$m`? `mMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoV AgVo. g_mOm_Ü o dmdaVAgVmZm AmnUmg AZoH$ ì`º$s oQ>VmV Ë`mn¡H$s AmnUmg H$mhr ì`º$s Iyn AmdS>VmV,H$mhr ì`º$s nmgyZ AmnU Zoh_rM cm§~ amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo Va H$mhr ì`º$sgOodT>çmg VodT>oM ~mocVmo. åhUOoM Hw$Qw>§~mì`Vr[aº$ BVa ì`º$s, g_yh, g§ñWm Am{UAmnë`m OrdZmV oUmè`m AZoH$ ì`º$s¨er hmoUmè`m gm_m{OH$ g§~§YmVyZ g§nm{XV AerñdV:Mr à{V_m åhUOo ñd-g§H$ënZm. VgoM ì`º$sMr ñdV:{df`rÀ`m A{^d¥Îmr Am{UH$ënZm åhUOo ñd-g§H$ënZm.

7.6.2 ñd-g§H$ënZoMo KQ>H$

ñd-g§H$ënZm `m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mda Ago cjmV oVo {H$ ñd-g§H$ënZoMo ñdê$n A_yV© Amho. VgoM Vr J{Verc hr Amho. ñd-g§H$ënZm gmMo~§X qH$dmpñWa ZgVo. {VÀ`mV AZoH$ ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. gd©gmYmaUnUo ñd-g§H$ënZoMo VrZKQ>H$ _mZco OmVmV.

1) ~moYmË_H$ KQ>H$ - ì`º$sÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agcoë`m ñdV:~ÔcÀ`m, Ë`mMà_mUo BVadñVy, ì`º$s qH$dm {d{dY àíZm§{df`r Agcoë`m A{^d¥Îmr d H$ënZm§Mm g_mdoe `mVhmoVmo.

CXm. _r gw§Xa Amho, g§~§{YV ì`º$s Aàm_m{UH$ Amho B.

2) ^mdmË_H$ KQ>H$ - ì`º$sÀ`m ñdV:g§~§YrÀ`m ^mdZm, {VÀ`m AmdS>r {ZdS>r, lÜXmd _yë o `mMm `mV g_mdoe hmoVmo. CXm. _cm coIZ H$aÊ`mg AmdS>Vo, _cm {ZgJm©À`mgm{ÞÜ`mV AmdS>Vo.

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3) dV©ZmË_H$ KQ>H$ - ì`º$sMo {d{eï> àH$mao hmoUmao dV©Z {VÀ`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m d{d{eï> H¥$VtMm `mV g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Amncr àJVr Vnmgm

à.4 [aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` eãX ^am

1) ñd-g§H$ënZoMo ñdê$n .......................... AgVo. (VmR>a, gmMo~§X, J{Verc)2) "ñd' hr ..................... AdñWm Amho. (J{Verc, A_yV©, gm_m{OH$)3) ñd-g§H$ënZoMo _hËd {chm.

7.7 Deelcemevceeve (Self Esteem)

ceeCemee®³ee Jele&veeceeies efJeefJeOe ÒekeÀej®³ee pewefJekeÀ, ceeveefmekeÀ Je meeceefpekeÀ ÒesjCee Demeleele.

HeCe ³ee ÒesjCee meejK³ee®e cenlJee®³ee Demeleele keÀe? SkeÀe®e JesUer DeveskeÀ iejpee GlHevve Peeuîee lej

ÒeeOeev³eeves keÀesCel³ee iejpeeb®eer Hetleea kesÀueer peeF&ue ³ee®es GÊej Deyeence ceemuees®³ee ÒesjCee Je®e&mJe

ÞesCeerceO³es efceUt µekeÀles.

Deelcemevceeve ner mJemebkeÀuHeves®eer Heg{®eer Hee³ejer Deens. mJemebkeÀuHeves®es J³ekeÌleerves kesÀuesues

cetuîe efkebÀJee mJe-DeeojYeeJe cnCepes Deelcemevceeve (Self esteem) nes³e. J³ekeÌleer efkeÀleer ÒeceeCeele

keÀe³e&#ece, ³eµemJeer, cenlJeHetCe& DeeefCe Òeefleefÿle Deens ³ee mebyebOeer®eer mJele:®eer mJele:uee efouesueer Hemebleer

efkebÀJee veeHemebleer oµe&efJeCeejer DeefYeJ³ekeÌleer cnCepes®e Deelcemevceeve nes³e. Deelcemevceeveele J³ekeÌleer

mJele:Jej efkeÀleer efJeµJeeme þsJeeJee, mJele:uee efkeÀleHele keÀe³e&#ece, Òeefleefÿle ³eµemJeer DeeefCe ceesuee®es

mecepeeJes ³ee®es cetuîeebkeÀve keÀjerle Demeles.

Lees[keÌ³eele, peerJeveeleerue ³eµeeves ¢{ nesCeejer DeeefCe DeHe³eµeeves keÀceer nesCeejer mJele:Òeefle

DevegketÀue Jee ÒeefleketÀue Deeoje®eer efmLej YeeJevee cnCepes Deelcemevceeve nes³e.

ceemuees®eer ÒesjCee – Je®e&mJe ÞesCeer ÒesjCeeb®³ee cenlJeevegmeej l³eeb®ee ¬eÀce ueeJeC³eemeeþer

GHe³egkeÌle Deens. DeeefCe J³ekeÌleer®³ee efJekeÀemee®es ìHHesmegodOee ³ee ÞesCeerletve metef®ele nesleele. ÒeeOeev³eeves

keÀesCel³ee iejpeeb®eer le=Hleer Deieesoj Jne³euee Heeefnpes nsner ³ee ÞesCeerJeªve ue#eele ³esles. cegueYetle

µeejerefjkeÀ iejpeeb®es µeceve ÒeLece Peeues Heeefnpes. lemes PeeuîeeKesjerpe G®®e ÒekeÀej®³ee iejpeebkeÀ[s ue#e

HegjJeCes µekeÌ³e nesle veener. meJe& µekeÌleer cetueYetle iejpeeb®eer le=Hleer keÀªve IesC³eekeÀ[s SkeÀJeìuîee peeleele.

YetkeÀ-leneve Fl³eeoer µeejerefjkeÀ iejpee Yeeieuîeeveblej mJe®ílee, Deejesi³e, mLew³e& Fl³eeoer

megjef#eleleeefJe<e³ekeÀ iejpeebkeÀ[s ue#e peeles. l³eeveblej Flejebµeer mvesnmebyebOe pees[C³ee®eer F®íe nesles.

FlejebkeÀ[tve DeeHeguekeÀer efceUeuîeeveblej Òeefleÿe Je ceevemevceeve efceUeJesle, meceepeele mLeeve ueeYeeJes ³ee

¢äerves Òe³elve megª nesleele. ³ee ÞesCeer®ee keÀUme cnCepes DeelceÒe®eerleer®eer ÒesjCee. mJele:®³ee megHle

#eceleeb®ee efJekeÀeme meeOeC³ee®ee, HetCe&lJee®³ee efµeKejekeÀ[s Jeeì®eeue keÀjC³ee®ee Òe³elve ³ee ÒesjCescegUs

neslees.

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ceemuees®eer ÒesjCee - Je®e&mJe ÞesCeer

~) 7.8 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`- g§H$ënZm, _hÎd,

X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmV Amnë`mcm doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m ì`º$s ôQ>VmV. Ë`mV H$moUråhmVmao, VéU ór`m, ~mcHo$ `m gdmªMm g_mdoe AgVmo. na§Vy Ë`mVhr H$mhr ì`º$sAmnco cj doYyZ KoVmV. H$mhr ì`º$s Amamo½` g§nÞ AgVmV Va H$mhr ZgVmV.EImÚmMo emar[aH$ Amamo½` Mm§Jco AgVo na§Vy _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` Mm§Jco ZgVo _J_mZ{gH$ Amamo½` åhUOo H$m` `mMm {dMma H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. OrdZm_Ü o _mZ{gH$ñdmñÏ` \$ma _hËdmMo R>aVo. ânya g§nÎmr Agoc na§Vy _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` Zgoc Va Ë`mg§nÎmrMm H$mhr Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr. _mZ{gH$ ÑîQ>çm ì`º$s Amamo½` g§nÞ Agoc Va VrñdV: Am{U BVamZm§hr Amamo½` g§nÞ OrdZ OJÊ`mg _XV H$aVo.

7.8.1 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMr g§H$ënZm …- (Mental Health)

emar[aH$ Amamo½` Mm§Jco amhmdo åhUyZ AmnU Iyn H$miOr KoVmo. amoOÀ`mOodUmV gJù`m nXmWmªMm Am§~Q>, JmoS>, {VIQ>, ImaQ>, Aem gdmªMm g_mdoe H$aVmo.Ë`mMà_mUo Amnco _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` Mm§Jco amhmdo åhUyZ AmnU H$m` H$amdo `mgmR>rAmnUmg _mZ{gH$ Amamo½èmó åhUOo H$m` `mMm {dMma H$amdm cmJoc.

Deelce Òeef®eleerSelf

Actualization

Deelce mevceeveSelf Esteem

DeeHeguekeÀer Je ÒesceBelongings & Love

megjef#elelee efJe<e³ekeÀ iejpeeSafety Needs

µeejerefjkeÀ iejpeePhysiological Needs

141

_mZ{gH$ Amamo½èmó (Mental Hygiene) …- klein D. B. - "Mental

hygiene, as its name suggests, is concerned with the realisation &maintenance of the mind's health & efficiency. _mZ{gH$ Amamo½èmó ho_ZmÀ`m Amamo½`mer d H$m ©j_Voer g§~§{YV AgVo.

H«$mo Am{U H«$mo - As conceived today mental hygiene may be defined as

the prevention of mental illness, the preservation of mental health &the cure of mental illness - _mZ{gH$ Amamo½èmómV _mZ{gH$ AmOmamnmgyZg§ajU, _mZ{gH$ AmOmam§Zm à{V~§Y VgoM _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mÀ`m ajUmMm XoIrcg_mdoe Ho$cm OmVmo.

7.8.2 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` ì`m»`m Am{U AW© …-

H«$mo Am{U H«$mo - _mZ{gH$ AmOmam§nmgyZ g§ajU, _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMo ajU d _mZ{gH$AmOmamda Cnm``moOZm åhUOo _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` hmo`.

d°Q>gZ - Amnco OrdZ Am{YH$m{YH$ H$m ©j_ d èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r ì`º$s Ooìhmg_mOmoOZ j_Vm dmnaVo Ë`mg _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` Ago åhUVmV.

h°Q>{\$ëS> - ì`º$s_Îdm_Yrc gd© JwUd¡{eîQ>çm§Mm g_Vmoc gmYyZ EH$mË_ {dH$mg gmYUoåhUOo _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` hmo`.

darc ì`m»`mVrc Ame` cjmV KoD$Z AmnUmg _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMrg§H$ënZm cjmV oVo. WmoS>Š`mV ""OrdZmVrc H$R>moa dmñV{dH$Vm OmUyZ {Vcmg_W©nUo Vm|S> XoÊ`mgmR>r Or ì`º$s ñdV:er Am{U ~mø OJmer OmñVrV OmñVn[aUm_H$maH$nUo g_mYmZmZo, àgÞVoZo, g_mO_mÝ` dV©ZmMm {dMma H$ê$Z g_m`moOZgmYco Ë`mg _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` åhUVmV.

7.8.3 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMr cjUo …-

1) AmË_{dídmg - _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` g§nÞ Agcocr ì`º$s Amnco H$m_AmË_{dídmgmZo H$aVo.

2) AmË_g§`_Z - _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`g§nÞ ì`º$sMo ñdV:da {Z §ÌU AgVo.H$moUVohr H$m © Vo g§`_VoZo H$aVmV.

3) g_mO_mÝ` dV©Z - _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`g§nÞ ì`º$s g_mOmer Am{U g_mOmÀ`mJaOm§er {ZJ{S>V AgVo, g_mOmZo KmcyZ {Xcoë`m ZrVr {Z`_m§Mo nmcZ H$aVo.

4) ^md{ZH$ g§VwcZ - _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`g§nÞ ì`º$sMo Amnë`m ^mdZm§da {Z §ÌUAgVo Vo A{Ve` H$S>H$ qH$dm _¥Xþ Z dmJVm àg§JmZwgma Ë`mMo dV©Z AgVo.

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5) g_m`moOZ j_Vm - _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`g§nÞ ì`º$sMr g_m`moOZ j_Vm Mm§JcrAgVo. Aer ì`º$s H$moUË`mhr dmVmdaUmV g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVAgVo. Aem ì`º$s A{YH$ma nX Amë`mda hþaiyZ OmV Zmhr qH$dm g§H$Q>oAmcr Va Km~ê$Zhr OmV Zmhr. CcQ> Ë`m§Mm gm_Zm H$gm H$am`Mm `mMm{dMma H$aVmV.

6) H$V©ì`j_Vm - _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`g§nÞ ì`º$s Amnco H$m © CÎm_[aVrZo H$aVo.AË §V àm_m{UH$nUo Vo gm_m{OH$ VgoM ì`dgm{`H$ H$m_ H$aVo Ë`m_wio Ë`mMmBVam§da à^md nS>Vmo. _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` Mm§Jco AgUmar ì`º$s Amnë`md¡`º$sH$/ g_m{OH$ OrdZmV g_m`moOZ gmYy eH$Vo na§Vy _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`Mm§Jco ZgUmar ì`º$sÀ`m ~m~VrV {df_ g_m`moOZ AmT>iyZ oVo.

7.8.4 _mZ{gH$ ÑîQ>çm Amamo½` g§nÞ ì`º$sMr d¡{eîQ>ço …-

1) ^md{ZH$ g§VwcZ 2) ñdV:À`m Hw$dVrMr nyU©nUo OmUrd AgUo 3)nyd©J«hmnmgyZ ñdV§Ì 4) gm_{OH$VoMr OmU 5) AmË_{dídmg 6) OrdZmMo AmIrdVËdkmZ 7) ñdV§Ì {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm 8) H$m_m/ì`dgm`mer g_mYmZr 9)dmñVd H$ënZm 10) Mm§Jë`m gd`r 11) OrdZmda {Z §ÌU 12) AmZ§Xr Am{UgH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZ 13) nwaonwa ~m¡ÜXrH$ {dH$mg 14) AZmdí`H$ qMVm, Z¡amí`,d¡\$ë`, _mZ, g§Kf© `mnmgyZ A{cá.

H$moc_ZÀ`m _Vo g_m`moOZmZo ì`º$s VUmd_wº$ hmoVo d {VMm n[apñWVrergH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo. pñ_WÀ`m Ñï>rZo g_m`moOZ ì`dhmar Am[U g_mYmZnwa{dUmao Amho.

7.8.5 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMo {ZH$f …-

ì`º$s_Ü o _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` Mm§Jco Amho H$m ho AmoiIÊ`mMo H$mhr {ZH$f AmhoVVo nwT>rcà_mUo.

1) d¡`{º$H$ {ZH$f -

ì`º$sJV OrdZmV Aem ì`º$sMo OrdZmMo VËdkmZ R>acoco AgVo. Aem ì`º$sZoh_rM em§V Am{U g_mYmZr AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mV ghZercVm, H$V©ì`mMr OmUrd,AmË_{dídmg, g§H$Q>m§Zm Vm|S> XoÊ`mMo gm_Ï © AgVo. OrdZmV AË §V {H«$`mercAgVmV.

2) gm_m{OH$ {ZH$f -

_mZ{gH$ Amamo½` CÎm_ Agcoë`m ì`º$sMo g_mOmVrc dV©Z ho g_mOmÀ`mZrVr{Z`_m§Zm Yê$Z AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U na§nam `m§Zm ñWmZ AgVo Vo Zoh_rg_mOmVrc BVa KQ>H$m§er g_m`moOZ gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AgVmV. gm_m{OH$OrdZmcm A{YH$ _hËd XoVmV.

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7.8.6 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½` Am{U AZmamo½` `m§Vrc \$aH$ …-

1) emar[aH$ g§VwcZ AgVo 1) emar[aH$ Ag§VwcZ AgVo

2) ^md{ZH$ /_mZ{gH$ g§VwcZ 2) ^md{ZH$/_mZ{gH$ Ag§VwcZ

3) gH$mamË_H$ OrdZmH$S>o ~KÊ`mMo Ñï>rH$moZ 3) ZH$mamË_H$ Ñï>rH$moZ

4) ñd^md AmZ§Xr d CËgmhr 4) ñd^md AZwËgmhr, Xþ:Ir

5) gVV AmemdmXr 5) gVV {ZamemdmXr

6) AmË_{dídmg Mm§Jcm 6) AmË_{dídmgmMm A^md

7) VH©$ewÕ, gO©Zerc {dMmagaUr 7) {dKmVH$ {dMmagaUr

8) Z¡g{J©H$ d g_mO_mÝ` dV©Z 8) H¥${Ì_ dV©Z

7.8.7 _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMo {gÜXm§V/VËdo …-

1) ñdV:cm AmoiIm (Know thyself) - àË oH$mZo ñdV:_Ü o H$m` JwU AmhoVVgoM _`m©Xm H$m` AmhoV. ñdV:_Ü o H$moUË`m j_Vm AmhoV ho AmoiIco nm{hOo VaM Vmod¡`º$sH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_m`moOZ gmYy eHo$c.

2) ñdrH¥$Vr (Self- acceptance) - ñdV: H$go AmhmoV Ë`m ñdê$nmV ñdV:cmñdrH$maco nm{hOo. ñdV:À`m _`m©Xm ñdrH$mê$Z dmJUo.

3) ñdV:Mo d¡{eîQ>ço amIUo (Be Myself) - ì`º$sZo ñdV:Mo OrdZ d dV©Z hoñdm^m{dH$nUo Ho$co nm{hOo Ë`m_Ü o H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr H¥${Ì_Vm Zgmdr. ñdV:À`md¡{eîQ>çmMm R>gm BVam§da C_R>{dVm Amcm nm{hOo.

4) AmË_g§`_Z Am{U gw‘oi (Harmony)- OrdZm_Ü o AZoH$ àg§J oVmV, AZoH$ì`º$s oQ>VmV `m gdmª~amo~a g_m`moOZ gmYmdo cmJVo Ë`mgmR>r ì`º$sV ñdV:da g§`_{Z §ÌU Agmdo.

H ) 7.8 {df_-g_m`moOZ …-

g_m`moOZ åhUOo n[apñWVrer `mo½` àH$mao OwidyZ KoUo. àmá n[apñWVr d ñd`m§_Ü o gwg§dmX gmYUo. ñdV:À`m j_Vm AmoiIyZ H$m_ H$aUo. BVam§À`m _Vm§Zm ñWmZXoUo Va {df_ g_m`moOZ åhUOo n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoVm Z oUo `mV àmá n[apñWVrAm{U "ñd' `m_Ü o {dg§dmX AmT>iyZ oVmo. n[apñWVrZwê$n dV©Z Z H$aUo, {MS>{MS>H$aUo, g_mOmÀ`m à{VHy$c dV©Z H$aUo, AVr AmË_{dídmg AgUo, AmË_{dídmg ZgUo.hr {df_ g_m`moOZmMr CXmhaUo AmhoV.

144

7.8.1 {df_ g_m`moOZ Agcoë`m ì`º$sMr d¡{eîQ>ço …-

1) ñdV:Mr ~cñWmZo Am{U _`m©Xm `m~Ôc OmUrd ZgUo.

2) Agä` dV©ZmMo g_W©Z H$aUo.

3) A{Ve` Cƒ àH$maMr _hËdmH$m§jm ~miJUo qH$dm _hËdmH$m§jm ZgUo.

4) g§`_rd¥Îmr ZgUo.

5) O~m~Xmar PQ>Hy$Z Q>mH$Uo.

6) CÕQ> d Agä` dV©Z H$aUo. gVV ApñWa AgUo.

7) ^mdZm§da {Z §ÌU ZgUo, {dÜd§gH$ d¥Îmr.

7.8.2 {df_-g_m`moOZm§Mr H$maUo …- Causes of Maladjustment

{df_ g_m`moOZm§Mr H$maUo AZoH$ AmhoV Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr H$maUo Imcrc à_mUo-

1) Xm[aÐ` (poverty)

2) AmOma

3) {d^º$ Hw$Qw>§~

4) nmcH$-~mcH$ `m§Vrc g§~§Y

5) nmcH$mVrc g§~§Y

6) AV¥á JaOm

7) emco` dmVmdaU

8) gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU

9) emar[aH$ An§JËd

Ë`mMà_mUo _wcm§À`m OrdZmVrc _mZ{gH$ g§Kf© Am{U d¡\$ë` ho gwÕm {df_g_m`moOZmg H$maUr yV R>aVmV.

7.8.3 _mZ{gH$ g§Kf© …-

àË oH$ ì`º$sÀ`m OrdZmV AZoH$doir {d{dY H$maUmdê$Z _mZ{gH$ g§Kf©{Z_m©U hmoVmV. co{dZ `m _mZgemókmZo _mZ{gH$ g§Kfm©Mo VrZ àH$ma gm§{JVco AmhoV.

1) hdo-hdo g§Kf© - `mV ì`º$scm XmoZ Jmoï>r gma»`mM à_mU H$amì`memdmQ>VmV. na§Vw EH$mMrM {ZdS> H$amdr cmJVo Ë`mdoir _ZmV Omo g§Kf© {Z_m©UhmoVmo Ë`mg hdo-hdo g§Kf© åhUVmV.

CXm. ZmoH$ar_Ü o XmoZ {R>H$mUr {ZdS> Pmcocr AgVo Am{U XmoÝhr {R>H$mUo {hng§VrMr AgVmV _J H$moUVo {R>H$mU {ZdS>mdo `mgmR>r g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

145

2) ZH$mo-ZH$mo g§Kf© - `mV ì`º$scm EH$mMdoir XmoZ Jmoï>r ZH$mo AgVmV na§VwË`mn¡H$s EH$mcm Q>miVm oUo eŠ` AgVo. Aemdoir Omo g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmoË`mg ZH$mo-ZH$mo g§Kf© åhUVmV.

CXm. eó{H«$ o{dZm Xþê$ñV Z hmoUmam AmOma Pmcocm AgVmo. AmOmam_wiohmoUmam Ìmg ZH$mo AgVmo nU Ë`mMdoir eó{H«$ oMr ^rVr dmQ>V AgVo.eó{H«$`m ZH$mo Agohr dmQ>V AgVo.

3) hdo-ZH$mo g§Kf© - `mV EH$mMdoir EH$M JmoîQ> hdr hr AgVo ZH$mohrAgVo. Aem n[apñWVrV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g§Kfm©g hdo-ZH$mo g§Kf© åhUVmV.

CXm. ImOJr H§$nZrVrc cÇ> nJmamMr ZmoH$ar hdr AgVo na§Vw Ë`mMdoir Ë`mZmoH$arVrc ApñWaVm ZH$moer dmQ>Vo.

-J³ekeÌleer -

vekeÀesmee He³ee&³e vekeÀesmee He³ee&³e

+J³ekeÌleer +

DeHesef#ele He³ee&³e

nJeemee He³ee&³e

DeHesef#ele He³ee&³e

nJeemee He³ee&³e

146

7.8.4 d¡\$ë` …- (qH$dm Z¡amí`)

Amnë`m OrdZmV Aem ~è`mM Jmoï>r KS>VmV {H$ Á`m AmnU nyU©nUo H$ê$ eH$VZmhr. Amnë`m ~è`mM BÀN>m, Amem, AmH$m§jm AV¥á amhVmV. _mZgmaIo KS>co Zmhr,An`e nXar Amco H$s Amnco _Z {Zame hmoVo Am{U `mM n[apñWVrV d¡\$ë`mMm OÝ_hmoVmo.

JwS>À`m _Vo - Ü o {gÕrÀ`m AS>Wù`mnmgyZMm ^md{ZH$ VUmd åhUOo d¡\$ë`hmo`. WmoS>Š`mV Ü o`{gÕr Pmcr Zmhr qH$dm B©pßgV gmÜ` Pmco Zmhr Va _ZmMr OrpñWVr hmoVo Vr åhUOoM d¡\$ë` hmo`. d¡\$ë`^mdZoZo _ZmMm Vm~m KoVcm H$s ì`º$s nwÝhmà`ËZ, MT>mB©, nrN>ohmQ>, qH$dm g§ajU §ÌUmMm AmYma KoVo. d¡\$ë` _mZ{gH$ VUmdm_wioVgoM d¡\$ë`mgmR>r ñdV: ì`º$s Am{U AmOy~mOyMr n[apñWVr XoIrc H$maUr yV R>aVo.

7.8.5 d¡\$ë`mMr H$maUo …-1) ì`º$sJV H$maUo2) ~mø H$maUo

ì`º$sJV H$maUo -1) emar[aH$ An§JËd2) g§Kfm©{Yð>rV C{Ôï>o3) ì`º$sMo A{VCƒ AmXe© Am{U ZrVr _yë`4) A{VCƒ _hËdmH$m§jm

~mø H$maUo -1) Z¡g{J©H$ H$maUo2) Am{W©H$ H$maU3) ^«ï>mMma4) {Z`_m§Mo C„§KZ Am{U ì`º$s{Zð>Vm

-

-

nJeemee He³ee&³e

vekeÀesmee He³ee&³e

J³ekeÌleer

147

7.8.6 d¡\$ë`mMo n[aUm_ …-

1) ì`º$sMm AmË_{dídmg H$_r hmoVmo.

2) ì`º$scm gVV AnèmMr AZm{_H$ ^rVr dmQ>Vo

3) d¡\$ë`m_wio ì`º$sMo _Z gVV CXmg amhVo d qMVm dmQ>Vo

4) ì`º$s_Ü o Agcocr Zd{Z_m©U j_Vm Am{U H$ënZmeº$s cwQ>V hmoVo

5) d¡\$ë`m_wio S>moHo$XþIr, aº$Xm~, A{¾_m§Ú, _cm{damoY `mgmaIr XþIUr {Z_m©UhmoVmV.

6) ì`º$sMo ^mdOrdZ AË §V ApñWa ~ZVo d Ë`mÀ`m dV©ZmV gwg§JVVm AmT>iV Zmhr.

7.8.7. g§ajU §ÌUm Am{U à{V~§YmË_H$ Cnm` …-

ì`º$scm n[apñWVrer g_m`moOZ gmYVm Amco Zmhr qH$dm Amncr BÀN>m nyU©H$aVm Amcr Zmhr Va ì`º$s ñdV:Mr MyH$ Z pñdH$maVm Amnë`m dV©ZmMo g_W©ZH$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY àH$maÀ`m wŠË`m à wŠË`mMm dmna H$aVo. Ë`mg g§ajU- §ÌUm AgoåhUVmV Ë`m g§ajU §ÌUm nwT>rcà_mUo-1) g_W©Z - Iyn à`ËZ H$ê$Zhr Anè Amë`mg Ë`m_Ü o ñdV:Mr AH$m ©j_Vm Z

g_OVm Ë`mgmR>r cmoH$m§Zm nQ>oc Ago ImoQ>o g_W©Z H$aUo. CXm. n[ajoV AnèAmë`mg nona \$maM AdKS> hmoVmo. doiM nwacm Zmhr Ago g_W©Z H$aUo.

2) {dñWmnZ - EH$mMm amJ Xþgè`mda H$mT>Uo. CXm. H$m`m©c`mV A{YH$mar ~moccmAgoc Va Ë`mMm amJ {enm`m§da H$mT>Uo.

3) àjonU - Amncm Xmof Xþgè`mÀ`m _mWr _maUo. CXm. narjoV Zmnmg Pmcm åhUyZnona AdKS> hmoVm Ago gm§JUo.

4) {Xdm ñdßZa§OZ - Oo gË` Zmhr Ë`m~m~V hdoV _Zmoao ~m§YUo. CXm. J{UVmV H$ƒmAgcocm {dÚmWu 100 JwU {_imë`mMo gwIX ñdßZ a§JdVmo.

5) {dH¥$V lÕm - Amnë`m Anèmcm BVa H$maUr^yV AmhoV Ago dmQ>Uo. CXm.Amnë`m g_mOmV nm` IoMco OmVmV. Ago Xþgè`mg gm§JUo.

6) CXmÎmrH$aU - g_mOmcm A_mÝ` hmoUmar ~m~ g_mO{à` _mJm©Zo H$aUo. CXm. ào`gr{_imcr Zmhr åhUyZ H${dVm H$aUo.

7) ZH$mamË_H$ d¥Îmr - CXm. _r Aä`mg H$aUma Zmhr. Agm ZH$ma.

8) AmË_VmS>Z - ñdV:cm Pmcoë`m WmoS>çm MwH$sMr OmñV {ejm ñdV: H$ê$U KoUo dghmZw wVr {_i{dUo.

9) X_Z - gm_m{OH$ ~§YZm_wio EImXo dV©Z XS>nyZ Q>mH$Uo. CXm. dmgZm XS>nyZQ>mH$Uo.

10) à{VnyaU - EH$m joÌmV Amcoco Anè Xþgè`m joÌmV ^ê$Z H$mT>Uo. CXm.Aä`mgmV H$ƒm {dÚmWu H«$sS>m§JUmda è {_i{dVmo.

148

{df_ g_m`moOZ hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ à{V~§YmË_H$ Cnm` -1) Mm§Jco H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ dmVmdaU hdo.2) {dÚmÏ`mªda ~§YZo A{VH$S>H$ qH$dm A{Ve` _moH$io ZH$mo.3) {dÚmWu-{ejH$ `mVrc Mm§Jco g§~§Y {ZH$mon AgmdoV.4) _wcm§À`m Hw$dVrcm gmOogm Aä`mgH«$_ Am{U AÜ`mnZ nÕVr Agmì`mV.5) emio_Ü o ~mc_mJ©Xe©Z H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm H$amdr.6) _mZgmonMmaVkm§Mr _{hÝ`mVyZ EH$Xm oQ> Am`mo{OV H$amdr.7) [a_m§S> hmo_ gma»`m g§ñWm§Mo ghH$m © ¿`mdo.


1) d¡\$ë` åhUOo H$m`? d¡\$ë`mMr H$maUo {chm.2) g§ajU §ÌUoMo H$moUVohr Mma àH$ma CXmhaUmgh ñnï> H$am.

7.10 gmam§e …-

`m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU ì`º$s_ÎdmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd© y_r ì`º$s_ÎdmMrg§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY ì`m»`m§Mm AmYma KoVcm Amho. ì`º$s_ÎdmMrd¡{eîQ>ço Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r, ì`º$s_ÎdmVrc _hËdnyU© KQ>H$mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoVcrAmho. Ë`mMà_mUo ì`º$s_ÎdmMr {ZYm©aHo$ Am{U g§Vw{cV ì`º$s_Îd H$go AmoiImdo `mMmAä`mg Ho$cm Amho Am{U eodQ>r ì`º$s_Îd {dH$mgmV emim Am{U {ejH$mMr ^y{_H$mH$m` Agmdr `mMr MMm© Ho$cr Amho.

lemes®e `m KQ>H$mV ñd-g§H$ënZoÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r gd©àW_ ñd- åhUOo H$m`,ñd Mo ñdê$n H$m` Am ho ho g_OyZ KoVco Amho Ë`mZ§Va {d{dY ì`m»`mMm AmYmaKoD$Z g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. ñd-g§H$ënZoÀ`m KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cocmAmho.

l³ee®eÒeceeCes `m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> Ho$crAmho. Ë`mMà_mUo _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMr cjUo Am{U {ZH$fm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho._mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mV g_m`moOZ Am{U {df`-g_m`moOZ \$ma _hËdmMo R>aVo Ë`mMrhrMMm© Ho$cocr Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo {df_ g_m`moOZmg H$maUr yV Agcoë`m _mZ{gH$g§KfmªÀ`m àH$memMm Chmnmoh H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. eodQ>r d¡\$ë` åhUOo H$m`,

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d¡\$ë`mMr H$maUo Am{U n[aUm_ Ë`mMà_mUo g§ajH$ §ÌUm Am{U à{V~§YmË_H$Cnm`m§Mrhr MMm© H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho.


1) ì`º$s_Îd {dH$mgmV emioMr y{_H$m ñnï> H$am.

2) ì`º$s_Îd - g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

3) "ñd' g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$Z "ñd' g§H$ënZoMo ñdê$n {deX H$am.

4) "ñd' g§H$ënZm hr ì`º$s_ÎdmMr {ZYm©aH$ H$er hmoD$ eH$Vo Vo ñnï> H$am.

5) _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$Z _mZ{gH$ Amamo½`mMo _hÎd {deX H$am.

6) {df_ g_m`moOZ åhUOo H$m`? {df_ g_m`moOZmMr H$maUo ñnï> H$am.

7) {dÚmÏ`m©Mo {df_ g_m`moOZ hmoD$ Z o emioZo ({ejH$m§Zr) H$moUVo à{V~§YmË_H$Cnm` `moOmdoV.

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8

g_yh _mZgemó (GROUP DYNAMICS)

KQ>H$ aMZm.

8.0 C{Ôï>o

8.1 àñVmdZm

8.2 g_yh J{VerbVoMm AW© d ñdê$n

8.3 e¡j{UH$ _hËd

8.4 mecegn ceevemeµeem$e ÒeefkeÀ³ee

8.5 g‘mO{‘Vr

8.5.1 AW© d ñdê$n

8.5.2 g‘mO{‘Vr V§Ìo

8.5.3 AmoiIm ~ao

8.5.4 Zm‘{ZX}e V§Ì

8.6 gmam§e

8.7 ñdmÜ`m` àíZ.

8.0 C{Ôï>o

³ee ÒekeÀjCee®ee DeY³eeme kesÀuîeeveblej DeeHeCeeme Heg{erue yeeyeer mHeä keÀjlee ³esleerue.

1) g_yh J{VercVoMm AW© ñnï> keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

2) g_yh J{VercVoMo AÜ``ZmVrc _hÎd ñnï> keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

3) g‘mO{‘VrMr AW© d ñdê$n ñnï> keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

4) g‘mO{‘Vr V§Ìo ñnï> keÀjlee ³esF&ue.

8.1 àñVmdZm

_mJrb nÞmg dfmªV _mZdmZo ^m¡{VH$emó, V§Ì{dkmZ, d¡ÚH$emó,A{^`m§{ÌH$s, AdH$me, g§JUH$ `m joÌm§V A_ybmJ« àJVr Ho$br Amho. `m_wio gd© {dídOdi Ambobo Amho. {dídmVbo A§Va H$_r Pmbobo Amho. ZdZdrZ kmZmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoD$ZkmZmMm àM§S> àñ\$moQ> Pmbobm Amho. Var _mZdr _ZmV Agbobm àM§S> Jm|Yi Am{U

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g§Kf© Ë`mbm gmdaVm Ambm Zmhr. g_mOmV AmT>iUmam g§Kf©hr Ë`mbm AmQ>moŠ`mVR>odVm Ambm Zmhr. OJmÀ`m nmR>rda Agboë`m _mZdm _mZdmVrb g§~§Y gwYmaÊ`mMrAmO Iyn Amdí`H$Vm Amho. _mZdm _mZdmVrb ho g§~§Y ghH$m ©, gm_§Oñ`, ghmZw yVr,ào_, _mZdVm `m§da Adb§~yZ AmhoV. {Zam_` OrdZ OJÊ`mgmR>r _mUgm-_mUgmVrb{hVg§~§YmMm Aä`mg Pmbm nm{hOo.

_mZd hm g_mOerb àmUr Amho. Vmo XrK©H$mi EH$Q>m amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. {d{dYàH$maÀ`m g_yhm§_Ü o dmdaV AgVmZm ì`ŠVrMm {dH$mg KS>Vmo. g_mOmVrb AÝ`ì`ŠVr§er Amnë`m gXmo{XV Am§Va{H«$`m KS>V AgVmV. åhUyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©ZmMmAä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrÀ`m g_yhmVrb dV©ZmMmhr AmnU Aä`mg Ho$bm nm{hOo.ì`ŠVrMo dV©Z gm_m{OH$ g§X^m©nmgyZ doJio H$mT>Vm oV Zmhr. Am°bnmoQ>© `m§À`m_VmZwgma ì`ŠVrÀ`m dV©Zmda Xwgè`m ì`ŠVr§À`m dV©ZmMm n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo.

emioV AZoH$ dJ© AgVmV. àË oH$ dJm©V AZoH$ {dÚmWu {eH$V AgVmV.{ejH$ gd© dJm©bm CÔoeyZ {eH$drV AgVmV, Ë`mVyZ dJ©g_yh V`ma hmoVmo. `mdJ©g_yhmVrb g^mgXm§Mm EH$_oH$m§À`m dV©Zmda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m§À`mVrbAm§Va{H«$`m§_YyZ g_yh J{VerbVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. {dÚmWu dV©ZmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm `mg_yh J{VerbVoMm Aä`mg A{Zdm © R>aVmo åhUyZ `m àH$aUmV gd© àW_ AmnU g_yhJ{V_mZVoMm AW© g_OmdyZ Kody`m.

8.2 g_yh J{VerbVm: AW© d ñdê$n

dJ©g_yhmV AZoH$ AÜ``ZmWu EH$Ì oVmV. Ë`m§Mr dJ©g_yhmer ~m§{YbH$sAgVo. Ë`m§Mo EH$_oH$m§er g§~§Y AgVmV. `m g§~§Ym§Mm EH$_oH$m§da n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo.{ejH$- AÜ``ZmWu, AÜ``ZmWu- AÜ``ZmWu `m§À`mVrb {dMma{d{Z`_, {dMmam§MoAmXmZàXmZ `m§À`mV Am§Va{H«$`m KS>VmV. Ë`m_wio AÜ``ZmÏ`mª_Ü o AZoH$ ~Xb KSy>ZoVmV. g_yhmV KSy>Z oUmè`m `m ~Xbm§Zm "J{VerbVm' Ago åhUVmV.

{dkmZmVrb J{VemómMo VËd oWo bmJy nS>Vo. J{VemómVrb g_yhmV gVV~XbmMr {H«$`m KS>V AgVo. Ë`mVrb KQ>H$ pñWa ZgVmV. àË oH$ KQ>H$mbm VmU ghZH$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`m VmUmVyZ Vmo ñdV:Mr gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVmo. g_Vmob gmYÊ`mgmR>rË`mbm ~Xb H$amdm bmJVmo. J{VerbVm ho dJm©V ~Xb {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m eŠVrMo ñWmZhmo`. dJm©Mo {ejH$ `m Am§Va{H«$`m§Mr db o {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV.

g_yh J{VerbVoÀ`m VÁkm§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m§Mm nam_e© Kody`m, g_yhJ{V_mZVm (Group dynamics) Mm AW© Q>oarnoO d Wm°_g `m§Zr Amnë`meãXH$mofm_Ü o nwT>rbà_mUo {Xbobm Amho.

"Study of behaviour of groups of people and of theinteraction behaviour of individuals as member of group. It is

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concerned particularly with the development of common perceptionthrough the sharing of emotions and experiences.

g_yhdV©ZmMm VgoM g_yhm_Ü o MmbUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg åhUOo g_yhJ{VerbVm hmo`. ^mdZm d AZw^dm§À`m XodmUKodmUrVyZ g_mZ Ad~moY {dH${gVH$aÊ`mer hr g§H$ënZm {ZJS>rV Amho. eãXH$mofmVrb AWm©er gwg§JV Aer EH$ ì`m»`mH$mQ>©amB©Q> d P§Xa `m§Zrhr Ho$bobr Amho, Vr nwT>rbà_mUo,

Group dynamics is a field of inquiry dedicated to advancingknowledge about the nature of groups, the laws of theirdevelopment and their interrelations with individuals, other groupsand larger institutions

- CartwrightD. and Zander A.

"" g_yh J{VerbVm hr EH$ Aä`mgemIm AgyZ {VÀ`m_Ü o g_yhmMo ñdê$n,g_yhmÀ`m gXñ`m§_Yrb nañnag§~§Ym§À`m {dH$mgmMm VgoM g_yhmMm BVa g_yhm§erAgboë`m g§~§Ym§Mm d _moR>`m g§ñWm§er Agboë`m g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo.''

g_yh J{VerbVoMr Hw$ßnwñdm_r `m§Mr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Amho.

"Group Dynamics indicates the adjustive changes which areoccurring in the groups as a whole of changes which are occurringin any part of the group.''

- Kuppuswami B.

"" g_yh J{VerbVm hr JQ>mVrb ~Xb gy{MV H$aVo. g_m`moOZmË_H$ H¥$Vt_YyZJQ>m_Ü o Oo g§nyU© ~Xb hmoVmV Ë`mbm g_yh J{VerbVm åhUVm oB©b d hm ~XbJQ>mÀ`m H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV hmody eH$Vmo.''

`mdê$Z AmnUmg g_yh J{VerbVoMm AW© WmoS>Š`mV Agm gm§JVm oB©b H$s,g_yhm_Ü o Oo {d{dY ~Xb hmoV AgVmV Ë`mg "J{VerbVm' åhUVmV d ho ~Xbg_yhm§er g§~§{YV Agë`m_wio Ë`mg "g_yh J{VerbVm' Ago åhUVmV. `m J{VerbVoMmAä`mg H$aUmè`m emómbm qH$dm Aä`mgemIobm XoIrb VrM g§km dmnabr OmVo.

AmVmn ªV AmnU g_yh J{VerbVm AW© d g§H$ënZm g_OmdyZ KoVbr AmVmAmnU "dJ©' `m g_yhm_Ü o J{VerbVm H$er {Z_m©U hmoVo, {ejH$ J{VerbVm H$erdmT>dy eH$VmV `mMr gImob _m{hVr Kody`m.

g_yhm_Ü o Oo gXñ` AgVmV, Ë`m§À`m_Ü o gVV Am§Va{H«$`m KS>V AgVmV.`m Am§Va{H«$`m§_wio gXñ`m§À`m dV©ZmV ~Xb hmoV OmVmo. `m ~Xbm_wio EHy$U g_yhmÀ`mdV©Zmda XoIrb Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CXm:- _wbm§À`m g_yhm_Ü o EImXm AmH«$_H$,_wbJm AgVmo Va EImXm bmOmiy AgVmo. EImXm {H«$`merb AgVmo Va EImXm

153

{ZpîH«$`hr AgVmo. na§Vw Á`mdoir g_yhmV Ago {dÚmWu EH$Ì oVmV Ë`mdoir {ZpîH«$`{dÚmÏ`mªZm {ZpîH«$` amhmVm oV Zmhr. Ë`mbm Ë`mÀ`mda Q>mH$bobr O~m~Xmar nmanmS>mdrM bmJVo. Va AmH«$_H$ {dÚmÏ`m©bm Amnë`m AmH«$_H$d¥Îmrbm _waS> KmbmdrbmJVo. åhUOo `m {d{dY KQ>H$m§À`m dV©ZmMo nañnam§À`m dV©Zmda n[aUm_ hmodyZ Ë`m§À`mdV©ZmV ~Xb KSy>Z oVmV. ho gd© ~Xb g_m`moOZmË_H$ ñdê$nmMo AgVmV.g_yhm§VJ©V KS>Umè`m `m ~Xbm§ZmM g_yh J{VerbVm åhUVmV. g_yhm§VJ©V KS>Umè`m~Xbm§Mm n[aUm_ g_yhdV©Zmda hmoVmo. nwT>rb AmH¥$Vr dê$Z g_yh J{VerbVobmH$maUr^yV R>aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr AmnUmg H$ënZm oB©b.

8.3 e¡j{UH$ _hËd- (Educational Importance)

g_yh J{VerbVoMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZo {ejH$mbm nwT>rb Jmoï>r H$aVm oVmV.

(1) {ejH$ {dÚmÏ`mª_Ü o gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y {dH${gV H$ê$ eHo$b.

(2) {dÚmÏ`mª_Yrb VmUVUmd d g§Kf© {ejH$mbm AmoiIVm oVrb d Ë`m§Zm_mJ©Xe©Z H$aVm oB©b.

(3) {ejH$ dJm©V {Oìhmi`mMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$ê$ eHo$b d Ë`m_wio {dÚmÏ`mªMr{eH$Ê`mMr {H«$`m à^mdr hmoB©b.

(4) JQ>m§À`m Am§Va{H«$`m§Mo _mZgemó dJ©{ejH$mZo g_OyZ KoVë`mZo Vmo {dÚmÏ`mªZm{eH$Ê`mg àd¥Îm H$ê$ eH$Vmo.

(5) AÜ``ZmÏ`mªÀ`m d¥Îmr, gd`r {ejH$mbm _mhrV Agë`m_wio {ejH$ Ë`m§À`mVAmdí`H$ Vo ~Xb KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vmo. AÜ``ZmÏ`mªÀ`m A§Jr Agboë`mCnOV JwUm§Zm dmd XodyZ Ë`m§Mm `mo½` {XeoZo {dH$mg KS>dyZ AmUy eH$Vmo.

{ejH$mZo dJ©g_yhmMr J{VerbVm g_OmdyZ KodyZ Ë`mMm AÜ`mnZ à^mdrhmoÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ¿`mdm. g_yhmÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r VgoM CËH$fm©gmR>r g_yhJ{VerbVm AË §V Amdí`H$ Amho. g_yhmV hmoUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§_wio J{VerbVm KSy>ZoV AgVo.

8.4 mecetn ceevemeµeem$e – Òeef¬eÀ³ee (Group Psychology Prcoess)

ye´gme ìkeÀceve ³eebveer mecegn efJekeÀeme ÒeefleYeeveele ®eej Hee³eN³ee – efveefce&leer, GêskeÀ, ÒeceeCelee

DeeefCe meeojerkeÀjCe ³ee 1965 ceO³es ÒeefmeodOe kesÀuîee DeeefCe Hee®eJeer DeJemLee mLeefieleer efkebÀJee

lenketÀyeer®ee meceeJesµe kesÀuee. pej mecetnele HekeÌJelee DeeefCe #ecelee efJekeÀefmele Peeuîee lej mebyebOe

ÒemLeeefHele nesTve veslee vesle=lJe µewueer yeouelees.

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mecetn ieleerµeeruele®³ee Òeef¬eÀ³esleerue Hee®e Hee³eN³ee DeeHeCe efJemleejeves DeY³eemet –

1) efveefce&leer (Forming)

2) GoxkeÀ (Storming)

3) ÒeceeCelee (Norming)

4) meeojerkeÀjCe (Performing)

5) lenkegÀyeer / mLeefieleer (Adjourning)

1) efveefce&leer (Forming)

mecetn ÒeLece®e SkeÀef$ele ³eslees, mecegneleerue meom³e SkeÀceskeÀebvee peeCetve Iesleele, efJe®eejbe®eer

osJeeCeIesJeeCe keÀjleele, Godosµe efveefµ®ele keÀjleele DeeefCe keÀe³ee&®eer ³eesi³e j®evee keÀªve mecetneleerue

mJele:®eer YetefcekeÀe efveefµ®ele keÀjleele. mecetne®³ee vesl³ee®eer efveefµ®eleer nesles. mecetne®es nslet, Godoeräs,

yee¿e mebyebOe ³eeefJe<e³eer efJe®eejefJeefvece³e neslees.

2) GoxkeÀ (Storming)

SKeeo³ee efJe<e³eeJej efveCe&³e IesC³eemeeþer mecetneleerue meom³eeb®es SkeÀcele nesle veener. mebIe

meom³e DeeHeues mLeeve efvecee&Ce keÀjC³eemeeþer mHeOee& keÀjleele, SkeÀceskeÀebceO³es efcemeUe³euee JesU

ueeJeleele, vesl³eeves SKeeoe efveCe&³e Iesleuee lej meom³e l³ee®³eeµeer mencele nesle veenerle. mJeLeeaHeCee

Jee{lees DeeefCe DeefOekeÀejemeeþer JeeoefJeJeeo nesleele. DeµeeJesUer YeeJeefvekeÀ ieesäer DeeefCe mebyebOee®ee l³eeie

keÀªve mebIee®³ee Òeieleermeeþer DeeefCe GodoeräHetleeameeþer Òe³elve kesÀues Heeefnpesle.

3) ÒeceeCelee (Norming)

YeeJeefvekeÀ GêskeÀe®³ee Hee³ejerveblej mecetneceO³es mLew³e& ³ee³euee megªJeele nesles, menceleer DeeefCe

SkeÀJeekeÌ³elee Jee{les, Òel³eskeÀeuee DeeHeuîee peyeeyeoejer®eer peeCeerJe nesTve vesl³ee®³ee met®eveeb®es Heeueve

kesÀues peeles. yeebOeeruekeÀer DeeefCe SskeÌ³e Jee{erme ueeieles, ke=Àleer DeeefCe keÀe³e&µewueer efJekeÀefmele nesles,

vesl³eeyeodoue Deeoj efvecee&Ce neslees.

4) meeojerkeÀjCe (Performing)

³ee ìHH³eeJej mecetn DeeHeueer DeefOekeÀeefOekeÀ #ecelee JeeHeªve keÀe³e& HetCe&lJeeme vesC³ee®ee Òe³elve

keÀjlees. mebIe O³es³eÒeeHleermeeþer keÀe³e&jle Demelees DeeefCe mebIeeleerue meom³eebmeceJesle ®eebieues mebyebOe

ÒemLeeefHele keÀjlees. mecetneuee ÒeefleefveefOekeÀ keÀe³e& DeeefCe ÒekeÀuHe vesl³eekeÀ[tve DeHesef#ele Demeleele.

mebIeeuee Devegosefµele efkebÀJee meneefmLele keÀjC³ee®eer iejpe vemeles. ³eeceO³es Òel³eskeÀ meom³eeceO³es

DemeCeeN³ee megHle iegCeeb®ee, keÀewµeuîeeb®ee peemleerle peemle JeeHej keÀªve Iesleuee peelees.

5) lenkegÀyeer / mLeefieleer (Adjourning)

pesJne mecetne®es keÀe³e& ³eµemJeerHeCes HetCe& nesles, Godoeräeb®eer Hetle&lee nesles lesJne Òel³ekeÀpeCe

veJeerve keÀe³e& keÀjC³eeme efveIetve peelees. keÀe³e& HetCe& PeeuîeyeÎue meJe&peCe meceeOeeveer Demeleele.

155

mebIeìveelcekeÀ ¢äerkeÀesveeletve keÀe³e& kesÀuîeeves les DeefOekeÀ HeefjCeecekeÀejkeÀ nesles. efJeµes<ele: pej

mecegneleerue meom³eebceO³es yebOe efvecee&Ce Peeues Demeleerue DeeefCe Demegjef#eleles®eer YeeJevee Demesue DeeefCe ³ee

yeouee®eer efYeleer Demesue lej ns Òeefleceeve GHe³egkeÌle þjles.

8.5 g‘mO{‘Vr (Sociometry)

1920 d 1930 À¶m XeH$m§‘Ü¶o g‘mOemók ~moJmS>©g² (1928) d ‘moarZmo(1934) ¶m§Zr EH$m g§»¶mË‘H$ ‘mnZV§Ì {dH${gV Ho$co, Á¶m‘wio Ë¶m§Zm JQ>m§VJ©VAm§Va{H«$¶m ‘moOVm Amë¶m. ¶m V§ÌmcmM "g‘mO{‘Vr' (Sociometrics) Ago g§~mooYcoJoco ¶m XmoKmhr VÁkm§Zm JQ>m§‘Yrc g§Kf©, JQ>mVrc ì¶º$s‘Ü¶o AgUmao AmH$f©U ¶mdaAä¶mg H$amd¶mMm hmoVm. ¶wZm¶Q>oS> ñQ>oQ>g² ‘Ü¶o Zì¶mZo ñWcm§VarV Pmcoco cmoH$ VoWrcdmVmdaUmer H$go g‘m¶moOZ gmYVmV. nma§nm[aH$ a{hdmgr, OwZo ZmJ[aH$ ¶m ZdrZcmooH$m§Zm H$go gm‘mdyZ KoVmV ¶mda Ë¶m§Zr Aä¶mg Ho$cm. ¶mgmR>r Oo ‘mnZV§Ì Ë¶m§Zr{dH${gV Ho$co Ë¶mcmM g‘mO{‘Vr V§Ì åhUVmV.

8.5.1 AW© d ñdê$n

g‘mO{‘Vr hr gm‘m{OH$ g§~§Ym§Mo ‘mnZ H$aÊ¶mgmR>rMr g§»¶mË‘H$(quantitative) nÕVr Amho. ‘ycV: O°H$mo~ Ec². JmoarZmo ¶mZo hr nÕV {dH${gV Ho$cr.gm‘m{OH$ aMZm Am{U ‘mZgemór¶ CËH¥$ï>Vm ¶m‘Yrc g§~§YmMm ‘moarZmo Aä¶mg H$arVhmoVo. Ë¶mgmR>r àW‘ Ë¶m§Zr g‘mO{‘Vr V§ÌmMm Adc§~ Ho$cm.

g‘mO{‘Vr (Sociometry) ¶m eãXmMr ì¶wËnÎmr c°Q>rZ eãXmnmgyZ PmcocrAmho. ¶m‘Ü¶o Socius d Metrum ¶m XmoZ eãXm§Mm g‘mdoe Amho. Socius +

Metrum = Sociometry

Socius åhUOo OmoS>rXma ghMa Companion

Metrum åhUOo ‘moOUo Measure

åhUyZ O°H$mo~ ‘moarZmo ¶m§Zr g‘mO{‘VrMr ì¶m»¶m nwT>rcà‘mUo Ho$cr.

"The inquiry into the evolution and organization of groupsand the position of individuals within them."

ì¶º$sMo JQ>mVrc ñWmZ Am{U JQ>mMo g§KQ>Z d CËH«$m§Vr ¶m§Mr Mm¡H$er åhUOog‘mO{‘Vr hmo¶. ‘moarZmo ¶m§Zr g‘mO{‘Vr åhUOo JQ>mÀ¶m g§KQ>ZmMo {dkmZ AgohråhQ>coco Amho. g‘mO{‘VrMm Cn¶moJ hm JQ>mMo ~mø ñdê$n OmUyZ KoÊ¶mgmR>r ZgyZJQ>mVrc àíZ gmoS>{dÊ¶mgmR>r H$amd¶mMm AgVmo. Ho$di JQ>mMo ~mø ñdê$n Z nhmVmg‘mO{‘Vr‘wio JQ>mMr A§VJ©V aMZm g‘OyZ KoVm ¶oVo.

g‘mO{‘Vr‘wio JQ>mMo g§emoYZ H$aVm ¶oVo JQ>mMo BVa JQ>m§er OmoS>coco g§~§YH$go AmhoV, CnJQ> H$moUVo AmhoV. JQ>mÀ¶m cncoë¶m H$m¶©H«$‘n{ÌH$m (Nw>nm H$m¶©H«$‘),

156

Nw>no {dœmg, AmXe© H$ama, H$m¶©H«$‘mMm {hamo B. AZoH$ Nw>ß¶m aMZm§da/~m~tdag‘mO{‘Vr àH$me Q>mH$Vo. JQ>mMm g{dñVa, Vnercdma, A§VJ©V ~m~tMm Aä¶mgg‘mO{‘Vr H$aVo.

‘moarZmo ¶m§Zr g‘mO{‘VrMm {dH$mg ZdrZ {dkmZemIm§VJ©V Ho$cm. àË¶jmV¶mMm g‘mdoe {dkmZm‘Ü¶o hmoV ZgyZ Vmo EH$ AZw^dmVrV/Acm¡H$sH$ ^mJ ‘mZcmOmVmo. {ZH$fm§da AmYm[aV {ZdS>rMr g§YrMr ¶moOZm ¶m‘Ü¶o AgVo. ‘moarZmo Aer Amemì¶º$ H$aVmV H$s, ì¶º$s ¶m‘wio ñd¶§ñ’w$V© ~Zoc. ~{h‘w©Ir d CËgmhr ~Zoc. Á¶m‘wioJQ>mMr aMZm ñdÀN>, {Od§V, VOocXma ~ZÊ¶mg ‘XV hmoB©c.

‘moarZm|À¶m g‘mO{‘Vr‘Yrc AmUIr EH$ Zm{dÝ¶nyU© ^mJ åhUOog‘mOAmcoImMm {dH$mg (Development of Sociogram) ì¶º$s¨Mo AmcoImÛmaonÕVera {MÌU H$aÊ¶mMr hr nÕVr Amho. ì¶º$s‘Yrc g§~§Y aofm, H§$g ¶m§À¶m‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ {M{ÌV Ho$co OmVmV. 'Sociometry' ¶m ‘m{gH$m‘Ü¶o ‘moarZmo ¶m§Zrg‘mO{‘Vr{df¶H$ Amnco {dMma, g‘mO{‘VrMm Cn¶moJ d g‘mO{‘VrÀ¶m Aä¶mgmMo{ZîH$f© B. Mr ‘m§S>Ur Ho$cr.

g‘mOemóm‘Ü¶o g‘mO{‘VrÀ¶m XmoZ emIm AmhoV. 1) g§emooYZ g‘mO{‘Vr2) Cn¶mo{OV g‘mO{‘Vr, g‘m{OH$ ^md{ZH$ Omù¶m§Mo g§emoYZ JQ>m§VJ©V H$aÊ¶mMoH¥$Vrg§emoYZ g§emoYZ g‘mO{‘Vr‘Ü¶o Ho$co OmVo. N>moQ>çm JQ>m§‘Yrc g§~§Ymda ¶m‘Ü¶oàH$me Q>mH$cm OmVmo. Va Cn¶mo{OV g‘mO{‘Vr JQ>mVrc ñWm{ZH$ - ‘mZ{gH$Omù¶mMm Aä¶mg H$aVo.

hcoZ OoqZJ (Helen Jennings, 1946) ¶m§Zr g‘mO{‘VrMr ì¶m»¶mnwT>rcà‘mUo {Xcocr Amho.

" Sociometry may be described as a means of presentingsimply and graphically the entire structure of relations existing at agiven time among members of a given group. The major lines ofcommunication or the pattern of attraction and rejection in its fullscope, are made readily comprehensive at a glance."

{Xcoë¶m JQ>mVrc gXñ¶m§‘Ü¶o {Xcoë¶m doioV {Z‘m©U Pmcoë¶m g§~§Ym§Mr g§nyU©aMZm AmcoImÀ¶m ‘mÜ¶‘mVyZ gmoß¶m nÕVrZo gmXa H$aÊ¶mMm ‘mJ© åhUOo g‘mO{‘Vrhmo¶. JQ>mVrc gXñ¶m§‘Yrc AmH$f©U Am{U AZmH$f©U ¶m§À¶m e¡cr qH$dm g§àofU ‘mJ©B. EH$m Ñ{ï>jonmV, AmH$cZj‘ nÕVrZo gmXarH$aUmcm ¶m‘Ü¶o nyU© dmd AgVmo.

8.5.2 g‘mO{‘Vr V§Ìo

{dÚmWu Á¶m JQ>m‘Ü¶o dmdaVmo, Ë¶m JQ>mMr H$mhr dV©Z-‘yë¶o AgVmV. ¶mJQ>m‘Ü¶o àË¶oH$ ‘yc Amncr y{‘H$m dR>drV AgVo. ¶m JQ>m‘Ü¶o àË¶oH$ ‘wcmMo ñWmZH$moUVo Amho ¶mMr H$ënZm ~mhoê$Z {ZarjU H$aUmè¶m {e{jHo$cm ¶oUma Zmhr. ‘wcm§H$S>o

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nmhmV AgVmZm {e{jHo$Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm "àm¡T>m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moZ' (Adult Viewpoint)

AgVmo. nU ‘wcm§Mm EH$‘oH$m§H$S>o nmhÊ¶mMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ hm àm¡T> Ñ{ï>H$moZ ZgVmo. åhUyZ‘yë¶‘mnZm‘Ü¶o ‘wcm§Mm EH$‘oH$m§~ÔcMm Ñ{ï>H$moZ g‘OyZ KoUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. ¶mjoÌmcm "g‘mO{‘Vr V§Ì' (Sociometric Technique) Agohr åhQ>co OmVo.

8.5.3 ""AmoiIm ~ao?'' (The Guess Who Technique)

¶m V§Ìm‘Ü¶o H$mhr {dYmZo {Xcocr AgVmV. dJm©Vrc ‘wcm§Zm cmJy nS>oc AgodU©Z àË¶oH$ {dYmZm‘Ü¶o Ho$coco AgVo. ¶m dU©Zmà‘mUo Or ‘wco AgVrc Ë¶m§Mr ZmdoË¶m {dYmZmnwT>o {chmd¶mMr; EImXo {dYmZ ñdV:cmM cmJy nS>Vo Ago dmQ>co VañdV:Mohr Zmd {c{hVm ¶oVo.1. dJm©V A{Ve¶ ~S>~S> H$aUmam, Zoh‘r H$mhr gm§JÊ¶mMr BÀN>m H$aUmam.2. dJm©V {IÞ ‘wÐoZo ~gUmam, Zoh‘r qMVmH$m§V, ¹${MVM hgUmam Agm hm.3. EImXo H$m‘ gwê$ H$amd¶mMo Agco H$s gyMZm§Mr dmQ> nmhUmam, Xþgè¶mÀ¶m

‘mJyU OmUo ng§V H$aUmam.4. ‘wcm§~amo~a IoiUmar, ‘wcm§gmaIm nmofmI H$aÊ¶mMr AmdS> Agcocr hr ‘wcJr.5. Amnë¶mda Q>rH$m Pmcr Var Hw$ecVoZo n[apñWVr hmVmiUmam.6. ~aoM {‘Ì Agcocm, BVam§er OwidyZ KoUmam Agm hm.

Cn¶moJ … (1) dmnam¶cm AJXr gmono Ago ho gmYZ Amho. AJXr àmW{‘H$emioVrc ‘wcm§Zmhr ¶mMm dmna H$aVm ¶oB©c. g‘Om, Aer dU©ZmË‘H$ drg {dYmZoAmhoV. àË¶oH$ ‘wcmMm EHy$U {H$Vr doim {ZX}e Ho$cm OmVmo Vo nmhmd¶mMo d Ë¶mdê$ZJQ>mVrc ‘wcm§Mo ‘V H$m¶ Amho Vo AO‘md¶mMo; EImXm {dÚmWu {e{jHo$cm Ogm {XgcmAgoc Vgm Vmo {XgocM Ago Zmhr. Aem doir {e{jHo$Zo Amnco ‘V XþéñV H$amdo.

8.5.4 Zm‘{ZX}e V§Ì (The Nominating Technique)

EImÚm {dÚmÏ¶m©~Ôc Ë¶mÀ¶m {‘Ìm§Zm H$m¶ dmQ>Vo Vo ""AmoiIm ~ao'' ¶mV§ÌmÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo g‘Oy eH$Vo. nU EImÚm dJm©V {^Þ {^Þ JQ> {Z‘m©U PmcocoAgVmV. Ë¶m JQ>m§Mo ZoV¥Ëd H$mhr ‘wco H$aVmZm {XgVmV. ¶m JQ>m‘Ü¶o {Za{Zamù¶m‘wcm§Mo ñWmZ H$moUVo Amho ¶mMm ~moY "Zm‘{ZX}e V§Ìm'À¶m gmhmæ¶mZo hmoD$ eH$Vmo.EImXo H$m‘ JQ>mJQ>mZo H$amd¶mMo Agoc Va {e{jH$m nwT>rcà‘mUo {dÚmÏ¶mªZm gyMZm XoVo

""emioÀ¶m g§‘ocZmgmR>r {Za{Zamù¶m g{‘Ë¶m V¶ma H$amd¶mÀ¶m AmhoV. ¶mg{‘Vrda Vw‘À¶m~amo~a H$moUË¶m ‘wcm§Zr H$m‘ H$amdo Ago dmQ>Vo Ë¶m§Mr Mma Zmdo H«$‘mZo{chm; Á¶m§À¶m~amoo~a Vwåhmcm H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mMr BÀN>m Zgoc Ë¶m§Mrhr Zmdo ñdV§ÌnUoXmI{dÊ¶mV haH$V Zmhr.''

158

‘cm nwT>rc {dÚmÏ¶mª~amo~a H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mg AmdS>oc …1. ........................................ 2. ........................................3. ........................................ 4. ........................................

‘cm nwT>rc {dÚmÏ¶mª~amo~a H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mg AmdS>Uma Zmhr …1. ........................................ 2. ........................................3. ........................................ 4. ........................................

hr gd© ‘m{hVr g§H${cV H$ê$Z Ë¶mMo n¥W¸$aU H$aVm ¶oB©c. ¶m n¥W¸$aUmZ§VaAmH¥$VrÀ¶m Ûmao hr ‘m{hVr Amnë¶mcm XmI{dVm ¶oB©c. ¶m AmH¥$VrcmM "gm‘m{OH$‘yë¶‘mnZ AmcoI' (Sociogram) Ago åhUVmV. EH$m emioV ghmì¶m B¶ÎmoVrc ‘wctZrOr ‘m{hVr {Xcr {VMo n¥W¸$aU H$ê$Z nmZ 250 darc AmH¥$Vrà‘mUo AmcoI {‘imcm.

nwT>rc AmH¥$VrH$S>o nm{hco AgVm H$m¶ AmT>iVo? gwOmVm, g[aVm, H$‘c,Hw$‘wX, drUm ¶m ‘wctMm EH$ JQ> {XgVmo. dJm©‘Ü¶o gwOmVm hr ~è¶mM OUtZm hdrhdrerdmQ>Vo Ago {XgVo. Xþgam JQ> Xod¶mZr, Hw$gw‘, crcm, emo^m, Á¶moVr ¶m ‘wctMm {XgVmo.Ë¶m‘Ü¶o Xod¶mZr à‘wI {XgVo. ZyVZ hr ¶m XmoZ JQ>m§n¡H$s H$moUË¶mM JQ>mV g‘agPmcocr {XgV Zmhr. H$cm, cVm d Zrcm ¶m ‘wctMo {ÌHy$Q> {XgV Amho. Cfm Am{Uamo{hUr ¶m dJmª‘Ü¶o AJXrM ~mOycm nS>coë¶m {XgVmV. H$cm ¶m ‘wct~amo~a H$m‘H$amd¶mcm {VKtZr ZH$ma {Xcm Amho.

Aem VèhoZo ‘wcm-‘wct‘Ü¶o dJm©V H$go JQ> AmhoV ¶mMr H$ënZm {e{jHo$cm ¶oD$eH$Vo. ‘yë¶‘mnZm‘Ü¶o ‘wcm§Mr g‘m¶moOZj‘Vm {H$VnV Amho ¶mMm A§XmO AemàH$maÀ¶m AmcoImdê$Z ¶oD$ eH$Vmo.

159

A-~ (XmooKohr EH$‘oH$mcm {ZdS>VmV)Ag ~ (A hm ~ cm {ZdS>Vmo)A ~ (A hm ~ cm ZH$ma XoVmo.)

AmH¥$Vr … ghmÀ¶m B¶ÎmoVrc ‘wctMm gm‘m{OH$ ‘yë¶‘mnZmMm AmcoI.

Cn¶moJ … Or ‘wco dJm©V ~mOycm nS>cr AgVrc Aem ‘wcm§Zm {e{jH$m gmhmæ¶H$ê$ eHo$c. Ë¶m§Mr g‘m¶moOZj‘Vm dmT>{dÊ¶mÀ¶m Ñ{ï>Zo H$mhr Cnm¶¶moOZm {e{jH$mH$ê$ eHo$c.

Cn¶moJ H$aVmZm ¿¶md¶mMr H$miOr …

(1) {dÚmÏ¶mªZr Xþgè¶m~Ôc Xe©{dcocr ng§Vr AWdm Zmng§Vr hr ‘m{hVr Jwá R>oddr. hr‘m{hVr Jwá Z am{hë¶mg {dÚmÏ¶mªMr ‘Zo EH$‘oH$m§~Ôc H$cw{fV hmoVrc.

(2) ¶m AmcoImV {Xgcoco JQ>mMo ñdê$n Zoh‘rM H$m¶‘ amhrc Agm ¶mMm AW© Zmhr.Vwåhmcm H$mooUm~amo~a Aä¶mg H$aUo AmdS>oc, qH$dm dg{VJ¥hmVrc Vw‘À¶m Imocr‘Ü¶oAmUIr H$moUË¶m XmoZ {dÚm{W©Zr MmcVrc Ago àíZ ‘wctZm {dMmaco d AmcoI H$mT>coVa AmH¥$Vr .... ‘Ü¶o {‘imcoë¶m AmcoImnojm {Zamio AmcoI {‘iVrc.

DeeHeueer Òeieleer leHeemee :

àíZ 1. Jmiboë`m OmJm ^am

i) dJ©g_yhmV KS>Umè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§_wio g_yhmV KSy>Z oUmè`m ~Xbm§Zm

________ Ago åhUVmV.

ii) g_yh_ZmMm Aä`mg ___________ `m§Zr Ho$bm.

iii) g_yh J{VerbVm JQ>mVrb __________ gy{MV H$aVo.

iv) g_yhmMo ApñVËd ___________ {Q>H$bo nm{hOo.

v) g_yh J{VerbVogmR>r {ejH$mZo ___________ AÜ`mnZ nÜXVtMmdmna Ho$bm nm{hOo.

8.6 gmam§e

³ee IeìkeÀele DeeHeCe mecetn ieefleµeerueles®ee DeY³eeme kesÀuee Deens.

g_yh dV©ZmMm VgoM g_yhm_Ü o MmbUmè`m Am§Va{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg åhUOo g_yhJ{VerbVm hmo`.

g_yh ieefleµeerueles®es cenÊJe keÀe³e Deens DeeefCe efJeefJeOe meceepeefceleer leb$es keÀesCeleer Deens³ee®eener GneHeesn keÀjC³eele Deeuee Deens.

160

8.7 ñdmÜ`m`- àíZ

àíZ 1 g_yh J{VerbVoMm AW© d ñdê$n ñnï> H$am. dJ©g_yhmMr J{VerbVm {ejH$H$emàH$mao dmT>dy eH$Vmo?

àíZ 2 g_yh J{VerbVoMo e¡j{UH$ _hËd ñnï> H$am.àíZ 6) g‘mO{‘Vr åhUOo H$m¶?àíZ 7) g‘mO{‘VrMm AW© ñnï> H$am.àíZ 8) g‘mO{‘Vr V§Ìo ñnï> H$am.

161

9izk;ksfxd dk;Z

Hkkx v vkf.k c foHkkx 1 o 2

?kVd jpuk

9-0 mn~fn”Vs9-1 izLrkouk9-2 ekul’kkL= iz;ksx djrkuk ?;ko;kph n{krkHkkx v & izkR;f{kd dk;Z ¼ foHkkx 1½

1½ v/;;u odz2½ v/;;u ladze.k3½ izsj.kk4½ vo/kkukps fopyu5½ vo/kkukps foHkktu6½ vocks/k

Hkkx c & izkR;f{kd dk;Z ¼ foHkkx 2½1½ lacks/k fufeZrh2½ yeepetmebyeOeer®eer fopkj izfdz;k ®ee®eCeer

3½ Lej.k & vkBo.ks vkf.k vksG[k.ks4½ Lej.k (Heeþeblej DeeefCe leeefke&ÀkeÀ)

5½ me=pe&veµeerue ®ee®eCeer

6½ g‘mO{‘Vr

9-0 mfn~n”Vs

;k ?kVdkpk vH;kl dasY;kuarj rqEgkyk iq<hy xks”Vh djrk ;srhy-

1- iz;ksxkps egRo o ‘kS{kf.kd mi;kstu ;kaps vkdyu2- v/;;u odzkP;k egRokfo”k;hps vkdyu3- v/;;u ladze.kkfo”k;hps egRokckcrps vkdyu4- vo/kkukps fopyu o vo/kkukps foHkktu Li”V djrk ;sbZy-5- vocks/kkps egRo letsy-

162

6- lacks/k fufeZrhps egRo letsy-7- fopkjifdz;sps egRo letsy-8- Lej.kkrhy vkBo.ks o vksG[k.ks ;k izfdz;kaps egRo tk.ksy-

9-1 izkLrkfod

HkkSfrd ‘kkL=kae/;s th izxrh vkt fnlwu ;srs rh eq[;Rosd:ufu;af=r okrkoj.kkr iz;ksx d:u R;kaph fujh{k.ks d:u R;koj vk/kkfjrfu;e ekaMY;kusp >kysyh vkgs- foKkukP;k izR;sd ‘kk[kse/;s izk;ksfxdra=kapk voyac dj.ks gk vfoHkkT; Hkkx vkgs- HkkSfrd ‘kkL=kae/;s ;kprRokapk voyac dsY;kus ekul’kkL=ns[khy vf/kdkf/kd oLrqfu”Bcuysys vkgs- izLrqr izdj.kke/;s ;kaiSdh dkgh iz;ksx vki.kvH;kl.kkj vkgksr- ts vki.k ekul’kkL= iz;ksx’kkGsr d:u ikgw‘kdrks-

ekul’kkL= iz;ksxkae/;s iz;ksx dj.kkjk & iz;kstd o T;kP;kojiz;ksx djko;kpk rks & iz;ksT; gs Qkj egRokps vlrkr- lkeqfgdiz;ksxke/;s fdaok xVkr djko;kP;k iz;ksxkae/;s lqpuk ns.kkjk O;Drhiz;kstdkP;k Hkwfedsr vlrks- iz;ksx djrkuk iz;kstdkus o iz;ksT;kusdkgh lqpukaps vuqikyu dj.ks vfuok;Z vkgs-

9-2 ekul’kkL= iz;ksx djrkuk ?;ko;kph n{krk

iz;kstdklkBh1- iz;ksxkpk gsrq Li”V letysyk vl.ks vko’;d vkgs-2- ,dnk fuf’pr dsysyh i/nrh cny u djrk rkBji.ks jkcfoyh

ikfgts-3- iz;kstdkus iz;ksT;kP;k eukr xksa/kG gks.kkj ukgh ;kph n{krk

?;koh-4- ‘kD; frrD;k oLrqfu”Bi.ks fujh{k.k uksanh djkO;kr5- iz;ksT;kus dsysY;k d`rhfo”k;h iz;kstdkus vk’p;Zpdhr gks.ks

vFkok ukjkt gks.ks vls Hkko izdV d: u;sr-

iz;ksT;klkBh1- iz;ksT;kus la’kks/kukfo”k;hpk ;ksX; n`f”Vdksu Bsoyk ikfgts-2- fuf’pr fu”d”kZ eukr Bsowu vki.kkl gos vlysyss fu”d”kZ

;kosr ;klkBh iz;ksx dsY;kl] vlk iz;ksx fu:Ik;ksxh Bjrks-3- iz;ksT;kus iz;ksxkr ldzh; lgHkkxh vlysp ikfgts-

163

4- iz;ksT;kus iz;ksxke/;s vfHk:ph nk[kowu dkekoj y{k dsanzhrdsys ikfgts-

5- iz;ksx djrkauk oxkZrhy brj fon;kF;kZa’kh Li/kkZ d: u;s6- izR;sd fon;kF;kZaP;k {kerk] laosnu’khyrk] vfHko`Rrh b- fHkUu

vl.ks LokHkkfod vkgs gs iz;ksT;kus letwu ?ksrys ikfgts]ekul’kkL=h; iz;ksxkaP;k ek/;ekrwu ;k fHkUurspk ‘kks/k ?ksrykikfgts-

d’kkph uksan djkoh &1- rkjh[k] okj] osG] iz;ksxkpk dzekad b-2- iz;kstdkps o iz;ksT;kps ukao3- iz;ksxkpk gsrw4- lkfgR;kph ;knh5- iz;ksxkph d`rh6- vkRefujh{k.k & iz;ksT;kP;k Hkkoukaph uksan7- fujh{k.k uksan rDrk8- fu”d”kZ@vuqeku ¼lkjka’k Lo:ikr½9- ‘kS{kf.kd egRo

¼izR;sd iz;ksxkP;k ‘ksoVh dkgh iz’u fopkjkosr- iz;ksT;kus ;kiz’ukapk vk/kkj ?ksowu vkRefujh{k.kkkfo”k;d uksanh djkO;kr o vuqekusfygkohr-½

Òe³eesie ¬eÀ. 1

AÜ¶¶Z dH«$

(Learning Curve)

CÔoe AÜ¶¶ZdH«$mÀ¶m gmømZo AÜ¶¶Z à{H«$¶oMm Aä¶mg H$aUo.

gmhrË¶ H$mhr ‘wimjao gmÑpÀN>H$ nÕVrZo N>mncocm H$mJX d gyMr, ñQ>m°ndm°M, H$m§Q>m.

à¶moOH$ à¶moÁ¶

à¶moJmMr H¥$Vr

à¶moOH$mZo à¶moÁ¶mcm nwT>o {Xcoë¶m Z‘wÝ¶mà‘mUo N>mncocm H$mJX XodyZ

gyMrà‘mUo Ajam§g‘moa A§H$ {c{hÊ¶m{df¶r ‘m{hVr gm§Jmdr. Z§Va K§Q>m XodyZ H$m‘mg

gwê$dmV H$aÊ¶mg gm§Jmdr. àË¶oH$ AÜ¶m© {‘{ZQ>mZ§Va H$m‘ Wm§~{dÊ¶mgmR>r K§Q>m Úmdr.

Ë¶mdoir à¶moÁ¶mZo {OVHo$ H$m‘ Pmco Agoc VoWo "/' Aer IyU H$amdr. Vrg goH§$XmÀ¶m

{dlm§VrZ§Va nwÝhm Vrg goH§$Xmn¶ªV H$m‘ Mmcy R>odmdo. nwÝhm Vrg goH§$X {dlm§VrZ§Va

164

nwÝhm H$m‘. AemàH$mao 15 {‘{ZQ>o ho H$m‘ H$arV amhmdo. H$m‘ g§në¶mZ§Va gyMrZwgma

Ho$coco H$m‘ VnmgyZ nhmdo.

à¶moÁ¶mcm Úmd¶mÀ¶m N>mnrc H$mJXmMo ñdê$n

met®eer -

keÀ ce ve me ì #e j He n ®e ie Ke

12 4 7 11 5 3 1 6 10 8 2 9

³e ®e n ve j #e n ì Ie ve j HeÀ

®e n ve j #e n ì Ie ve j HeÀ ve

Ke He j He j me ®e #e #e ì He me

ì Oe µe j Ke ì He ie me #e He keÀ

®e ®e ce me ve ie j ®e me me #e ce

keÀ ve j #e ve Ie n ce Ke ve ì ®e

Ke Ie keÀ ce ve ie ce keÀ j n me keÀ

ie ve ®e j Ie Ke He keÀ n ì #e ce

efvejer#eCe veeWo lekeÌlee

Òe³elve

¬eÀceebkeÀ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

De®etkeÀHeCes

efueefnuesuîee

DebkeÀeb®eer

mebK³ee

®egkeÀeb®eer

mebK³ee

AmË‘{ZarjU

ZdrZ {H«$¶m {eH$VmZm gwê$dmVrg H$moUVm AZw^d Amcm?

Z§Va gyMr nmR> Pmcr H$m¶?

165

H$m‘ H$aVmZm WH$dm Amcm H$m§?

‘Ü¶oM H$m‘ H$aÊ¶mH$S>o Xþc©j Pmë¶mgmaIo dmQ>co H$m¶?

‘Ü¶oM doJ H$‘r hmooD$Z Z§Va doJ dmT>cm H$m§?

à¶moOH$mZo AmVm H$m‘ g§nV Amco Amho Ago åhQ>ë¶mda H$m‘mMm doJ dmT>cm H$m§?¶mg§~§YrMo à¶moÁ¶mZo ¶mV {ZdoXZ H$amdo.

{ZîH$f©

à¶ËZ H«$‘m§H$ (H$mcI§S>) d H$m¶© (AMyH$ à{VgmX) ¶m§Mm AmcoI H$mT>cm AgVm

AmcoImMr d¡{eîQ>ço nwT>rcà‘mUo {XgyZ ¶oVmV.

1. ‘§X àJVrMm H$mi g H$moUVohr ZdrZ H$m¡eë¶ AmË‘gmV H$aVmZm An[a{MVVo‘wio

gwê$dmVrg AÜ¶¶ZmMm doJ H$‘r AgVmo.

2. OcX àJVrMm H$mi g EH$Xm H$m¡eë¶ n[a{MV Pmco H$s, AÜ¶¶ZmÀ¶m doJmV

cjUr¶ àJVr {XgyZ ¶oVo. hm doJ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>cocm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.

3. nR>mamdñWm g EH$Xm OcX àJVr hmody cmJcr H$s Vr Ver nwT>o gwê$ amhÊ¶mEodOr

EH$m {d{eï> {R>H$mUr pñWamdcocr {XgVo. Ë¶m AdñWoV àJVr {XgyZ ¶oVo. ¶m

AdñWocm nR>mamdñWm åhUVmV.

4. OcX àJVrMm H$mi g nR>mamdñWo‘Ü¶o Oar àJVr {XgV Zgcr Var Ë¶m

AdñWo‘Ü¶o H$m‘mVrc H$m¡eë¶ AmË‘gmV Ho$co OmV AgVo. Ë¶m‘wio àJVr Oar

{XgV Zgcr Var Z§Va ‘mÌ EH$X‘M àJVr Pmcocr {XgyZ ¶oVo.

5. emar[aH$ d ‘mZ{gH$ n[agr‘m g EH$ {dH${gV ‘¶m©Xonojm àJVr hmoD$M eH$V

Zmhr Ë¶m‘wio hm dH«$ EH$m {dH${gV {R>H$mUmnmgyZ "j' Ajmcm g‘m§Va hmoV Jococm

{XgVmo. àË¶oH$mMr hr n[agr‘m {^Þ AgVo.

e¡j{UH$ ‘hËd

1) AÜ¶¶ZmMm doJ gwê$dmVrg H$‘r Agë¶m‘wio {ejH$mZo OmñV nmR>çdñVyÀ¶m

AÜ¶mnZmMm AmJ«h Yê$ Z¶o. H$mhr doim {df¶mMo ZmdrÝ¶ d A{VCËgmhm‘wio

‘wcm§‘Ü¶o gwê$dmVrcm AÜ¶¶ZmMm doJ dmT>cocm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. na§Vw hr Iar àJVr

ZgVo. åhUyZ {ejH$mZo H$moUVmhr ZdrZ {df¶ {eH${dVmZm KmB© H$ê$ Z¶o.

2) {dÚmWu AÜ¶¶Zm‘Ü¶o àJVr XmI{dV AgVmZmM ‘Ü¶oM Ë¶m§Mr àJVr

Iw§Q>ë¶mgmaIr hmoVo. Ë¶m‘wio g§~§YrV {dÚmWu {Zame hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm AgVo.

166

Aemdoir {ejH$mZo Ë¶mcm àmoËgmhZ XoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. H$maU ¶m AdñWoV Ë¶mMr

àJVr {XgV Zgcr Var àJVr Mmcy AgVo.

3) nR>mamdñWm Oa WH$ë¶m‘wio Amcr Agoc Va ‘mÌ à¶moÁ¶mcm {dlm§Vr XoUo hmM

Ë¶mdarc Cnm¶ hmo¶. nR>mamdñWm Xÿa H$aVm ¶oVo.

4) emar[aH$ d ‘mZ{gH$ n[agr‘m ¶m {^Þ AgVmV. ¶m àË¶oH$mÀ¶m Hw$dVrMr

{dÚmÏ¶mªZm OmUrd H$ê$Z {Xcr nm{hOo. EImÚm {dÚmÏ¶mªZm {H$Vrhr à¶ËZ Ho$co Var

Vmo {dÚmWu {dd{jV ‘¶m©Xon{cH$S>o ¶e {‘idy eH$V Zmhr. ¶mMr OmUrd {dÚmÏ¶m©cm

AgUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo. AÝ¶Wm Iyn à¶ËZmZ§Va Ano{jV ¶e Z {‘imë¶mZo

d¡’$ë¶mMr ^mdZm {Z‘m©U hmoÊ¶mMr e³¶Vm AgVo. ‘mÌ AmnU gd©gmYmaUnUo Or

Amncr n[agr‘m g‘OVmo Ë¶mnojm {H$VrVar A{YH$ Hw$dV Amncr AgVo. Ë¶m

n[agr‘on¶ªV à¶ËZ H$aUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo.

iz;ksx dzekad 2

v/;;u ladze.k

mn~ns’k %1- iz;Ru izekn i/nrhus v/;;u & izfdz;spk vH;kl dj.ks-2- ,dk gkrkus laikfnr dsysys dkS’k; nqlÚ;k gkrkr fdrir

ladzfer gksrs rs ikg.ks-

lkfgR; % MkW- xksikyLokeh ;kaps vkjlk o pkan.kh midj.k] ?kaVk] LVkWiokWp-

iz;kstd & iz;ksT; &

167

;k midj.kke/;s ,dk ykdMh iV~Vhoj i«;ke/;s [kkpk d:upkan.khpk vkdkj fnysyk vlrks- rks i=k ?kV~V clfoysyk vlrks-/kkrwP;k i«;kojhy pkan.kh iz;ksT;kyk fnlw u;s Eg.kwu LVWaMyk i«;kpkiMnk ykoysyk vlrks- cSBdhP;k i«;kP;k [kkyP;k cktwiklwu nksuok;lZ dk<wu i«;kyk cWVjh lsyps ,d Vksd tksMysys vlrs- R;ke/;sfnok xksoysyk vlrks- cWVjhiklwu dk<ysys ok;jps nqljs Vksd /kkrwP;k

isfUlyyk (Stylus) tksMysys vlrs- ;k LVk;ylyk idM.;klkBhjcjh vkoj.k vlrs- Eg.ktsp vkrk isfUlypk Li’kZ i«;kykpkan.khP;k vkrwu fdaok ckgs:u >kyk dh fo|qr eaMG iw.kZ gksrs ofnok ykxrks-

i/nrh % iz;kstdkus izFke iz;ksT;kyk midj.kkph iw.kZ ekfgrh

|koh uarj iz;ksT;kus MkO;k gkrkr isfUly (Stylus) ?ksÅu R;kmidj.kkleksj clwu vkj’kkr ikgwu R;k pkan.khe/kwu LVk;yl ,dkfof’k”V fBdk.kkiklwu isfUly fQjok;yk lq:okr d:u iqUgk ewGfBdk.kh ;ko;kps- gs djhr vlrkuk R;k LVk;ylpk pqdwu tjhpkan.khP;k vkrY;k dMsyk fdaok ckgsjP;k dMsyk Li’kZ >kyk rjhfo|qr eaMG iw.kZ gksÅu fnok ykxrks- fnok ykxY;kcjkscj rh pwdletwu iz;kstdkus R;k pqdhph uksan ?;koh rlsp R;k iz;RuklkBhykxysyh osG uksanokoh-

;kuarj fgp drh mtO;k gkrkus 10&12 osGk djkoh-izR;sdosGh ykx.kkjk dkyko/kh o pqdkaph la[;k ;kaph uksan djkoh-

iqUgk MkO;k gkrkus gk iz;Ru djkok- R;klkBh ykxysyk osG opqdkaph la[;k ;kaph uksan djkoh-

fujh{k.k uksan rDrk %

iz;Ru dzekad osG fefuVka/;s pqdkaph la[;k

1½ MkO;k gkrkus fdz;k2½ mtO;k gkrkus fdz;k3½ mtO;k gkrkus fdz;k4½ mtO;k gkrkus fdz;k5½ mtO;k gkrkus fdz;k6½ MkO;k gkrkus fdz;k

4-22 ls-4-02 ls3-11 ls-3-03 ls-0-46 ls2-31 ls-

685660453523

168

vkRefujh{k.k % MkO;k gkrkus lq:okrhyk dke djrkuk dks.krh vMp.kvkyh\ mtO;k gkrkus dke djrkuk dks.krh vMp.k vkyh\ dkedjrkuk ,[kknh ;qDrh fdaok eeZ /;kuh vkys dk\ uarj MkO;k gkrkusdke djrkuk R;kpk dkgh mi;ksx >kyk dk;\ ;klaca/kh iz;ksT;kusfuosnu djkos-

fu”d”kZ %

1- mtO;k gkrkus dke djrkuk lq:okrhl ykx.kkjk osG o pqdk iq<sgGwgGw deh gksr tkrkr-

2- 4&5 iz;Rukuarj fo’ks”k izxrh >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs o pqdkapsizek.kgh deh gksrs-

3- lq:okrhl MkO;k gkrkus dke djrkuk ykx.kkjk osG o pqdkaphla[;k o mtO;k gkrkus v/;;u dsY;kuarj iqUgk MkO;k gkrkus dkedjrkuk osG deh ykxrks- rlsp pqdkgh deh gksrkr- ;ko:umtO;k gkrkus f’kdysY;k dkS’kY;kps MkO;k gkrkus dke djrkukladze.k >kysys fnlwu ;srs-

‘kS{kf.kd egRo % ewG v/;;u ifjfLFkrh o uohu ifjfLFkrh ;ke/;stso<s lkE; vlsy R;kizek.kkr v/;;u&ladze.k gksrs- ,[kkn;k?kVdkrhy vk’k;] ra=] i/nrh nqlÚ;k ?kVdk’kh feGrstqGrs vlrhyrj v/;;u&ladze.k ?kMwu ;srs- Eg.kwu f’k{kdkus oxkZr v/;kiudjrkuk uohu v/;;u ?kVdkpk f’kdfoysY;k ,[kk|k ?kVdk’kh dlklaca/k vkgs gs y{kkr vk.kwu |kos-

i. xf.krke/;s ‘ksdMk uQk & rksVk f’kdforkuk R;kpk xq.kksÚrj oizek.kkojhy mnkgj.kka’kh dlk laca/k vkgs gs y{kkr vk.kwu |kos-

ii. Hkwxksyke/;s ,[kk|k uSlfxZd izns’kkpk vH;kl djrkuk vki.k tsVIis fdaok eqn~ns y{kkr ?ksrysys vlrkr R;kpizek.ks uohu ,[kk|kuSlfxZd izns’kkckcr dls y{kkr vk.kwu |k;yk ikfgts-

iii. dks.kR;kgh uSlfxZd izns’kkps gokeku Bjfo.kkÚ;k ?kVdkrhy lekulq= y{kkr vk.kwu fnY;kl ,dk izns’k f’kdfoyk dh nqljk izns’kf’kdforkuk R;kps v/;;u ladze.k lksis gksrs-

iv. HkkSfrd’kkL=ke/;s cfgZxksy fHkax o vkarjodz vkjlk ;kaP;kiklwuoLrwP;k feG.kkÚ;k izfrekaPks Lo:Ik o R;kaph LFkkus ;kckcrhrhylkE; y{kkr vk.kwu fnY;kl fo|kF;kZae/;s ladze.k pVdu >kysysvk<Gwu ;sbZy- rlsp fofo/k midj.kkae/;s dks.krs leku rRovoyafcys vkgs gs y{kkr vk.kwu fnys rj ,dk midj.kkph ekfgrhfnyh dh nqlÚ;k midj.kkph ekfgrh nsrkuk lksis tkrs- mnk-]jkWdsypk iai] ‘kkbZ Hkj.;kpk iai] fipdkjh b- midj.ks gosP;k

169

nkckoj pkyrkr- rj lk/kk lw{en’khZ] la;qDr lw{en’khZ] nwjn’khZb- e/;s fHkaxs o xksyh; vkj’kkaiklwu feG.kkÚ;k izfrekapk okijdsysyk vlrks-

v. Hkwferhe/;s fdR;sd izes;s ,[kk|k xq.k/kekZoj vk/kkfjr vlrkr- rsleku lw= fdaok xq.k/keZ y{kkr vk.kwu fnys rj izR;sd izes;uO;kus f’kdfo.;kph xjt iMr ukgh- mnk-] f=dks.kkph,d:irk] lekarj js”kkaps xq.k/keZ] le:irk ;koj vk/kkjysyhfdrhrjh izes;s vkgsr- rlsp dks.krsgh izes; lksMfo.;klkBh ,dfof’k”V v’kh i/nrh vlrs- rh i/nrh ,dnk y{kkr vk.kwufnyh dh fo|kFkhZ R;k i/nrhP;k lgk¸;kus Lor%p rh izes; fdaokR;kojhy iz’u lksMow ‘kdrhy-

vi. ejkBh] fganh o baxzth ;k Hkk”kkae/;s tjh Qjd vlyk rjhO;kdj.kkps dkgh fu;e loZ= lkj[ksp vlrkr- vls fu;ef’kdforkuk gs y{kkr vk.kwu fnys rj fo|kF;kZauk ,dk fo”k;krf’kdysY;k fu;ekaps nqlÚ;k fo”k;kr v/;;ukP;k osGh mi;ksxgksbZy-

vii. v/;;u&ladze.k gs fdrh izek.kkr gksbZy gs O;DrhP;k o`Úrhojpvoyacwu vlrs- Eg.kwu ‘kkGsr f’kdysyh rRos] fu;e ;kapknSuafnu thoukr mi;ksx djko;kpk vlrks gs fo|kF;kZaP;k euke/;sfcacfoys ikfgts- vU;Fkk ‘kkys; f’k{k.kkps mi;kstu gks.kkj ukgh-fo|kF;kZaph cqf/neÚrk ftrdh tkLr frrds v/;;u&ladze.k tkLrgksrs- ijarq lkekU; fo|kF;kZae/;s v/;;u&ladze.k ?kMwu;s.;klkBh f’k{kdkusp iz;Ru’khy jgkos ykxrs-

iz;ksx dzekad &3izsj.kk

mn~ns’k& iz;ksT;kyk laiknuklkBh feGkysY;k izsj.ksps ekiu dj.ks-lkfgR;& Mh- xksiky jko ;kaph laiknu iszj.ksph dlksVh] isfUly

fdaok isuiz;kstd& LokJ;h pys & dlksVhrhy iz’u

vkJ;h pys & iz;ksT;kpk izfrlkn

fu;a=.k &dlksVh lksMforkuk lHkksorkyps okrkoj.k vR;ar ‘kkarvl.ks vko’;d dks.kR;kgh izdkjpk vkokt VkGkok-

lwpuk &loZ izFke iz;ksT;kyk [kkyhy lqpuk n;kO;kr-1- gk ,d vlk izlax vkgs] T;ke/;s thouke/;s vki.k ts dkgh d:

bfPNrk R;klkBh rqEgkyk enr dsyh tk.kkj vkgs-

170

2- rqEgkyk ,d dlksVh ns.;kr ;sbZy] T;ke/;s viw.kZ okD;s vkgsr-izR;sd okD;klkBh nksu Ik;kZ; fnysys vkgsr nksUghgh Ik;kZ; cjkscjvkgsr- dks.krkgh ,d Ik;kZ; pwd fdaok cjkscj ukgh-

3- vki.kkl nksUghiSdh ,d Ik;kZ; fuoMwu R;kiq<s ^* v’kh [kw.kdjko;kph vkgs-

i/nrh1- iz;ksT;klkscr pkaxys laca/k@laidZ izLFkkfir djkosr-2- iz;ksT;kyk lqLi”Vi.ks lwpuk n;kO;kr-3- dks.kR;kgh izdkjpk la’k; eukr u ckGxrk fu%ladkspi.ks

dlksVhrhy loZ iz’ukauk izfrlkn ns.;klkBh iz;ksT;kyk vkokgudjkoss-

4- dlksVh iw.kZi.ks lksMfoY;kuarj tek djkO;kr o xq.knkulwpusuqlkj dlksVh riklwu xq.k n;kosr-

ppkZ o fu”d”kZ

1- ekxZn’kZd iqfLrdsuqlkj iz;ksT;kyk feGkysY;k xq.kkaps vFkZfuoZpud:u iz;ksT;kP;k laiknu izsj.kk xq.kkaph ppkZ djkoh-

2- iz;ksT;kP;k xq.kkaph xVkrhy brj fon;kF;kZaP;k xq.kka’kh rqyukdjkoh-

3- ;k {ks=kr >kysY;k brj vH;klka’kh fu”d”kkZph rqyuk d:ufu”d”kkZP;k ;ksX;rsph [kk=h djkoh-

‘kS{kf.kd mi;kstu &

1- izR;sdkph laiknu iszj.kk brjkais{kk fHkUu vlrs-2- O;DrhP;k xjtkaP;k ikrGhoj rh voyacwu vlrs-3- laiknu iszj.kk vl.kkjh O;Drh vkiY;k /;s;kizrh mPp varxZr

ckaf/kydh ekurss-4- tk.khoiqoZd v/;;u izfdz;sr iszj.kspk lekos’k d:u rlsp

;ksX; izf’k{k.k dk;ZdzekOnkjs laiknu izsj.kk fuekZ.k djrk ;srs-5- f’k{kdkauh fon;kF;kZaiq<s /;s;s lqLi”Vi.ks ekaMyh ikfgtsr o

fon;kF;kZauk /;s;kdMs usys ikfgts-

171

iz;ksx Ø- 4vo/kku fopyu

mís’k % vo/kku fopyukpk vH;kl dj.kslkfgR;% Nkihy v{kjkapk dkxn] LVkWiokWp] ?kaVkiz;kstd % iz;ksT; %i/nrh % Nkihy dkxnkps Lo:i

lwph % [kkyhy v{kjkaiSdh A, E, I, O U gh v{kjs [kksMk-

T, M, E, S, O, L, I, P, M, T, A, K, N, O, P, H, Z, E, X, O, T, N, K, E, J, H,

S, O, R, L, D, I, B, D, E, F, Z, A, J, H, S, E, T, N, K, I, W, D, Y, A, B, J, I,

C, U, B, D, F, E, W, G, P, H, L, S, P, E, B, S, O, W, G, M, T, Y, C, U, B,

D, R, L, E ,I, Z, U, K, P, Z, A, J, W, G, M, H, X, E, B, D, F, E, W, X.

iz;kstdkus lkscrP;k dkxnklkj[kk dkxn iz;ksT;kP;k gkrh nsowurks ikyFkk Bso.;kl lkaxkos- uarj ?kaVk >kY;kcjkscj dkxn lqyVkd:u R;kojhy v{kjs lwphizek.ks [kksM.;kfo”k;h iz;ksT;dkyk lwpuk|koh- vkrk iz;kstdkus LVkVZ Eg.krkp iz;ksT;kus dkxnkojhylwpusizek.ks v{kjs [kksM.;kl lq:okr djkoh- ,d fefuV >kY;kcjkscjiz;kstdkus dke Fkkacfo.;klkBh ?kaVk nsowu lwpuk djkoh- R;kosGhiz;ksT;kus tsFki;Zar dke >kys vlsy rsFks ^@* v’kh [kw.k djkoh- ,dfefuV foJkarh ?;koh-

iqUgk iz;kstdkus LVkVZ Eg.krkp iz;ksT;kus v{kjs [kksM.;kps dkelw: djkos- R;kossGh iz;ksT;kus vo/kku fopfyr gks.;klkBh fujfujkGsvkokt] ?kM;kGkpk xtj] vkjMk&vksjMk] ckds cMfo.ks b- pk vkoktdjkok- ;klkBh VsijsdkWMZjpk pkaxyk mi;ksx djrk ;sbZy- ,d fefuViw.kZ gksrkp iz;ksT;kus ^@* v’kh [kw.k d:u dke Fkakcokos-

,d fefuVHkj foJkarh ?ksowu iqUgk ‘kkari.ks ,d fefuVHkj dkedjkos o iqUgk xksa/kGke/;s ,d fefuVHkj dke djkos- vls fdeku 4 rs5 iz;Ru Ogkosr- ¼Vhi % gkp iz;ksx ,dk xVkps nksu mixV ikMwudjrk ;sbZy-½

172

fujh{k.k uksanrDrk%

iz;RuØ-

okrkoj.k ,dw.k[kksMysyhv{kjs

,dw.kfcupwd[kksMysyh

v{kjs

,dw.k pqdhph[kksMysyh

v{kjs

123456

‘kakrrkxkasxkV‘kakrrkxkasxkV‘kakrrkxkasxkV

1½ ‘kkarrkvlrkukrhufeuhVkrdsyssys,dw.k dke2½ ‘kkarrkulrkukrhufeuhVkrdsyssys,dw.k dke

vkRefujh{k.k % lw:okrhyk dke djrkuk ‘kkar okrkoj.kvlY;keqGs dkekoj dks.krk ifj.kke >kyk\ xksaxkV pkyw vlrkukdkekoj dk; ifj.kke >kyk\ xkasxkV pkyw vlrkuk tk.khoiwoZddkekpk osx ok<fo.;kpk iz;Ru >kyk dk\ xksa/kG pkyw vlrkuk dkedj.;klkBh tknk rk.k tk.koyk dk\ ;klanHkkZr iz;ksT;kus fuosnudjkos-

fu”d”kZ %I. vo/kkukoj ckg; míhidkpk ifj.kke gksÅu vo/kku fopyhr gksrs-II. vo/kku fopyukeqGs dk;Z{kerk deh gksrs- dkekpk osx eankorks-III. vo/kku fopyukeqGs dkekP;k ntkZoj ifj.kke gksrks-IV. vo/kku fopyukeqGs foof{kr dke djrkuk vuko’;d rk.k

iMrks-

‘kS{kf.kd egRo%

oxkZr v/;kiu djrkuk fo|kF;kZps vo/kku vkiY;kvH;klkdMs o Ik;kZ;kus R;kaP;k v/;;ukdMs vlkos vls visf{krvlrs- fo|kF;kZps vo/kku&fopyu gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu n{krk ?ks.ksvko’;d vlrs-

173

i. fo|kF;kZps vo/kku&foypu gksÅ u;s Eg.kwu ‘kkGsph bekjrgh jgnkjhpk jLrk] cktkj] flusekx`gs] fOgfMvks lsaVlZv’kklkj[;k xksaxkVkiklwu nwj vlkoh-

ii. oxkZrhy okrkoj.kns[khy vR;ar ‘kakr o izlUUk vlkos-oxkZe/;s Hkjiwj gok]lw;Zizdk’k o fo|kF;kZauk cl.;kl iqjs’khtkxk ;k fdeku lks;h vl.ks vko’;d vlrs- dksanV odqcV okrkoj.kkeqGs fo|kFkhZ vLoLFk curkr o R;kaps ikBkdMsy{k jgkr ukgh- dkgh osGk fo|kF;kZaph cSBd O;oLFkk tjuhV ulsy rj] R;kdMs fo|kF;kZaps okjaokj y{k tkrs- ¼mnk-,[kknk ckd iq<sekxs gyr vlsy rj fo|kFkhZ lrr ckdkojiq<sekxs jsy.;kpk [ksG [ksGr clrks- ifj.kkeh R;kps oR;kP;k ‘kstkjhy eqykps y{k f’k{kdkP;k v/;kiukdMs jkgrukgh½

iii. f’k{kdkus oxkZr udk’ks] rDrs] fp=s ;kaph fHkarhoj jsypsy d:u;s- dkj.k f’k{kd f’kdfor vlrkuk fo|kF;kZaps y{kfopyhr gks.;kl gh fp=s dkj.khHkwr B: ‘kdrkr-

iv. f’k{kdkus oxkZr v/;kiu djrkuk ,[kknk udk’kk] fp=kd`fr]izfrdfr okijyh vlsy rj rh dke gksrkp rkcMrksc cktwykdk<wu Bsokoh- dkj.k R;keqGs f’k{kdkP;k foospuk,soth R;kizfrdfrdMsp fo|kF;kZaps y{k jkfgy-

v. f’k{kdkus Qydys[ku dj.;kiqohZ Qyd iw.kZi.ks iqlwu ?ksowuR;koj vko’;d vkgs rso<sp usedsi.kkus Qydys[ku djkos-vU;Fkk iw.kZ QGk Hk:u dk<ysY;k dPP;k vkd`R;knsf[kyfo|kF;kZaps vo/kku fopyhr dj.;kl lgk¸;Hkwr Bjrkr-

vi. xf.krkP;k ikBkae/;s vki.k T;kosGh xqaMkGh Qyd okijrksR;kosGh R;kojhy mnkgj.ks ØekØekus nk[kokohr- vU;Fkkifgys mnkgj.k lksMforkuk fo|kF;hZ nqlÚ;k mnkgj.kkdMs ikgkrjgkrkr-

vii. foKkUkkP;k ikBke/;s ,[kkns iz;ksx&fnXn’kZu djko;kps vlsy rjR;kosgh brj vuko’;d fo|kF;kZaleksj vl.kkj ukgh ;kphdkGth ?;koh-

viii. xksa/kG fdaok xksaxkV pkyw vlrkuknsf[ky v/;;u gksow ‘kdrs-ijarw R;klkBh tkLr ekufld Je o ekufld mtkZ [kphZiMrs- fo|kF;kZps y{k brj fod”kZdkadMs u tkrk vkiY;kv/;;ukdMs tkos Eg.kwu f’k{kdkus Lor%ps v/;kiu vf/kdvkd”kZd djkos-

174

ix. fo|kF;kZph eu%fLFkrh cjkscj ulsy rj vo/kku&fopyu gksrs-mnk- f’k{kd fo|kF;kZoj [kwi jkxkoysys vlrhy o R;keqGsoxZ ‘kkar vlsy rj v’kkosGh oxZ ‘kkar okVyk rjh rksv/;;u{ke vlrks vls ukgh-

x. FkdO;keqGs ns[khy vo/kku& fopyu gksrs- R;klkBh FkdokvkY;kuarj fo|kF;kZauk foJkarh ns.ks gkp ,d mik; Bjrks-

xi. fo|kF;kZauk tj v/;;u fo”k;ke/;s vfHk:ph vlsy rjlgtklgth vo/kku fopyu gksr ukgh- R;klkBh fo|kF;kZaukvo/kkukfo”k;h xksMh ykokoh-

xii. ckg; míhidkauh lgtklgth vo/kku fopyhr gksow u;s Eg.kwufo|kF;kZauk eu ,dkxz dj.;kph lo; ykokoh-

iz;ksx Ø- 5vo/kku foHkktu

mís’k% ,dkosGh nksu dkjd fdaok ekufld Lo:ikph dk;sZdjrkuk vo/kkukps foHkktu gksrs fadaok ukgh rs ikg.ks-

lkfgR;% LVkWi okWp] ?kaVk o dkxn-

iz;kstd & iz;ksT; &

Hkkx & 1 % nksu dkjd dkS’kY;s

iz;ksT;kus ?kaVk gksrkp mtO;k gkrkus fnysY;k dkxnkoj ,d

feuhVHkj >>>>> …………… ;k izek.ks [kq.kk djhr tko;kps-

R;kuarj ?kaVk >kY;kuarj MkO;k gkrkus ,d fefuVHkj <<<<<………..v’kk [kq.kk djko;kP;k] ?kaVk gksrkp dke Fkkacok;ps- R;kuarj iqUgk?kaVk gksrkp nksu isfUlyh ?ksÅu ,d fefuVHkj nksUgh izdkjP;k [kq.kkdjkO;kr-

ifgY;k fefuVkr mtO;k gkrkus dsysY;k [kq.kkaph la[;k ¾ vnqlÚ;k fefuVkr MkO;k gkrkus dsysY;k [kq.kkaph la[;k ¾ cfrlÚ;k fefuVkr mtO;k gkrkus dsysY;k [kq.kkaph la[;k ¾ {kfrlÚ;k fefuVkr MkO;k gkrkus dsysY;k [kq.kkaph la[;k ¾ ;

nksUgh gkrkuh ,d feuhVkr dsysY;k [kq.kkaph la[;k ¾ {k $ ;

foHkktd xq.kd ¾ {k $ ;v $ c

175

Hkkx & 2 % nksu ekufld dkS’kY;s-

;ke/;s iz;kstdkus iz;ksT;kyk ,d fefuVHkj la[;k ekstko;klykokO;kr- la[;k ekstrkuk ‘kaHkjis{kk tkLr la[;k gksÅ ykxY;k dhiqUgk 1 iklwu lq:okr djkoh- Eg.kts 1]3]5]-----------99 P;k iq<s uekstrk 1]3]5 --- vls ekstr tkos- iz;kstdkus ;kosGh iz;ksT;kP;kpqdkaph uksan Bsokoh- ,d fefuV iw.kZ gksrkp ?kaVk nsÅu iz;ksT;kykd`rh can dj.;kl lkaxkos- vad rksaMh Eg.kwu ?ks.;k,soth fygk;yklkafxrys rjh Qkjlk Qjd iMr ukgh- ,d fefuVkr vpwdi.ksekstysyh vadla[;k uksanowu Bsokoh- letk rh ^i* vkyh-

nqlÚ;k fefuVkr baxzth ewGk{kjs A 3] C 5] E v’kk Øekus

,d fefuVHkj djhr jkgkO;kr- ;kosGh nsf[ky iz;kstdkus pqdkaph uksan?;koh- rlsp vpwdi.ks fyghysY;k vadkaph uksan ?;koh- letk rh^c* vkyh o vpwdi.ks fyfgysY;k baxzth ewGk{kjkaph la[;kaph uksan?;koh rh ^Hk* vkyh-

foHkktd xq.kd ¾c $ Hki $ Q

Hkkx & 3 % ,d dkjd o ,d ekufld dkS’kY;-

;kee/;s ifgY;k fefuVkr iz;ksT;kus fo”kela[;k rksaMh Eg.krtkO;kr- letk ,dk fefuVkr vpwdi.ks ekstysY;k fo”kela[;kaph,dw.k la[;k ¾ ;-

uarj nqlÚ;k fefuVkr iz;ksT;kus ^^^^ …….. v’kk [kq.kk djhr

tkos- letk ;k fefuVkrhy vpwdi.ks dsysY;k [kq.kkaph la[;k ¾ j

frlÚ;k fefuVkr ;k nksUgh fØ;k ,dkposGh ¼vkGhikGhus½

djhr tkO;kr- rksaMkus vad Eg.kr vlrkukp ^^^^ …….. v’kk[kq.kk djhr tkos-

vkrk ;k frlÚ;k fefuVke/;s vpwdi.ks ekstysY;k vadkaph

la[;k ¾ y rj ;kp fefuVkr dsysY;k ^^^^ …….. v’kk [kq.kkaphla[;k ¾ o

foHkktd xq.kd ¾ y $ o; $ j

176


nksu dkjddkS’kY;s

nksu ekuflddkS’kY;s

,d ekufldo

,d dkjddkS’kY;s

foHkktu

xq.kd

{k $ ;

v $ c

c $ Hki $ Q

y $ o; $ j

vkRefujh{k.k %

;k frUgh HkkxkaiSdh dks.krk Hkkx vf/kd lqyHk okVyk\ nksudkjd dkS’kY;s djrkuk dks.krh vMp.k vkyh/ nksu ekufld drhdjrkuk dks.kR;k vMp.kh vFkok vuqHko vkys ;kfo”k;h iz;ksT;kusfuosnu djkos-

fu”d”kZ %

I. vo/kku foHkktu gks.ks ‘kD; vkgs dk;\II. nksu dkjd dkS’kY;s o nksu ekufld dkS’kY;s ;kiSdh dks.kR;k

d`rhP;k osGh foHkktu dj.ks vf/kd ‘kD; gksrs\III. ,dkp osGh nksu drh djko;kP;k vlrhy rj R;kps Lo:I dls

vlkos\

‘kS{kf.kd egRo %

I. f’k{kdkus oxkZr v/;;u djrkuk ,dkposGh ,dp d`rh djkohdkj.k ,dkposGh nksu fdaok nksuis{kk tkLr d`rhadMs y{k ns.ksfo|kF;kZyk ‘kD; gksr ukgh-

II. Qydkoj Qydys[ku djrkuk f’k{kdkus cksyw u;s- dkj.kR;kosGh fo|kF;kZaps y{k Qydkojhy etdqjkdMs vlkos v’khvkiyh vis{kk vlrs- ;k nksu d`rhaiSdh dks.kR;krjh ,dkpd`rhdMs y{k ns.ks fo|kF;kZyk ‘kD; gksr vlrs-

III. foKkukrhy iz;ksx nk[korkuk ,[kknh fØ;k pkyw vlsy o R;kizfØ;sps fujh{k.k fo|kF;kZauh djkos v’kh vis{kk vlsy rjv’kkosGh foospu dj.ks VkGkos-

IV. f’k{kdkus foospu pkyw vlrkuk fo|kF;kZauh Qydys[ku fygwu?;kos v’kh vis{kk d: u;s- Qydys[ku oghr mrjowu?ks.;klkBh fo|kF;kZauk Lora= osG |kok-

177

V. xf.krklkj[;k fo”k;kr lq:okrhyk fo|kF;kZauh mnkgjk.ks dsoGvpqdi.ks lksMfo.;koj Hkj |kok- ;kposGh mnkgj.ks osxkrlksMokohr v’kh vis{kk d: u;s-

VI. dk;kZuqHkoklkj[;k fo”k;kr fo|kF;kZus dsysY;k dkekP;klQkbZdMs lq:okrhykp Qkjls y{k nsÅ u;s- fo|kFkhZ dkedjrks; uk! bdMs y{k |kos- ,dkposGh dkekpk osx o lQkbZ;kaph vis{kk d: u;s-

VII. ejkBhlkj[;k fOk”k;ke/;s [kkyP;k oxkZr ewGk{kjs o ‘kCnf’kdorkuk eqykauh ewGk{kjs dk<.ks visf{kr vlrs- R;kosGhv{kjkaph izek.kc/nrk o ys[kukpk osx ;kaph vis{kk d: u;s-

VIII. ojP;k oxkZrhy fo|kF;kZauk fo’ks”kr% vdjkoh ckjkohP;kfo|kF;kZauk f’ka{kd fdaok izk/;kid foospu djhr vlrkukfygwu ?ks.;kph lo; Ykkokoh- lo;hus nksu fdaok nksuis{kkvf/kd fØ;k ,dkp osGh dj.ks ‘kD; gksrs-

Òe³eesie ¬eÀ. 6

Ad~moY (Perception)

CÔoe Ad~moY à{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o C{ÔnH$m§Mo g§KQ>Z d dJuH$aU H$moUË¶m VËdmZwgma hmoVo Vo

nmhUo.

gmhrË¶ {R>n³¶m§Mr {d{eï> àH$maMr ‘m§S>Ur Agcocr {d{dY H$mS>©g² ñQ>m°n dm°M,K§Q>m.

à¶moOH$ à¶moÁ¶

à¶moJmMr H¥$Vr à¶moOH$mZo gmo~V XmI{dë¶mà‘mUo H$mS>©g² V¶ma H$ê$Z ¿¶mdrV.

178

AmVm à¶moOH$mZo àË¶oH$ H$mS>© à¶moÁ¶mg 60 goH§$Xmn¶ªV XmIdmdo. Ë¶m

{R>n³¶m§VyZ AWdm aofm§VyZ à¶moÁ¶mg H$moUVm ~moY hmoVmo ¶mMr Ë¶mZo H$mS>© H«$‘m§H$mZwgma

Zm|X H$ê$Z R>odmdr.

{ZarjU Zm|X Vº$m

H$mS>© H«$. à¶moÁ¶mcm Ad~mooY Pmcoë¶m AmH¥$VrMo dU©Z

1 g‘m§Va aofm§Mo VrZ JQ>

2 chmZ {R>n³¶m§Mm EH$ JQ> d ‘moR>çm {R>n³¶m§Mm EH$ JQ>

3 {ÌH$moU

4 Am¶V d dVw©i

5 ‘Zwî¶mH¥$Vr

AmË‘{ZarjU

H$mS>m©darc {R>n³¶m§Mo AWdm aofm§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm H$moUH$moUË¶m ~m~tMm {dMma Ho$cm

Vo à¶moÁ¶mZo gm§Jmdo.

H$mS>m©darc {R>nHo$ Odi H$go KoVco OmVmV?

{d{eï> ‘m§S>Urcm AW© H$gm cmdcm OmVmo?

BVa g§doXZm§À¶m ~m~VrV AemàH$maMo g§KQ>Z hmoVo H$m¶?

X¡Z§{XZ ì¶dhmam‘Yrc ¶mMr CXmhaUo H$moUVr? ¶m~m~VrV à¶moOH$mZoà¶moÁ¶m~amo~a MMm© H$amdr.

{ZîH$f©

Ad~moY hmoV AgVmZm C{ÔnH$m§Mo Oo dJuH$aU hmoVo, Vo C{ÔnH$m§Mo

gm{ÞÜ¶, gmYå¶©, nyd©n[a{MVVm, ‘ZmMm H$c, gmVË¶ d g‘mdoeH$Vm B. ~m~tZwgma

hmoVo.

1) H$mS>© H«$. 1 ‘Ü¶o g‘m§Va aofm§Mo VrZ JQ> gm{ÞÜ¶m‘wio {XgVmV (Proximity)

Á¶m dñVy Odi AgVmV Ë¶m§Mm EH$ JQ> AmnUmg àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmo.

2) H$mS>© H«$. 2 ‘Ü¶o gmÑí¶m‘wio (Similarity) XmoZ ñd§VÌ JQ> hmoVrc. N>moQ>o Jmoc

d ‘moR>o Jmoc ¶m§Mr ñdV§Ì OmUrd hmoVo. {d{eï> AmH$ma nwZ:nwÝhm Amë¶m‘wio

gmÑí¶ OmUdVo. Ë¶m§À¶mVrc gmYå¶m©‘wio ho KS>Vo.

179

3) H$mS>© H«$. 3 ‘Ü¶o ‘moH$ù¶m OmJm Amnco ‘Z ^ê$Z Q>mH$Vo d AI§S> {ÌH$moUmMm

Ad~moY Amnë¶mcm hmoVmo ¶mcmM g‘mdoeZmMo (Closure) VËd åhUVmV.

dJicoë¶m ^mJmMm AmnU g‘mdoe H$ê$Z KoVmo.

4) H$mS>© H«$. 4 ‘Ü¶o gmÑí¶m‘wio AmnUmg Am¶V d dVw©i Ago XmoZ JQ> {XgVmV.

VgoM AI§S>ËdmMm {Z¶‘ Xo{Ic ¶oWo cmJy nS>Vmo. (Continuity)

5) H$mS>© H«$. 5 ‘Ü¶o g‘mdoeZm‘wio ~mø énaofodê$Z ‘Zwî¶àmÊ¶mMm Ad~moY hmoVmo.

dJicocm ^mJ AmnU g‘mdoe H$ê$Z KoVmo.

¶m{edm¶ ‘ZmMm H$c, nydm©Zw^d d d¥Îmr ¶m§MmXo{Ic Ad~moYmda n[aUm‘ hmoVmo.

e¡j{UH$ ‘hËd

~mø OJmMo kmZ {‘i{dÊ¶mgmR>r Ad~moY hr ‘yc yV à{H«$¶m AË¶§V ‘hËdmMr Amho.

{ejH$m§Zr ¶mgmR>r nwT>rc ~m~r cjmV R>odmì¶mV.

1. S>moio, ZmH$, H$mZ, Or^ Am{U ËdMm ¶m n§M|{Ð¶m§‘m’©$V kmZJ«hU hmoV Agë¶m‘wio

{d{dY àH$maMo AZw^d {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Kody ÚmdoV. aoe‘r H$mnS>mMm ‘wcm¶‘nUm

Am{U g±S>nonaMm IaIarVnUm ‘wcm§Zm ñnem©Zo AZw^dy Úmdm.

2. AÜ¶¶ZmÏ¶mªZm B§{Ð¶{ejU Úmdo. g§doXZm§Vrc gyú‘ oXm oXj‘Vm AmoiIm¶mMr

gd¶ cmdmdr. g§doXZm§Zm AW© cmdÊ¶mMr j‘Vmhr dmT>dmdr.

3. J{UV {df¶mV joÌ’$i, KZ’$i, n¥ð>’$i, dOZo, ‘mno, {eH${dVmZm àË¶jnUo

‘moO‘mno hmody ÚmdrV. dOZo, ‘mno hmVmiy ÚmdrV.

4. AÜ¶mnZmV e¡j{UH$ gmYZm§Mm dmna kmZ|{Ð¶m§Mm nwaonya Cn¶moJ hmoB©c Aem

nÕVrZo H$amdm.

5. ^mfm {df¶mV H${dVm qH$dm H$Wm {eH${dVmZm nyU© H${dVm dmMyZ qH$dm H$Wm^mJ

gm§JyZ Z§Va ^mJe: AÜ¶mnZ H$amdo.

6. AÜ¶¶ZmÏ¶mªMo AZw^d {dñV¥V d g‘¥Õ H$aÊ¶mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zr gX¡d à¶ËZerc

Agmdo.

7. H$moUË¶mhr AÜ¶mnZ ‘wX²ÚmVrc g‘mZVm d g‘rnVm cjmV AmUyZ Úmdr.

8. {MÌH$co‘Ü¶o AWdm ^y{‘VrÀ¶m AÜ¶mnZm‘Ü¶o AY©dQ> aoImH¥$Vr H$mTy>Z Ë¶m

AmoiIÊ¶mg gm§Jmdo åhUOo {dÚmÏ¶mªZm Ver gd¶ cmJVo.

180

9. ImcÀ¶m dJm©Vrc {dÚmÏ¶mªZm H$mhr eãXm§‘Yrc Ajao JmiyZ eãX ÚmdoV d Ë¶m

eãXm§Zm AW© cmdÊ¶mg gm§Jmdo.

10. chmZ ‘wcm§Zm g‘mZ AmH$mamÀ¶m dñVy§Mo JQ> H$aUo, g‘mZ JwUY‘mªÀ¶m dñVy§Mo JQ>

H$aUo, g‘mZ a§Jm§À¶m dñVw§Mo JQ> H$aUo Aem àH$maÀ¶m H¥$Vr H$amd¶mcm Úmì¶mV,

åhUOo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm H$moUH$moUË¶m ~m~r {dMmamV ¿¶md¶mÀ¶m AgVmV ¶mMo

EH$ àH$maMo à{ejU Ë¶m§Zm {‘ioc.

11. C{ÔnH$mÀ¶m dJuH$aUm‘Ü¶o nyd©n[a{MVVm hm KQ>H$ H$maUr^yV R>aV AgVmo åhUyZ

{dÚmÏ¶mªZm CXmhaUo XoVmZm Ë¶m§Zm n[a{MV AgcocrM CXmhaUo ÚmdrV.

efJeYeeie - 2 (ye)

iz;ksx Ø- c&1lacks/k fufeZrh

mís’k % lacks/k fufeZrhph izfØ;k letwu ?ks.ks-

lkfgR;% izR;sd lapke/;s 5 fp=s vlyssys 5 lap Eg.kts ,dw.k25 fp=s- izR;sd lapkrhy fp=kae/;s dks.krkgh ,d lk/kkj.k ?kVdvlsy v’kk fp=kapk lap r;kj d:u ?ks.ks- mnk- ifgY;k ikplapke/;s lw;Z gk leku ?kVd vkgs] rj nqlÚ;k lapkr unh gk leku?kVd vlsy] frlÚ;kr o{k gk leku ?kVd vlsy rj] pkSF;k lapkrvkdk’k gk leku ?kVd] rj ikpO;k lapkr xk; gk leku ?kVdvlsy-

iz;kstd & iz;ksT; &

i/nrh % ;k iz;ksxke/;s loZ fp=s ,d= felGwu Bsok;ph vkgsr-izR;sd lapkyk ,d lkadsfrd uko fnysys vlsy- rs lkadsfrd uko

R;k xVkrhy ikpgh fp=kaaP;k ikBhekxs fyfgysys vlsy- mnk-] CNPD

gs ifgY;k lapkps uko] nqlÚ;k lapkyk RAMK] frlÚ;k lapkyk

DTLN] pkSF;k lapkyk PTNS] ikpO;k lapkyk v’kh ukos fnysyh

vlrhy- vkrk CNPD fyfgysY;k ikpgh fp=kr lw;Z nk[kfoysyk

vkgs- Eg.kwu CNPD pk vFkZ lw;kZps fp= vlk gksbZy] ijarq gkiz;ksT;kus Lor% fujh{k.kko:u Bjok;pk vkgs-

181

gh loZ fp=s iz;kstdkus iz;ksT;kleksj felGwu Bsokohr- ?kaVknsrkp iz;kstdkus iz;ksT;kyk dks.krsgh ,d fp= fujh{k.k dj.;klkBh|kos- iz;ksT;kus R;k fp=kps ckjdkbZus fujh{k.k djkos- dkMkZekxhylkadsfrd uko ns[khy igkos- 30 lsdankuarj fp= dk<wu ?;kos onqlÚ;k iz;ksT;kl |kos- v’kk izdkjs fp=s fQjrh Bsokohr- loZ fp=sikgwu >kY;koj iz;kstdkus iz;ksT;kyk loZ lkadsfrd ‘kCnkps vFkZfopkjkosr-

uarj iqUgk rh fp=s iz;ksT;kauk izR;sdh 30 lsdankai;Zarfujh{k.kklkBh |kohr] o izR;sd lkadsfrd ‘kCnkps oSf’k”V; fopkjkos-

mnk-] ,dkgh CNPD e/;s izk.kh ukgh] izR;sd RAMK e/;s unh vkgs]

izR;sd SMNT e/;s euq”; vkgs] ,dkgh DTNS e/;s i{kh ukgh]

izR;sd DTLN e/;s fdeku ,d rjh >kM vkgs-


lacks/kiz;ksT; DNPD RAMK DTLN PTNS SMNT ,dw.k

12345678910

2334532431

vkRefujh{k.k % fp=kaps fujh{k.k djrkuk R;ke/khy lkE; dls‘kks/kys\ dks.kR;k vMp.kh vkY;k\ dks.kR;k xVkrhy fp=kapk vFkZykork vkyk ukgh\ ;kckcrps fuosnu iz;ksT;kus djkos-

182


ifgyh;knh

eqDRkizfrlkn

izfrØh;k nqljh ;knh eqDRkizfrlkn

izfrØh;k

v-Ø- psrd‘kCn

Ikzfrlkn dky v-Ø-

psrd ‘kCn izfrlkn dky

1- lw;Z Paknz 1 fnol jk=

2- Tkehu 2 ygku

3- iqLrd 3 LoPN

4- jsfMvks 4 uSlfxZd

5- QVkds 5 tUe

6- o`{k 6 map

7- xoZ 7 izlUu

8- Ekafnj 8 Lodh;

9- Lksus 9 eqyxk

10- ?kj 10 bPNk

frljh;knh

eqDRkizfrlkn

izfrØh;k pkSFkh ;knh eqDRkizfrlkn

izfrØh;k

v-Ø- psrd‘kCn

izfrlkn dky v-Ø-


1- Nkihyiku

iqLrd 1 okaxs QGHkkth

2- Qwy 2 ?kksMk

3- Iyx 3 esFkh

4- dkWyj 4 cVkVk

5- MksGk 5 yks[kaM

6- f[kMdh 6 ik.kh

7- vk;kG 7 [kqphZ

8- nkr 8 eksVkj

9- gWaMy 9 Tokjh

10 MªkWoj 10 iksGh

183

ikpoh;knh

eqDRkizfrlkn

izfrØh;k lgkoh ;knh eqDRkizfrlkn

izfrØh;k

v-Ø- psrd‘kCn

izfrlkn dky v-Ø-


1- ik.kh nzo cxGk&ika<jk dkoGk

2- cQZ Vkaxk&?kksMk xkMh

3- ikjk Hkkjr&fgeky; egkjk”Vª

4- vkoGk f’kokth&’kgkth vdcj

5- ftjkQ fd’kksjdqekj&xk;d /kesanz

6- lksus gWEysV&’ksDlih;j ,dpI;kyk

7- fejph dydRrk&caxky enzkl

8- eqqaxh lw;Z&m”.k panz

9- i{kh jke&y{e.k Hkhe

10 mRrj lw;Z&i`Foh i`FOkh

(ye) Òe³eesie ¬eÀ. 2

efoveebkeÀ -

yeepegmebyebOeer®eer efJe®eejÒeef¬eÀ³ee ®ee®eCeer

(A Leteral Thinking Test)

ÒemleeJevee :-

mecem³ee efvecee&Ce Peeueer keÀer l³ee mecem³esJej þjeefJekeÀ Je Devegceeve keÀjlee ³esF&ue Deµeer GÊejs

HeìkeÀve µeesOeC³ee®es Òeefµe#eCe DeeHeuîee ceveeuee Demeles. pemes `SKeeo³ee Hesìerleerue le³eej GÊej yeensj

keÀe{eJes' Je pegv³ee efJe®eej mebj®evesuee OekeÌkeÀe ueeieeJee Demes®e keÀenermes ns Ie[les. Deµeer efJe®eejÒeef¬eÀ³ee

ne DeeHeuîee meJe³eer®ee Yeeie Demelees. ³eemeeþer DeeHeCe Flej yeepet®ee, Flej He³ee&³eeb®eeosKeerue efJe®eej

keÀje³euee nJee. DeeHeuîeeuee meKeesue efJe®eej keÀjC³ee®eer DeeJeµ³ekeÀlee Deens. DeeHeCe mecem³es®es Demes

GÊej µeesOeues Heenerpes pes Demeeceev³e DeefÜleer³e Demesue. ³eemeeþer JemletbkeÀ[s JesieÈ³ee HeOoleerves

HeenC³ee®eer F®íe nJeer. ³eeceO³es yeepetmebyebOeer®ee efJe®eej cenlJee®eer YetefcekeÀe yepeeJelees. ³eeuee Demeeceev³e

efJe®eej cnCee³euee njkeÀle veener. ceneve J³ekeÌleer meeceev³e keÀeceosefKeue Demeecev³e HeOoleerves keÀjleele.

keÀejCe les yeepetmebyebOeer®ee efJe®eej (lateral thinking) keÀjleele. mecem³es®es meceeOeeve meeceev³e

J³ekeÌleerHes#ee JesieÈ³ee HeOoleerves keÀjleele. yeepetmebyebOeer®ee efJe®eej ne HetjkeÀ Demelees, efJeµues<eCeelcekeÀ Je

ef®eefkeÀlmekeÀ Demelees. Demee efJe®eej ne ieleerceeve Demelees. J³ekeÌleer®³ee, ieìe®³ee efkeÀbJee SKeeoîee

mebmLes®³ee keÀþerCe mecem³esJej Demee efJe®eej leelkeÀeU ceeie& meg®eefJelees Je mecem³es®es meceeOeeve keÀªve

184

SKeeos veJeerve®e GlHeeove (product) le³eej nesles. ³eecegUs veJeerve Òeef¬eÀ³ee, veJeerve mesJee DeefmlelJeele

³esleele. Lees[keÌ³eele, ³eecegUs pegves keÀeueyeenîe þªve veJeerve yeeyeer Go³eeme ³esleele. efceUeuesuîee

meJe&ceev³e yeeyeerHes#ee veJeerve yeeyeer le³eej nesleele. þjeefJekeÀ mee®esyebo Hesìeryeensj®ee efJe®eej cnCepes®e

Demeeceev³e efJe®eej nes³e. S[Je&[ [er. yeesvees ³eeb®³ee celes yeepetmebyebOeer®ee efJe®eej efJeefJeOe µekeÌ³eleeb®ee µeesOe

Iesles. SkeÀceeieea efJe®eejÒeef¬eÀ³esSsJepeer yengceeieea efJe®eejÒeef¬eÀ³es®ee DeJeuebye keÀjles.

yeepetmebyebOeer®ee efJe®eej ne mepe&veµeerue efJe®eejebmeejKee®e Demelees. peer J³ekeÌleer yeepetmebyebOeer®ee

efJe®eej keÀjles Deµeer J³ekeÌleer pegveej efJe®eejeb®eer vemeles efkebÀJee leer Deleeefke&ÀkeÀ / DelekeÌ³e& HeOoleerves efJe®eej

keÀjles, pees meeceev³e J³ekeÌleer®³ee ceveele keÀOeerner ³esle veener. pesJne DeeHeCe yeepetmebyebOeer®ee efJe®eej keÀjlees

lesJne mebkegÀef®ele DeLee&ves mebkeÀuHeves®ee efJe®eej ve keÀjlee, l³ee®³ee ceeieerue ieefYe&le/o[uesuee DeLe&

µeesOeC³ee®ee Òe³elve keÀjlees. DeefOekeÀeefOekeÀ ceeies peeJetve µeesOe Ieslees Je efle®es DeekeÀueve keÀjlees. ueHeuesuee

DeLe& µeesOeC³ee®ee Òe³elve keÀjlees. J³eeHekeÀ ¢efäkeÀesveeletve mebkeÀuHevesuee/Ieìvesuee DeLe& ueeJelees. ³eemeeþer

DeeJeµ³ekeÀlee Demeles leer Òel³eskeÀ YeeieeJej ue#e keWÀefêle keÀjC³ee®eer, keÀoeef®ele SKeeoer yeeye ogue&ef#ele

Peeueer Deens keÀe, ns HeneC³ee®eer ³eemeeþer DeefmlelJeele Demeuesuîee ie=efnlekeÀebvee DeeJneve o³eeJes ueeieles Je

Hegve:Hegvne pegveer ie=efnlekesÀ leHeemeeJeer ueeieleele Je He³ee&³eer GÊejeb®ee µeesOe I³eeJee ueeielees. meeceev³e

efJe®eejebHes#ee Demeeceev³e efJe®eej cnCepes®e yeepetmebyebOeer®ee efJe®eej nes³e.

Òe³eespekeÀ –

Òe³eesp³e - npesjer ¬eÀ. –

GÎsµe J³ekeÌleerceOeerue yeepetmebyebOeer®³ee efJe®eeje®es ÒeceeCe µeesOeCes

meeOeves HesHej Heseqvmeue, mì@eHeJee@®e

mJeªHe ner ceewefKekeÀ Je ieìele I³eeJe³ee®eer HesHej – Heseqvmeue ®ee®eCeer Deens.

Òe³eesiee®eer ke=Àleer :-

Òe³eespekeÀeves mebHetCe& Jeiee&µeer peJeUkeÀer®ee mebJeeo efvecee&Ce keÀjeJee. Òe³eesiee®ee GÎsµe mHeä

keÀjeJee. Òe³eesp³eeuee ®ee®eCeer osC³eemeeþer ceeveefmekeÀ¢<ìîee le³eej keÀjeJes. ³ee Òe³eesiee®es leerve Yeeie

Deensle.

1) ceeveefmekeÀ ke=Àleer :- Òe³eesp³eeuee one mecem³eeb®es GÊej µeesOeC³eeme meebieeJes. Òel³eskeÀeves J³ekeÌleerµe:

efJe®eej keÀªve GÊej o³eeJe³ee®es Deens. ®ee®eCeerceO³es Òel³eskeÀ mecem³es®³ee Heg{s efouesuîee efjkeÀec³ee

peeiesle mecem³es®es meceeOeeve keÀe³e Demesue les efueneJe³ee®es Deens. ³ee one mecem³ee Heg{erueÒeceeCes,

185

¬eÀ. yeepetmebyebOeer®³ee efJe®eejemeeþer®eer mecem³ee GÊej

1. ef$ekeÀesCee®³ee Deeleerue efyebot cnCepes

efµeuHee Demetve leer µeeUsuee

peeC³ee®³ee JeeìsJej Deens.

De®eevekeÀ cesIeiepe&vesmen JeeoU

megª nesles. HeefjefmLeleer®es meej

ue#eele Ieslee, keÀe³e efµeuHee

Jesieeves Hejle Iejer HeUle peeF&ue keÀe?

1.

2. DeHeW[erkeÌme keÀe{C³ee®³ee Dee@Hejsµeveuee `DeHeW[e@keÌìe@ceer' Demes

cnCeleele. ìe@eqvmeume keÀe{C³ee®³ee Dee@Hejsµeveuee

`ìe@eqvmeuee@keÌìe@ceer' cnCeleele. pesJne [eskeÌ³eele Peeuesueer ieeþ

keÀe{ueer peeles lesJne l³eeuee keÀe³e cnCeleele.?

2.

3. SKeeoer J³ekeÌleer Jeerme cepeueer FceejleerJeªve Keeueer He[les Je

lejerner efpeJeble jenles ns keÀmes µekeÌ³e Deens?

3.

4. Deµee keÀesCel³ee leerve Jemlet Deensle p³ee legcner Keelee HeCe keÀOeerner

veeäîeeceO³es Keele veener.

4.

5. pej µeslekeÀN³eeves GvneÈ³eele / keÀesj[îee nJeeceeveele ient Hesjuee

lej HeeJemeeÈ³eele efkebÀJee Deesuîee nJeeceeveele lees keÀe³e Hesjsues?

5.

6. Deµee J³ekeÌleeruee legcner keÀe³e cnCeeue, p³ee®³ee SkeÀe neleeJej

meJe& yeesìs veenerle?

6.

7. SkeÀe efHeµeJeerle mene Deb[er Deensle. mene ueeskeÀebveer Òel³eskeÀer SkeÀ

Deb[s Iesleues. ns keÀmes µekeÌ³e Deens keÀer, lejerner efHeµeJeerle SkeÀ

Deb[s Deens?

7.

8. ìesce@ìesves ceejuîeeveblej ns keÀmes µekeÌ³e Deens keÀer, SKeeo³ee

J³ekeÌleeruee Fpee Heesn®et µekeÀles?

8.

9. ®ee³eveerpe ceveg<³e peeHeveerpe ceveg<³eeHes#ee peemle Yeele keÀeb

Keelees?

9.

10. µenje®³ee ceO³eeJej keÀeÈ³ee jbieeves jbieefJeuesuîee YeeieeJej SkeÀ

keÀeUe kegÀ$ee GYee Deens. jml³eeJej®es meJe& ueeFì yebo Deensle.

mLeeefvekeÀ JeeoUecegUs efJeo³egle HegjJeþe yebo Peeuîeeves ueeFì yebo

Deensle. p³ee keÀej®es Heg{erue oesvner ns[ueeFì yebo Deensle Deµeer

10.

186

keÀej kegÀ$³ee®³ee efoµesves ³esle Deens. HeCe JesUer®e JeUefJeuîeeves

kegÀ$³eeuee OekeÌkeÀe ueeieCes ìeUlee Deeues. JesUsle kegÀ$³eeuee HeenCes

[e³eJnjuee keÀmes µekeÌ³e Peeues?

2) efvejer#eCes :- efvejer#eCes veeWoJeeJeerle

3) cetuîeebkeÀve :- J³eeqkeÌleiele iegCeeb®es ceeHeve keÀjeJes Je Jeiee&le meJee&efOekeÀ ÒeeHle iegCe Je meJee&le keÀceer

iegCe g³eeb®eer veeWo keÀjeJeer.

efve<keÀ<e& SkegÀCe one mecem³ee. - 10

l³eebHewkeÀer yejesyej mees[efJeuesuîee mecem³ee - ?

Deelceefvejer#eCe Òel³eskeÀeves J³eeqkeÌleiele DevegYeJe efueneJee.

Devegceeve Òel³eskeÀ mecem³ee mees[efJeleevee efJe®eejÒeef¬eÀ³ee keÀe³e Ie[ueer?

keÀµeer Ie[ueer? les efueneJes.

µew#eefCekeÀ cenlJe – ceeveJeeceO³es Flej ÒeeC³eeb®³ee leguevesves Òeiele Demeuesueer ner µekeÌleer ceeveJeer

DeO³e³evee®³ee ¢äerves veJns lej SkeÀtCe ceeveJeer peerJeveeuee Gvvele keÀjC³ee®³ee ¢efävesosKeerue Del³eble

cenlJeHetCe& Deens. efJeoîeeL³ee¥ceO³es ³ee µekeÌleer®ee efJekeÀeme nesC³ee®³ee ¢efäves efµe#ekeÀeves DeefOekeÀ peeie=le

DemeCes DeeJeµ³ekeÀ Deens.

1) efµe#eCelep%eeµeer DeY³eeme¬eÀce Je HeeþîeHegmlekesÀ le³eej keÀjleevee efJeoîeeLeea DeefOekeÀeefOekeÀ

efJe®eejÒeJe=Êe keÀmee nesF&ue ns Heeefnues Heenerpes.

2) ueneve cegueebvee íesìîee ieesäer meebietve leelHe³e& keÀe{C³eeme ÒeJe=Êe kesÀues Heenerpes.

3) 12 les 15 Je³eesieìeleerue cegueebvee Devegceeve keÀe{C³ee®eer HeOoleer Je l³eeceO³es efvecee&Ce nesJet

µekeÀCeejs oes<e ³eeyeeyele ceeefnleer o³eeJeer.

4) µeeues³e DeeY³eeme¬eÀce efµekeÀefJele Demeleevee®e lekeÀe&efOeefÿle keÀes[er, mecem³ee osJetve l³ee

mees[efJeC³eemeeþer efJeoîeeL³ee&bvee mebOeer oîeeJeer.

5) keÀesCeleerner Ieìvee Ie[C³eemeeþer keÀejCe DeeJeµ³ekeÀ Demeles Je efJe®eejeleerue YeeWieUHeCee mel³e

µeesOeveeceO³es De[LeUe yevetve jenlees ns efJeoîeeL³ee&bvee mecepeeJetve efoues Heeefnpes.

6) ketÀì GkeÀuevee®³eeJesUer efJeoîeeLeea kebÀìeUt ve³esle cnCetve l³eeuee melele ÒesjCee efoueer Heeefnpes.

187

7) efJeoîeeL³ee¥vee keÀesCel³eener IeìvesmebyebOeer efve<keÀ<e& keÀe{C³eeHetJeea Hegjsmes efvejer#eCe keÀjC³ee®eer mebOeer

efoueer Heeefnpes.

8) yeepetmebyebOee®ee efJe®eej efJekeÀefmele nesC³ee®³ee ¢efäves efJeoîeeL³ee&vee efveyebOeuesKeve, keÀuHevee

efJemleej, keÀLeeuesKeve, keÀeJ³eefveefce&leer, KesUCeer le³eej keÀjCes, ef®e$es keÀe{Ces F. yeeyeerbletve mebOeer efoueer

Heeefnpes.

iz;ksd dzekad c&3Lej.k ¼izR;kokgu o izR;kfHkKku½

mn~ns’k% izR;kogu o izR;kfHkKku i/nrhus Lej.k’kDrh vtekfo.ks-

lkfgR;% 1- 20 ‘kCnkph ,d v/;;u ;knh 2- 20 ‘kCnkapk lekos’kdsysyh 60 ‘kCnkaph ,d ;knh-

iz;kstd & iz;ksT; &ohl ‘kCnkaph v/;;u ;knh %

euksjk] jey] vfHkeku] ifo=] ‘ksrdjh] ekxZn’kZu] rkdn]udk’kk] vkthou] euLoh] fo’ys”k.k] fp=kafdr] /koy] fof/kK]vo/kku] tud] df’knk] lqcd] vizfre] fouk’k-

ohl ‘kCn lekfo”V dsysyh 60 ‘kCnkaph ;knh %

Hkqtax] vkS”k/k] Vscy] vizfre] fp=kafdr] vfHkyk”kk] ckyd]ifo=] dkxn] rkdn] xq.kn’kZu] vkokt] vfouk’k] vkthou] euksgj]euksjk] je.kh;] ‘ksrdjh] vfHkeku] /kou] euLoh] pkan.ks] vk;kG]/koy] jk{kl] jey] ukaxj] Mksaxj] fouk’k] u{khdke] tud] foeku]la’ys”k.k] fofo/k] ekxZn’kZu] dklo] df’knk] fr[kV] eksVkj] fo’ys”k.k]lk[kj] lqanj] lqcd] fdjk.kk] ;eu] fo|qr] udk’kk] ika<jk] fof/kK]dBh.k] tyn] vo/kku] vof’k”V] iyax] va/kkj] okgu] ygku] iqLrd]ys[ku] okbZV-

i/nrh % Hkkx 1 yk & izR;kokguiz;kstdkus v/;;u ;knhrhy ‘kCnkaph ohl dkMsZ izFke ,dk

fof’k”V dzekus iz;ksT;kyk nk[kfor tkos- ,dnk ;knh nk[kowu >kyhdh] iqUgk ewGP;kp dzekus rh dkMsZ iz;ksT;kyk nk[kfor tkoh- vls,dw.k rhu osGk gh dkMsZ iz;ksT;kyk nk[kokohr- uarj ,d fefuVkuarjiz;ksT;kyk ;k ;knhrhy vkBo.kkjs ‘kCn uksanowu Bso.;kl lkaxkos- uksandsyyk dkxn uarj ikyFkk d:u Bso.;kl lkaxkos-

188

Hkkx 2 jk & izR;kfHkKku

iz;kstdkus vkrk 60 ‘kCn fyfgysyh ‘kCn;knh iz;ksT;kyknk[kokoh- ;k ;knhps fujh{k.k d:u R;ke/;s ewG v/;;u dsysY;k;knhrhy ts ‘kCn vksG[krk ;sr vlrhy R;kph nqlÚ;k ,dkdkxnkoj uksan djkoh- ewG ;knhr ulysys ‘kCn tj Ikz;ksT;kusfg’kkscr ?ksrys vlsy rj rh R;kph pwd letkoh-

fujh{k.k uksan rDrk %¼v½ izR;kogu

¼i½ v/;;u ;knhe/khy ‘kCnkaph la[;k & ^v*

¼ii½ ;k ;knhe/khy vpwdi.ks vkBfoysY;k ‘kCnkaph la[;k & ^c*

izR;kogu xq.kd = c x 100v

¼v½ izR;kfHkKku

¼i½ v/;;u ;knhe/khy ‘kCnla[;k & ^d*

¼ii½ ;k ;knhe/khy vpwdi.ks vkBfoysY;k ‘kCnkaph la[;k & ^[k*

¼iii½ ‘kCn vksG[k.;kr >kysY;k pqdkaph la[;k & ^p*

izR;kfHkKku xq.kd = [k & p x 100

dvkRefujh{k.k %

¼i½ ‘kCn vkBfo.;kP;k fdz;sse/;s dks.kR;k vMp.kh ;srkr\ vkBo.ks

o vksG[k.ks ;kiSdh dks.krh fdz;k lksih okVrs\ ‘kCnkaP;k lkj[ksi.kkeqGs‘kCn vksG[k.;ke/;s pwd >kyh dk;\ ;klaca/kh iz;ksT;kus fuosnudjkos-

fu”d”kZ % izR;kogukis{kk izR;kfHkKkukus /kkj.kk vktekfo.ks lksis tkrs-

‘kS{kf.kd egRo % v/;;u&v/;kiu izfdz;se/;s /kkj.ksyk vuU;lk/kkj.kvls egRo vkgs- ;k /kkj.kekiuklkBh izR;kogu o izR;kfHkKku ;ki/nrhpk izkeq[;kus okij djkok ykxrks-

i. iz’uif=dse/;s izR;kokgukoj vk/kkfjr iz’ukacjkscjpizR;kfHkKkukoj vk/kkfjr iz’u ns[khy Bsokosr- fo’ks”kr% ygkueqykalkBh iz’uif=dk r;kj djrkuk ;k xks”Vhaph vf/kd n{krk ?;koh-Eg.kwu iz’uif=dse/;s] ^fo/kkukrhy fjdkE;k tkxh fnysY;k Ik;kZ;kaiSdh

189

;ksX; Ik;kZ;kpk dzekad fygk* fdaok ^tksM;k tqGok*] ^gs mn~xkj dks.khdk<ys rs vksG[kk* v’kk Lo:ikaps iz’u ?kky.ks vko’;d Bjrs-

ii. izR;kogu gs lkgp;Z laca/kkoj voyacwu vlrs- Eg.kwudks.krkgh vuqHko rqVdi.ks u nsrk Kkr vuqHkok’kh tksMwup |kok-Eg.kts ,d vuqHko vkBoyk dh nqljkgh vkBorks-

iii. vkBfo.;kph fdz;k gh iz;ksT;kP;k eu%fLFkrhoj voyacwuvlrs- eu%fLFkrh izlUu vlsy rj izR;kogu vf/kd ?kMrs- Eg.kwufo|kF;kZaph eu%fLFkrh pkaxyh d’kh jkghy bdMs y{k iqjokos-ijh{ksrhy laHkkO; vi;’kkP;k Hkhrhusns[khy eqys isije/khy brjiz’ukaph mÚrjs foljrkr- Eg.kwu fo|kF;kZaP;k eukrhy ijh{ksfo”k;hphvuko’;d Hkhrh dk<wu Vkdkoh-

iv. ,[kknh xks”V vkBo.;kPkk okjaokj iz;Ru dsyk rj rh xks”VvkBo.;kph ‘kD;rk vlrs Eg.kwu fo|kF;kZauk ;kn`”Vhus iz;Ru’khyjkg.;kl lkaxkos-

v. izR;kfHkKkuke/;s cÚ;kposGk vki.k u ?ksrysyk vuqHko ifjfprokVw ykxrks- R;kps dkj.k rks vuqHko tqU;k dks.kR;k rjh vuqHkok’khlk/kE;Z nk[kfor vlrks-

vi. mtG.kh o vko`Úrh ;keqGsns[khy vkBo.ks o vksG[k.ks ;knksUgh fdz;k lksI;k gksrkr- Eg.kwu f’k{kdkus f’kdfoysY;k Hkkxkphokjaokj mtG.kh d:u ?;koh- fo|kF;kZaukns[khy >kysY;k HkkxkphmtG.kh dj.;kfo”k;h izo`Úr djkos-

Òe³eesie ¬eÀ. 4

mcejCe (Heeþeblej DeeefCe leekeÀeakeÀ)

(æMemory – Rote and Logical)

ÒemleeJevee – Jeg[JeLe& DeeefCe ceekeÀeame (Woodworth and Marquis) ³eeb®es celes

`mcejCeeceO³es DeeHeCe HetJeea efµekeÀuesuîee yeeyeeR DeeþJeCes' ³eeb®ee meceeJesµe neslees. mcejCe ns oesve ÒekeÀej®es

Demeles. De) Heeþeblej mcejCe - ³eeceO³es DeekeÀuevee®ee DebleYee&Je vemeleevee kesÀJeU SKeeoer ieesä Hegvne

Hegvne mejeJeeves Heeþ keÀªve cnCetve oeKeefJeueer peeles. ye) leeefke&ÀkeÀ mcejCe - ³eeceO³es DeekeÀueve kesÀues

peeles. leekeÀeakeÀ efJe®eej Je keÀejCeefceceebmee kesÀueer peeles veJns leekeÀer&keÀ mcejCee®ee lees Hee³ee Demelees.

leekeÀeakeÀ mcejCe ns DeefOekeÀ nslet HetCe& Je keÀe³ecemJeªHeer Demeles. les HeeþeblejeHes#ee ÒeYeeJeer Demeles.

190

Òe³eespekeÀe®es veebJe –

Òe³eesp³ee®es veeJe - npesjer ¬eÀceebkeÀ –

O³es³e - DeLe&HetCe&les®ee OeejCesJej nesCeeje HeefjCeece DeY³eemeCes

meeefnl³e – De) 20 efvejLe&keÀ µeyoeb®eer ³eeoer

ye) 20 DeLe&HetCe&HeCe legìkeÀ µeyoeb®eer ³eeoer

keÀ) 20 DeLe&HetCe& Je meen®e³e& Demeuesuîee µeyoeb®ee mecetn

[) 20 µeyoeb®es SkeÀ HeCet& JeekeÌ³e HesHej, Heseqvmeue Je mìe@He Jee@®e

mJeªHe - µeeeqyokeÀ, ieì / mecetn Òe³eesie , HesHej – Heseqvmeue ®ee®eCeer.

ke=Àleer – ne Òe³eesie keÀjleevee Òe³eespekeÀeves Hegjsµee mHeä, ceesþîee Je ÒeYeeJeer DeeJeepeele efvejLe&keÀ

µeyoeb®eer ³eeoer leerve JesUe Jee®etve oeKeJeeJeer. Òe³eesp³eebveer ³eeoerleerue µeyo keÀeUpeerHetJe&keÀ SsketÀve

peemleerle peemle µeyo O³eeveele þsJeC³ee®ee Òe³elve keÀjeJee. l³eeveblej Òe³eesp³eeves 1 les 100 He³e¥le

DebkeÀ ceespeeJesle efkebÀJee yesjpee keÀjeJ³eele. Lees[keÌ³eele, ogmejer keÀesCeleer lejer ke=Àleer keÀjeJe³ee®eer Deens.

l³eeveblej ³eeoerleerue µeyo DeeþJetve efueneJe³ee®es Deensle. ³eele ¬eÀce keÀmeener ®eeuesue Jee®eues iesues l³ee®e

¬eÀceeves efueefnC³ee®es yebOeve veener peemleerle peemle µeyo yejesyej efueefnC³ee®ee Òe³elve keÀjeJee.

³ee ³eeoerveblej Òe³eespekeÀeves DeLe&HetCe& HeCe legìkeÀ µeyoeb®eer ³eeoer oesveoe ceesþîee, mHeä Je

HeefjCeecekeÀejkeÀ DeeJeepeele Jee®etve oeKeJeeJeer. Heefnuîee ³eeoer®³ee JesUer p³eeÒeceeCes ogmejer keÀesCeleer lejer

ke=Àleer kesÀueer leµeer ke=Àleer keÀjeJeer Je veblej ³eeoerleerue µeyo DeeþJetve efueneJesle. l³eeveblej DeLe&HetCe& Je

meen®e³e& DemeCeeN³ee µeyoeb®eer ³eeoer, JeekeÌ³eeleerue µeyo, keÀefJelesleerue µeyo ³ee ³eeoîee ¬eÀceeves IesJetve

JejerueÒeceeCes®e ke=Àleer keÀjeJeer.

meJe& ³eeo³ee PeeuîeeJej Òel³eskeÀ ³eeoerleerue efkeÀleer µeyo yejesyej efueefnlee Deeues les cegU

µeyoeb®³ee ³eeoîeevegmeej leHeemetve HeeneJes. Òel³eskeÀ ³eeoerleerue µeskeÀ[e ÒeceeCener keÀe{eJes Òe³eesieeveblej

efveefjef#eCe lekeÌlee KeeueerueÒeceeCes le³eej keÀjeJee.

191

efvejer#eCe lekeÌlee

De. ¬eÀ. efvejLe&keÀ µeyo DeLe&HetCe& HeCe legìkeÀ

µeyo

DeLe&HetCe& Je meen®e³e&

Demeuesues µeyo

DeLe&HetCe& JeekeÌ³e

1. ®eveHe yeeìueer µeslekeÀjer ÞeeJeCe

2. ìkeÀce veìueer µesleer ceefnv³eeleerue

3. leme®e cebieue veebiej HeeJemee®eer

4. meuele ®eHeU KegjHes efjceefPece

5. ³eueHe njerCe keÀes³elee GvnHeeJemee®ee

6. meíHe [ebyej yewueiee[er ueHeb[eJe

7. #eHej meebyej efJeefnj meCeJeej

8. ceHej keÀes³elee efHekesÀ Oeefj$eerves

9. oìþ mebYeJe HeeTme vesmeuesuee

10. DeJeCe ceefncee ceesì efnjJee

11. peLeHe ve³evee Keles µeeuet

12. ³e#eie efiejerpee ieJele meCeeb®eer

13. keÀceHeÀ leueeJe YeebieueCeer jsue®esue

14. meven keÀUHe peveeJejs He=LJeerJejerue

15. keÀyen keÀerìueer KegjHeCeer Òel³eskeÀ

16. cemej ìsyeue HeeCeer J³ekeÌleeruee

17. ìHej keÀHeeì keÀeueJee Deeveboeves

18. keÀ®eve DeekeÀeµe JesmeCe vee®eeJe³eeme

19. ueveye Peg[gHe ceUCeer Go³egkeÌle

192

20. keÀjJe pebieue keÀCeieer keÀjles

yejesyej

µeyo -

µes.

ÒeceeCe ö

efve<keÀ<e&

efvejLe&keÀ µeyo DeLe&HetCe& HeCe

legìkeÀ µeyo

DeLe&HetCe& Je

meen®e&³e

Demeuesues µeyo

20 µeyoeb®es

DeLe&HetCe& JeekeÌ³e

Jew³eeqkeÌlekeÀ iegCe

Jeiee&leerue keÀceerle

keÀceer iegCe

Jeiee&leerue

peemleerle peemle

iegCe

Jejerue iegCelekeÌl³ee®es DeeOeejs DeeuesKee®es jsKeeìve

Heeþeblej leeefke&ÀkeÀ mcejCe

Deelceefvejer#eCe – Heg{erue Òeµveeb®es DeeOeejs Deelceefvejer#eCe veeWoJee.

1. efvejLe&keÀ De#ejmecetn ue#eele þsJeleevee keÀesCeleer De[®eCe Deeueer?

2. efvejLe&keÀ De#ejmecetneHewkeÀer keÀener De#ejmecetnebvee DeLe& ueeJeC³ee®ee Òe³elve kesÀuee keÀe?

193

3. SKee®ee De#ejmecetn ue#eele jenC³eemeeþer SKeeos ³egkeÌleer JeeHejueer keÀe?

4. DeLe&HetCe& µeyoebHewkeÀer keÀener µeyo Heefj®e³eecegUs ue#eele jenerues keÀe?

Devegceeve –

1. ceePes Heeþeblej mcejCe ns Jeiee&leerue meJee&le keÀceer mcejCeeHes#ee ....... FlekesÀ Deens.

2. ceePes leekeÀeakeÀ mcejCe ns Jeiee&leerue meJee&le keÀceer mcejCeeHes#ee ....... FlekesÀ Deens.

3. ceePes leekeÀeakeÀ mcejCe ns Jeiee&leerue meJee&le DeefOekeÀ mcejCee®³ee leguevesle ..... Deens.

4. ceeP³ee Heeþeblej mcejCeeHes#ee ceePes leekeÀeakeÀ mcejCe ........ Deens.

µew#eefCekeÀ cenlJe –

1. DeO³eeHeve keÀjleevee efJeo³eeL³ee&bvee ceeefnleer vemeuesues, DeJeIe[ yeespe[, eqkeÌueä, mecepeC³eeme

keÀþerCe Demes µeyo JeeHeª ve³esle.

2. JemlegHeeþe®ee mebyebOe owvebefove DevegYeJeebµeer pees[eJee. meen®e³ee&cegUs mcejCe ®eebieues nesles.

3. ue³e efkebÀJee leeue OeejCesuee Hees<ekeÀ Demelees. keÀefJelee leeueeJej, metjeJej cnCeeJeer.

4. DeLe&HetCe& cepeketÀj DeO³e³eveeL³ee&b®³ee ®eebieuee O³eeveele jenlees. J³eeK³ee Heeþ keÀjC³eeme

meebieC³eeHes#ee efJeo³eeL³ee¥keÀ[tve le³eej keÀªve I³eeJ³eele.

5. peªj lesLes Heeþeblej DeJeµ³e keÀjC³eeme meebieeJes. keÀjJetve I³eeJes. lees cepeketÀj DeLe&HetCe&

nesC³eemeeþer Heeþeblej keÀjeJe³eeme meebieC³eeHetJeea l³ee®ee DeLe& efJeo³eeL³ee¥vee mecepetve meebieeJee.

Òe³eesie ¬eÀ. 5

me=peveµeerue ®ee®eCeer ( A Creativity Test )

ÒemleeJevee :-

me=peveµeeruelee ne DeveskeÀ ceeveefmekeÀ #eceleeb®ee meceg®®³e Deens. ner iegbieeiegbleer®eer #ecelee Deens.

DeveskeÀ ceeveefmekeÀ ³eesi³eleeb®ee ³eeceO³es meceeJesµe neslees.me=peveµeeruesles®es ceeHeve keÀjC³eemeeþer

me=peveµeeruelee ®ee®eCeer®ee JeeHej kesÀuee peelees. ³eeceO³es J³ekeÌleer®³ee µeeyoerkeÀ Je DeµeeyoerkeÀ me=peveµeerue

Jele&vee®es ceeHeve kesÀues peeles. me=peveµeeruelee ceeHeve ®ee®eC³eebceOetve meeOeejCeHeCes Heg{erue Debieeb®es ceeHeve

kesÀues peeles. pemes keÀer DeesOeJelesHeCee, ueJeef®ekeÀlee, JesieUs Òeeflemeeo, efìkeÀeJetHeCee, GleeJeUsHeCee,

KejsHeCee Jee{efJeC³ee®eer #ecelee F. yekeÀj ceWnoer ³eeb®eer me=peveµeeruelee ceeHeve ®ee®eCeer ner ÒeceeefCele

®ee®eCeer Deens. Yeejleer³e pevemebK³esJej leer JeeHejC³eele Deeueer Deens. Je Deeieje ³esefLeue ve@µeveue

194

mee³eke@Àeuee@efpekeÀue keÀeHeexjsµeve ³eebveer leer ÒekeÀeefµele kesÀuesueer Deens. ³eeceO³es ®eej µeeyoerkeÀ Je leerve

DeµeeeqyokeÀ GHe®ee®eC³eeb®ee meceeJesµe Deens.

O³es³e – HeoJeerHetJe& efJeoîeeL³ee¥®³ee me=peveµeeruelee #eceleeb®es ceeHeve keÀjCes.



meeefnl³e – yekeÀj cesnboer ³eeb®eer ÒeceeefCele me=peveµeeruelee ®ee®eCeer, mì@eHeJee@®e

mJeªHe - µeeyoerkeÀ DeeefCe DeµeeyoerkeÀ, ieì / mecetn Òe³eesie, HesHej-Heseqvmeue ®ee®eCeer.

ke=Àleer – Òe³eespekeÀeves mebHetCe& Jeiee&µeer megmebyebOe ÒemLeeefHele keÀjeJesle. Òe³eesiee®ee nslet mHeä keÀjeJee.

efJeoîeeL³ee¥vee ®eebieues keÀece keÀjC³eemeeþer ÒesjCee o³eeJeer. Òe³eesiee®ee Òe³eespekeÀeves ®ee®eCeer®es keÀeieo meJe&

efJeoîeeL³ee¥ceO³es JeeìeJesle DeeefCe Òe³eesp³eeuee ®ee®eCeerleerue Òel³eskeÀ Òeµveeuee Òeeflemeeo osCes DeeJeµ³ekeÀ

Deens. ³ee®eer peeCeerJe keÀªve oîeeJeer. efveOee&efjle JesUsle®e Òeeflemeeo veesobefJeCes DeeJeµ³ekeÀ Demeu³ee®eer

met®evee o³eeJeer.

1. Deveg<eebefiekeÀ HeefjCeece ®ee®eCeer (efveOee&efjle JesU 10 efceefveìs)

Keeueerue HeefjefmLeleermeeþer DeeHeCe efpelekesÀ He³ee&³e osT µekeÀlee eflelekesÀ o³eeJesle.

De) pej ceveg<³e He#eeÒeceeCes G[t ueeieuee lej keÀe³e nesF&ue ?

ye) pej DeeHeuîee µeeUsuee ®eekesÀ Demeleerue lej keÀe³e nesF&ue ?

keÀ) pej ceeveJeeuee Devvee®eer iejpe®e vemesue lej keÀe³e nesF&ue?

195

2. `vesnceerHes#ee JesieUe JeeHej' ®ee®eCeer (efveOee&efjle JesU 10 efceefveìs)

Keeueerue Jemletb®es veeJeerv³eHetCe&, DeeJe[Ceejs Je vesnceerHes#ee JesieUe JeeHej keÀmee nesF&ue ³eebefJe<e³eer®es

DeefOekeÀeefOekeÀ cegÎs veeWoJee.

De) oie[e®ee legkeÀ[e

ye) ueekeÀ[er keÀeþer

keÀ) HeeCeer

3. `veJeerve mebyebOe' ®ee®eCeer (efveOee&efjle JesU 10 efceefveìs)

Keeueerue oesve yeeyeeRle µekeÌ³e eflelekeÌ³ee DeefOekeÀ veJeerve mebyebOeeb®eer veeWo keÀje.

De) Je=#e, Iej : õõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõ-

ye) Keg®eea, efµe[er : õõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõ

keÀ) nJee, HeeCeer : õõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõö

4. yeenîeeslHeÊeer®eer (product) megOeejCee ®ee®eCeer (efveOee&efjle JesU 5 efceefveìs)

mecepee legcner KesUC³eeleerue Iees[îeeHeemetve megªJeele kesÀuesueer Deens. lej l³eeceO³es keÀesCeleer Flej

DeveskeÀ veJeerve Jewefµeäîes, iegCe efkebÀJee yeeyeer DeeCelee ³esleerue, p³eecegUs leer Jemlet DeefOekeÀ GHe³eesieer Je

DeeJe[er®eer nesF&ue, les efuene.

196

5. ef®e$e HetCe& keÀje ®ee®eCeer (efveOee&efjle JesU 10 efceefveìs)

DeOe&Jeleg&U DeeefCe meceYegpe ®eewkeÀesve ³eeb®ee JeeHej keÀªve legcneuee SkeÀ megmHeä ef®e$e le³eej

keÀjeJe³ee®es Deens. Òel³eskeÀ Deeke=Àleer®ee JeeHej Peeuee Heenerpes. ef®e$eeuee meg³eesi³e µeer<e&keÀ oîeeJe³ee®es Deens.

6. js<ee Deeke=Àleer HetCe& keÀjC³ee®eer ®ee®eCeer ( efveOee&efjle JesU 10 efceefveìs)

one DeHetCe& js<ee Deeke=Àleer efouesuîee Deensle. legcneuee DeLe&HetCe& Je DeeJe[er®eer ef®e$es l³eeletve

jsKeeìeJe³ee®eer Deensle. Òel³eskeÀ js<es®ee Deeke=Àleerle JeeHej kesÀuee Heenerpes. ef®e$eeuee meg³eesi³e µeer<e&keÀ

oîeeJe³ee®es Deens.

7. ef®e$e HetCe& keÀjCes ®ee®eCeer (efveOee&efjle JesU 10 efceefveìs)

meele ef$ekeÀesCe DeeefCe meele uebyeJeleg&Us efoueer Deensle. l³eeletve legcneuee DeLe&HetCe& DeeefCe DeeJe[er®eer

ef®e$ej®evee keÀjeJe³ee®eer Deens. ³ee Deeke=Àl³eeb®ee JeeHej efJeefJeOe mebieleeRceO³es (multiple

assocations) DeeHeCe keÀjeJe³ee®ee Deens Je Òel³eskeÀ ef®e$eeuee µeer<e&keÀ oîeeJe³ee®es Deens.

Deelceefvejer#eCe õõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõö µew#eefCekeÀ cenlJe õõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõõ

Òe³eesie ¬eÀ. 6

meceepeefceleer ( Sociometry )

ÒemleeJevee :-

yeesveÖesÀve ye´svej ( Bronfen Brenner ) ³eebveer meceepeefceleer efJe<e³eer Demes cnìuesues Deens keÀer,

’meceepeefceleer ner meeceeefpekeÀ mLeerleer, meceepej®evee DeeefCe meeceeefpekeÀ efJekeÀeme ³eeb®es ceguîeceeHeve

keÀjCeejer, l³ee®es mHeäerkeÀjCe keÀjCeejer Je l³ee®ee µeesOe IesCeejer HeOoleer Deens. ieìebceOeerue Je

J³ekeÌleeRceOeerue mJeerkeÀej DeeefCe vekeÀej ³eeb®es DeeOeejs ns ceeHeve kesÀues peeles.“ meceepeefceleer®es pesJne

DeeuesKeeÜejs jsKeeìve kesÀues peeles lesJne l³ee DeeuesKeeme `meceepeeuesKe' (Sociogram) Demes

cnCeleele. ³ee J³eeK³es®³ee DeeOeejs DeeHeCe Demes cnCet µekeÀlees keÀer meceepeefceleer®³ee DeeOeejs DeeHeCe

ieìebleerue meom³eebceO³es Demeuesues DeeblejJ³eeqkeÌlekeÀ mebyebOeeb®es ceeHeve keÀª µekeÀlees.



efJe<e³e –

197

O³es³e – efJeoîeeL³ee¥®³ee ieìe®³ee meceepeuesKe jsKeeìCes.

meeOeves – HesHej, Hesve / Heseqvmeue

mJeªHe – DeµeeeqyokeÀ, ieìebJej I³eeJe³ee®ee, HesHej-Heseqvmeue ®ee®eCeer

ke=Àleer – Òe³eespekeÀeves mebHetCe& Jeiee&µeer megmebyebOe ÒemLeeefHele keÀjeJesle. Òe³eesiee®es O³es³e meJee¥vee mecepeeJetve

oîeeJes. Òe³eesp³eeuee Glke=Àä keÀe³e& keÀjC³ee®eer ÒesjCee oîeeJeer. Òe³eesp³eeuee meceepeeuesKe jsKeeìveemeeþer

Heg{erue met®evee oîeeJ³eele.

1) Òe³eesp³eeves DeeuesKee®³ee ceO³eYeeieer SkeÀ Jeleg&U jsKeeìeJes DeeefCe mJele:®es veebJe l³eeceO³es efueneJes.

2) Heefnuîee Jeleg&Ue®³ee meYeesJeleer Òe³eesp³eeves DeeCeKeer one Jeleg&Us jsKeeìeJeerle.

3) Òe³eesp³eeves Òel³eskeÀ Jeleg&U®³ee ®eejner efoµeebvee ®eej yeeCe oeKeJeeJesle Òe³eesp³eeµeer ieìeleerue Flej

meom³eeb®es mebyebOe keÀmes Deensle ³ee®ee efJe®eej keÀªve yeeCe oeKeJeeJesle. HejmHej meewneoe&®es mebyebOe

Demeleerue lej oesvner efoµeebvee yeeCe oeKeJeeJesle Goe:

efve<keÀ<e& : meceepeeuesKee®es Keeueerue cegÐeeb®³ee Deveg<eebieeves efJeµues<eCe keÀjeJes.

De) ÒeyeU SkeÀefoµee oµe&efJeCeejs yeeCe

ye) ÒeyeU oesve efoµee oµe&efJeCeejs yeeCe

keÀ) legìkeÀ js<ee F.

Devegceeve :-

Deelceefvejer#eCe :

198

µew#eefCekeÀ GHe³eespeve :

vecegvee meceepeeuesKe

ieìe®³ee yeensj

Depe³e

pe³ee

lemeveerce

ieìebleie&le

educational psychology - marathi study material/s.y.b.a... · 4 17. santrock john w. (2010)...

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