交換と貨幣の起源(1)

著者 平山 朝治内容記述 関連論文："The evolution of reciprocity and

exchange,"The University of Tsukuba EconomicReview, No.66, March 2014 forthcoming in thisrepository

発行年 2013URL http://hdl.handle.net/2241/120308

!!!

(1)!

!!

Tomson!tr.!1885!Momotaro:(Or(li,le(peachling!! !

(!h0p://archive.org/details/japanesefairytalseser01no01thom!)!

Economics(Οἰκονομικῶν !401 399! !

οἶκος Οἰκονομικῶν=household!management!

1607 !!

!Pt!for!tat !!

!!

1932 !!

1798 !!

!

1838!

!→

!!

!!

!→ !!

EXPO’70 !!

!!!

I think / [sketch] / Case must be that one generation then should be as many living as now. / To do this & to have many species in

same genus (as is) requires extinction. / Thus between A & B immense gap of relation. C & B the finest gradation, B & D rather greater distinction. Thus genera would be formed. — bearing relation (http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&viewtype=side&pageseq=1)

2011/05/11 1/20

2011/12/13 X'mas 3D

100 " "3D "

" 6 ※PM17:00( http://www.fashionsnap.com/news/2011-12-13/osaka-banpaku-taro/ )

① kin!selecPon!Hamilton’s!rule!!(Hamilton!1964!“!The!genePcal!evoluPon!of!social!behavior.!I,!II”!)!

benefit, B !C! cost !

(relatedness)! !(B C!!! 0.5,! ,

0.5(1/4 1/4),! 0.25!!

!!

!

② reciprocity!!!②− !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Trivers!1971!“The!evoluPon!of!reciprocal!altruism”! !

ba barter!

②− !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(Nowak!&!Sigmund!2005!“EvoluPon!of!indirect!reciprocity”!)!

!

!③ incest !

inbreeding!depression!

→!give[pay]!Pt!for!tat

1963!

!

!!

→!

!2008 !

!

Jaeggi,!A.!V.!&!C.!P.!Van!Schaik!2011!“The!evoluPon!of!food!sharing!in!primates”!Fig.1 “food!sharing!with!offspring” “food!sharing!among!adults” □

Maestripieri!2001!“Is!there!mother–infant!bonding!in!primates?”!

Hirata!et!al.!2001!“Capturing!and!toying!with!hyraxes!(Dendrohyrax(dorsalis)!by!wild!chimpanzees!(Pan(troglodytes)!at!Bossouk!Guinea”! Izar!et!al.!2006!“Crossxgenus!adopPon!of!a!marmoset!(Callithrix(jacchus)!by!wild!capuchin!monkeys!(Cebus(libidinosus):!Case!report”! !

!→ → !

!benefit

!!

→

!→

!!

→!(Connor!1986!“Pseudox

reciprocity:!InvesPng!in!Mutualism”!)!!!

ab !and/or! !→ !→

2010! !!

!!

!!

!James!Owen,!for!NaPonal!Geographic!News,!October!30,!2008!2008

!2010 !

!

Hrdy!2005!“EvoluPonary!context!of!human!development:!The!cooperaPve!breeding!model”! !!

!→

!→

!!

→ !!

Krupp!et!al.!2011!“Apparent!health!encourages!reciprocity”! !

→→ !

!→

!→ !

!!

!→ !

!!

!

!and/or!